MEPF Org.of the Phils., Inc.

FIREPRO: AUTOMATIC FIRE

SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS & THE

COMPILED BY:
William J. Juan, mepf,rmp,pee,ma
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 Invocation
• Amang Banal, pinupuri Ka namin at
pinasasalamatan sa mga biyaya at sa tuloy-tuloy
mong paggabay sa amin, Maraming salamat po
sa pagkakataon na makapaglingkod sa aming
mga kapatid at sa aming Bayan, Sana po ang
mga gawaing ito ay magbibigay ng dagdag na
kaalaman, kakayahan at kaunlaran ng bawat isa
at para sa aming Bayan, at sana PO ay ilayo Mo
Po kami sa sakit at sa sakuna, ang Lahat pong
ito ay aming itinataas sa Iyo Dakilang Ama sa
Pangalan ng Inyong Anak na si Jesus, Amen…
 Short Resume of Speaker/Lecturer

 Engr. William Jacinto Juan, rmp,pee,mepf

PEE-Top 1 (Oct.1980)/ Asso.EE-Top 3 (Sept.1979) / Asst.EE-Top 8 (Aug.1976) /
RMP-Top 5 (Sept.1989) / Radio Amateur License DU1-ICH (94.6% rating)
Former National Chairman – IIEE Balik Liwanag & IIEE Electrical Safety Committees
B S M E 1987 – NU / B S E E 1976 – NU
President – Phil.Integrated Society of Master Plumbing (PISMAP, was PIPES), 2014-present
 Founding President – Phil. Society of United Master Plumbers (PSUMP), 2013
 Co-founder, E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R.S./ Marvelous Tayo (political groups)
 Lecturer/ Director for Skills Training, MEPF Engineers Co.
 Chief Engineer of FEMP Safety Engineering Construction, 2013-present
 Was President/CEO/Founder of Versatech Consultants & Mngt.Corp., 1985-2015
 Former Chair - IIEE Electrical Safety Committee
 Was Engineering Consultant/ Designer for PICOP/ SMC/ Parsons/ AEP/ Caltex/ Petron/
 Coca Cola/ Unilever-Selecta/ Avida / DMCI-UPDI/ Motolite Projects
 EE Professor @ National U, 1979-1991
 National President - Pugad Lawin Philippines, Inc., 2009,2010,2011
 President – Rotary Club of Pasig North, RID3800, 2005-2006
 Co-Broadcaster – Talakayang Pinoy-KakammpiOnline & DWAD 1098Khz
Davao NCCC Mall Fire – Dec 2017
with 38 Deaths Due to
Suffocation/ Toxic Gas / CO
Poisoning/ Burning
Resorts World Manila Fire/Attack –
June 2017, with 37 Deaths Due to
Suffocation/ Toxic Gas/ CO Poisoning
Resorts World Manila Fire/Attack –
June 2017, with 37 Deaths Due to
Suffocation/ Toxic Gas/ CO Poisoning
KENTEX FIRE, 2015 - NOT RECOGNIZING
HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS, with 72 Dead
 Tuguegarao
Bed &
Breakfast
Hotel Fire
(2010,
15 died,
including 9
nurses & the
owners.
 Other Big Fires
Manor Hotel Fire

Location : Kamias Road, Quezon City

Date/Time : 18 0412H August 2001
Cause of Fire: Electrical Short Circuit
Casualty : 75 persons
Injured : 73 Persons

The Fire was put under control in one hour and 16

minutes after the first firetruck has arrived. Most of
the fatalities died of suffocation/ CO Poisoning.
Assn. de Damas de Pilipinas, Inc.
(Paco Settlement House)

Location : Paco, Manila

Date/Time : 03 0209H
December 1998
Cause of Fire: Electrical Short
Circuit
Casualty : 53 persons
Most of the fatalities are
children.
Lung Center of the Philippines
Location : Quezon Ave., near
Elliptical Rd., Quezon City
Date/Time : 16 0220H May 1998
Cause of Fire: Electrical
Ignition
cause by Ground Fault
Casualty : 27
Damages : P 694M
Ozone Disco Fire

Location : 57-A Timog Ave.,

Quezon City
Date/Time : 19 2405H March 1996
Cause of Fire: Electrical
Overloading
Casualty : 162 persons
Injured : 100 persons
Est. Damages: P15 Million
OZONE DISCO FIRE
 • TABLE OF CONTENTS
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Fire Extinguishing Agents
• 2a. Wet Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13)
• 2b. Design Requirements
• 3. Pipe Schedule Method of Design
• Prepared By: William J. Juan, mepf/rmp/pee
 Part 1 -
INTRODUCTION
to FIREPRO
SYSTEMS
1a.1 Is FDAS & FIREPRO Mandatory?

•Yes!
•In order to save lives!
•In order to save
properties.
1a.2 The Filipino Home Needs a
Fire Alarm System!-1
• Data from the Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP) show that the Philippines had 17,000
fire incidents in 2015, causing more than P3
billion worth of damage on properties.

• Data from BFP show that 70 percent of fire

incidents in 2015 occurred in homes.
1a.3 The Filipino Home Needs a
Fire Alarm System!-2
• A recent market survey conducted shows
that 84 percent of Filipinos consider fire as
the second top threat to physical safety,
next to earthquakes at 91 percent. Other
potential physical threats include building
collapses (69 percent), terrorism (64
percent) and floods (33 percent).
 1a.4 The Filipino Home Needs a
Fire Alarm System!-3
• According to worldwide statistics, about 40% of the
causes of fires is electrical in nature. This comprise
the highest type of the causes of fires, including
some of the 7 big sensational fires in the country,
• i.e. 1) Resorts World Manila (June 2017, 37 died of
suffocation), 2) Kentex (March 2015, 72 died, mostly
due to suffocation), 3) Tuguegarao Bed & Breakfast
Hotel (2010, 16 died of suffocation), 4) Manor Hotel
(2001, 75 died), 5) Damas de Filipinas (1998, 53
died), 6) Lung Center (1998, 27 died), 7) Ozone Disco
(1996, 162 died).
1a.5 The Filipino Home Needs a
Fire Alarm System!-4
• A survey shows that only 17 percent of
Filipino homes have fire alarm systems,
compared to 97 percent of commercial
buildings.
• While commercial buildings have fire exits,
smoke detectors, sprinklers and CCTVs,
houses do not follow the same standards
and protocols.
1a.7 SMOKE/FIRE DETECTION/ALARM/
EVACUATION/ LIFE SAVING PROCESS
SMOKE
FIRE BREAKS! DEVELOPS

SMOKE DETECTORS FIRE ALARM

ACTUATED CONTROL
PANEL (FACP)
OR HEAT DETECTORS OPERATES
ACTUATED
AIR PRESSURIZATION IN
AUDIO-VISUAL ALARMS – ESCAPE ROUTES STARTS;
ROTATING BEACON + SMOKE EXTRACTION IN
BUZZER/ RINGER/ HOOTER ENCLOSED AREAS
+ SMART WATCH VIBRATOR

SAFE EVACUATION
 1a.8 FIRE SUPPRESSION/
LIFE/PROPERTY SAVING PROCESS
JOCKEY PUMP RUNS CONTINUOUSLY TO MAINTAIN PRESSURE
IN HYDRAULIC LINE UP TO SPRINKLER NOOZLES

FIRE BREAKS! FIRE BUILDS UP

HEATS UP THE BI-METALLIC NOOZLE

SPRINKLER NOOZLES OPENS TO SPRAY WATER

PRESSURE DROPS
WATER SPRINKLERS
IN HYDRAULIC
IN BURNING AREA
HEADER

FIRE PUMP SPRINKLER/S CONTINUE TO

STARTS PUT- OFF FIRE

FIREMEN CONNECT THEIR

FIRETRUCKS
HOSE TO FIRE DEPT. CONN./
ARRIVE
CONTINUE TO PUT-OFF FIRE
1a.9 THE FIRE TRIANGLE

1) Oxygen (20% in Air),

2) Heat/Spark
3) Fuel
12
1a.13 The Classes of Fires
Ordinary Combustibles
Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many
plastics require a water type extinguisher
labelled A.

