Northwestern Agusan Colleges

Bayview Hill, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte

LEARNING MODULE
Science 9
2nd Quarter

Matter

________________________________________
Name

______________________________
Grade & Section

Mrs. Joy V. Paceño

Teacher
 Pre-Assessment:

1. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in the
nucleus of an atom?
a. proton and electron c. proton and neutron
b. neutron and electron d. proton only
2. If the first and second energy levels of an atom are full, then what would be the total
number of electrons in the atom?
a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d.18
3. Which atomic model is proposed by Schrodinger?
a. nuclear model
b. planetary model
c. raisin bread model
d. quantum mechanical model
4. Which electron transition results in the emission of energy?
a. 3p to 3s c. 2s to 2p
b. 3p to 4p d. 1s to 2s
5. The symbol “n” in the Bohr theory of atomic structure refers to
a. the energy of electron
b. the total energy of the atom
c. the number of electrons in an energy level
d. the orbit in which an electron is found.

6. Which of the following sublevels is correctly designated?

a. 1p5 b. 3f9 c. 2p6 d. 3d11
7. How many orbitals are in the third principal energy level?
a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12
8. Which configuration is possible in an excited state of electron?
a. 2He : 1s2
b. 1H: 1d1
c. 11Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3d1
d. 10Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s1
9. What are the orbitals present in the fifth principal energy level?
a. s orbital b. s, p orbitals c. s, p, d orbitals d. s, p, d, and f orbitals
10. For a neutral atom with the electron configuration of 1s2 2s22p5 3s1, which statement is false?
a. The atomic number is ten.
b. The 1s and 2s orbitals are filled
c. The atom is in the ground state.
d. The atom is in the excited state of the colored light?

A glass prism separates the light given off into its component
wavelength. The spectrum produced appears as a series of sharp
bright lines with characteristic colors and wavelength on a dark
background instead of being continuous like the rainbow. We call this
series of lines the atomic spectrum of the element. The color,
number and position of lines produced is called the “fingerprint” of an
element. These are all constant for a given element. See Fig.

Figure 1. An atomic spectroscope

Figure 2. Atomic spectra of H, Na, and Ne

How did Bohr explain what you observed in Activity 1 and the findings about the elements
in a spectroscope? Individual lines in the atomic spectra of elements indicate definite energy
transformations within the atom. Bohr considered the electrons as particles moving around
the nucleus in fixed circular orbits. These orbits are found at definite distances from the
nucleus. The orbits are known as the energy levels, n where n is a whole number 1, 2,
3…and so forth.

Electrons in each orbit have a definite energy, which increases as the distance of the orb it
from the nucleus increases. As long as the electron stays in its orbit, there is no absorption
or emission of energy. As shown in Figure 3, when an electron of an element absorbed extra
energy (from a flame or electric arc), this electron moves to a higher energy level. At this
point the electron is at its excited state. Once excited, the atom is unstable. The same
electron can return to any of the lower energy levels releasing energy in the form of light
with a particular color and a definite energy or wavelength. Bohr’s model explained the
appearance of the bright line spectrum of the hydrogen atom but could not explain for atoms
that has more than one electron.

Figure 3. Excited state of an electron

The energy levels of electrons are like the steps of a ladder. The lowest step of the ladder
corresponds to the lowest energy level. A person can climb up and down by going from step
to step. Similarly, the electrons can move from one energy level to another by absorbing or
releasing energy. Energy levels in an atom are not equally spaced which means that the
amount of energy are not the same. The higher energy levels are closer together. If an
electron occupies a higher energy level, it will take less energy for it to move to the next
higher energy level. As a result of the Bohr model, electrons are described as occupying
fixed energy levels at a certain distance from the nucleus of an atom.

However, Bohr’s model of the atom was not sufficient to describe atoms with more than one
electron.

