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Crystal

 Undulator  Radiation  
Proposed  by  Accelerating  Africa  

Introduction  
We  are  a  collaboration  of  grade  11  students  from  St  John's  College  and  Barnato  Park  High  
School.  Science  is  a  deeply-­‐rooted  passion  of  ours.  We  realise  that  we  can  make  a  significant  
impact  in  Science  education  in  South  Africa  if  we  are  able  to  carry  out  our  experiment  at  CERN.  
South  Africa  is  a  developing  country,  and  scientific  research  is  vital  to  our  sustainability  and  
socio-­‐economic  growth.  We  firmly  believe  that  the  impact  that  we  could  make  would  not  only  
benefit  the  world,  but  also  create  a  strong  scientific  culture  in  South  Africa.  With  the  Square  
Kilometer  Array  (SKA)  coming  to  South  Africa,  we  believe  our  country  has  huge  potential  to  be  
a  scientific  hub  in  Africa  and  students  in  South  Africa  need  to  be  the  future  scientists.  

2015  is  the  International  Year  of  Light.  We  have  been  fascinated  by  the  history  of  synchrotrons  
from  the  first  accidental  observation  of  synchrotron  radiation  to  the  recent  development  of  3rd  
generation  synchrotrons  and  Free  Electron  Lasers.  We  therefore  propose  an  experiment  that  
could  be  the  next  step  in  the  production  of  brilliant  light  sources.  Electromagnetic  radiation  
has  and  continues  to  form  the  basis  of  modern  technology,  and  we  have,  therefore,  proposed  
an  experiment  to  produce  high  energy  gamma  rays  using  a  crystalline  undulator  which  we  
would  love  to  conduct  at  CERN.    

Background  
The  acceleration  of  subatomic  charged  particles  causes  radiation.  Acceleration  can  be  achieved  
by  means  of  curved  motion.  Initially  this  was  achieved  using  bending  magnets,  but  as  the  need  
for  higher  intensity  sources  became  apparent,  magnetic  undulators  were  used  to  produce  very  
narrow  beams  of  near-­‐coherent  light.  It  has  been  realised  that  a  crystalline  undulator  with  a  
small  amplitude  and  a  short  period  would  be  able  to  achieve  coherent  beams  of  radiation  
whose  brightness  would  be  several  orders  of  magnitude  greater  still.  The  size  of  a  crystal  
undulator  is  very  space  efficient  compared  to  magnetic  undulators  currently  used,  but  yet  able  
to  achieve  significant  magnetic  fields  when  relativistic  beams  of  particles  are  used.  A  crystalline  
undualtor  could  produce  “light”  in  the  gamma-­‐ray  regime.  

Our  Experiment  
The  University  of  Johannesburg  collaborates  with  many  institutions.  As  a  result,  we  would  be  
able  to  bring  to  CERN  a  crystal  undulator  to  conduct  our  experiment.  The  crystal  is  specifically  
grown  using  either  carbon  with  boronated  layers  or  silicon  with  germanium  laden  layers  
incorporated.  The  boron  or  germanium  atoms  cause  the  crystal  lattice  to  swell  and  thus  
graded  doping  creates  a  tiny  undulating  channel  through  which  the  subatomic  particles  
(electrons,  positrons  or  muons)  can  be  fired.  As  the  particles  accelerate  as  a  result  of  the  
undulation,  we  will  detect  and  measure  the  resulting  radiation.    

By  controlling  the  incident  beam,  we  should  be  able  to  tune  the  resulting  gamma  ray  radiation.  
A  gamma  ray  source,  that  could  potentially  be  made  into  a  gamma  ray  laser,  has  huge  
potential.    

Experimental  setup  
 We  propose  to  use  the  beam  line  at  CERN  to  initially  produce  a  positron  beam  to  fire  through  
our  crystal.  We  intend  to  measure  the  effects  of  a  positron  beam  passing  through  the  crystal  
and  later  repeat  the  experiment  to  obtain  results  for  an  electron  beam.  

The  secondary  beam  produced  by  the  proton  beam  colliding  with  the  target  will  contain  a  
huge  variety  of  particles.  We  will  select  the  particles  that  are  required.  The  collimator  and  the  

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first  two  bend  magnets  will  allow  us  to  select  only  the  positively  charged  particles  within  a  
particular  momentum  range  (0.5-­‐10  GeV).  We  will  use  the  Cerenkov  detectors  to  identify  the  
particles  that  remain.  These  tagged  particles  will  then  progress  to  be  incident  on  the  crystal.  
The  delay  wire  chambers  will  allow  us  to  find  the  positions  of    the  particles  while  the  
scintillators  will  provide  a  timestamp  for  the  particles.  In  this  way  we  will  know  the  trajectory  
and  identity  of  the  particles  that  are  arriving  at  the  crystal  chamber.  The  MNP17  magnet  will  
sweep  away  all  charged  particles  and  allow  all  the  electromagnetic  radiation  to  proceed  to  the  
photon  calorimeter.  The  third  delay  wire  chamber  and  the  MNP17  magnet  will  allow  us  to  
establish  the  momentum  of  the  particles  that  passed  through  the  crystal,  while  the  third  
scintillator  and  the  calorimeter  will  allow  a  redundant  study  of  the  particle  energy.  In  this  way  
we  should  be  able  to  determine  the  kinematic  properties  of  the  particle  responsible  for  the  
undulator  radiation  that  we  detect.  

A  lot  of  analysis  will  be  required  as  we  realise  not  all  the  radiation  detected  at  the  photon  
calorimeter  will  be  the  radiation  from  the  crystal  undulator.  All  the  data  collected,  that  the  
setup  allows  us  to  measure,  will  allow  this  undulator  radiation  to  be  identified  and  measured  
separately.  

Gamma  radiation  has  huge  applications  in  nuclear  research  and  holds  the  promise  of  getting  
rid  of  nuclear  waste.  The  possibilities  of  further  science  exploration  due  to  the  success  of  the  
experiment  are  endless.  How  many  doors  will  our  intriguing  project  open  for  science?  

Conclusion  
We  realise  that  doing  the  experiment  at  CERN  is  only  the  first  step,  but  we  are  enthusiastic  
about  all  the  analysis,  hard  work  and  learning  that  will  follow.  If  we  are  successful  in  being  able  
to  conduct  our  experiment  at  CERN,  we  will  work  not  only  on  the  Science,  but  also  on  
spreading  the  benefits  and  brilliance  of  Science  to  our  fellow  students  and  communities  
around  South  Africa.  We  will  explicitly  state  the  vast  fascination  of  science  while  advertising  its  
wonder.  Being  able  to  carry  out  our  experiment  at  CERN  will  inspire  many  students  from  many  
schools  to  take  part  in  science  expos,  to  investigate  science  further  and  to  take  this  incredible  
subject  at  school  and  at  university.    

Acknowledgements    
We  are  grateful  to  Professor  Simon  Connell  from  the  University  of  Johannesburg  for  his  
encouragement  and  the  lectures  that  he  gave  us.  Our  teacher,  Dr  Colleen  Henning  for  her  
enthusiasm  and  guidance  and  to  Mr  Sean  Oates  for  being  there  for  us.  

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