Flammable Liquids
Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers,
grease, solvents, and other flammable liquids
require an extinguisher labelled B.

Electrical Equipment
Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical
equipment, computers, and other electrical
sources require an extinguisher labelled C.

18
1a.11 SPREAD OF FIRE

CONVECTION

15
 1a.12 DEVELOPMENT OF FIRE
1. CONVECTION 2. RADIATION

Radiation is a way in
which energy moves
from one place to
another.

Convection is a mode of heat

transfer which includes the
3. CONDUCTION
movement of the molecules of the
material. It is only observed in
liquids and gases. It is not possible Conduction is the
in solids because the molecules in transfer of heat from
solids are tightly packed and are not one molecule to
free to move. another through a
substance.

16
 Part 2. FIRE
EXTINGUISHING
AGENTS
Type FM-200 FOR TYPE “C” FIRES
Kitchen - for Type “B” FIRES - 1
FIRE TRACING FOR TYPE “C” FIRES
Nitrogen Gas
99.99995% Nitrogen, from expensive
industrial production processes
 This is good for Call
95% NITROGEN Centers/ BPOs avoiding
damage on PC's and
other electronic
equipment rather than
the conventional water
sprinkler systems.
Now available is a new
and more economical
technology for Fire
Suppression - the Use
of in-situ production of
Nitrogen Gas for Fire
Protection systems - an
alternative to fire water
sprinkler systems and to
expensive FM200,
Novec or Inergen
systems.
 NITROGEN is also used to
reduce corrosion inside the
BI pipes in fire sprinkler
systems
 PART 2a -
AUTOMATIC FIREWATER
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
(NFPA 13)
By:
• Henry E. Suarez, rmp/pme
• William J. Juan, mepf/rmp/pee

20
2a.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a non-profit
organization established in 1896 to reduce the world burden of fire and
other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating concensus
codes and standards, research, training and organization.

Factory Mutual is an organization of insurers established in 1835 and

composed of mutual property and casualty insurance company. Their
objective is to provide insurance and safety services for large manufacturing
companies, institutions, commercial, and large housing buildings or projects.

Underwriters Laboratory (UL) is a non-profit organization founded

in 1894 in the US and a safety, testing, and certification organization which
permits to use its listing mark or logo as it stamps mark of appoval of goods
and materials after standardized and stringent testing.

88
2a.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fire Pump is a fire fighting equipment or apparatus usually
connected to the fire protection piping system and provided with a
dedicated source of steady water.

Jockey Pump is a small pump that maintain the required pressure

in the wet sprinkler system.

Fire Pump Controller is an electrical panel that controls the

operation of the fire pump automatically.

Jockey Pump Controller is an electrical panel that controls the

operation of the jockey pump automatically to maintain system
pressure.

89
2a.3 CODES & STANDARDS COMPLIANCE
Every architect and fire protection designer shall comply and
conform with the following codes and standards:
Main Code: The Fire Code of the Philippines and its Implementing
Rules and Regulations (RA 9514)

Referenced Codes: The National Building Code of the Philippines

The Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Code
Uniform Mechanical Code
NFPA 1- Fire Prevention Code
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
National Electrical Code (NEC)

Standards: The National Fire Protection Association Standards

Factory Mutual (FM) Standards
Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) Standards
American Waterworks Association (AWWA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Applicable City Ordinances
21
2a.4 FIRE PROTECTION
APPROACH
Protection of a building and its contents from damages by
fire can be divided into two (2) categories:

(1) Passive Fire Protection System

(2) Active Fire Protection System

31
2a.5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
“The combination of all methods used in a building to warn people of an
emergency, provide for safe evacuation, and restrict the spread of fire, and
includes both active and passive protection.” Passive Fire Protection or PFP
features relate to elements of construction which are generally part of the fabric
of the building as opposed to active features such as sprinklers, detectors, alarms,
etc. Examples of PFP features in typical buildings are:
•fire rated walls, floors, ceiling and roofs, i.e. the use of CHB walls, use of
gypsum board and/or fiber-cement board (Hardiflex) panels which are
made of fire-retardant materials (in lieu of plywood panels)
•fire and smoke control doors
•fire and smoke stopping seals, collars, pillows, blankets, etc for services
penetrations
•fire rated protective coatings or concrete encasement for structural steel
members, etc.
•fire and smoke dampers/ curtains
•fire rated glass systems
•fire rated lift landing doors
•fire rated ducting
33
2a.5a DETAILS of PASSIVE FIREPRO
2a.5a RECOMMENDED BUILDING
MATERIALS FOR PASSIVE FIREPRO
The recommended materials which are fire-
retardant materials are:
1.0 Reinforced concrete and/or concrete hollow
block (CHB) walls/floors
2.0 Gypsum boards/ Perlite panels
3.0 Fiber-cement board (Hardiflex) panels
4.0 Granite/ Marble panels
5.0 Ceramic tiles/ Red bricks/ adobe blocks
6.0 Thick glass panels
7.0 Asbestos cement panels
2a.5b NOT RECOMMENDED
BUILDING MATERIALS
The materials not recommended
which are not fire-retardant are:
1.0 Plywood panels for walls/ Plyboard
panels for floors
2.0 Particle boards
3.0 Lawanit panels
4.0 Thin metal sheets
5.0 Plastic sheet panels
6.0 Carton sheets
2a.6 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Sprinkler System

The most widely used apparatus for fire protection in buildings is

the automatic sprinkler system.

The Fire Code of the Philippines requires an approved and

supervised sprinkler system conforming to NFPA 13 for buildings
15 meters high from ground floor to topmost floor level or more.
(Section 10.2.14.6)

Sprinkler system consists of a network of piping installed at the

ceiling or roof and supplied with water by means of an approved
fire pump from a suitable source.

