Nursing Theory: Philosophy

Prometric exam collection 2017
(‫)النسخة الثالثة‬
(Nursing theory + exam)
Preparation by: wedelshamal
Nursing theory
 Nursing is a science and art that applied cognitive, psychomotor, and
interpersonal skills to assist client and achieve their optimal health. (Kenny
1990).
 Nursing is primary assisting individual sick or well with activities contributing
to health and its recovery or a peaceful death.
 Nursing help individuals to carry out the prescribed therapy and independent of
assistance as soon as possible. (Lynda 2002).
Philosophy:
Is concerned with the values and beliefs of discipline and with the values and
beliefs held by members of the discipline.
It focuses on providing the frame work about central concepts of discipline and
provides assumption that guide theories.
Science:
Is a unified body of knowledge about phenomena that is supported by agreed upon
evidence.
Assumptions:
Are statements that describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual,
accepted as truths and represent values, belief or goals.
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Nurses role:
1. Practitioner
2. Educator
3. Researcher
4. Collaborator
5. Advocator
6. Role model
7. Evaluator
8. Leader manager
Paradigm:
Has shared values assumption, knowledge building strategies agreed lows.
A paradigm depicts functional states of mature science.
Concept:
Concept is term or label used to describe a phenomena.
Concept denotes some degree of classification and it is provides a concise
summary of the thoughts.
Conceptual model:
It is group of concepts or ideas that are related, but the relationship is not explicit.
Models are more abstract with fewer specifically defined.
Concepts and models don't explain how or why phenomena occur.

Theoretical framework:
Theoretical framework consist of a set of defined concepts and relational
statement, it needs further explication of specific relationship among all the major
concepts to provide systematic view of the phenomena.
Theory:
It a set of interrelated concepts and relationship statements that are logical and
amenable empirical test and explain or predict phenomena.
Images of nursing:
1. First school of thought: needs (Colombia school of thought), this includes
theories response to question (what do nurse do).
2. Second school of thought: interaction, this school answers the questions (how
do nurses whatever it is they do), this school focus on inter action process.
3. Third school of thought: out come of nursing: answer the question (why) of
nursing care while not ignoring what and how, his group is conceptualize the
out come (the goal) of nursing care.
Components of theory:
 Functional components of theory:
Four major concepts in nursing mode:
1. client
2. nature of nursing
3. meaning of health

4. environment
 Structural components of nursing theory:
Theory development is considered both process with numerous activities and
product.
Process of theory includes four interaction sequential phases:
activities: products
1. analyze concepts Philosophy
2. construct relationship concept identification
3. test relationship conceptual mode
4. validate relationship in practice theoretical framework and theory
Classification of theory:
1. Descriptive theory:
This identifies and describes the majors concepts of phenomena, but does not
explain how or why the concepts are related. This is the first level of theory. E.g.
Peplous work 1952 which provide definition of concepts, such a client health and
nurse.

2. Explanatory theory:
The next level of theory describes how the concepts are related, it specifies the
associations among some concepts, but need further explication of the logical and
empirical of these relationships. E.g. Johnson, king, Orem, and Roy theories.
3. predictive theory:
Is achieved when the conditions, under which the concepts are related, are stated
and relational statements are able to describe future outcome consistently. E.g.
Selye (1956) theory of stress and general adaptation syndrome because it has been
tested and supported.
Differentiation of Terms
 Concept
 Conceptual framework
 Paradigm
 Metaparadigm
 Theory
Concepts
 Abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality
 Often called the “building blocks” of theories
 Examples: mass, energy, ego, id
Paradigm
 A pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world
 Include notions of reality that are largely unconscious or taken for granted
 Derived from cultural beliefs

 Examples: time, space
Metaparadigm
 Concepts that can be superimposed on other concepts
Four major metaparadigms in nursing
 Person
 Environment
 Health
 Nursing
Theory
 Supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon
 Attempt to explain relationships between concepts
 Offer ways to conceptualize central interests of a discipline
 Example: Freud’s theory of the Unconscious
Purposes of Nursing Theory
 Link among nursing theory, education, research, and clinical practice
 Contributes to knowledge development
 May direct education, research, and Practice
The Living Tree of Nursing Theories

Criteria for Evaluating Theoretical Work

Clarity- “How clear is this theory?”
 Words often have multiple meanings within and across disciplines; therefore
words should be defined carefully and specifically to the framework (philosophy,
conceptual model, or theory) from which it is derived.
 Diagrams and examples may facilitate clarity and should be consistent.
 Simplicity- “How simple is the theory?”
 Theory should have as few concepts as possible with simplistic relations to aid
clarity.

 “The most useful theory provides the greatest sense of understanding.”

