Compaction and Consolidation of Soils 4a - Compaction

CEG461 – SOIL MECHANICS
WEEK 10 ~ CHAP. 4 (A)

COMPACTION AND CONSOLIDATION OF SOILS
THEORY OF COMPACTION
PN. FAIZAH KAMARUDIN

BP 4.45
04-3823371
COMPACTION AND CONSOLIDATION OF SOILS
ACTIVITY - Week 10-ii

• Lecture ~ 28 slides
• Independent learning activities
2
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS
MECHANICS(CEG461)
(ECG426)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Week 10-ii : Coverage ~ Definition of terms, objectives of

compaction., factors controlling effectiveness of compaction and
laboratory compaction test.
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would
be able to:
i. Define the terms and discuss the process of compaction

ii. Analyse compaction test data to determine the
compaction characteristics of soils
3
SOIL MECHANICS (CEG461) ARM/FBI/FAI 2016
COMPACTION & CONSOLIDATION
OF SOILS
TOPIC 3: COMPACTION
and …..
CONSOLIDATION
SOIL
SOIL MECHANICS
MECHANICS (CEG461)
ARM/FBI 2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
• Introduction & Definition
• Objectives of compaction
• Factors controlling the effectiveness of
compaction
• Laboratory compaction
5
(CEG461)
SOIL MECHANICS (ECG426) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI 2016
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Definition of terms
A) INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION
Compaction is defined as a mechanical

process which brings about an
increase in soil density, with a
consequent reduction of air-voids
volume, but with no change in the
volume of water.
It is affected by mechanical means
such as rolling, tamping or vibrating
the soil.
The process is normally carried out in
layers.
6
SOIL
SOILMECHANICS (CEG461)
MECHANICS(ECG426)
(ECG413) ARM/FBI/FAI
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
• Compaction
It is an immediate process of volume
reduction due to removal of air from voids.
• Consolidation
It is a gradual process of volume reduction
under sustained loading and associated with
expulsion of water from voids
7
SOIL MECHANICS (CEG461)
2013
Consolidation – the compression of soil under steady pressure due to
the expulsion of water from the voids.
Before After
Compaction – the compression of soil due to expulsion of air from the

voids and may be brought about by rolling or tamping.
Before After
Settlement – the vertical downward displacement brought about by the

8
process of consolidation.
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Objectives of compaction
B) MAIN OBJECTIVES OF COMPACTION
 To reduce the void ratio and thus the

permeability of the soil > less tendency to
absorb water
 To increase the shear strength and therefore
the bearing capacity of the soil > greater
stability
 To make the soil less susceptible to
subsequent volume changes
9
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Particle reorientation & expulsion of air during compaction
10
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
OUTCOMES OF LABORATORY COMPACTION
11
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
12
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Factors controlling effectiveness
C) FACTORS CONTROLLING THE EFFECTIVENESS

OF COMPACTION
 The nature & type of soil.
 The water content at the time of placing.
 The maximum possible state of compaction

attainable for the soil.
 The maximum amount of compaction

attainable under field conditions.
 The type of compaction plant being used.
13
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Laboratory compaction apparatus
D) LABORATORY COMPACTION
COMPACTION
MOULD AND
RAMMER
14
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Laboratory compaction apparatus
Automatic Compaction
Apparatus
CBR
Apparatus
15
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
1ml = 1g
Initial mw:
• 4% - 6% for coarse soil
(sandy & gravelly)
• 8% - 10% below PL for
fine soil
i.e. for PL=20% (PL-10%
to PL-8%) 10% - 12%
For increment mw :
• for sandy & gravelly :
1% – 2% (50-100ml water
of 5kg soil)
• for cohesive soils :

2% - 4% (100-200ml
water of 5kg soil) 16
2013
17
2013
18
2013
(c)
(b) (d)
(a)
19
20
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Analysis of test data
A) To determine the compaction

characteristics of the soil.
❖ Maximum Dry Density
❖ Optimum Moisture content
B) Plotting the air voids line

Normally 0% , 5% and 10%
C) Plotting zone of variation

applicable in the field, i.e.
Change in moisture contents
and air voids content
21
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
RELEVANT FORMULAE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Mass of water M w
Water content, w  
Mass of solid Ms
Mass of wet soil M b
Bulk density,  b  
Total volume VT
Mass of dry soil M s
Dry density,  d   , also
Total volume VT
 Gs  w Gs  w
  b or   (1  Av ) or  
d (1  w ) d (1  wG s ) d wGs
(1  )
Sr
22
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
23
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
24
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
POINTS TO BE OBSERVED
✓ Higher compactive effort will

result in higher dry density
with a reduction in optimum
moisture content, i.e. the
graph is shifted to the left.
25
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Examples for Different Compactive Effort
SAME SOIL,
DIFFERENT
COMPACTIVE
EFFORT (ENERGY)
26
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Examples for Different Types of Soil
DIFFERENT SOIL,
SAME
COMPACTIVE
EFFORT (ENERGY)
27
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013
COMPACTION OF SOILS
Compaction Characteristics of Soils
Type A, single peak curves.

Generally found in soils that have
liquid limit between 30 and 70.
Type B, one and one half peak
curve. Type C, double peak curve.
Both types of curves can be found
in soils that have liquid limit less
than 30.
Type D, do not have a definite
curve, also known as odd shaped.
This type of curve usually have
liquid limit greater than 70.
DIFFERENT COMPACTION
CHARATERISTICS BASED
ON LIQUID LIMITS (Lee
and Suedkamp, 1972)
28
SOIL
MECHANICS(ECG426)
ARM/FBI 2016
ARM 2013
2013

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CEG461 – SOIL MECHANICS

WEEK 10 ~ CHAP. 4 (A)

PN. FAIZAH KAMARUDIN

ACTIVITY - Week 10-ii

Week 10-ii : Coverage ~ Definition of terms, objectives of

i. Define the terms and discuss the process of compaction

A) INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION

Compaction is defined as a mechanical

Compaction – the compression of soil due to expulsion of air from the

Settlement – the vertical downward displacement brought about by the

B) MAIN OBJECTIVES OF COMPACTION

 To reduce the void ratio and thus the

Particle reorientation & expulsion of air during compaction

OUTCOMES OF LABORATORY COMPACTION

C) FACTORS CONTROLLING THE EFFECTIVENESS

 The nature & type of soil.

 The water content at the time of placing.

 The maximum possible state of compaction

 The maximum amount of compaction

• for cohesive soils :

A) To determine the compaction

B) Plotting the air voids line

C) Plotting zone of variation

RELEVANT FORMULAE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

✓ Higher compactive effort will

Type A, single peak curves.

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