56
 2a.7 When is a Wet Sprinkler
System Mandatory?
• AS REQUIRED IN THE R.A. 9514, WHICH IS THE NEW FIRE CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES, FOR A BUILDING NOT MORE THAN 4-STOREYS,
AN AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS NOT MANDATORY,
EXCEPT IF IT IS A HOTEL, A MOTEL, A DORMITORY, A HOSPITAL, OR
A BUILDING INTENDED TO STORE FLAMMABLE MATERIALS.
• OTHERWISE, INSTEAD OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM, A DRY STAND-
PIPE SYSTEM COMPLETE WITH FIRE HYDRANTS WITH FIRE HOSE
PER FLOOR IS REQUIRED & FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION
(SIAMESE TWIN). IN ADDITION, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ARE
REQUIRED IN EACH FLOOR LEVEL.
• FOR A BUILDING ABOVE 4 STOREYS, AN AUTOMATIC FIRE
SPRINKLER SYSTEM COMPLETE WITH A FIRE PUMP AND A JOCKEY
PUMP IS MANDATORY.
 2a.7a DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WET & DRY FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM
• Wet Systems
The wet system is basically consist of pipes with sprinklers and/or fire hose
cabinets provided on each floor level. In this type of system, the pipes are full
of firewater at standard operating pressure and are ready to act instantly if
the sprinkler nozzles are activated or exposed to heat. This system has a
stationary fire pump and a fire department connection (Siamese twin)
provided with check valves. A jockey pump or an elevated water tank is
provided to continuously operate to maintain the hydraulic pressure, a
minimum 7 psi to the farthest sprinkler nozzle in terms of hydraulic pressure.
• Dry Systems
These systems are usually not filled with firewater. But during tests, the pipes
are filled with fire water up to the valves of the fire hose cabinets at standard
operating pressure. When there is a fire, the firewater from a stationary fire
pump of the facility or from a fire truck through the fire department
connection (Siamese twins) enters the pipes to the fire hose cabinets.
 2a.8 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
TYPES OF SPRINKLER LAYOUT

2. LOOPED-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

At least two paths to
each sprinkler head

1. TREE-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Only one path to each 3. GRIDDED-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
sprinkler head
There are two paths to
each sprinkler head

72
2a.9 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Details of Wet Sprinkler System

77
2a.10 FIRE PUMPS
2. VERTICAL-IN-LINE

1. HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASE

4. VERTICAL TURBINE
3. PACKAGED TYPE ENGINE DRIVEN 64
90
2a.11 FIRE PUMP SELECTION
Fire pump selection is based on the requirement of
NFPA 20 standard and not similar to selecting a pump
used for domestic water supply.

Fire pump is needed to enhance the water pressure

from water tank or cistern tank.

Fire pump is selected based on the total head required

and system flow requirement of the fire protection system.

Fire pump is selected using the pump characteristics curve.

Is fire pump normally FM approved/

UL listed?

No. Any centrifugal pump can be qualified as fire

pump as
long as its selection is based on the performance
requirements as shown.
Fire pump characteristic curves
91
 10.13 A TYPICAL FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEM (COMPLETE)
BRANCHES

FIREWATER TANK
RISER MAIN

FIREHOSE
FIREPUMP CONTROLLER
SPRINKLERS

FIREPUMP-1
FIREHOSE

JOCKEY PUMP
CROSS MAIN
FIREPUMP-2
MAIN LINE
FIRE DEPT CONNECTION
Fire Sprinkler System Components
1.Stop Valve The Stop Valve is used to isolate the water supply, it
may also be called the isolating valve. It is often painted RED in
colour with a large black circular handle, and is locked in the OPEN
position, allowing the free flow of water. The stop valve is used to
isolate (stop) the water supply coming into the fire sprinkler system.
Often the Stop Valve is also fitted with a Valve Monitoring Device
(“Valve Monitor”)
1.Valve Monitor that is used to monitor the state (open or closed) of
the Stop Valve. The water within an automatic fire sprinkler system
can be divided into two parts;
2.1 Water Supply or Mains and This is the water being fed into
an automatic fire sprinkler system from a water supply such as
the town mains or a static water supply such as a tank, up to the
Stop Valve;
2.2 Installation The water after the stop valve forms part of the
installation.
Fire Sprinkler System Components…
3. Alarm Valve The Alarm Valve (also known as an 'alarm check
valve') is used to control the flow of water into the fire sprinkler
system. This is accomplished by providing a one way (check) valve
that is closed when the water pressure on the fire sprinkler side of
the valve exceeds the water supply pressure. When the pressure
equalises or falls below the water supply pressure, the valve opens
to enable water flow. The alarm valve should, (if routinely serviced),
help maintain the water pressure within the automatic fire sprinkler
system, helping to reduce the possibility of false alarms.
4. Automatic Fire Sprinkler The Fire Sprinkler is also used to control
the flow of water. It is essentially a valve that when exposed for a
sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating
of the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases,
allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. The
operation and subsequent water flow of an automatic fire sprinkler
will lead to a drop in pressure within the fire sprinkler system after
the alarm valve.
Fire Sprinkler System Components…
5. Alarm Test Valve The alarm test valve is a
small valve, normally secured in the closed
position. The alarm test valve is fitted between the
sprinkler system side of the alarm valve and the
drain. The purpose of the alarm valve is when
opened to simulate the flow of water from a single
automatic fire sprinkler.
6. Motorised Alarm Bell or Gong The motorised
alarm bell or gong is a mechanical device,
operated by the flow of water oscillating a hammer
that strikes a gong, causing an audible alarm
signal.
Ancillary Components
In addition to the main components of the fire sprinkler
system, there are a series of ancillary (support)
components, as follows:
7.Flow Switch The flow switch is an electro-mechanical
device that monitors the flow of water through a section of
pipe within an automatic fire sprinkler system. Flow
switches are often fitted with a mechanical delay (up to six
minutes) preventing small or minor water flow fluctuations
from signalling an alarm. When sustained water flow is
detected by a flow switch, a signal is transmitted to a fire
indicator panel. This signal is then used to determine which
section (floor) of a fire sprinkler system has water flow.
Note: Most flow switches fitted to automatic fire sprinkler
systems are NOT set to automatically call the fire brigade.
Ancillary Components…
8. Jacking Pump Jacking are manual (hand) or electric (semi-
automatic or fully automatic) pumps are not always fitted to an
automatic fire sprinkler system. They however provide a method
of pumping (boosting) water from the water supply to the fire
sprinkler system after the alarm valve. This leads to an increase
in water pressure in the fire sprinkler system, thus forcing the
alarm valve into the closed position. Jacking Pumps have a
secondary function of maintaining the water pressure within a
fire sprinkler system reducing the likelihood of false alarms
caused by low pressure, caused by small water leaks.
9. Pressure Gauge A pressure gauge us a mechanical device that
is usually fitted to an automatic fire sprinkler system. There are
usually two gauges fitted to a system, one showing the water supply
pressure and the second showing the installation pressure.
Normally the pressure differential should be not less than 200 KPa.
 Fire
Sprinkler
Control
Valve
Assembly
(With
2-Risers)
2a.13 FIRE DEPT CONNECTION -
SIAMESE TWIN (NFPA 13)
 2a.14 Typ. Minimum Fire Protection
Facility (NFPA 13)
A fire hose cabinet
must be provided on
each end of the
building lobby near
the stairs, with the
length of the fire
hose that could
reach the farthest
point on the floor or
level (20M or 15M).
2a.15 SPRINKLER HEADS / NOOZLES

 NFPA 13
requires a
minimum starting
pressure of
7 psi for sprinklers
 Min. operating
temperature is 57
degrees
Centigrade.
 2a.16 Typical Minimum Fire Water
Sprinkler Facility
 An elevated firewater tank with
adequate volume (minimum 30 3M high Water
minutes supply) which can Tank at 15M
elevation,
deliver firewater to the sprinkler
15 psi at the tank
heads at the minimum operating bottom.
pressure of 7psig is a minimum
requirement for fire protection
of a building. And in this case, a
registered master plumber can 7 psig
sign and seal the fire protection Min.
plans. Pressure
drop on the
fire water
supply lines,
say 5 psi.
 2a.17 A SPRINKLER SYSTEM with NO
JOCKEY PUMP
 This schematic riser
diagram shows an
Elevated
Firewater Tank
which maintains the
minimum pressure
in lieu of a Jockey
Pump.
 PART 2b -
FIRE SPRINKLER
DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
By:
• Henry E. Suarez, rmp/pme
• William J. Juan, mepf/rmp/pee
2a.18 FIRE PUMP SELECTION
Fire pump which is FM approved/ UL listed is required by establishments such as
industrial, institutional, commercial, offices and residential which fire insurers are
members or affiliated with FM global or as an Owner option.