The way around the problem with the Bohr’s model is to know the arrangement of electrons
in atoms in terms of the probability of finding an electron in certain locations within the atom.
In the next activity, you will use an analogy to understand the probability of finding an
electron in an atom.
The quantum mechanical model views an electron as a cloud of negative charge having a
certain geometrical shape. This model shows how likely an electron could be found in
various locations around the nucleus. However, the model does not give any information
about how the electron moves from one position to another.
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 Figure 4. Average distance of electrons having high and low energies
Figure 4 shows that the darker an area, the greater is the probability of finding the
electron in that area. The quantum mechanical model also gives information about the
energy of the electron. The model also describes the region of space around the
nucleus as consisting of shells. These shells are also called principal or main energy
levels. The principal energy levels or shells may have one or more sublevels. These
sublevels are assigned with letters: s, p, d, f, and g as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels of Electrons

Maximum
Number of

Type of Sublevel and

Sublevels
Principal

number of
energy

number of orbitals
level

electrons

1 1 1s (1 orbital) 2
2 2s (1 orbital), 2p (3 8
2
orbitals)
3 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3 1
3 orbitals) 8
3d (5 orbitals)
4 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 3
orbitals) 2
4
4d (5 orbitals), 4f (7
orbitals)
5 5s (1 orbital), 5p (3 5
orbitals) 0
5 5d (5 orbitals), 5f (7
orbitals)
5g (9 orbitals)

As shown in Table 2, the principal quantum

number always equals the number of sublevels
within that principal energy level. The maximum
number of electrons that can occupy a principal
energy level is given by the formula 2n2, where
n is the principal quantum number.

Figure 5. Shapes of s Orbital and p Orbital

Orbitals have specific energy values. They 6 have particular shapes and direction in
space. The s orbitals are spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped, as shown in
Figure 5. Because of the spherical shape of an s orbital, the probability of finding an
electron at a given distance from the nucleus in an s orbital does not depend
on direction, unlike the three kinds of p orbitals which are oriented along the x, y, and
z axes. So they different orientations in space, p x, py, and pz.

The shapes of other orbitals (d and f orbitals) were derived from complex calculation
and will not be discussed in this module.

In an atom, electrons and the nucleus interact to make the most stable arrangement
possible. The way in which electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the
nucleus of an atom is called the electron configuration.
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 Table 3. Arrangement of electrons in the atoms of the first 10 elements

O R B I T A L
Chemical 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz Electron
Symbol Configuration
1H ↑ 1s1
2He ↑↓ 1s2
3Li ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s1
4Be ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s2
5B ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22px1
6C ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22px12py1
7N ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22px12py12pz1
8O ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22px22py12pz1
9F ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz1
10Ne ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s22px22py22pz2
1H = element hydrogen with an atomic number of 1.
Atomic number is the number of proton = the number of electron for an atom

If you noticed from Table 3, both hydrogen and lithium have one electron in the highest
energy level. Beryllium has two, and boron has three. So, the number of electrons in the
highest energy level of the elements is the basis of their location on the periodic table.
Since the experimental basis of the periodic table is chemical properties of the elements,
knowing the arrangement of electrons in an element will help us understand and predict
their chemical properties.
Summary:

• Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model describes the atom as mostly empty space. Its
mass is concentrated in the nucleus that consist of protons and neutrons. However it could
not explain the chemical properties of elements.

• Bohr’s atomic model describes the atom like a solar system, where the electron is
found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus.

• In the Bohr model, each electron carries a fixed amount of energy and does not lose
energy as long as it stays in its given orbit. The fixed energies that the electrons have are
called energy levels. An electron that has received enough energy can jump to a higher
energy level. When the electron returns to a lower energy level, energy is emitted in the
form of light.

• The Bohr model was later replaced by a model of the atom that showed that
electrons are not limited to fixed orbits around the nucleus.

