English For Academic and Professional Purposes
English For Academic and Professional Purposes
English For Academic and Professional Purposes
English for
Academic and
Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Gathering of Information
from Surveys, Experiments,
or Observations
EAPP – Grade 12
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Gathering of Information from Surveys, Experiments, or
Observations
First Edition, 2020
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What I Know
Before we proceed to our lessons and activities, let us answer the following
questions to check first your prior knowledge about our topic.
A. Multiple Choice
A. TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct; False if it is
wrong. Write your answer on the space provided before each number
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Lesson Gathering Information from 7
Surveys, Experiments, or
Observations
In this lesson you will be taught on how to gather information from surveys,
experiments or observation which is very important in conducting a research. The
appropriate manner and tool that will support your studies is very essential in
writing your paper.
What’s In
Fill in the diagram below with the steps to follow in conducting a survey.
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What’s New
How are you coping with our lesson? I hope you are curious
and excited about the activities we will discuss and learn in this module.
What is It
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manipulate are referred to as independent while the variables that change as a
result of manipulation are dependent variables
An observation is a data collection method, by which you gather knowledge of
the researched phenomenon through making observations of the phenomena, as and
when it occurs. You should aim to focus your observations on human behaviour, the
use of the phenomenon and human interactions related to the phenomenon.
Now let us learn how to gather information from survey, experiments or
observation.
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• Rankings: Allow you to rank how important you think something
is, compared to other options.
Please rank the following in order of importance, from 1 to 4, where 1 is most
important.
Clean room☐ Lively room ☐ Quiet room with no distractions ☐ Fun room ☐
• Rating scales: Allow you to indicate how strongly you agree with something
or rate something.
Indicate to what extend you agree with this statement:
Having gadgets improves my interest in my studies
❍ Strongly disagree ❍ Disagree
❍ Neither agree nor disagree ❍ Agree ❍ Strongly Agree
Step 5: Pre-testing
It ensures the quality of responses that you look for problems, such as
badly-phrased questions and missing response categories.
Second, assemble a small group of people who have not seen the
survey before. Then let them take the survey, without offering any help or
clarification if they have questions. Afterward, you can talk to them and look
at their responses to see if there are any problem areas in our survey that
need correcting.
Finally, test the survey with a larger group of people and track how
they do it. You want to measure the time it takes to complete questions and
the entire survey, and you will be looking of which questions was skipped.
These tools can help with most steps in the survey process, including the
sampling frame, designing the survey, advertisement of the survey, and simple data
analysis. It can improve response rates to our survey in several ways:
• Use an appealing invitation to (or advertisement of) the survey.
• Keep the survey short.
• Offer respondents something in exchange for filling out the survey, such as a
discount on a product (but note that this impacts the sampling error).
• Follow-up invitations to remind people to fill out your survey.
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Step 7: Data analysis
Most survey tools include basic statistics and simple data analysis options.
Researchers should also analyze the way respondents took the survey.
Once you have selected your sample and developed your questionnaire,
there are several ways you can interview participants:
1. In-person Interviewing
When this method will be used, you meet with the respondents face to face
and ask questions. This technique has excellent response rates and enables to
conduct interviews that take a longer amount of time. It enable also to ask follow-
up questions to responses that are not clear. On the other hand, this method is
expensive and takes more time because of interviewer training, transport, and
remuneration.
2. Telephone Interviewing
Using this technique, the respondents can be called over the phone and will
be interviewed. This method offers the advantage of quickly collecting data,
especially when used with computer-assisted telephone interviewing and data
collection via telephone is cheaper than in-person interviewing.
This technique in gathering data has limitations; telephone interview had
difficulty in establishing trust due to this reason, this may result to inaccurate
responses or may introduce bias. Since phone interviews are generally kept short to
reduce the possibility of upsetting respondents, this method may also limit the
amount of data you can collect.
3. Online Interviewing
This technique is used widely because it is a low-cost way of interviewing
many respondents. Another benefit is anonymity; you can get sensitive responses
that participants would not feel comfortable providing with in-person interviewing
but the disadvantage of this technique is that you cannot seek clarification on
responses that are unclear.
4. Mailed Questionnaire
The printed questionnaires are sent to the postal address of the respondent.
The participants fill in the questionnaire and mail it back. This interviewing method
gives you the advantage of obtaining information that respondents may be
unwilling to give when interviewing in person.
The main limitation with mailed questionnaires is you are likely to get a low
response rate. The inaccuracy of mailing address, delays or loss of mail could also
affect the response rate. Additionally, mailed questionnaires cannot be used to
interview respondents with low literacy, and you cannot seek clarifications on
responses.
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5. Focus Groups
In using a focus group as a data collection method, identify a group of 6 to
10 people with similar characteristics. The responses are captured by video
recording, voice recording or writing—this is the data you will analyze to answer
your research questions. Focus groups have fewer resources and time as compared
to interviewing individuals.
2. Case-control method creates cases and controls and then observes them. A
case has been exposed to a phenomenon of interest while a control has not. After
identifying the cases and controls, it will move back in time to observe how the
event of interest occurs in the two groups.
3. Cohort method follows people with similar characteristics over a period. This
method is advantageous when you are collecting data on occurrences that happen
over a long period. It has the disadvantage of being costly and requiring more time.
It is also not suitable for occurrences that happen rarely.
Designing a study
Steps for designing a study:
1. Identify the variable (or variables) of interest and the population of the
study.
2. Develop a detailed plan for collecting the data. When using a sample, you
need to make sure that the sample is representative of the population.
3. Collect the data.
4. Describe the data using descriptive statistics.
5. Interpret the data and use inferential statistics to make decisions (or
assumptions) about the population.
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6. Identify any possible errors (some potential problems can be identified
earlier in the process).
Collecting Data
This will focus on four methods for collecting data: Observational
studies, experiments, simulations, and surveys.
• In an observational study, a researcher measures and observes the
variables of interest without changing existing conditions.
• In an experiment, a researcher assigns a treatment and observes the
response. Sometimes, a control group (a group receiving no treatment or a
placebo) may be used to compare the effectiveness of a treatment.
• A simulation uses a mathematical, physical, or computer model to
replicate the conditions of a process or situation. This is frequently used
when the actual situation is too expensive, dangerous, or impractical to
replicate in real life.
• A survey is used to investigate characteristics of a population. It is
frequently used when the subjects are people, and questions are asked of
them. When designing a survey, you must be very careful of wording (and
sometimes ordering) the questions so that the results are not biased.
Experimental Designs
• The placebo effect occurs when a subject (or “experimental unit”) reacts
favorably to a placebo when no medicated treatment has been given.
• Sample size is the number of participants in the experiment. The larger the
sample, the more representative of the population the results will be, but the
costs of the experiment will also be higher.
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Sampling Techniques
• A sampling error is the difference between the results of the sample and
those of the population.
• Cluster sampling can be used when the population naturally falls into
subgroups with similar characteristics. First, determine the clusters, then
select all the members of one or more of the clusters.
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What’s more
A structured conversation where the participant asks questions and the other
provides an
3.
It provides insight into cause – and –effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs
when a particular factor is manipulated.
4.
5.
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B. Answer Me!
Now let us sum up what you learned from our lesson by answering
the questions below:
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What I Can Do
You have answered all the activities in this module and it’s time for you
to apply what you have learned.
Activity 3: Formulate a Survey Tool
Directions: Make your own survey questionnaire consisting of questions related to
the learning experiences you encountered during this new normal. Formulate at
least 10 questions only. Choose your participants from your household to answer
your survey questionnaires. (Follow the steps in conducting a survey)
Please be guided by the criteria for scoring your outputs.
Assessment
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write it on the space provided before each number.
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3. It is a method of collecting data where the identified 6 to 10 people with similar
characteristics are group together.
a. focus group
b. small group
c. control group
d. case group
5. These are questions that allow users to input their own answer and do
not provide predefined response options.
a. close – ended questions
b. open-ended questions
c. multiple- choice questions
d. rating scales
7. It is a method that creates cases and controls and then observes it. A case
has been exposed to a phenomenon of interest while a control has not.
a. ecological method
b. cross-sectional method
c. cohort method
d. Case-control method
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B. TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct; False if it is wrong. Write
your answer on the space provided before each number
Additional Activities
Congratulations! You have come this far. I know you have learned a
lot about gathering information from a surveys, experiments, or observation. Now,
let us do this additional task.
Activity 4:
Imagine that you were tasked to revise the content of a questionnaire for a
study titled “Impact of Posting Students’ Speeches on YouTube on their
Speaking Performance.” Put a / before the indicator which should be included in
the questionnaire and X before those which should be excluded.
1. Posting my speech on the YouTube boosts my self-confidence.
2. Posting mu speech on the YouTube facilities
constructive feedback from my target audience.
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Answer Key
References
Book Sources
Online Sources
https://www.googgle.com/search questionnaire
www. personal-development-zone.com
questionpro.com/blog/survey-data-collection