What is the requirement of RA 9514 regarding fire pump application?

The new Fire Code of the Philippines (RA 9514) in Section 10.2.6.6-4f it says…” Fire
pumps shall be approved and shall deliver not less then the required fire flow and
pressure, Such pumps shall be supplied with adequate power source and shall be
automatic in operation. Where the wet standpipe system is supplied with water from
the domestic supply of the building, approved fire pumps shall not be required
provided the domestic pump used delivers the required fire flow.”

The code is not specific regarding FM approval or UL listing.

What is the difference in price between an non- UL/FM and UL/FM fire
pump?
A UL/FM fire pump is some 20 to 50% higher in cost.

79
92
 2a.19 FIRE PUMP SELECTION
Table 2-20 Summary of Fire Pump Data
Minimum Pipe Sizes (Nominal)
Pump Rating Suction1, 2 Discharge1 Relief Valve Relief Valve Meter Device
(in.) (in.) (in.) Discharge (in.)
gpm L/min (in.)

25 95 1 1 3/ 1 11/4
4
50 189 11/2 11/4 11/4 11/2 2
100 379 2 2 11/2 2 21/2
150 568 21/2 21/2 2 21/2 3
200 757 3 3 2 21/2 3
250 946 31/2 3 2 21/2 31/2
300 1,136 4 4 21/2 31/2 31/2
400 1,514 4 4 3 5 4
450 1,703 5 5 3 5 4
500 1,892 5 5 3 5 5
750 2,839 6 6 4 6 5
1,000 3,785 8 6 4 8 6
1,250 4,731 8 8 6 8 6
1,500 5,677 8 8 6 8 8
2,000 7,570 10 10 6 10 8
2,500 9,462 10 10 6 10 8
3,000 11,355 12 12 8 12 8
3,500 13,247 12 12 8 12 10
4,000 15,140 14 12 8 14 10
4,500 17,032 16 14 8 14 10
5,000 18,925 16 14 8 14 10
1 Actual diameter of pump flange is permitted to be different from pipe diameter.
96
2a.20 DESIGN PROCEDURE-1
(Friction Loss/ Pressure Drop/
Hydraulic Calculations)
1. Determine occupancy classification.
1.1 Light Hazard
1.2 Ordinary Hazard
a. Ordinary Hazard Group 1
b. Ordinary Hazard Group 2
1.3 Extra Hazard
a. Extra Hazard Group 1
b. Extra Hazard Group 2
2. Create sprinkler piping layout on the plan and
determine most remote area of operation.
2a.21 DESIGN PROCEDURE-2
3. Calculate the number of sprinkler heads and
branches within the area of operation.

4. Select the applicable density from density/area

curve of NFPA No. 13

5. Provide pipe sizes on the sprinkler piping layout from

branches, cross main, feed main, riser down to the
fire pump discharge outlet.

6. Use the standard hydraulic calculation form from

NFPA No. 13.
2a.22 DETERMINING
SPRINKLER HEADS QUANTITY
1/2

Total Sprinklers to Calculate = Design Area/Area per

Sprinkler

Number of Sprinklers on Branch Line= 1.2A / S

Where: A= Design Area, sq ft

S= Distance of Sprinklers on Branch Line, ft
 2a.23 HYDRAULIC CALC FORM
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION FORM

Sprinkler Fittings & C- K-

Location
Flow (gpm) Pipe Size Pipe Equivalent Length psi/ft/ Req. Pressure
Devices factor factor
q Nom lgth Pt
None ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
Q Act. 103
ftg
tot
Pf
Pe
2a.24 DENSITY/AREA CURVES

4
2a.25 Sprinkler System Protection
Area Limitations
The maximum floor area on any one floor to be protected by
sprinklers supplied by any one sprinkler system riser or
combined system riser shall be as follows:
(1) Light hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(2) Ordinary hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(3) Extra hazard
(a) Pipe schedule = 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2)
(b) Hydraulically calculated = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
(4) Storage High-piled storage = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2) and
storage covered by other NFPA standards

62
 2a.26 Occupancy Classifications
1. Light hazard occupancies include occupancies
having uses and conditions similar to the following:
1.1 Educational/ Schools
1.2 Hospitals
1.3 Institutional
1.4 Libraries, except large stack rooms
1.5 Museums
1.6 Nursing or convalescent homes
1.7 Offices/ Commercial/ Malls
1.8 Residential/ Hotel/ Motel/ Dormitories
1.9 Restaurant seating areas
1.10 Theaters & auditoriums, excluding stages & prosceniums
1.11 Churches
1.12 Clubs
1.13 Eaves/overhangs, combustible construction w/ no combustibles
1.14 Unused attics
63
2a.27 Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 1)
include occupancies having uses & conditions
similar to the following:
2.1.1 Automobile parking and showrooms
2.1.2 Bakeries
2.1.3 Beverage manufacturing
2.1.4 Canneries
2.1.5 Dairy products manufacturing and processing
2.1.6 Electronic plants
2.1.7 Glass and glass products manufacturing
2.1.8 Laundries
2.1.8 Restaurant service areas
Take note, the red colored occupancies are usually present in
malls or commercial buildings (Light Hazard type).
64
2a.28 Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 2)
include occupancies having uses & conditions
similar to the following:

2.2.1 Cereal mills 2.2.2 Chemical plants — ordinary

2.2.3 Confectionery products 2.2.4 Distilleries
2.2.5 Dry cleaners 2.2.6 Feed mills
2.2.7 Horse stables 2.2.8 Resin application area
2.2.9 Stages 2.2.10 Textile manufacturing
2.2.11 Tire manufacturing 2.2.12 Repair garages
2.2.13 Tobacco products manufacturing 2.2.14 Wood machining
2.2.15 Wood product assembly 2.2.16 Leather goods manufacturing
2.2.17 Libraries — large stack room areas 2.2.18 Machine shops
2.2.19 Metal working 2.2.20 Mercantile
2.2.21 Paper & pulp mills 2.2.22 Paper process plants
2.2.23 Piers & wharves 2.2.24 Post offices
2.2.25 Printing & publishing

65
2a.29 Extra hazard occupancies (Group 1)
include occupancies having uses and
conditions similar to the following:
3.1.1 Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409, Standard
on Aircraft Hangars)
3.1.2 Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
3.1.3 Die casting
3.1.4 Metal extruding
3.1.5 Plywood and particle board manufacturing
3.1.6 Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C)]
3.1.7 Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing
3.1.8 Saw mills
3.1.9 Textile picking, opening, blending, garneting, or carding,
combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlap
3.1.10 Upholstering with plastic foams
66
2a.30 Extra hazard occupancies (Group 2)
include occupancies having uses and
conditions similar to the following:

3.2.1 Asphalt saturating

3.2.2 Flammable liquids spraying
3.2.3 Flow coating
3.2.4 Manufactured home or modular building
assemblies (where finished enclosure is present and has
combustible interiors)
3.2.5 Open oil quenching
3.2.6 Plastics processing
3.2.7 Solvent cleaning
3.2.8 Varnish & paint dipping
2a.31.a NFPA Tables…
Table 8-5.2.2 Light Hazard Pipe Schedules
Steel Copper
1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
11/4 in. 3 sprinklers 11/4 in. 3 sprinklers
11/2 in. 5 sprinklers 11/2 in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
21/2 in. 30 sprinklers 21/2 in. 40 sprinklers
3 in. 60 sprinklers 3 in. 65 sprinklers
31/2 in. 100 sprinklers 31/2 in. 115 sprinklers
4 in. See Section 5-2 4 in. See Section 5-2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

Table 8-5.2.3 Number of Sprinklers above and below a Ceiling

Steel Copper
1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
11/4 in. 4 sprinklers 11/4 in. 4 sprinklers
11/2 in. 7 sprinklers 11/2 in. 7 sprinklers
2 in. 15 sprinklers 2 in. 18 sprinklers
21/2 in. 50 sprinklers 21/2 in. 65 sprinklers
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm. 67
2a.31.b NFPA Tables…
Table 8-5.3.2(a) Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
11/4 in. 3 sprinklers 11/4 in. 3 sprinklers
11/2 in. 5 sprinklers 11/2 in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
21/2 in. 20 sprinklers 21/2 in. 25 sprinklers
3 in. 40 sprinklers 3 in. 45 sprinklers
31/2 in. 65 sprinklers 31/2 in. 75 sprinklers
4 in. 100 sprinklers 4 in. 115 sprinklers
5 in. 160 sprinklers 5 in. 180 sprinklers
6 in. 275 sprinklers 6 in. 300 sprinklers
8 in. See Section 5-2 8 in. See Section 5-2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

Table 8-5.3.2(b) Number of Sprinklers — Greater than 12-ft (3.7-m) Separations

Steel Copper
21/2 in. 15 sprinklers 21/2 in. 20 sprinklers
3 in. 30 sprinklers 3 in. 35 sprinklers
31/2 in. 60 sprinklers 31/2 in. 65 sprinklers
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
68
2a.31.c NFPA Tables…
Table A-8-5.4 Extra Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
1 in. 1 sprinkler 1 in. 1 sprinkler
11/4 in. 2 sprinklers 11/4 in. 2 sprinklers
11/2 in. 5 sprinklers 11/2 in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 8 sprinklers 2 in. 8 sprinklers
21/2 in. 15 sprinklers 21/2 in. 20 sprinklers
3 in. 27 sprinklers 3 in. 30 sprinklers
31/2 in. 40 sprinklers 31/2 in. 45 sprinklers
4 in. 55 sprinklers 4 in. 65 sprinklers
5 in. 90 sprinklers 5 in. 100 sprinklers
6 in. 150 sprinklers 6 in. 170 sprinklers
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

Table 10.10.2.1.3 Flow Required to Produce a Velocity of 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec) in Pipes

Pipe Size Flow Rate
In. mm gpm L/min
4 102 390 1,476
6 152 880 3,331
8 203 1,560 5,905
10 254 2,440 9,235
12 305 3,520 13,323
69
2a.31.d NFPA Tables…
Table 5-7.2.2 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray
Sprinkler)
Light Hazard O
Combustible Finish Noncombustible or Combustible Finish
Limited-Combustible
Finish
Maximum distance along the wall (S) 14 ft 14 ft 10 ft
Maximum room width (L) 12 ft 14 ft 10 ft
Maximum protection area 120 ft2 196 ft2 80 ft2
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.

Table 5-8.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Extended Coverage Upright and
Pendent Spray Sprinklers)
Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard Extra Hazard
Protection Spacing Protection Spacing Protection Spa
Area Area Area
Construction Type (ft2) (ft) (ft2) (ft) (ft2) (f
Unobstructed 400 20 400 20 —
324 18 324 18 —
256 16 256 16 —
— — 196 14 196 1
— — 144 12 144 1
Obstructed 400 20 400 20 —
noncombustible (when 324 18 324 18 —
specifically listed for 256 16 256 16 —
such use) — — 196 14 196 1
— — 144 12 144 1
Obstructed N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N
combustible
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2. 70
2a.32 Example of Wet Sprinkler
System Piping Layout-1

78
2a.33 Example of Wet Sprinkler
System Piping Layout-2

79
 2a.34 Example of Wet Sprinkler
System Piping Layout-3

Note: Are
the
sprinklers
inside the
bathrooms
really
needed?
2a.35 Example of Wet Sprinkler
System Piping Layout-4

This is the
farthest
sprinkler
noozle from
the Fire
Pump.
81
2a.36 Details of Wet Sprinkler System
Piping Layout

82
2a.24 DENSITY/AREA CURVES

Max. Density of 0.15

GPM/Sq.Ft. for a
Minimum Area of 4
1500 Sq.Ft.
2b.55 Reasons for Acquiring a Fire Pump
Fire Pumps are purchased for two main reasons:

A) To protect Buildings and Property against fire loss

through an overhead automatic sprinkler network or stand
pipe system.
B) To secure lower insurance premiums.
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
TYPES OF FIRE PUMPS 150
 Horizontal split case pumps Shut-off Head-capacity curve steepest
140 shape permissible
 Horizontal split case double suction pumps
 Vertical In-line centrifugal pumps
“Flat” head capacity
 End suction single stage pumps
Rated total
100
RATED PUMP CAPACITIES
Fire Pumps have the following rated capacities in USGPM
and l/min. or larger and are rated at net pres sures of 40
65 Rated
PSI (2.7 Bars) of mor e. capacity
50
GPM l/m GPM l/m GPM l/m

25 95 400 1514 2000 7570

50 189 450 1703 2500 9462

100 379 500 1892 3000 11355 0 100 150

50 200

150 568 750 2839 3500 13247 Percent of rated capacity

200 757 1000 3785 4000 15140 PUMP CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

250 946 1250 4731 4500 17032

300 1136 1500 5677 5000 18925 1. The pump is required to demonstrate its ability to achieve
65% of rated pressure when flowing at 150% of rated capacity
with a total lift of 15 ft (4.6M).

2. Shut-off head will range from a minimum of 101% to a

maximum of 140% of head.

3. On production runs a witnessed hydrostatic pressure test is

required to a minimum 1½ times the maximum design working
pressure of the pump (the sum of the marked maximum net
head developed and the marked maximum positive suction
pressure), but in no case less than 250 PSI. Each pump
casing must withstand the hydrostatic test pressure for a
period of 5 minutes without evidence of rupture. For the sake
on c ons ist enc y Armstrong Dar ling unif or m t ests all Fir e
Pumps to not less than 250 PSIG.
86
2b.56 SIZING THE FIRE PUMP
The system flow requires 750 gpm inclusive of inside hose allowance for a rated pump
at 60 psi. The selected pump should be able to meet 65% of rated head at 150% of
rated flow. Since the source of water is steady at its rated flow the residual pressure is
negligible.

