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    Tourism Impacts

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    Edelyn Agad
    This chapter discusses the various impacts of tourism, which can be positive or negative and economic, socio-cultural, or environmental. Some key positive economic impacts include foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and infrastructure development, while negatives include inflation, opportunity costs, and seasonality. Socio-cultural impacts range from cultural preservation to commercialization and misunderstandings. Environmental impacts involve everything from pollution and habitat loss to climate change effects. Sustainable practices aim to maximize benefits and minimize harm through initiatives like conservation, alternative transport, and renewable resources.

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    Tourism Impacts

    Uploaded by

    Edelyn Agad
    107 views53 pages
    This chapter discusses the various impacts of tourism, which can be positive or negative and economic, socio-cultural, or environmental. Some key positive economic impacts include foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and infrastructure development, while negatives include inflation, opportunity costs, and seasonality. Socio-cultural impacts range from cultural preservation to commercialization and misunderstandings. Environmental impacts involve everything from pollution and habitat loss to climate change effects. Sustainable practices aim to maximize benefits and minimize harm through initiatives like conservation, alternative transport, and renewable resources.

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    This chapter discusses the various impacts of tourism, which can be positive or negative and economic, socio-cultural, or environmental. Some key positive economic impacts include foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and infrastructure development, while negatives include inflation, opportunity costs, and seasonality. Socio-cultural impacts range from cultural preservation to commercialization and misunderstandings. Environmental impacts involve everything from pollution and habitat loss to climate change effects. Sustainable practices aim to maximize benefits and minimize harm through initiatives like conservation, alternative transport, and renewable resources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views53 pages

    Tourism Impacts

    Uploaded by

    Edelyn Agad
    This chapter discusses the various impacts of tourism, which can be positive or negative and economic, socio-cultural, or environmental. Some key positive economic impacts include foreign exchange earnings, job creation, and infrastructure development, while negatives include inflation, opportunity costs, and seasonality. Socio-cultural impacts range from cultural preservation to commercialization and misunderstandings. Environmental impacts involve everything from pollution and habitat loss to climate change effects. Sustainable practices aim to maximize benefits and minimize harm through initiatives like conservation, alternative transport, and renewable resources.

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    Chapter 5

    TOURISM IMPACTS
    Learning Objectives
    • Have a basic understanding on various
    impacts of tourism;
    • Be aware that tourism impacts can be
    categorized as positive or negative;
    • Know the range of perspectives of
    tourism impacts;
    • And outline methods (open discussion)
    on mitigating the negative impacts of
    tourism.
    Key Perspectives on Tourism Impacts
    • Impacts are multi-faceted.
    • Tourism impacts can be categorized into three:
    economic, socio-cultural and environmental.
    • It can be positive (beneficial) or negative
    (detrimental).
    • The impacts also depends on the value and
    judgment of the observer.
    Types of Tourism Impacts

    ECONOMIC IMPACTS

    SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS

    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
    TOURISM AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACTS
    Economic Impacts of Tourism
    POSITIVE NEGATIVE
    1. Foreign exchange earnings 1. Inflation
    2. Contribution to government 2. Opportunity costs
    revenues 3. Dependency
    3. Generation of employment 4. Seasonality
    4. Balance of payment / trade 5. Leakage
    account balance 6. Enclave tourism
    5. Stimulation of infrastructure 7. Seasonal character of jobs
    investment
    8. Prostitution and the
    6. Contribution to local underground economy
    economies
    Tourism and its Socio-
    Cultural Impacts
    SOCIO-CULTURAL
    Introduction IMPACTS
    to Socio-Cultural
    OF of
    Impacts TOURISM
    Tourism
    • sociology and culture
    • the tourist culture
    • elements of culture
    ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

     HANDICRAFTS  GASTRONOMY
    LANGUAGE ART AND MUSIC
    TRADITION HISTORY

     LOCAL WORK  EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS


    ARCHITECTURE DRESS
    RELIGION LEISURE ACTIVITIES
    Relevant Cultural Concepts
    Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism
    POSITIVE/BENEFITS NEGATIVE/COSTS