Generality- “How general is this theory?”
 To determine the generality of theory, the scope of concepts and goals within the
theory are examined.
 “The broader the scope, the greater the significance of the theory.”
Empirical precision- “How accessible is the theory?”
 Empirical precision is linked to the testability and ultimate use of a theory and it
refers to the”extent that the defined concepts are grounded in observable reality”.
Derivable Consequences- “How important is this theory?”
 Propose that if research, theory, and practice are to be meaningfully related, then
nursing theory should lend itself to research testing and research testing should
lead to knowledge that guides practice.
 Indicates that to be considered useful, “it is essential for theory to develop and
guide practice.

Dorothea Orem's Orem theory

The focus of theory:
Is that, people function and maintain life, health, and well being by caring of
themselves. Orem's proposed three theories that interrelated and have come to be
considered as one by many of utilizes:
1. Self care deficits, the recipients of care of who are unable for continuous self
care.
2. Theory of self care is based on the central relationship deliberate self care
actions and the development and the functional of individuals as a group.
3. Theory of nursing system describes therapeutic self care requisite and the
action of system involved in self care.
Self care requisites:

1. Universal self care requisites: are these activities necessary to meet the
basic needs of daily living:
 Maintenance of sufficient intake of air.
 Maintenance of sufficient intake of water.
 Maintenance of sufficient intake of food.
 Maintenance of balance between activities and rest.
 Satisfactory elimination function.
 Prevention of danger to self.

 Maintenance between solitude and social interaction.

 Promotion of human function and development with social group.
2. Developmental self care requisites: are associated with developmental

processes and conditions occurring during the life cycle, there are two
categories:
 Maintain conditions that support life processes and promote
development.
 Prevention of harmful effects on human development and the
provision of care to overcome these effects.
3. Health deviation self care requisites: are associated with individuals
who are ill or injury or have a pathological condition and receiving medical
care.
 Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance recognizing and
taking care of those conditions.
 Being aware and attending to effect and result of pathological
condition.
 Implemented prescribed diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitation
measure.
 Modifying the self concept and acceptance the condition.

 Learning to live with the condition in live style that promotes

continued development.
The provider of self care is considering a self care agent, it influenced by
genetic cultural or experiential backgrounds.
Theory of nursing system
Three types:
1. Wholly compensatory: the nurse is expected to accomplish all the
patient therapeutic self care or to compensate for patient inability to engage
in self care or when the patient needs continuous guidance in self care.
2. Partly compensatory: both client and nurse engage to meeting self care
needs.
3. Supportive educative system: the clients require assistance in decision
making behavior control, and acquisition of knowledge and skills. Under
this system clients are able to perform self care with assistance.
Functional components
1. Nursing: A cervices of deliberately selected and performed actions to
assist individuals or group to maintain self care including structural integrity,
functional and development.

2. Client: Individual or group who are unable to continuously maintain in

sustaining life and health in receiving from disease or injury or in coping
with their effects.
3. Health: Individuals or groups ability to meet self care continuously
demands that contribute to the maintenance and promotion of structural
integrity functional and development.
4. Environment: Any setting in which the client unmet self care needs,
requisites in which a nurse is present to help him.
Johnson's behavioral system

(Model of nursing)
Dorothy Johnson 1980 model, the concepts is from the behavioral and
biological science and stress and adaptation theories.
Each person is viewed as a behavioral system, composed of seven
subsystems which are interact and are interdependent.
Each person strive achieve a balance and stability internally and externally,
and function effectively by adjusting and adapting to environmental forces
through learned pattern of response.

Johnson's beliefs:
Human being: A bio-psycho-social being who is a behavioral system with
seven subsystems of behavior.
Nursing: Regulation of external forces to stabilize client's behavioral
system and restore, maintain or attain balance.
Client: A behavioral system (person) threatened or potentially threatened
by illness (imbalance).
Health: An efficient and effectively functioning behavioral system
(person) who maintains balance stability by adapting, adjusting to outside
forces.
Environment: No specific setting.
Seven subsystems:
1. Ingestive: To take in from environment needed resources to maintain
integrity.
2. Achievement: Control self or environment through seeking some standard
of excellence such as physical, social or creative skills.
3. Aggressive: to protect self and others from potentially threatening objects,
person or ideas.
4. Eliminative: to expel biological waste from the system.