From: HP = Q x TDH
3960 x Ep x Em

Where: HP = pump motor capacity, hp

TDH= total dynamic head, psi x 2.31
Ep = pump efficiency, 70%
Em = motor efficiency, 90%

Thus: HP = 750 x 60 x 2.31 = 41.7, say 50

3960 x 0.70 x 0.90

Therefore, Use One (1) Assembly Fire Pump, 50HP, 750 gpm, 60 psi TDH,
220V or 380V or 460V/ 3Phase/ 60 Hertz

112
2b.57 SIZING THE JOCKEY PUMP
NFPA 20 STATES THAT ” …A JOCKEY PUMP SHOULD BE SIZED TO MAKE UP THE ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE RATE WITHIN
10 MINUTES OR 1 GPM WHICHEVER IS LARGER.”
A PRACTICAL SELECTION OF THE CAPACITY OF A JOCKEY PUMP IS TO TAKE THE FLOW RATE OF THE REMOTEST
SPRINKLER HEAD WHICH IS 21.2 GPM. FROM LISTED PUMP, SELECT 25 GPM AGAINST A HEAD OF 65 PSI.
A SHORT CUT MEANS OF SIZING THE JOCKEY PUMP IS TO USE A CAPACITY EQUAL TO 10% OF THE CAPACITY OF THE
FIRE PUMP. HENCEFORTH, USE ONE (1) UNIT 5HP, 25 GPM MINIMUM, 65 PSI TDH, 220V/ 380V/ 440V, 60 HERTS.

2b.58 SIZING THE FIREWATER CISTERN TANK

FROM NFPA 13 BASED ON WATER SUPPY DURATION THE CISTERN TANK IS SIZED AS:

FIRE WATER TANK CAPACITY SHALL BE:

FWT = FIRE PUMP CAPACITY X WATER SUPPLY DURATION
FWT = 750 gpm X 60 min. = 45,000 GALLONS,
or 170.35 CU.M. (Minimum)
THE RECOMMENDED TANK DEPTH SHOULD BE 3.3 METERS WITH 0.3 M AIR
SPACE.

112
2b.58 FINAL SIZING of the
FIREWATER CISTERN TANK
• FOR RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, IT IS
RECOMMENDED TO CALCULATE THE CAPACITY FOR DOMESTIC
WATER REQUIREMENTS. WHICHEVER IS LARGER BETWEEN
THE VOLUME OF DOMESTIC WATER VERSUS THE FIREWATER
REQUIREMENTS, WILL BE USED AS THE CAPACITY OF EACH OF
THE DOMESTIC WATER TANK AND THE FIREWATER TANK.

• A VERY GOOD CONSIDERATION IS TO PROVIDE A RAINWATER

STORAGE TANK WITH FILTER WHICH CAN PROVIDE ALTERNATE
WATER SUPPLY TO THE FIREWATER TANK.

112
 Part 3 –
Pipe Schedule
Method for Sprinkler
System
(In Lieu of Hydraulic
Calculations)
What is pipe schedule system?
According to NFPA 13, Pipe Schedule System
is defined as sprinkler system in which the
pipe sizing is selected from a schedule that is
determined by the occupancy classification &
in which a given number of sprinklers are
allowed to be supplied from specific sizes of
pipe.
Where can we use Pipe Schedule Method?
•New systems of 465 m2 area or less.
•Additions or modifications to existing pipe
schedule systems.
Classification of occupancies according to hazard
NFPA 13 classifies the occupancies according to the
quantity and combustibility of contents, the expected rates
of heat release, the total potential for energy release, the
heights of stockpiles, and the presence of flammable and
combustible liquids as the followings:
1. Light hazard occupancy
2. Ordinary hazard group (1) occupancy
3. Ordinary hazard group (2) occupancy
4. Extra hazard group (1) occupancy
5. Extra hazard group (2) occupancy
6. High-piled storage occupancy
Solid-piled, palletized, rack storage, bin box, and shelf storage in excess
of 3.7 m in height.
Pipe schedule according to hazard degree:
The table on the next page summarizes the pipe schedule for each hazard
degree:
 Note that:
the column
for the extra
hazard
occupancies
is just used
as a guide for
only
extensions
for existing
systems,
while new
extra hazard
occupancies
shall be
hydraulically
calculated.
Pipe schedule for sprinklers above
& below ceiling:
NFPA 13 requires concealed spaces of
exposed combustible construction to
be sprinklered, in this case we have to
follow pipe schedules for sprinklers
above & below ceiling, the table on the
next page summarizes the pipe
schedule for sprinklers installed in
concealed space & below ceiling:
Minimum water supply requirements for pipe
schedule systems: The table below summarizes the
minimum water flow rate, residual pressure, and
duration of pipe schedule systems:
Note that: Pipe schedule method can be used to determine
the system demand for new systems exceeding 465 m2
where the flow required as above table is available at a
minimum residual pressure of 50 psi.
The lower duration value is accepted only where water flow
alarm devices & supervisory devices are electrically
supervised & monitored.
The lower flow figure shall be permitted only where building
is of noncombustible construction or no open areas exceed
280 m2 for light hazard or 370 m2 for ordinary hazard.
The friction losses of back flow prevention devices shall be
accounted for when determining acceptable residual
pressure at the top level of sprinklers, this value shall be
added to the elevation loss and the residual pressure to
determine the total pressure needed at the water supply.
What is an Automatic
Sprinkler?
A fire suppression or control
device that operates
automatically when its heat-
activated element is heated to
its thermal rating or above,
allowing water to discharge over
a specified area.
What is Sprinkler Identification
Number (SIN)?
SIN consists of one or two
characters identifying the
manufacturer, followed by three or
four digits to uniquely identify a
sprinkler characteristics such as K-
factor, deflector characteristic,
pressure rating, and thermal
sensitivity.
What is Thermal Sensitivity of Automatic
Sprinklers?
A measure of the rapidity with which the thermal
element operates as installed in a specific sprinkler
or sprinkler assembly.
One measure of thermal sensitivity is the response
time index (RTI).
Value of RTI shall be as followings:
(a) For RTI of 50 (meters-seconds)1∕2 or less,
sprinkler is defined as fast response
(b) For RTI of 80 (meters-seconds)1∕2 or more,
Sprinkler is defined as standard response.
(c) For RTI greater than 50 and less than 80 (meters-
seconds)1∕2, sprinkler is defined as special response.
What are Temperature
Characteristics of Automatic
Sprinklers?
Automatic sprinklers shall have
their frame arms, deflector, coating
material, or liquid bulb colored in
accordance with the requirements
of the table on the next
page according to NFPA 13:
What are the Available
Installation Orientation of
Automatic Sprinklers?
Pendent Sprinkler:

A sprinkler designed to be installed

in such a way that the water
stream is directed downward
against the deflector.
Upright Sprinkler:
A sprinkler designed to
be installed in such a
way that the water
spray is directed
upwards against the
deflector.
Sidewall Sprinkler:
A sprinkler having special
deflectors that are designed to
discharge most of the water away
from the nearby wall in a pattern
resembling one quarter of a
sphere, with a small portion of the
discharge directed at the wall
behind the sprinkler.
Concealed Sprinkler:
A recessed sprinkler with cover plate.
Flush Sprinkler:
A sprinkler in which all or part of the body,
including the shank thread, is mounted
above the lower plane of the ceiling.
Recessed Sprinkler:
A sprinkler in which all or part of the body,
other than the shank thread, is mounted
within a recessed housing.
What are Sprinkler Types defined
according to design and performance
characteristics?
1. Spray Sprinkler:
A type of sprinkler listed for its capability to provide
fire control for a wide range of fire hazards. Spray
sprinklers are available in two categories, Standard
spray and extended coverage sprinklers.
2. Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler:
A type of spray sprinkler that has a thermal element
with an RTI of 50 (meter-seconds)1∕2 or less.
What are Sprinkler Types defined
according to design & performance
characteristics? Cont’n..
3. Control Mode Density/Area (CMDA) Sprinkler:
A type of spray sprinkler intended to provide fire control in
storage applications using the design density/area criteria.
4. Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) Sprinkler:
A type of spray sprinkler that is capable of producing
characteristic large water droplets & that is listed for its
capability to provide fire control of specific high-challenge fire
hazards.
5. Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinkler:
A type of fast-response sprinkler that has a thermal element
with an RTI of 50 (meters-seconds)1∕2 or less & is listed for its
capability to provide fire suppression of specific high
challenge fire hazards.
Nozzle:
A device for use in applications requiring special
water discharge patterns, directional spray, or other
unusual discharge characteristics.
Open Sprinkler:
A sprinkler that does not have actuators or heat-
responsive elements.
Residential Sprinkler:
A type of fast-response sprinkler having a thermal
element with an RTI of 50 (meters-seconds)1∕2 or
less that has been specifically investigated for its
ability to enhance survivability in the room of fire
origin and that is listed for use in the protection of
dwelling units.
 Extended
Coverage
Sprinkler
Distribution
Guide
 Extended Coverage Sprinkler
Distribution
•For pendant & upright type:
•In any case, the maximum protection area of
any sprinkler shall not exceed 37 m2.
•Maximum distance from sprinklers to walls
shall not exceed the one-half of the allowable
distance permitted between sprinklers as
indicated in the table above.
•Minimum distance from walls shall not be less
than 4 in (100 mm).
•Minimum distance between sprinklers shall be
2.4 m.
•For side wall type:
•In any case, the maximum protection area of any sprinkler shall not
exceed 37 m2.
•Maximum Distance from Walls shall not exceed 1/2 of the allowable
distance permitted between sprinklers.
•Minimum distance from walls shall not be less than 4 in (100 mm).
•Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers: Sprinklers shall be not
located within the maximum protection area of any other sprinkler
unless separated by baffles that comply with the following:
(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating elements.
(2) Baffles shall be of solid & rigid material that will stay in place before
and during sprinkler operation.
(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8in.(200 mm) long & 6 in.(150mm)
high.
(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2in. & 3in. (50mm &
75mm) above the deflectors.
(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at least
even with the deflectors.
Where Soffits exceed more than 8 in. (200 mm) in width or projection from the wall,
pendent sprinklers shall be installed under the soffit.
Fire Department
Connection
According to
NFPA 13
What is Fire Department Connection (FDC)?!
A connection through which the fire department
can pump supplemental water into the sprinkler
system, standpipe, or other water-based fire
protection systems, furnishing water for fire
extinguishment to supplement existing water
supplies.

Purpose of FDC:
To supplement the water supply but not
necessarily provide the entire sprinkler system
demand, Fire department connections are not
intended to deliver a specific volume of water.
When FDC is required:
FDC is required for all building except the followings:
1. Buildings in remote areas inaccessible for fire
department.
2. Large-capacity deluge systems exceeding fire
department pumping capacity.
3. Single-story buildings not exceeding 185 m2 in area.
Location of FDCs:
At nearest point of fire department apparatus
accessibility, or at a location approved by the AHJ.
Installation Height of FDC:
Not less than 500 mm and not more than 1200 mm
above grade.
Valves on FDC Piping:
•Shut-off valves shall not be permitted
in fire department connection piping.
•A listed check valve shall be installed
in each fire department connection
and shall be located in an accessible
location with automatic drain valve
where subject to freezing.
Sizing of fire department connection:
The size of the pipe for the fire department
connection shall be in accordance with one
of the following:
•Pipe size shall be a minimum of 4 in. (100
mm) for fire engine connections.
•Pipe size shall be a minimum of 6 in. (150
mm) for fire boat connections.
•For hydraulically calculated systems, the
pipe size shall be permitted to be less than
4 in. (100 mm), but not less than the
largest riser.
No. of 2.5” Inlets:
•For riser 3” or smaller: Single 2.5”
outlet
•For riser larger than 3”: Two 2.5” outlets

Attachments to FDCs:
Approved plugs or caps, properly
secured and arranged for easy removal
by fire departments.
 Seismic
Separation
Assembly
According to
NFPA 13
What is seismic separation assembly?
An assembly of fittings, pipe, flexible pipe, and/ or
couplings that permits movement in all directions to
accommodate seismic differential movement across
building seismic separation joints, The extent of
permitted movement can be made at least twice the
actual separations, at right angles to the separation
as well as parallel to it.