    • Preservation and restoration • Loss of cultural character


    of cultural heritage • Loss of authenticity and
    • Revival of traditional arts and meaning of traditional arts
    crafts and crafts
    • Cultivation of cultural pride • Commercialization of human
    and sense of identity relationships
    • Cross-cultural exchange • Potential misunderstandings
    and conflicts between
    residents and tourists
    TOURISM & ITS
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
    Three Perspectives: (Relationship of
    Tourism and Environment)

    1. Tourist-environment interactions
    2. Tourist-host interactions
    3. Host-environment interactions
    TOURISM &
    ENVIRONMENT

    SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
    ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

    1. Environmental awareness.
    2. Enhancements of local environment.
    3. Protection and conservation of wildlife.
    “Environmental Awareness
    Raising”
    • Tourism has the
    potential to increase
    public appreciation of
    the environment and to
    spread awareness of
    environmental problems
    when it brings people
    into closer contact with
    nature and the
    environment.
    Enhancement of local environments
    • Retain and increase visitor numbers by
    improving the general amenity value of the
    local environment.
    Protection and conservation
    of wildlife

    • Tourism acts as a force of conservation as it


    offers an alternative economic use.
    • Tourism draws attention to issues relating to
    biodiversity, endangered species and human
    impact on the environment. (Doswell, 1997)
    Grupo Punta Cana,
    Dominican Republic

    - Luxury and conservation combined


    - The high-end resort was established with the
    goal of catering to luxury-class tourists while
    respecting the natural habitat of Punta Cana.
    ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS

    1. Inappropriate development
    2. Loss of natural habitat and effects on wildlife
    3. Pollution
    4. Loss of spirit
    5. Overcrowding and traffic congestion
    6. Activities (affecting the natural environment)
    Inappropriate development
    • Tourism development may be classed as
    inappropriate if it fails to be sensitive to the
    natural environment.
    • Long-term planning in environment terms should
    be done.
    • Costa del Sol – had undergone a powerful
    colonization of modern kind, it had robbed the
    shore of its natural features, displaced headlands
    and harbors with badly made structures.
    • Resorts in Pattaya, Thailand – considered to be
    overdeveloped.
    Costa del Sol
    Costa del Sol
    Rabbit Resort – Pattaya, Thailand
    Dusit Thani – Pattaya, Thailand
    "Sustainable development for mature tourist towns :
    the Calvià model"
    • Javier BUSTAMANTE - Strategic Development Manager,
    Calvià (Mallorca)
    • A few examples.
    • Firstly the " cleaning up " Plan, with the demolition of
    hotels and buildings on the coastline, which aims to
    reduce the number of buildings. The results are clear
    for all to see… Another hotel was also replaced by a
    green area. In total, we have demolished 14 hotels and
    tourist buildings and replaced them with green areas.
    • Awareness campaigns promoting the use and
    conservation of the natural resources, especially
    WATER.
    CALVIA
    Loss of natural habitat and
    effects on wildlife
    • Development of facilities and subsequent
    tourist use may result in rapid or more gradual
    effects on habitats.
    • Trampling causes disturbance to vegetation
    and soil.
    • Not unlike the Galapagos Island, 600 miles of
    the coast of Ecuador.
    Wildlife can be disturbed. (cheetahs in
    Amboseli National Park, Kenya)
    Golden Toad in Monteverde Cloud Rainforest, Costa Rica

    Golden Toad, has declined in


    numbers at the same time as
    ecotourism has evolved in the
    area.
    Greek Island of Zakynthos
    • The Loggerhead Turtle in the Greek Island of Zakynthos
    has become endangered. The development threatens the
    turtles in six ways:
    1. Loss of beach nesting areas.
    2. Nesting females and young turtles disoriented by
    artificial illumination.
    3. Noise
    4. Traffic
    5. Pollution
    6. Activities in water
    Deforestation in Nepal
    Effects of trampling
    Pollution
    Water