5. Sexual: to procreate and gratify feeling of attractive to and cared about by

others.
6. Affiliate or attachment: to relate to or to bonding with ultimate function
of survival or to belong to something or some one.
7. Dependency: to obtain resources needed for assistance, attention,
reassurance and security.
Structural elements influence subsystems:

1. Goal or drive.
2. Set distinguishes arrange of behavior available to the individual to
achieve particular goal.
3. Choice of alternative behaviors to achieve specific goal.
4. Behavior is observable aspect of each subsystem.
Functional requirements:
Protection: defending the individuals from unnecessary threats and coping
with threats on the individual's behalf.
Nurturance: means supporting the individual's adequate adaptive
behaviors through nourishment, training, and condition that support
appropriate behaviors.
Stimulation: promote continue growth and development.
Johnson's model and nursing process

Assessment:
First stage: does the clients behavior suggest and an imbalance in any
subsystem?
Second stage: are the problems structural or functional?
Planning:
 Structural problems aim to effect change in goal set, choice, and
observable behavior.
 Functional problems regulate supply of protection, nurturance, and
stimulation.
Intervention:
Nurses may act to restrict, defend, inhibit, and facilitate.
Evaluation:
Formative: to evaluate behavior in each subsystem to know whether the
goals have been met or not.
Summative: examine the strengths and weakness of model in particular
setting.

Roy's adaptation theory
Roy work on Helsons 1964 concept of human adaptation and general system
theory.
People are best as sets of interconnected biological, psychological and social
systems that influence behavior, Roy describes her model as bio-psycho-social
model of nursing.
Each system within the person is motivated toward condition of homeostasis and
aim to a certain constancy of function and balance.
People are organisms concerned with maintaining within a range of conditions
makes up a person's adaptation level.
Types of stimuli:
1. Focal stimuli: are those immediately surrounding a person.
2. Contextual stimuli: are those related to the background.
3. Residual stimuli: such as beliefs, attitudes, and personal qualities. Those
resulting from past pattern of learning.
Focus of Roy's theory:
Is set of processes by which a person adapts to environmental stressors.
Roy describes two basic internal processes used in adapting, regulator and
cognator.

 The regulator: receives and processes changing stimuli from the

environment and the internal self through neuron-chemical-endocrine it
produce automatic. Unconscious reaction on target organs or tissues.
 The cognator: subsystem receives varying internal and external stimuli
involving psychological and social factors.
Modes of adaptation:
1. Physiological adaptive mode: dealing with responses a person make to
physiological things e.g. food, temperature, fluid sensory, endocrine
imbalance, O2 deficit, and O2 excess.
2. Self-adaptive mode: self-understanding in term of behavior and in term of
relationship with other problem sense of physical loss, sense of guilt, sense
of anxiety, and sense of powerlessness.
3. Role function adaptive mode: problem sense of role failure and sense
of role conflict.
4. Interdependency adaptive mode: conditions of relative balance in term of
relationship of friendliness, dominance, and competitiveness problem sense
alienation, rejection, and loneliness.
Roy's beliefs:
Nursing: Is to promote patient adaptation in health and illness. Therefore is
primary that of manipulating stimuli so that come to fall within the patients levels
of adaptation.
Client: Person, family, group, or community with unusual stresses or ineffective

coping mechanism.
Health: State of process of being and becoming an integrated as whole person.
Through adaptation person energy is freed from ineffective coping attempts and
can be used to promote integrity.
Environment: All conditions circumstances and influences surrounding and
effecting the development and behavior of person, groups, any health related
situation is implied as the setting.
Using Roy's adaptation model in nursing process

Assessment:
First stage: the nurse observes client behavior and decides any un adaptation
problem in four modes.
Second stage: the nurse identifies the specific stimulus factors influence the
client and cause maladaptive behavior.
Planning goals:
Negotiate client Centre goals, long term as enabling client to adapt positively to, or
cope effectively with an ever changing in the environment.
Short term however goals set are likely to be these specifying an extended
adaptation level in one more mode of adaptation.

Intervention:
Intervention aims to effect a change in the relevant stimuli affecting a person, so
that these fall within the individual adaptation level.
To change the adaptation level so as to enable the individual to cope more
effectively with them.
Evaluation:
Nurses should to identify behaviors in particular adaptive modes that will indicate
when goals have been met.
Betty Neuman theory

Theory description:
The central questions for Betty Neuman how can nurses organize the knowledge
needed to deal with complex human situations that require nursing care? How do
clients interact, adjust to, and react to stress.
 Neuman considers her theory as wellness-oriented and as holistically
focused conceptualization of client and nurse responses and actions.

 Client as a system that is defined in term of a core structure which include

basic survival factors universal and unique characteristics, and a series of
concentric circles in addition to five variables: (physiological, psychological,
sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual).
 The client is also described through two lines of defenses: (flexible line and
normal line) and lines of resistance and energy resources.
 The universal factors are the innate and genetics factors and natural
weakness and strengths of the system.
 The unique aspects of client system that characterize a person such as
cognitive abilities.
Lines of defenses:
 The flexible line of defense is represented the outermost circle surrounding the
basic core structure of energy sources. Its function acts as a buffer to the normal
line of defense, as it is expands away from the normal defense line, the greater
protection is provided, the closer, less protection is available. It is a dynamic
rather than stable and can be altered according to the situation.
The normal lines of defenses:

 Is vital in protecting the basic core structure and the integrity of the system it
has capability of expanding and contracting, this circle surrounding the next
layer (lines of resistance).