• Through mathematical calculations, scientists explained that there is only a

probability that the electron can be found in a certain volume in space around the nucleus.
This volume or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be
found is called an atomic orbital

• Schrodinger formulated a mathematical8 equation that describes the behavior of the

electron. The solution to the equation is used to calculate the probability of finding the
electron at a particular region in space around the nucleus.

• The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes the atom as having a nucleus
at the center around which the electrons move. This model describes a region in space
where the electron is most likely to be found.

• An electron is imagined to be a cloud of negative charge having a certain

geometrical shape. The electrons are arranged in principal or main energy levels that
consist of one or more sublevels.

• The way in which electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the nucleus
of an atom is called the electron configuration. Filling of electrons start from lower energy
level to highest energy level
Glossary:

Atomic orbital – the region of space in which there is a high probability of finding the
electron in an atom
Electron cloud – an imaginary representation of an electron’s rapidly changing
position around the nucleus over time
Electron configuration – the distribution of electrons within the orbitals of the atoms
of an element
Excited state – any electron configuration of an atom or molecule other than the
lowest energy(ground) state
Exclusion Principle – a principle developed by Wolfgang Pauli stating that no two
electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
Ground state – the electron configuration of an atom or ion that is lowest in energy
Quantum number- a number that specifies a property of an orbital or an electron

Summative Assessment:
I. Multiple Choice: Select the best/correct answer.

1. Who proposed the probability that electrons will be found in certain locations
around the nucleus of an atom?
A. Neils Bohr b. Erwin Schrodinger C. Ernest Rutherford D. J.J. Thomson
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the atomic model of Bohr?
A. The hydrogen is made up of a positively charged nucleus
B. The electron revolves around the nucleus in a circular orbit.
C. The energy of the electron in a given orbit is not fixed.
D. An electron can absorb or emit a quantity of radiation.
3. Which orbital designation has the highest energy?
A. 2s B. 2p C. 3d D. 4s
4. Which statement is incorrect?
A. Orbital is a region in an atom where an electron can be found.
b. An electron can absorb energy when it jumps to a higher energy level.
c. An electron can emit energy when it jumps to a higher energy level.
d. Filling of electrons in an atom starts from a low energy level to the highest energy
level.
5. What occurs when an electron moves from high energy level to a low one?
a. another electron goes from a low energy level to a high one
b. the atom moves faster
c. colored light is given off
d. this process is not possible
6. Which combination describes the flame color of the compound when heated?
A. sodium chloride – orange C. potassium chloride – blue
B. copper(II) sulfate – violet D. boric acid – red

Shown here are orbital configurations for the elements named. Each configuration is
incorrect in some way. Identify the error in each and write the correct configuration.
1. carbon : 1s2 2s2 2px2 9
2. calcium: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz23d113d21
3. chlorine: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py24s1
4. aluminum: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23d11
5. titanium: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 3d12 3d22
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 Unit 2
MODULE
Chemical Bonding

Pre-Assessment:

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. Which of the properties of atoms is the most suitable reference for the kind of
bond that will take place between/among them?
a. atomic size b. electronegativity c. ionization energy d. electron affinity
2. What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?
a. atom b. molecule c. ion d. electron
3. How does ionic bonding take place?
a. Two non-metallic elements of different kinds form strong forces of attraction.
b. Two non-metallic elements of the same kind form strong forces of attraction.
c. A non-metallic element like fluorine is attracted to a metallic element like
sodium.
d. A metallic element like sodium transfers an electron to a non-metallic element
like fluorine.
4. What kind of chemical bond will form between two oxygen atoms?
a. ionic bond b. metallic bond c. polar covalent bond d. nonpolar covalent bond
5. which of the following type of bonds will have the highest electrical and thermal
conductivity?
a. ionic bond b. metallic bond c. polar covalent bond d. nonpolar covalent bond
6. Why can metals be hammered without breaking?
a. They are ductile. b. They are not brittle. c. They are malleable. D. Its particles
are strong.
7. When does covalent bonding take place?
a. It takes place when atoms share electrons with one another.
b. It takes place when the attraction between atoms is strong.
c. It takes place when atoms collide with one another.
d. It takes place when atoms attain stability.
8. Nitrogen (N) belongs to family 5A and it is diatomic. How many nonpolar covalent
bonds will there be in N2 molecule?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
9. Which of the following will have the highest melting temperature?
sodium chloride (salt) b. paraffin wax (candle wax)
c. sucrose (table sugar) d. lead wire
10 . Which among the following shows that an atom is stable?
a. having 2 valence electrons b. having 4 valence electrons
c. having 6 valence electrons d. having 8 valence electrons