    Air POLLUTION Noise

    Land (Solid
    Waste)
    Water Pollution

    • Water pollution is the contamination


    of water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
    oceans, and groundwater.
    Air Pollution
    Air pollution is the
    introduction of
    chemicals, particulate
    matter, or biological
    materials that cause
    harm or discomfort to
    humans or other living
    organisms, or damages
    the natural
    environment, into the
    atmosphere.
    Noise Pollution

    Noise pollution (or


    environmental noise) is
    displeasing human-,
    animal- or machine-
    created sound that
    disrupts the activity or
    balance of human or
    animal life.
    Solid Waste

    Solid Waste is also referred to as rubbish,


    trash, garbage, or junk depending upon the
    type of material and the regional
    terminology. In living organisms, waste
    relates to unwanted substances or toxins
    that are expelled from them.
    (Caribbean Area)
    Overcrowding and traffic congestion
    • Happens when the volume of tourists exceeds
    the capacity of an environment.
    • Overcrowding poses an increased risk of
    environmental damage through erosion and
    restricts visitor appreciation of the
    destination.
    • Inappropriate parking
    • Congestion damages vegetation, causes
    erosion and adds to localized pollution.
    Effects of activities
    • Skiing/alpine tourism
    - mountain ecosystems are generally fragile but many are
    prone to intensive use.
    - many view skiing as a damaging activity because it requires
    associated development, such as lodges, resorts, roads and
    cause severe erosion and deforestation.
    Effects of activities

    • Ecotourism
    - while the premise of ecotourism is to assist in conservation
    and well-being of local communities, it is often the case that
    ecotourism-based activities lead to deterioration in
    environmental quality.
    - proper planning and management is needed
    Tourism, Global
    Warming and
    Climate Change

    • By 2050, tourism is expected to see its contribution to


    greenhouse gas emissions rise from 3 to 7%.
    • KYOTO Protocol, adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
    December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February
    2005. (highlights the expected impacts of tourism in
    the environment)
    • Very significant because climate and temperature are
    important determinants of destination selection.
    Tourism, Global Warming and
    Climate Change
    • Some expected effects may be;
    1. Rising temperature in central European
    culture cities in peak season will lead to a
    decline in visitors.
    2. Specific ecosystems s/as coral reefs will be
    affected.
    3. In Alpine areas, shorter skiing seasons may
    arise.
    • Experts begin to understand
    how climate change may
    reverse the shape of
    seasonality with a growing
    demand for coolness in
    summer, leading to increased
    energy consumption for air-
    conditioning, along with a
    greater number of extreme
    weather events which could
    disrupt tourism, such as
    flooding, sand storms,
    droughts and summer fires.
    Specific Measures
    to Minimize
    Environmental
    Damage
    Tourism-related companies realized
    that turning green makes good
    business sense. The German tourism
    industry experience.

    Hotel Sector
    • installing water saving
    devices;
    • Abolishing individually
    wrapped food items at
    the breakfast buffet;
    • Using recycled paper
    and reusable bottles.
    • (Atrium Suites Manila)
    Tourism-related companies realized
    that turning green makes good
    business sense.

    • Resorts
    - Decreasing automobile
    traffic in resorts, clinic
    and recreational zones
    by constructing parking
    areas outside of the
    central areas and using
    electric buses.
    - (Club Noah Isabelle, El
    Nido, Palawan)
    Tourism-related companies realized that
    turning green makes good business sense.

    • Travel Agencies
    - Publication of brochure
    offering tips and
    information on species
    protection and
    environmentally proper
    behavior to vacationers.
    Tourism-related companies realized that
    turning green makes good business sense.
    • Transportation
    - Use high capacity
    airplanes to reduce
    noise and emissions of
    pollutants and fuel
    consumption.
    - “Garbage return
    initiative” LTU
    International Airways’
    ecobag.
    Tourism-related companies realized that
    turning green makes good business sense.
    • Cities and Towns
    - Use of solar energy
    - Replacing regular light
    bulbs for energy-saving
    bulbs.
    - Promoting bicycles for
    inner city transport
    - Use of rain water

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