 The lines of resistance this line involuntary activated when the normal line of
defense is penetrated example of this the mobilization of white blood cells.
 All lines of defense on lines of resistance combine to prohibit the stressors from
invading the core structure of human being and protect the core structure from
reacting to stress.
The stressors:
The Neuman stressors are all environmental and they have potential to disrupt the
stability of the client system.
The stressors are internal, external, and created.
 The internal environmental is consists of all forces or interactive influences
internal within the boundaries of the define client system.
 The external environment is consists of all forces or interactive influences
external to or existing outside the define client system.
 The created it act as a reservoir for existence or for maintenance of integrity
and stability e.g. denial, muscular contraction.
The goal of the care givers is to maintain or to bring abuts systems stability. This
process is called by Neuman a process of reconstitution.
Nursing actions are described in terms of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary).

Concepts
Human being:
A physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual being
represented by central structure, lines of defense, and lines of resistance.
Client:
Is human being who is threatened with, or attacked by, environmental stressors.
Nursing interventions:
Is prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary).
Environment:
All internal and external factors, or influences surround the client system.
Health:
Facilitates optimum wellness for client through retention, attainment, or
maintenance of client system stability.

Imogene king – A theory of goal attainment
Theory description:
Her work start in the mid of 1960s with questions related to the role of theory in
nursing. Her concept progressed from recommending that nursing could be
provided through a frame (toward a theory for nursing 1970). To shift to (a theory
for nursing 1981).
 King provides nursing with four concepts which are the basis for her theory
of goal attainment are:
 Human being
 Environment
 Health
 Society
 King assumption that nurses as human being interact with patient as human
being and both are open systems who also interact with environment.
Therefore the personal system (nurse and patient) interact with others in an
interpersonal system and with environment social system (society).
 The relationship between those systems led to the theory of goal attainment.
The theory would be classified as providing a description of nursing process.
It explains how and when to use transactions to achieve mutually agreed
upon goals.

 The central focus of nursing is the interaction of human being and

environment with the goal being health for human being.
 Individuals are social, rational, reacting, perceiving, controlling, purposeful,
action and time oriented being.
 The interaction process is influenced by perception, goals, needs, and values
of both the client and nurse.
 Human beings as patients have rights to obtain information to participate in
decisions that may influence their lives, health and community services and
to accept or reject care.
 It is the responsibility of health care members to inform individuals of all
aspects of health care to help them in making informed decision.
Definitions of concepts
Nursing:
It is a process of human interaction between nurse and client whereby each
perceives the other in the situation, and through communications they set goals,
explore means and agree on means to achieve goals. Process of action reaction,
interaction, and transaction.
Goal of nursing:
To help individual to maintain their health so they can function in these roles. To
help individuals to attain or restore health or die in dignity.

Health:
It is a dynamic live experience of human being which implies continuous
adjustment to stressors in the internal external environment through optimal use of
ones resources to achieve maximum potential for daily living ability to function in
social role, process of growth and development.
Environment:
The internal environment of human beings transforms energy to enable them to
adjust to continuous environmental changes.
External environment is the formal and informal organization.
Human being:
Rational, social being, perceiving, thinking, feeling able to choose between
alternative actions, and to have a symbolic of communications thoughts actions,
customs and beliefs, is time oriented and reacting. Reactions are based on
perceptions, expectations, and needs.
Nursing client:
A unique, total, open system with perception, self, body image, time, space,
growth, and development through the live span and with experience of change in
structure and function of body influencing perception of self. A person who can
not perform daily activities and can not carry responsibilities of their role. Person

as an open system exhibits permeable boundaries permitting an exchange of the

matter, energy, and information.
Relationship between theory, practice and research
Framework of nursing theory
 Theory - group of concepts that describe pattern of reality.

(Can be tested, changed or used to guide research)
 Concepts - abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality.

(conceptual frame work or model)
Nursing theory:
 Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to
support nursing practice.
 The knowledge may be derived from experiential learning, from formal
sources such as nursing research or from known nursing sources.
Nursing Research:
 Nursing Research is the term used to describe the evidence used to support
nursing practice.

 In England courts may determine whether or not a nurse acted reasonably

based upon whether or not their intervention was supported by research.
Nursing practice:
 In providing care, nurse is implementing the nursing care plan which is

based on the client's assessment.
 This is based around a specific nursing theory which will be selected as
appropriate for the care setting.
 Nursing, as evidence based area of practice, has been developing since the
time of Florence nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now
work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
Theory, research, science, and practice:
 Theory, research, science, and practice are the four core elements of the
discipline of nursing; they form a continuous “circle of knowledge”.
 Theory leads to research, research leads to science, science leads to practice,
and practice then cycles back to theory
Benefits of nursing theory:
 Directs nurses toward common goal.