When shall we install seismic separation

assembly?
An approved seismic separation assembly shall be
installed where sprinkler piping, regardless of size,
crosses building seismic separation joints at ground
level and above.
What are the required movements of seismic
separation assembly?
Seismic separation assemblies shall allow
movement sufficient to accommodate closing of
the separation, opening of the separation to twice
its normal size, and movement relative to the
separation in the other two dimensions in an
amount equal to the separation distance.
What are the types of seismic separation
assembly?
Seismic separation assemblies are available in
traditional assemblies or seismic loops as shown
in the next page.
What are the installation requirements
for seismic separation assembly?
•The seismic separation assembly shall
include a four-way brace upstream and
downstream within 1.8 m of the seismic
separation assembly, each four-way brace
should be attached to the building structure
on opposite sides of the seismic separation
joint.
•Bracing shall not be attached to the
seismic separation assembly.
Return Bend
Requirements
According to
NFPA 13
When return bend is required?
•Return bends shall be used where pendent sprinklers are
supplied from a raw water source, a mill pond, or open-top
reservoirs.
Where return bend is not required?
•Return bends shall not be required for deluge systems.
•Return bends shall not be required where dry pendent
sprinklers are used.
•Return bends shall not be required for wet pipe systems
where sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of K-11.2 or larger
are used.
•What are the advantages of using return bend?
•Return bends are used basically to avoid accumulation of
sediment in the drop nipples so, it shall be connected to the
top of branch lines in accordance with the figure on the next
page.
What are the Components of return bend?
1- Arm over: A horizontal pipe that extends from the branch
line to a single sprinkler or a sprinkler above and below a
ceiling.
2- Riser nipple: A vertical pipe between the cross main and
branch line.
3- Branch line: The pipes supplying sprinklers, either
directly or through sprigs, drops, return bends, or arm-overs.
4- Hanger: A device or assembly used to support the gravity
load of the system piping.
5- Pendant sprinkler: A sprinkler designed to be installed in
such a way that the water stream is directed downward
against the deflector.
Design Tips:
• For new systems, outlet size shall be minimum of 1 in
and we can use hexagonal bushings to
accommodate sprinklers attached directly to branch line
fittings to allow for future system modifications.
• For existing systems (pipe schedule) riser nipples less
than 1" are allowed but shall not exceed 10 cm in length.
• For existing systems (Hydraulically calculated) riser
nipples less than 1" are allowed but shall not exceed 10
cm in length, and shall be considered in hydraulic
calculations.
• Arm over shall be supported by hanger when its length
exceeds 61 cm.
• Arm over shall be supported by hanger when its length
exceeds 35 cm and system pressure exceeds 100 psi.
 Distance Below
Ceiling for
Standard Pendant
& Upright
Sprinklers
For unobstructed construction:
The distance between sprinkler deflector and the ceiling
shall be (1 in) minimum and (12 in) maximum throughout the
area of coverage of the sprinkler.
This requirements shall not apply for the followings:
1- For concealed, recessed, and flush types.
2- for light and ordinary hazard occupancies with ceilings of
noncombustible or limited-combustible construction where
either (A) or (B) applies.
(A) Where a vertical change in ceiling elevation within the
area of coverage of the sprinkler creates a distance of more
than 36 in. (900 mm) between the upper ceiling and the
sprinkler deflector, a vertical plane extending down from the
ceiling at the change in elevation shall be considered a wall
for the purpose of sprinkler spacing as shown in Figure
below.
(B) Where the distance between the
upper ceiling and the sprinkler
deflector is less than or equal to 36
in. (900 mm), the sprinklers shall be
permitted to be spaced as though
the ceiling was flat, provided the
obstruction rules are observed as
shown in Figure below.
Sprinklers in
Peaked
Roofs &
Ceilings
Sprinklers under or near the
peak of a roof or ceiling shall
have deflectors located not
more than 36 in. (900 mm)
vertically down from the peak
as indicated on the following
figures.
•Under saw-toothed roofs, sprinklers at the
highest elevation shall not exceed a
distance of 36 in. (900 mm) measured
down the slope from the peak. Note that:
Saw-toothed roofs have regularly spaced
monitors of saw tooth shape, with the
nearly vertical side glazed and usually
arranged for venting. Sprinkler placement
is limited to a maximum of 3 ft (900 mm)
down the slope from the peak because of
the effect of venting on sprinkler sensitivity.
•Under a steeply pitched surface, the
distance from the peak to the deflectors
shall be permitted to be increased to
maintain a horizontal clearance of not
less than 24 in. (600 mm) from other
structural members as indicated in
preceding Figure. Generally, where
applying this requirement, a surface
having a slope greater than or equal to
18 in 12 is needed.
 Sprinkler
Distribution in
Small Rooms -
NFPA 13
Definition of Small Room According to
NFPA 13 - 2019 Edition:
Small Room is defined according to NFPA 13
as a compartment of light hazard occupancy
classification having unobstructed
construction and a floor area not exceeding
74 m2.
Unobstructed construction is defined
according to NFPA 13 as a Construction where
beams, trusses, or other members do not
impede heat flow or water distribution in a
manner that materially affects the ability of
sprinklers to control or suppress a fire.
•Light hazard occupancies are defined
according to NFPA 13 as occupancies where
fires with low rate of heat release are
expected as the quantity or combustibility of
contents is low, below are examples for light
hazard occupancies:
•Office buildings
•Museums
•Restaurants seating areas
•Hospitals
•Educational buildings
•Institutional building
•Clubs
•Church
Constraints for Distribution of Standard
Spray Pendant & Upright Sprinklers in
Light Hazard Occupancies:
•Maximum protection area per sprinkler for
hydraulically calculated systems is 20m2, and for
pipe schedule method systems is 18m2
•Maximum distance between sprinklers is 4.6m
•Minimum distance between sprinklers is 1.8m
•Maximum distance from sprinklers to walls is
2.3m
•Minimum distance from sprinklers to walls is
100mm.
Constraints for distribution of
standard spray pendant & upright
sprinklers in small rooms:
•Sprinklers shall be permitted to be
located not more than (2.7 m) from any
single wall.
•Other spacing limitation and maximum
protection area of coverage per sprinkler
(mentioned above) shall not be
exceeded.
Sprinklers in
Electrical
Rooms
According to
NFPA 13
This is not about high value
equipment rooms like server rooms
which shall be protected by a
system other than sprinkler
systems, this is about basic
electrical rooms like (switchboards,
panelboards, switchgear, or motor
control centers) 1000 volts nominal
or less.
Are sprinklers or sprinkler piping
permitted to be installed in
electrical rooms?

According to NFPA 13 – 2019 edition,

Sprinklers and sprinkler piping is
permitted in and is permitted to pass
through an electrical room as long as
the piping is not within the “dedicated
electrical space”.
Sprinkler systems had been successfully installed
in rooms containing electrical equipment for 100
years, with no documented instances of a problem,
this measure was always controversial, based on
the following concerns for fire fighters:
1- Risk safety for responding firefighters in or near
electrical rooms where sprinklers might be
discharging over live equipment.
2- Water would cause additional damage to the
electrical equipment.
Considering above concerns, NFPA has permitted
to omit sprinklers of electrical room in specific
cases which will be discussed later.
What is dedicated electrical
space?
According to NFPA 70 – 2017 edition,
a dedicated electrical space is
defined as the space equal to the
width and the depth of the equipment
extending from the floor to a height of
1.8 m above the equipment or the
structural ceiling, whichever is lower.
Can we install sprinklers in the dedicated
electrical space?
Systems or equipment foreign to the electrical installation
such as (Plumbing, heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning piping, ducts, and equipment) are not allowed
in dedicated electrical space and must be installed outside
this space. So, as long as the sprinkler piping does not run
through this space, it can go in and out of the electric room
without any issue, while busways, conduits, raceways, and
cables are permitted to enter equipment through this zone.
Foreign systems installed directly above the dedicated
space reserved for electrical equipment are required to
include protective equipment that ensures that occurrences
such as leaks, condensation, and even breaks do not
damage the electrical equipment located below.
Can we install sprinkler piping above
the dedicated electrical space?
Foreign systems are allowed in the area
above the dedicated electrical space as
long as the electrical equipment is
properly protected against leaks or breaks
in the foreign system. So the sprinkler
piping can run above the dedicated
electrical space 1.8 m above equipment
as long as the equipment below is
protected from leaks.
Can we protect dedicated electrical space by
sprinkler system?
Sprinkler protection is permitted for the dedicated
space if complying with above mentioned
constraints.
Note that: Leak protection could include drip
pans which may create an obstruction to
sprinkler system discharge. So, it is always best
to avoid locating sprinklers and sprinkler piping
directly above electrical equipment, additionally,
sprinklers and sprinkler piping are not permitted
to be located directly within the working space for
the equipment as shown in the figures below.
When can we omit Sprinklers in electrical
equipment rooms?
Where all of the following conditions are met,
sprinklers shall not be required in electrical
rooms:
(1) The room is dedicated to electrical
equipment only.
(2) Only dry-type or liquid-type with listed K-
class fluid electrical equipment is used.
(3) Equipment is installed in a 2-hour fire-rated
enclosure including protection for penetrations.
(4) Storage is not permitted in the room.
END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU & GOD BLESS!
MABUHAY!

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