Exercise 3. Indicate, by a, b, c, etc.

, to which of the following clause types the sentences

below belong:
a S V intens Cs
b S V intens A place
c S V intrans
d S V monotrans Od
e S V complex trans Od Co
f S V complex trans Od A place
g S V ditrans Oi Od

1. George’s father greeted the headmaster. d

2. The headmaster put George into the second class. f
3. That made Stanley angry. e
4. His annoyance did not last. g
5. He was really a lawyer. a
6. But he proved himself a great soldier. c
7. The manager is not in. b
8. May I offer you a cup of coffee? g
9. After the war, M. gave him back his saddle-bags. g
10. He threw himself from his horse. f
11. I remember the reasonableness of my father’s argument. d
12. The parson’s cat is an abominable animal. a
13. We are in a bit of a mess. b
14. I have always lived in the country. b
15. Could you call me a porter, please?g
16. Do you call yourself a porter? e
17. Finding peace and quiet has become very difficult. a
18. Every increase in knowledge augments our capacity for evil. d
19. The police laid the bodies by the side of the road. f
20. Travel nowadays is fraught with disillusion. a
21. You must keep calm. a
22. Keep out of sight. b
23. You can keep the change. d
 24. Keep your hands off me. f
25. I can’t keep my hands warm. e
26. Keep me a seat, will you? g

Exercise 4. The following terms can be used with reference to verbs:

a intensive a/e hoặc c/d e intransitive
b extensive e/g/h/f f monotransitive
c stative g ditransitive
d dynamic d,g,h h complex transitive
Indicate, by the letters a, b, c, etc., which of those terms could he applied to the verbs as
they are used in the sentences below. Note that more than one label could be used in
every case.

1. Do you understand the question? SVO b/f/c

2. English and German are separate languages. SVCs a/e/c
3. He appeared rather worried. SVCs a/e/d
4. The mist is disappearing slowly. SV b/e/d
5. I see what you mean. SVO b/c/f
6. You aren’t looking in the right direction. SVA a/e/d
7. He offered her his hand hesitatingly. SVOO b/g/c
8. Bertrand is becoming rather a bore. SVCs a/e/d
9. Susan chooses her clothes sensibly. SVO b/f/d
10. Her mother made her that dress well.SVOO b/g/d
11. We elected him President unanimously.SVOC b/h/d
12. His election made him very conceited.SVOC b/h/d

Exercise 5. Select one items from the left-hand column to replace each dash in the
sentences below, so as to produce statements EITHER equivalent in meeting to what is
said in Chapter Three OR deducible from it.
A
a, an 1 A simple verb phrase that is not a pro-form can consist only of
auxiliary a lexical verb. One that is a pro-form can only consist of an auxiliary
form 2 The verb phrase must be seen contains three items. The last has
function the function of a lexical verb; the second has the function of a
inflection primary auxiliary; the first, the function of a modal auxiliary .
Item 3 Whereas lexical verbs are open-class items, the auxiliary verbs are
lexical. members, of a closed system
member We know that work, in the sentence We work too hard, is a verb ,
modal because of its syntactic behavior; and that the same word in a
noun sentence beginning I have work is noun because it has no inflection.
primary 5 The lexical verbs WILL and CAN have the same form, in the base,
syntactic as the modal auxiliary verbs WILL and CAN, but their function
system, verb different.

B
base 6 Regular verbs are lexical verbs whose past tense and past
consonant participle one can always predict from the base.
defective 7 Modal auxiliaries are defective verbs in that they have no
-ed infinitive, -ing participle, - ed participle or imperative
imperative 8 An irregular verb is one whose past tense and past participle one
infinitive cannot predict from the base
inflection 9 BURN has two phonological from for V-ed, the difference
-ing, lexical between them being that the final consonant in one, spelt -ed, is
participle, past voiced, while in the other it is unvoiced.
phonological 10 In BURN, there is no difference between V and V-ed in the base
predict vowel, whereas in DREAM the base vowel changes. In V-ed, both
present, tense ‘verbs have an inflection which may be voiced or unvoiced.
voiceless
voiced, vowel
C
An, auxiliary 11 A finite verb must be marked for tense, and may have overt
Concord, first concord with its subject in person and number.
imperative 12 In the sentence I suggest he go, the second verb is marked for
indicative subjunctive mood while the first is in the unmarked indicate
lexical, marked mood.
modal, mood 13 In the sentence You do the cooking, do is a lexical verb and may be
number either in the indicative mood or in the imperative.
 operator, overt 14 In the interrogative transformation, the first auxiliary is used as an
subjunctive operator and changes places with the subject of the sentence.
tense 15 In any complex verbs phrase, the lexical verb will come at the end,
unmarked and the modal, if any, will come at the beginning.
verb
D American
aspect 16 The –ed participle in a complex verb phrase may be a partial
auxiliary realization of either perfective aspect or passive voice, the other part
clause being provided by an auxiliary verb.
English 17 The –ing participle in a complex verb phrase is, combined with the
formulaic auxiliary BE, a realization of progressive aspect.
infinitive 18 Either the –ed or the –ing participle, like the infinitive may also be
mandative used alone, as a non- finite verb in a non- finite clause.
non-finite 19 Non-finite verbs are not marked either for person or tense but may
passive have progressive or perfective aspect.
perfective 20 The verb in Heaven help us! is an example of the formulaic
person subjunctive, whereas the mandative subjunctive in I suggest he go
progressive still in active use, at least in American English.
subjunctive
tense, verb
voice

Exercise 6. Identify each verb phrase in the sentences below. Call the first number one,
and so on. Then indicate whether each verb phrase is finite or non-finite. If finite, say
whether it is in present or past tense, in the indicative, imperative or subjunctive mood. If
it has overt concord, quote its subject. If non-finite, say whether it is the infinitive, -ing
participle or –ed participle.
A Die1, doctor? That is2 the last thing I intend3 to do4.
1: non- finite, infinitive 2: finite, present tense, indicative, overt concord, subject
that
3: finite, present tense, indicative 4. non-finite, infinitive
B Die1, traitor! Every man found2 guilty of treachery pays3 the penalty.
1: finite, imperative 2: non-finite, -ed participle 3: finite, present tense,
indicative, overt concord, subject every man found guilty of treachery.
C We found1 him lying2 by the roadside and were 3 almost sure at first that he was
dead4.
1: finite, present tense, indicative 2: non- finite, -ing participle
 3: finite, past tense, indicative
D Having considered1 his case very carefully, we recommend2 that he serve3 another
month on probation and be asked 4 to appear5 before the committee when that has been
done6.
1: non- finite, -ing participle 2: finite, present tense, subjunctive
3: finite, present tense, indicative 4: finite, present tense, indicative
5: non- finite, infinitive
E Somebody bring1 me a map and show2 me where we are3.
1: finite, present tense, indicative 2: finite, present tense, indicative
3: finite, present tense, indicative
F I do understand1. Please do believe2 what I’m trying3 to tell4 you.
1: finite, present tense, indicative 2: finite, imperative
3: finite, present tense, indicative 4: non- finite, infinitive

Exercise 7. Indicate, by a, b, c, d or e, whether the verbs underlined provide examples of

a the mandative subjunctive
b the formulaic ’’
c the were ’’
d the modal past
or e a normal use of the indicate mood
1. I suggest that you were feeling over-tired. e
2. We suggest that this applicant apply next year. a
3. If I were feeling over-tired, I wouldn’t go on. c
4. I would much rather we stayed at home this evening. d
5. We were hoping you could come and have lunch with us tomorrow. e
6. The Committee recommends that the annual subscription be increased to £3. a
7. It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure and that very
member of the staff economize wherever possible. a/a
8. Be that as it may, our expenditure is bound to increase. b
9. Be the time we stopped, we had driven six hundred miles. e
10. Is it not time we set our own house in order? e
Exercise 8. Transform each of the sentences below so as to produce a subject
complement consisting of a participial adjective + prepositional phrase, avoiding by’
whenever possible:
1. The young man’s discomfiture amused the Countess.
-> The Countess was amused at the youngman’s discomfiture.
2. The way she treated her servants annoyed him.
-> He was annoyed with the way she treated her servants.
3. The young man’s outburst astonished everybody.
-> Everybody was astonished at the youngman’s outburst.
4. Etiquette obviously did not bother him.
-> He wasn’t bothered with etiquette obviously.
5. The reception they gave him did not content him.
-> He was not contented with the reception they gave him.
6. His presents, however, delighted the Countess.
-> The Countess, however, was delighted at his presents.
7. You do not disappoint me.
-> I am not dissapointed with you.
8. Do not let your coming adventures excite you.
-> Do not get excited by your coming adventures.
9. Roger found everything around him fascinating.
-> Everything around Roger was found fascinating.
10. Hunting had already interested him.
-> He was already interested in hunting.
11. The Countess found his answer very pleasing.
-> His answer was found by the Countess very pleasing.
12. His progress completely satisfied her.
-> She was completely satisfied with his progress.
13. At first, his rudeness had shocked her.
-> At first, she had been shocked at his rudeness.
14. His conduct would have surprised his old father.
-> His old father would have been surprised at his conduct.
15. Now, his behaviour would not have worried his father at all.
-> Now, his father would not have been worried about his behaviour at all.
Exercise 9. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences so as to produce one single
sentence with a finite clause as object, omitting what is in brackets:
1. I have made a mistake. I admit (it).
-> I admit that I have made a mistake.
2. Have I made a mistake? I wonder?
-> I wonder if I had made a mistake.
3. Have I given you the right figures? I doubt (it).
-> I doubt whether I had given you the right figures.
4. You have checked the figures carefully. I don’t doubt (it).
-> I don’t doubt that you have checked the figures carefully.
5. You wrote me a cheque. I agree.
-> I agree you wrote me a cheque.
6. You pay me next week. I agree (to that).
-> I agree you pay me next week.
7. You were going to pay me half the money today. We agreed (on that).
-> We agreed you were going to pay me half the money today.
8. We decided (on one thing). We had gone far enough.
-> We decided that we had gone far enough.
9. Should we continue next day or not? We could not decide.
-> We could not decide if we should continue next day or not.
10. How could we find the way? We had to decide (that) quickly.
-> We had to decide quickly how we could find the way.
11. You go ahead to get help. We have all decided (on that course of action).
-> We have all decided that you go ahead to get help.
12. Help will arrive at any moment. (At least), I expect (so).
-> I expect that help will arrive at any moment.
13. What do you intend to do next. May I ask (that)?
-> May I ask what you intend to do next?
14. Are we to stay here all night? May I ask (that)?
-> May I ask that we stay here all night?
15. Please tell us the truth. All I ask is that.
-> All I ask is tell us the truth.
 16. Why not divide ourselves into two groups? (That is what) I suggest.
-> I suggest that we should divide our selves into two group.
17. This is where we were two days ago. I remember.
-> I remember that this is where we were two days ago.
18. Did we take the upper path or the lower one? Do you remember?
-> Do you remember that if we took the upper path or the lower one?
19. Where did we go wrong? Ah, now I know.
-> Ah, now I know where we went wrong.
20. You no longer trust your leader. I sincerely regret that.
-> I sincerely regret that you no longer trust your leader.

Exercise 10. If to talk in He likes to talk is a non-finite infinitive clause, without a

subject acting as object of likes, give a corresponding explanation of the italicized parts
of the following sentences:
a We wanted to go home. non-finite, to infinitive clause, without a subject acting as
object of wanted
b We enjoyed walking. Non-finite, ing participal clause, without a subject acting as
object of enjoyed
c I expected you to be here. non-finite, to infinitive clause, a subject you, object of
expected
d I heard them leave. non-finite clause, bare infinitive clause, a subject them, object of
heard
e I saw them waiting. non-finite clause, ing participle clause, subject them, object of
waiting
f I found my seat occupied. non-finite clause, ed participle clause, subject my seat,
objec of found

Exercise 12. Say whether each of these sentences is (a) monotransitive or (b)
complextransitive. Then put each main clause into the passive:
1. We admitted that a mistake had been made. SVO (a)
-> It was admitted that a mistake had been made.
2. Everyone considered the mistake to be very serious. SVOdCo (b)
-> The mistake was considered to be very serious.
 3. We consider you to be one of our most loyal supporters.
4. We fully recognized that you have had great difficulties. (a) SVO
-> It was fully recognized that you
5. We find you innocent of all the charges. SVOdCo (b)
-> You are found (to be) innocent.
6. We know your companion to be a trouble maker. SVOdCo (b)
-> Your companion is know to be a trouble maker.
7. We have proved your story completely accurate. SVOC (b)
8. However, we think you, at times, indiscreet. SVOdCo (b)
-> However you are thought at times indiscreet.
9. We expect you to show a little more fact. SVOdCo (b)
-> You are expected to show a little more fact.
10. We regret that we must make this criticism. SVO (a)
-> It is regreted that we must make this criticism.
11. The Air Force has reported two planes missing. SVO (a)
-> Two planes missing have been reported.
12. The authorities meant you to complete this form, and return it to the Town Hall.
SVOC (b)
-> You were meant to complete this form, and return it to the Town Hall.