 Lead to improves patient care.

 Provides rational a knowledgeable reason for nursing actions.

 Gives nurses knowledge base necessary for appropriate actions.
 Helps resolve current nursing issues.
 Prepares nurses to question assumptions and values.
 Serves research, education and practice.
Goal of theoretical framework:
 Holistic patient care.

 Individualized care to meet needs of patients.
 Promotion of health.
 Prevention or treatment of illness.
Goal of research:
 Develop explanations (in theories).

 Find solutions to problems
Goal of nursing research:
 Improve care of people in clinical setting.

 Study people and the nursing process.
 Develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession.
 Provide evidence based nursing practice.

This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question:
1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the:
A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
Theorist always describes The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by
the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps
Nightingale’s. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards
recovery. She defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated and
enhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment as something that would
facilitate the person’s reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that
affects a person’s reparative state.
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery
is theorized by
A. Nightingale
B. Benner
C. Swanson
D. King

Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake.
Yet, her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that
includes appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the
client’s body the nurturance it needs for repair and recovery.
3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process

of analysis and action related to care of the ill person
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of
knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the
ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed
that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who

are wholly or partly dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for
them are no longer able to give care.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Swanson
D. Neuman
In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who
are wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer
available. Self care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well
being.
5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an

individual’s response to stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in
nature.
A. Neuman
B. Johnson
C. Watson
D. Parse
Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that
NURSING is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness.
The nurse helps the client through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention
modes. Please do not confuse this with LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform
unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in
such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

A. Henderson
B. Abdellah
C. Levin
D. Peplau
This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia
Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14
basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for
the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with
the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and
Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that

distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. Care is an essential human
need.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN
WATSON’S Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger’s definition of caring.
CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C

stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I
emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about
CARING.
8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR,

ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client.
Being with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing
things for the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client
transcend maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability
of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these events.
9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to

the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger

D. Swanson
The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands
the limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
10.Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It
reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent
feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face
of the illness.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring
means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give
meaning to illness and re establish connection.
11.Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie

Jahoda?
A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the

application of special knowledge
B. It serves specific interest of a group

C. It is altruistic
D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is
asked in the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a
specific intrest of a group. Everything else, are correct.
12.Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A. Concerned with quantity
B. Self directed
C. Committed to spirit of inquiry
D. Independent
A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods
of quality assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never
concerned with QUANTITY of care provided.
13.The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
A. Education
B. Theory
C. Caring
D. Autonomy

Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the
delineate Nursing from other professions.
14.This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we
made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one’s talents,
behavior, appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole.
Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a
person’s character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral
values and belief that guides our actions in life.
15.Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal
behavior and actions
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character

Refer to number 14
16.As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A. Initiate modification on client’s lifestyle
B. Protect client’s right
C. Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing

patient care
D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit,

formulate philosophy and vision of the institution
A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a case manager while D
basically summarized functions of a nurse manager. If you haven’t read Lydia Venzon’s Book :
NURSING MANAGEMENT TOWARDS QUALITY CARE, I suggest reading it in advance for
your management subjects in the graduate school. Formulating philosophy and vision is in
PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education programs are included
in DIRECTING. These are the processes of Nursing Management, I just forgot to add
ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and
developing qualifications and job descriptions.
17.What best describes nurses as a care provider?
A. Determine client’s need
B. Provide direct nursing care
C. Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation

D. Works in combined effort with all those involved in patient’s care
You can never provide nursing care if you don’t know what are the needs of the client. How can
you provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the client’s
secretion. Therefore, the best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt
determination of the client’s need to be able to render an appropriate nursing care.
18.The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client
with pancreatitis. Which role best fit that statement?
A. Change agent
B. Client advocate
C. Case manager
D. Collaborator
As a client’s advocate, Nurses are to protect the client’s right and promotes what is best for the
client. Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further
increase in the client’s pain, The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not
provided and intervene to provide the best possible care.
19.These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of
multiple health professionals.
A. Dependent
B. Independent

C. Interdependent
D. Intradependent
Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple health professionals.
Example is when A child was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high
protein diet, Budek then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein
foods that can be given to the child, Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the
food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low, moderate or high protein, In the U.S,
Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as the local examination is
concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC DIET.
20.What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and
private duty nurses?
A. Total patient care
B. Team nursing
C. Primary Nursing
D. Case management
This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned
to one patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private
duty nurses and those in critical or isolation units.
21.This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.
A. Functional nursing

