∑ ∑ ( ) ∑ ∑

Sample mean: = Sample variance: = = − Sample s.d.: =√

( )

∑ ( )( ) ∑ ∑ ∑
Sample coefficient of variation: = Sample covariance: = = −
( )

∑
Sample interquartile range: = 3− 1 Sample coefficient of correlation: = =

( )
Addition rule: ( )= ( )+ ( )− ( ) Conditional probability: ( | )=
( )

Complement rules: ( )= ( )=1− ( ) ( | )= ( | )=1− ( | )

Multiplication rule: ( )= ( | ) ( )= ( | ) ( )

Expected value: [ ]= =∑ ( ) Variance: [ ] = [( − ) ] = =∑ ( − ) ( )

Covariance: [ , ] = [( − )( − )] = =∑ ∑ ( − )( − ) ( , )

Laws of expected value: Laws of variance: Laws of covariance:

[ ]= [ ]=0 [ , ]=0
[ + ]= [ ]+ [ + ]= [ ] [ + , + ]= ∗ [ , ]
[ ]= [ ] [ ]= [ ]
[ + + ]= + [ ]+ [ ] [ + + ]= [ ]+ [ ]+2 ∗ [ , ]
[ + + ]= [ ]+ [ ]+2 ∗ ( )∗ ( )∗
where = [ , ]

! !
Combinatorial formula: = )!
Binomial probability: ( )=
)!
(1 − ) for = 0,1,2, … ,
!( !(

If is Binomial ( ~ ( , )) then [ ]= and [ ]= (1 − )

( )
If is Uniform ( ~ [ , ]) then ( ) = and [ ]= and [ ]=

Sampling distribution of : Sampling distribution of : Sampling distribution of ( − ):

= [ ]= = = = − = −
( ) ( ) ( )
= [ ]= = = = − = +
( ) ( ) ( )
= [ ]= = = = − = +
√

Sampling distribution of ( − ), independent samples: Sampling distribution of ( ), paired ( = − ):

= [ − ]= − = [ ]= −
∗ ∗ ∗
= [ − ]= + = [ ]= =
∗ ∗ ∗
= [ − ]= + = [ ]= =
√
Inference about a population proportion:
( )
test statistic: = CI estimator: ± ⁄
( )

Inference about comparing two population proportions:

test statistic under Null hypothesis of no difference: = ( ) ( )

Pooled proportion: =

( ) ( )
CI estimator: ( − )± / +

Inference about the population mean:

test statistic: = CI estimator: ± / Degrees of freedom: = −1

/√ √

Inference about a comparing two population means, independent samples, unequal variances:

( )
test statistic: = CI estimator: ( − )± ⁄ +

Degrees of freedom: =

Inference about a comparing two population means, independent samples, assuming equal variances:

( )
test statistic: = CI estimator: ( − )± ⁄ + Degrees of freedom: = + −2

( ) ( )
Pooled variance: =

Inference about a comparing two population means, paired data: ( is number of pairs and = − )

test statistic: = ⁄√
CI estimator: ± ⁄ Degrees of freedom: = −1
√

SIMPLE REGRESSION:

Model: = + + OLS line: = + = = = −

Coefficient of determination: =( ) Residuals: = −

∑ ( )
Standard deviation of residuals: = = Standard error of slope: . . ( )= =
( )
Inference about the population slope:

test statistic: = )
CI estimator: ± ⁄ . .( ) Degrees of freedom: = −2
. .(

Standard error of slope: . . ( )= =

( )

Prediction interval for at given value of ( ):

± ⁄ 1+ + ( )
or ± ⁄ . .( ) − + +

Degrees of freedom: = −2

Confidence interval for predicted mean at given value of ( ):

± ⁄ +( )
or ± ⁄ . .( ) − + Degrees of freedom: = −2

SIMPLE & MULTIPLE REGRESSION:

Model: = + + + ⋯+ +

=∑ ( − ) = + =∑ ( − ) =∑ =∑ ( − )

= = = =

⁄( )
= =1− . =1− ⁄(
= −
)

∑ ( )
Residuals: = − Standard deviation of residuals: = =

Inference about the overall statistical significance of the regression model:

/ ( )/ /
= = = =
( )/( ) /( ) /( )

Numerator degrees of freedom: = Denominator degrees of freedom: = − −1

Inference about the population slope for explanatory variable j:

test statistic: = CI estimator: ± / Degrees of freedom: = − −1

Standard error of slope: . . = (for multiple regression, must be obtained from technology)
The Standard Normal Distribution: 0 z
Second decimal place in z
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4997
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998
3.5 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998
3.6 0.4998 0.4998 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999
 𝐴𝐴

Critical Values of Student t Distribution: 0 𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴

ν t0.10 t0.05 t0.025 t0.01 t0.005 t0.001 t0.0005 ν t0.10 t0.05 t0.025 t0.01 t0.005 t0.001 t0.0005
1 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 318.3 636.6 38 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712 3.319 3.566
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.33 31.60 39 1.304 1.685 2.023 2.426 2.708 3.313 3.558
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.21 12.92 40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610 41 1.303 1.683 2.020 2.421 2.701 3.301 3.544
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869 42 1.302 1.682 2.018 2.418 2.698 3.296 3.538
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959 43 1.302 1.681 2.017 2.416 2.695 3.291 3.532
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408 44 1.301 1.680 2.015 2.414 2.692 3.286 3.526
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041 45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690 3.281 3.520
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781 46 1.300 1.679 2.013 2.410 2.687 3.277 3.515
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587 47 1.300 1.678 2.012 2.408 2.685 3.273 3.510
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437 48 1.299 1.677 2.011 2.407 2.682 3.269 3.505
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318 49 1.299 1.677 2.010 2.405 2.680 3.265 3.500
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221 50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261 3.496
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140 51 1.298 1.675 2.008 2.402 2.676 3.258 3.492
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073 52 1.298 1.675 2.007 2.400 2.674 3.255 3.488
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015 53 1.298 1.674 2.006 2.399 2.672 3.251 3.484
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965 54 1.297 1.674 2.005 2.397 2.670 3.248 3.480
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922 55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668 3.245 3.476
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883 60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850 65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654 3.220 3.447
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819 70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211 3.435
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792 75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643 3.202 3.425
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768 80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.195 3.416
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745 90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632 3.183 3.402
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725 100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.174 3.390
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707 120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160 3.373
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690 140 1.288 1.656 1.977 2.353 2.611 3.149 3.361
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674 160 1.287 1.654 1.975 2.350 2.607 3.142 3.352
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659 180 1.286 1.653 1.973 2.347 2.603 3.136 3.345
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646 200 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601 3.131 3.340
31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744 3.375 3.633 250 1.285 1.651 1.969 2.341 2.596 3.123 3.330
32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738 3.365 3.622 300 1.284 1.650 1.968 2.339 2.592 3.118 3.323
33 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.445 2.733 3.356 3.611 400 1.284 1.649 1.966 2.336 2.588 3.111 3.315
34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728 3.348 3.601 500 1.283 1.648 1.965 2.334 2.586 3.107 3.310
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724 3.340 3.591 750 1.283 1.647 1.963 2.331 2.582 3.101 3.304
36 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719 3.333 3.582 1000 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.330 2.581 3.098 3.300
37 1.305 1.687 2.026 2.431 2.715 3.326 3.574 ∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291
Degrees of freedom: ν
 𝐴𝐴

The F Distribution: 0 𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴

ν1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 30 ∞
ν2 Critical Values of F Distribution for A = 0.10:
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.17 3.10
10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.06
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.87 1.76
20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.61
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.61 1.46
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.54 1.38
60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.48 1.29
120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.41 1.19
∞ 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.34 1.00
ν2 Critical Values of F Distribution for A = 0.05:
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.50 4.36
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.54
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.25 2.07
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.04 1.84
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.84 1.62
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.74 1.51
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.65 1.39
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.55 1.25
∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.46 1.00
ν2 Critical Values of F Distribution for A = 0.01:
5 16.3 13.3 12.1 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.96 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.38 9.02
10 10.0 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.25 3.91
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.21 2.87
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.78 2.42
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.39 2.01
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.20 1.80
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.03 1.60
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.40 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.86 1.38
∞ 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.70 1.00
ν2 Critical Values of F Distribution for A = 0.001:
5 47.2 37.1 33.2 31.1 29.8 28.8 28.2 27.6 27.2 26.9 26.6 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.9 23.8
10 21.0 14.9 12.6 11.3 10.5 9.93 9.52 9.20 8.96 8.75 8.59 8.45 8.13 7.80 7.47 6.76
15 16.6 11.3 9.34 8.25 7.57 7.09 6.74 6.47 6.26 6.08 5.94 5.81 5.54 5.25 4.95 4.31
20 14.8 9.95 8.10 7.10 6.46 6.02 5.69 5.44 5.24 5.08 4.94 4.82 4.56 4.29 4.00 3.38
30 13.3 8.77 7.05 6.12 5.53 5.12 4.82 4.58 4.39 4.24 4.11 4.00 3.75 3.49 3.22 2.59
40 12.6 8.25 6.59 5.70 5.13 4.73 4.44 4.21 4.02 3.87 3.75 3.64 3.40 3.14 2.87 2.23
60 12.0 7.77 6.17 5.31 4.76 4.37 4.09 3.86 3.69 3.54 3.42 3.32 3.08 2.83 2.55 1.89
120 11.4 7.32 5.78 4.95 4.42 4.04 3.77 3.55 3.38 3.24 3.12 3.02 2.78 2.53 2.26 1.54
∞ 10.83 6.91 5.42 4.62 4.10 3.74 3.47 3.27 3.10 2.96 2.84 2.74 2.51 2.27 1.99 1.00
Numerator degrees of freedom: ν1 ; Denominator degrees of freedom: ν2