After doing this pre-assessment, you are now ready to do the succeeding activities of
this module. There are concepts you need to know in order to fully understand why
atoms form compounds. Let us start with the 15 basic information, the number of valence
electrons, octet rule, and electronegativity.
The valence electrons are the electrons directly involved in forming bonds to form
compounds. It is important that you know the number of valence electrons so that can
illustrate how bonds are formed. It is good that you have found out that metals have low
electronegativity and non-metals have high electronegativity because this property plays
an important role in forming compounds. Do you know what electronegativity means?
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons, the
higher its value, the higher its tendency to attract electrons. How about ionization
energy? Did you know that ionization energy is the energy needed to pull or remove
one or more electron/s from a neutral atom? The lower the ionization energy the easier
it is to remove its valence electrons.
You can also show the number of valence electrons through the Lewis Symbol. This
symbol is composed of the chemical symbol of the element and dots that represent the
number of valence electrons.
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 Ionization Energy of the Main-Group Elements in kJ/mol

1 18

H He
1311 2 13 14 15 16 17 2372
2 13 14
Li 520 Be B 800 C N O F Ne
1312 1085 1402 1314 1681 2080

Na 496 Mg 738 Al 578 Si 786 P S Cl Ar

1012 1000 1251 1520

K 419 Ca Ga 579 Ge 761 As 947 Se 941 Br Kr

1312 1140 1351

Rb 403 Sr In 558 Sn 709 Sb 834 Te 869 I Xe

1312 1008 1170

Cs 376 Ba Tl 589 Pb 716 Bi 703 Po 813 At 926 Rn

1312 1037

You have just learned the relationship among the number of valence electrons,
electronegativity and ionization energy. You also realized that it is easy to write the
Lewis Symbol of the representative element. The information that you found out from
the previous activity will be helpful in understanding chemical bonding.

Do you know why atoms form compounds? Have you heard about the Octet
Rule? Atoms always strive to attain the most stable arrangement of electrons. Atoms
are stable if their electrons have the same kind of arrangement as that of noble gases,
where the s and p orbitals are filled with electrons except for helium, where only the
s orbitals are filled up. All the noble gases except for helium have 8 valence electrons.
The Octet Rule tells you that elements gain or lose or share electrons to achieve the
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas. Thus after chemical bonding,
elements become isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas in the periodic table.

Metals have low electronegativity and ionization energy, thus they tend to
transfer or loose electrons. Non-metals have high electronegativity and ionization
energy. They have a greater tendency to attract electrons towards themselves. Thus
non-metals tend to gain electrons

cation a positively charged particle

chemical bond the force or energy that holds atoms or ions together covalent
bond a bond formed when atoms share electrons to attain stability
electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electron ionic
17
bond a bond which involves complete transfer of electrons
ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from the outermost
energy level of an atom

ions charged particles

luster the property of metals to reflect light

malleable the property of metals to be hammered into thin sheet

metallic bond a bond formed by the attraction of cations and the electrons around
them

valence electrons the electrons at the outermost energy level

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 Summative Assessment
Write the letter of the best answer.

1. Element X belongs to Group 1. Which of the following best describes element X?

a. high electronegativity b. high ionization energy
c. low electronegativity c. a non-metallic element
2. What will most likely happen to a non-metallic atom after ionic bonding?
I. It forms a cation II. It forms an anion III. It becomes stable IV. It
becomes unstable
a. I & II b. II & III c. III & IV d. I & IV
3. What kind of bond will result when two identical non-metallic atoms combine?
a. ionic bond c. polar covalent bond
b. metallic bond d. nonpolar covalent bond
4. Choose 2 elements that would li kely form an ionic bond among the following
elements: Li, Si, F, Ne
a. Li and Si b. Si and F c. Ne and Si d. Li and F
5. How is the bond in Br2 different from the bond in MgF2?
a. The bond in Br2 is metallic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
b. The bond in Br2 is ionic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
c. The bond in Br2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
d. There is no bond difference between the two.
6. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds?
a. to attain stability b. to form compounds
c. to form molecules d. to produce ions
7. What kind of force is present in ionic bond?
a. repulsive force b. electrostatic force
c. neutral force d. retentive force
8.. Which of the following substances when dissolve in water will conduct electricity?
a. glucose b. oil c. gasoline d. muriatic acid
9. What bond holds the atoms of the elements in Groups 1and 2 of the Periodic Table?
a. nonpolar covalent bond b. polar covalent bond
c. metallic bond d. ionic bond
10. Which of the following sets of samples has metallic bond, covalent bond and ionic
bonding in this order?
a. bronze, paraffin wax, and salt b. alloy, vetsin, and water
c. gold ring, baking soda, and starch d. coins, salt, and carbon dioxide

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 Unit 2
MODULE

3
What’s in a Mole?

Pre-Assessment:

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1.Suppose you were asked to prepare a 250-g chocolate mousse which is 35%
chocolate, 30% cream, 20% milk, 10% sugar, and 5% butter, how much cream are
you going to use?
a. 75 g cream b. 60 g cream c. 73 g cream d. 62 g cream
2. Cheska measured the mass of 10 pieces of each of the following materials:
marble, pebble, and ballpen cap. What will be her findings based on the data she
obtained?
Table 1. Data on Mass
Materials Mass
(10 pieces) (g)
marble 50
pebble 35
ballpen cap 20
a. Different materials have different masses.
b. Materials of different kinds differ in amount, color, and texture.
c. The same number of materials has different colors and appearance.
d. The same number of materials of different kinds has different masses.
3. The following are representative particles of matter: which among them
represents a covalent compound?
a. Atom b. ion c. molecule d. particle unit
4. A bag of NPK fertilizer marked 16-4-8 contains 16% nitrogen, 4%
phosphorous and 8% potassium, the other 72% is usually inert filler material, such as
clay pellets or granular limestone. What is the mass of nitrogen present in 500g pack
of NPK fertilizer?
a. 80g b. 40g c. 20g d. 10g
5.How many particles are equal to 1 mole?
a. 6.02 x 1022 particles b. 6.02 x 1023 particles c. 6.02 x 1024 particles d.
6.02 x 1025 particles
6. How can the knowledge about mole be useful for environmentalists?
a. Mole concept can be used in environmental monitoring.
b. It gives information on the most dangerous pollutant in the atmosphere.
c. It gives a feedback on the kinds of pollutants present in the atmosphere.
d. Mole concept can be used in quantifying the amount of pollutant-particles
released in the atmosphere.
7. How can you apply knowledge on percentage composition?
a. 21
In maintaining the quality of food product.
b. In checking the amount of sugar present in the softdrink.
c. In identifying the correct amount of substance present in a sample.
d. all of the above
8. How many percent of hydrogen (H) is present in water (H2O)?
a. 12% b. 11% c. 13% d. 10%
9. Which of the following units is used in expressing the amount of substance
in terms of the number of particles?
a. liter b. gram c. mole d. Celcius
10. What do you expect to observe in a “Mole Exhibit of Different Substances?
a. different kind of elements
b. different colors of substances
c. showcase of 1mole of different elements having different masses
d. showcase of 1mole of different substances having the same masses
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Avogadro's number is the number of particles in one mole of a substance. It is a
very large number equal to 6.02 x 10 23 particles. So, a mole (mol) of a substance is
6.02 x 10 23 representative particles of that substance. The representative particles can
be atoms, molecules, or formula units. So, one mole of carbon-12 contains
6.02 x 10 23 atoms, one mole of water contains 6.02 x 10 23 water molecules and one
mole of sodium chloride (table salt) contains 6.02 x 10 23 formula units of sodium
chloride. For you to figure out how large Avogadro’s number is, try to imagine this, “if
you put together 6.02 x 10 23 basketballs, it will be as big as the Earth or if you
have 6.02 x 10 23 rice grains, it would cover the land masses of the Earth to a depth
of 75 meters.” Now that you have realized how big Avogadro’s number is. Let us try to
visualize the number of particles in a given sample.
(*Source: Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., Matta, M.S. & Waterman, E.L. (2007).
Chemistry, Teacher’s Ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.)

Example:
How many molecules are there in 4.0 moles of CO2?

To answer this question you have to consider this:

1 mole = 6.02 x 10 23 particles

Thus, using dimensional analysis approach, you will be able to convert number of
moles to its equivalent amount in the number of particles.

6.02 x 1023 molecules CO2

4.0 moles CO2 x = 2.41 x 1024 molecules
CO2 1 mole CO2
For you to have a feel on how it is being done, you may answer the following
questions.

a. How many mongo seeds are equal to 3.50 moles of mongo seeds?
b. How many bananas are equal to 7.50 moles of bananas?
c. How many moles of rice grains are equal to 1.807 x 10 24 grains of rice?
d. How many moles of tomatoes are in 3.01 x 10 23 tomatoes?
Were you able to get the correct answer? Now that you already know how to use 1 mole
= 6.02 x 10 23 particles as conversion factor, let us move on to the next activity.
Do substances with the same mass have the same number of particles?
Let’s now have an activity about measuring the mass of an object with the same number
of particles. Do different substances having the same number of particles have the same
masses? You will discover the answers to these questions as you perform Activity 2.

Table 3. Mass of One Mole of Different Substances

Chemical Molar Mass Number of
Substance Formula (g/mol) Particle

oxygen gas O2 32. 6.02 x 10

24 23
00
Sucrose C12H22 34 6.02 x 10
(table O11 2.3 23

sugar) 4
Hydrogen H2O2 34. 6.02 x 10
peroxide 02 23

Elemental Ca 40. 6.02 x 10

Calcium 08 23

Are you now convinced that one mole of different substances have different masses? Remember that
one mole of a substance contains 6.02x10 23 particles.
This time, consult the periodic table of elements. Look for the atomic mass of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon,
sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus. What do you observe about their atomic masses? Each element has
its own mass different from the others in the same way that different compounds have different masses .
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Activity : Mole Map

Objective:
• Prepare a concept map on the mole concept.

Material:
Activity sheet
Procedure:
Complete the following concept map with the appropriate terms using the following
words: ions, Avogadro’s number, mole, atoms, molecules, particles, mass, compound,
g/mole( molar mass), elements.

is made up of

which may be

whose amount may be expressed in terms of

whose mass is expressed in

equal to

Accomplishing the concept map means that you have understood the lessons you
have studied. Let’s proceed to the next topic.

Percentage Composition of a Compound

Are you interested to know how much of an element is present in a compound?

You can answer this question by determining percentage composition.
The mass of each element in a compound compared to the entire mass of the
compound multiplied by 100 percent is called the percentage composition of the
compound. So, the percentage composition of a compound tells you the
percentage of the mass made up by each element in a compound. Let us compare
it in a classroom situation. You are 50 in your section with 21 boys and 29 girls. If you
will be asked what percent of the class are boys and what percent are girls, how are you
going to compute for the answer? If your answer is 42% boys and 58% girls, you got it
27
correctly! Let us have an example for the compound which is so important to all of us,
water (H2O). The computation below shows the molar mass of water. If you will be asked
to compute for the percentage of oxygen and hydrogen in water, how are you going to
do it?

H2O
1 O atom (16.00 g) = 16.00 g
2 H atoms (1.01g) = 2.02 g

18.02 g
Did you answer 89% oxygen and 11% hydrogen? Your answer is correct! To get the
percent oxygen, mass of oxygen is divided by the mass of water multiplied by 100%. The
same is true with hydrogen.

11% H

89% O

% Composition of Water
Can you present a general formula for the computation of percentage
composition?

We can have the formula as:

mass of element in the compound

% mass of element = x 100%
mass of the compound

Let us apply this formula to problem solving.

1. Soil that is already depleted of its nutrients needs fertilizer. One of the nutrients
needed to replenish the soil is nitrogen. If you are an agricultural technician helping a
farmer, which among these fertilizers are you going to use? Show your computations to
convince the farmer about your choice.
a. ammonia - NH3
b. ammonium sulfate - (NH4)2SO4
c. ammonium nitrate - NH4NO3

2. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a six-carbon sugar (hexose) which is also known as the blood
sugar. It is an energy source that fuels our body. How many percent of carbon is present
in glucose?
28

3. The “fuel value” of the hydrogen-containing fuels depends on the mass percentage of
hydrogen (H). Rank the following compounds in terms of their “fuel value” with 1 as the
highest fuel value and 3 as the one with the lowest value:
a. ethane (C2H6)
b. propane (C3H8)
c. ethanol (C2H5OH)
 In what other ways can we use percentage composition in our daily lives? Can
you give suggestions for its practical use?
Knowledge about percentage composition is useful in choosing the best fertilizer that
gives higher amount of nitrogen and potassium in the soil. Aside from this, it will help us
to be a wise consumer because it is a good basis of choosing the food product we need
to eat based on its content. Whenever you buy t-shirt, it is good to check whether it is
100% cotton or just 75% cotton. In terms of product development, percentage
composition will indicate the correct amount of substances needed in order to produce
the expected product. For example, if a manufacturing company wants to produce resin,
it will not be able to do if it does not know the correct percentage of every component
needed to form resin.

Summary:

It is important that you remember the following ideas from this module:

• Different kinds of materials with the same number of particles have different
masses.
• One mole contains Avogadro’s number of particles equal to 6.02 x 10 23.
• Different substances with the same number of moles have the same number of
particles but they have different masses.
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance expressed in grams.
• The molar mass of a monatomic element like Na, Li, Mg is numerically equal to
its atomic mass expressed in grams.
• The mass of the substance divided by its molar mass gives the number of moles
of the substance.
• The number of moles multiplied by Avogadro’s number gives the number of
particles.

• Percentage composition of a compound tells you the percentage of the mass

made up by each element in a compound

Glossary:

Avogadro’s Number the number equal to 6.02 x 10 23 which refers to the number of
atoms or ions or molecules equal to 1 mole

chemical formula a combination of the symbol of elements and subscript numbers

representing a compound

molar mass the mass of one mole of a substance

mole SI unit to express the amount of a substance

molecule the smallest unit of a substance

29 that retains its physical and chemical
properties, it may be composed of one kind of atom or two or more kinds of atoms
bonded together.

percentage composition the percentage by mass of each element in a compound

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 Summative Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The label of the dark chocolate indicates that its mass is 150g and it is 70% cacao, if
you consume the whole chocolate bar, how much cacao did you eat?
a. 105 g cacao b. 45 g cacao c. 100 g cacao d. 50 g cacao
2. What is the representative particle of ionic compounds?
a. Atom b. ion c. molecule d. formula unit
3. How many particles are there in one mole of any kind of substance?
a. 3.01 x 1023 b. 6.02 x 1023 c. 3.01 x 1024 d. 6.02 x 1024

4. Moth balls (paradichlorobenzene-C6H4Cl2) are used as cockroach repellent. It is often

placed inside the cabinet. If 1 piece of moth ball weighs 5.0g and your mother put 3 pieces
in your cabinet, how many molecules of paradichlorobenzene-C6H4Cl2 (Molar Mass =
147.00 g/mol) will be circulating inside your cabinet considering all the moth balls have
sublimed?
a. 6.02 x 10 22 molecules of C6H4Cl2 b. 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of C6H4Cl2
c. 6.14 x 10 22 molecules of C6H4Cl2 d. 6.14 x 10 23 molecules of C6H4Cl2
5. Who among the following students describes the result of the activity on counting by
weighing correctly?
Ann – Different sets of materials having the same mass have different number of pieces.
Dan – Different sets of materials have the same number of pieces and the
same mass.
Tom - The same sets of materials, have the same number of pieces but
different masses.
a. Ann b. Dan c. Tom d. none of them
6. The roots of the plants absorb the nutrients from the soil. For the farmers, it is important
to strengthen the root system of their plants to ensure its growth. Potassium is the mineral
responsible for a healthy root system. If you were a farmer, which of the following fertilizers
are you going to use?
a. K2SO4 b. K2O c. KCl d. K2CO3
7. Methane (CH4Molar Mass = 16.04 g/mol) is one of the greenhouse gases. If 32.08 g
of CH4 is released in the atmosphere, how many molecules of CH 4 are added in the
atmosphere?
a. 1.20 x 1024 b. 1.20 x 1023 c. 6.02 x 1024 d. 6.02 x 1023
8. The presence of SO2 in the atmosphere causes acid rain. How many percent of
sulfur is present in SO2 (Molar Mass = 64.07g/mole)?
a. 40.00% b. 49.95% c. 60.00% d. 50.05%
9. Arrange the following substances from the lightest to the heaviest:
Cl2; CH4; H2O; NH3; N2
a. H2O< NH3< N2< CH4< Cl2 b. CH4< NH3< H2O< N2< Cl2
c. N2< Cl2< H2O< CH4<NH3 d. 31
NH3< CH4< Cl2< H2O< N2
10. Why is mole concept important?
a. It is useful when converting between grams and atoms or molecules.
b. It gives us a convenient way to express large numbers
c. It can be applied to any type of particle representative
d. All of the above
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11. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3 Molar Mass = 80.06g/mole) is a substance used to
produce dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), a dental anesthetic. Determine the mass percent of
N in ammonium nitrate?
a. 35.00% b. 40.65%
c. 39.50% d. 43.68%
12. People usually use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 Molar Mass = 34.02 g/mole) to clean
their wounds. If Cheska used 1.0 g of H2O2 to clean her wound, how many mole of H2O2
did she use?
a. 0.035 mole b. 0.030 mole
c. 0.029 mole d. 0.025 mole
13. In cold areas, many fish and insects, including the common housefly produce large
amounts of glycerol (C3H8O3 Molar Mass = 92.11 g/mole) to lower the freezing point of
their blood. How many percent of oxygen is present in glycerol?
a. 52.11% b. 50.11%
c. 51.11% d. 53.11%

14. Ethyl butanoate (C3H7COOC2H5) is the substance responsible for the aroma of
pineapple. What is the molar mass of ethyl butanoate?
a. 118.00 g/mole b. 117.12 g/mole
c. 120.12 g/mole d. 116.18 g/mole
15. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3 Molar Mass = 100.09 g/mole) is an antacid used to
neutralize extra acid in the stomach. Lorie is prescribed by the doctor to take 250mg-
tablet of CaCO3 three times a day. How many moles of CaCO3 will Lorie consume for 3
days?
a. 0.0252 moles b. 0.0225 moles
c. 0.0242 moles d. 0.0235 moles

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