B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.
22.This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few
nurses
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task
expertise and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to
task mastery. This care is not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care.
23.RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care
across shifts, days or visits.
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily means the nurse is
awake for 24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in
shifts where she is not arround.
24.Who developed the first theory of nursing?
A. Hammurabi
B. Alexander
C. Fabiola
D. Nightingale
Hammurabi is the king of babylon that introduces the LEX TALIONES law, If you kill me, you
should be killed… If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a
tooth. Alexander the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled
Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldier’s
medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will die anyway, just to relieve their
suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a hospital.
25.She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.
A. Henderson
B. Nightingale

C. Parse
D. Orlando
Refer to question # 6.
26.She described the four conservation principle.
A. Levin
B. Leininger
C. Orlando
D. Parse
Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and
Integrity of an individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of our needs.
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We mus maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems
to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY :
These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality. SOCIAL
INTEGRITY : Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow
individuals.
27.Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Parse

D. Neuman
Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables
affecting the individual’s response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or
outside the individual, INTER means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH
CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY
prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these stressors.
28.Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
A. Orem
B. Johnson
C. Henderson
D. Parse
According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a behavioral system that is composed of 7

subsystems. Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED PATTERN OF
RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to meet the demands of the environment, and is able to
modified his behavior to support these demands.
29.Developed the CLINICAL NURSING – A HELPING ART MODEL
A. Swanson
B. Hall
C. Weidenbach

D. Zderad
Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL
30.Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory
A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
B. Neuman
C. Newman
D. Benner and Wrubel
31.Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
A. Erickson, Tomlin, Swain
B. Peterson,Zderad
C. Bnner,Wrubel
D. Boykin,Schoenhofer
This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks that ALL MAN
ARE CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call. According to them, CARING
IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE, meaning, ALL PEOPLE will tend to help a man who fell down
the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.
32.Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING

A. Travelbee
B. Swanson
C. Zderad
D. Peplau
Travelbee’s theory was referred to as INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that
NURSING is to assist the individual and all people that affects this individual to cope with
illness, recover and FIND MEANING to this experience. For her, Nursing is a HUMAN TO
HUMAN relationship that is formed during illness. To her, an individual is a UNIQUE and
irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. PLEASE do
remember, that it is PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN BECOMING and not
TRAVELBEE, for I read books that say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.
33.He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
Kohlber states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the levels of morality
development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or preconventional, A child do things and
label them as BAD or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They
have no concept of justice, fairness and equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad,
thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing, mama smiles and give me a new toy, then I am doing
something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based on the response
of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations, laws and morality the society
upholds. If the law states that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would
not. However, in the Post conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still
follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part of these rules according to his own
MORALITY. He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed. Example is
that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order because he
believes that the client can still recover and his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.
34.He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
Remember PETERS for PRINCIPLES. P is to P. He believes that morality has 3 components :

EMOTION or how one feels, JUDGEMENT or how one reason and BEHAVIOR or how one
actuates his EMOTION and JUDGEMENT. He believes that MORALITY evolves with the
development of PRINCPLES or the person’s vitrue and traits. He also believes in
AUTOMATICITY of virtues or he calls HABIT, like kindness, charity, honesty, sincerity and
thirft which are innate to a person and therfore, will be performed automatically.
35.Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
A. Imitation

B. Introjection
C. Identification
D. Regression
A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms through
identication. A good example is the corned beef commercial ” WALK LIKE A MAN, TALK
LIKE A MAN ” Where the child identifies with his father by wearing the same clothes and doing
the same thing.
36.According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and
that a moral child strives to be kind and just
A. Zderad and Peterson
B. Benner and Wrubel
C. Fowler and Westerhoff
D. Schulman and Mekler
According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes an action MORAL : The
intention should be good and the Act must be just. A good example is ROBIN HOOD, His
intention is GOOD but the act is UNJUST, which makes his action IMMORAL.
37.Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of

faith and development based on his experience.
A. Giligan

B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and
Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith
as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person’s life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior
that continuously develops through time.
38.He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual

dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is a
relational phenomenon.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
Refer to # 37
39.Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss

rose nicolet, was it’s first superintendent.
A. St. Paul Hospital School of nursing

B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
C. Philippine General Hospital School of nursing
D. St. Luke’s Hospital School of nursing
40.Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of
chief nurse in this hospital.
A. St. Paul Hospital
B. Iloilo Mission Hospital
C. Philippine General Hospital
D. St. Luke’s Hospital
41.She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in
their gate, builds hospitals, and care of the poor and sick herself.
A. Elizabeth
B. Catherine
C. Nightingale
D. Sairey Gamp

Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses. She build
hospitals and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdom’s money. She is a princess, but
devoted her life in feeding the hungry and serving the sick.
42.She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is
carried by a mosquitoes.
A. Clara louise Maas
B. Pearl Tucker
C. Isabel Hampton Robb
D. Caroline Hampton Robb
Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do
not believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She
allowed herself to be bitten by the vector and after days, She died.
43.He was called the father of sanitation.
A. Abraham
B. Hippocrates
C. Moses
D. Willam Halstead
44.The country where SHUSHURUTU originated

A. China
B. Egypt
C. India
D. Babylonia
45.They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
A. Chinese
B. Egyptian
C. Indian
D. Babylonian
Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those demons, they put female
clothes to their male newborn.
46.In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil
forces away?
A. Dark period
B. Intuitive period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their
heads. To release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patient’s skull and it is
called TREPHINING.
47.This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the
training of Deaconesses
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
D. Educative period
What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were
established. During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses.
Most of them receive training inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the
purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian
faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It marked
the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.
48.Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the
sick
B. Dark period

D. Educative period
Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life
and the practice of nursing.
49.Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi
A. St. Catherine
B. St. Anne
C. St. Clare
D. St. Elizabeth
The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St.
Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of
mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of Nursing.
50.This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the
Christian faith.
B. Dark period
D. Educative period

Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the
Dark period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to
closure of some hospital and schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes,
slaves, mother and least desirable of women.
51.According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy,

Man, As a SOCIAL being is
A. Like all other men
B. Like some other men
C. Like no other men
D. Like men
According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and
Biologic being, Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike. This basically
summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage.
52.She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and

transaction with a changing environment.
A. Roy
B. Levin
C. Neuman
D. Newman

OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the
environment. Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day,
Because I am an open system and continuously interact and transact with my environment. A
close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you cover the candle with a glass, it will
die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion. A closed
system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.
53.In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?
A. Affected by matter
B. A sole island in vast ocean
C. Allows input
D. Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
54.Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of
its parts?
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and
that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is
ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was
beheaded because Henry wants to mary another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the
pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself
by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was beheaded
while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her
diseased body and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of
Elizabeth who lead england to their GOLDEN AGE.
55.She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are
cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society
and community.
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues,
organs and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that
when any of these systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual.
56.Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
A. Certain needs are common to all people
B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy
C. Needs are stimulated by internal factors

D. Needs are stimulated by external factors
Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie’s climax. I can save
my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs
can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their
hierarchy.
57.Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?
A. May not be deferred
B. Are not interrelated
C. Met in exact and rigid way
D. Priorities are alterable
58.According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self

actualized person?
A. Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
B. Desires privacy, autonomous
C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth
D. Problem centered

A,B and D are all qualities of a self actualized person. A self actualized person do not follow the
decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
59.According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized

person?
A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion
B. Do not predict events
C. Self centered
D. Maximum degree of self conflict
60.This is the essence of mental health
A. Self awareness
B. Self actualization
C. Self esteem
D. Self worth
The peak of maslow’s hierarchy is the essence of mental health.
61.Florence nightingale is born in
A. Germany

B. Britain
C. France
D. Italy
Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in Germany and
Practiced in England.
62.Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?
A. Born May 12, 1840
B. Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old
C. Notes in nursing
D. Notes in hospital
63.What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?
A. Belgium
B. US
C. Germany
D. England
64.Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH

LEVEL WELLNESS?
A. Erikson
B. Madaw
C. Peplau
D. Dunn
According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full
potential with the limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can
be healthy or ill in both favorable and unfavorable environment.
65.One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily

because of
A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
B. Works for raising funds for nurse’s benefit
C. Facilitate and establishes acquaintances
D. Assist them and securing jobs abroad
66.Founder of the PNA
A. Julita Sotejo
B. Anastacia Giron Tupas
C. Eufemia Octaviano

D. Anesia Dionisio
67.Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national

nurse organization?
A. R.A 877
B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
D. RA 7164
This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 also known as
the Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17, A ] A nurse should be a member of
an accredited professional organization which is the PNA.
68.Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her
nursing diagnosis?
A. She documents it and charts it whenever necessary
B. She can be accused of malpractice
C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility
D. She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill
69.Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?

A. RA 7164
B. RA 9173
C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics
D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173.
70.A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on
maternal and child health among the neighborhood for a fee is:
A. Primary care nurse
B. Independent nurse practitioner
C. Nurse-Midwife
D. Nurse specialist
71.When was the PNA founded?
A. September 22, 1922
B. September 02, 1920
C. October 21, 1922
D. September 02, 1922

According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.
72.Who was the first president of the PNA ?
A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas
B. Loreto Tupas
C. Rosario Montenegro
D. Ricarda Mendoza
Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the first President was
Rosario Montenegro.
73.Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to

him/her/them is the failure to maintain internal environment.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Leddy and Pepper
D. Roy
According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and Illness is the
failure to maintain the internal environment.
74.Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated
and whole person.

A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Roy
According to ROY, Health is a state and process of becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED
Person.
75.What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Buffer system
D. Various mechanisms
The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon.
According to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A
good example is that when we overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback
that signals us that our arm needs a rest.
76.Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an

individual.
A. Roy

B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and
WELLNESS is subjective depending on the definition of one’s culture.
77.Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in
the life cycle.
A. Roy
B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any interference on this
cycle. I enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa said that they are all part of the
CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life cycle.
78.She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human

structure and bodily mental functioning.
A. Orem
B. Henderson

C. Neuman
D. Clark
Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and WHOLENESS of developed human structure and
of bodily and mental functioning.
79.According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an

individual are in harmony with the whole system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Johnson
Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are in harmony with
the whole system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with the SUB and SUPRA systems
of martha rogers.
80.Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction,

interdependence and integration of the subsystem of the behavioral system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman

D. Johnson
Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.
81.According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE,

HARMONY and VITALITY
A. Leavell and Clark
B. Peterson and Zderad
C. Benner and Wruber
D. Leddy and Pepper
According to Leddy and Pepper, Wellness is subjective and depends on an individuals perception
of balance, harmony and vitality. Leavell and Clark postulared the ecologic model of health and
illness or the AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT model. Peterson and Zderad developed the
HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE theory while Benner and Wruber postulate the
PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.
82.He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the

environment with well being and illness.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Clark
83.An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing one’s

potential within the limitation of the environment.
A. Well being
B. Health
C. Low level Wellness
D. High level Wellness
84.What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?
A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other lifestyle choices.
Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over crowding. Heridity includes congenital
and diseases acquired through the genes. There are no social precursors according to DUNN.
85.According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?
A. Heredity
B. Social

C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
86.Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?
A. Becker
B. Smith
C. Dunn
D. Leavell and Clark
According to Becker, The belief of an individual greatly affects his behavior. If a man believes
that he is susceptible to an illness, He will alter his behavior in order to prevent its occurence. For
example, If a man thinks that diabetes is acquired through high intake of sugar and simple
carbohydrates, then he will limit the intake of foods rich in these components.
87.In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is
highly UNLIKELY to influence preventive behavior?
A. Perceived susceptibility to an illness
B. Perceived seriousness of an illness
C. Perceived threat of an illness
D. Perceived curability of an illness

If a man think he is susceptibe to a certain disease, thinks that the disease is serious and it is a
threat to his life and functions, he will use preventive behaviors to avoid the occurence of this
threat.
88.Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action?
A. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle
B. Economic factors
C. Accessibility of health care facilities
D. Increase adherence to medical therapies
Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual’s health preventive actions. Both A
and B can affect the individual’s ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. C and D are called
Preventive Health Behaviors which enhances the individual’s preventive capabilities.
89.Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of

person’s potential. Avers that the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and
complete development actualization.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model

Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience
sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of
clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does
his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means
that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he
is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is
the actualization of a person’s fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self
actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
90.Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms

equates health.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
91.Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of
VARIABLE according to the health belief model?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural

D. Cues to action
Modifying variables in Becker’s health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race
etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the
disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of
the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek
help.
92.It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
93.Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action

94.Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
95.According to Leavell and Clark’s ecologic model, All of this are factors that
affects health and illness except
A. Reservoir
B. Agent
C. Environment
D. Host
According to L&C’s Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are
the AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST are
persons that may or may not be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to
the host that may or may not predispose him to the AGENT.
96.Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature
of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health

A. Ecologic Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Health Promotion Model
D. Health Prevention Model
Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an
individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self
actualization. These includes exercise, immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self
responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health.
97.Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well
being and self actualization.
A. Health prevention
B. Health promotion
C. Health teaching
D. Self actualization
98.Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities

and shortening of life span.
A. Illness

B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
Disease are alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capabilities or shortening of life
span.
99.Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels
unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions
and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible
basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms.
100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a

valued client towards whom the nurse feels a sense of commitment and
responsibility.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
This is Jean Watson’s definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06′
NLE. Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility
created by Caring in nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.
Leininger defind the 4 conservation principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of
caring.
‫مع متنيايت لكم ابلتوفيق‬
‫م‬2017‫ودالشمال‬


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Prometric exam collection 2017

(Nursing theory + exam)

Preparation by: wedelshamal

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(Nursing theory + exam)

Preparation by: wedelshamal

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(Nursing theory + exam)

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Process of theory includes four interaction sequential phases:

1. analyze concepts Philosophy

2. construct relationship concept identification

3. test relationship conceptual mode

4. validate relationship in practice theoretical framework and theory

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 Derived from cultural beliefs

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Criteria for Evaluating Theoretical Work

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 “The most useful theory provides the greatest sense of understanding.”

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Dorothea Orem's Orem theory

Self care requisites:

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 Maintenance between solitude and social interaction.

2. Developmental self care requisites: are associated with developmental

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 Learning to live with the condition in live style that promotes

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2. Client: Individual or group who are unable to continuously maintain in

Johnson's behavioral system

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5. Sexual: to procreate and gratify feeling of attractive to and cared about by

Structural elements influence subsystems: