RJOAS, 11(107), November 2020

DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2020-11.25

THE KOTAKU: STUDY OF THE NATIONAL SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAM

SUSTAINABLY IN COASTAL AREAS

Pratama Alamsyah*
Postgraduate Program, Planning and Regional Development, University of Hasanuddin,
Makassar, Indonesia

Jamil M.H.
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

Barkey Roland A.
Faculty of Forestry, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

*E-mai: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study aims to describe the KOTAKU program in dealing with slums in coastal areas
reviewed from the aspect of sustainable development. This study site is in Lappa Village,
Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods with logic
analysis approaches that include data collection, data reduction, data display, and data
verification. The results showed that the handling of settlements through the KOTAKU
program in practice has not met the aspects of sustainable development in coastal areas.
First, the handling of environmental damage caused by sea tides and seasonal flooding is
still not optimal. This caused the built infrastructure to become damaged and led to the re-
emergence of slums. Second, the existence of indigenous and cultures forms the
community's concern for the neighborhood environment and their participation in the
KOTAKU program. This is supported by the tendency to establish a good relationship
(mappideceng) with fellow human beings and the environment which is one of the Buginese
cultural philosophies that is well maintained by coastal communities. Third, it has not been
empowered economically by the community, resulting difficulties in the settelement and
infrastructure maintenance. Community independence in slums requires financial support if it
is not supported by adequate finances then the sustainability of development will not occur.

KEY WORDS
The KOTAKU program, slums, sustainable, coastal areas.

Urban slums are growing as a community response to meet their housing needs. This
is characterized by the number of population densities and uneven economic activity
impacting the decrease in the quality of urban settlements (Mukhija, 2010; Sobotova, 2011).
The existence of slums also impacted society both physically and psychologically. Slums are
one of the most complex problems for developing countries such as Indonesia. The
characteristics of slums in Indonesia describe residential areas that physically have
unhealthy environmental conditions such as dirty, chaotic, humid, and others (Hariyanto,
2015; Kustiwan & Ramadhan, 2019; Ramadhan & Pigawati, 2014).
Slums are often associated with coastal areas. This is due to the existence of coastal
areas as strategic economic gateways of a region or city (Mahnunah & Syahbana, 2014).
Coastal slums are quite a complex problem, considering that it deals with many aspects such
as the physical aspects of the environment, economic, social, cultural, and psychological of
society (Andreasen & Møller-Jensen, 2016; Nuryadin et al., 2019; Uddin, 2018). The area is
one of the government's pilot projects to realize habitable and sustainable urban settlements.
The government and NUSP-2 (National Slum Upgrading and Neighborhood Upgrading
and Shelter Project Phase 2) work together to handling slums through the City Without
Slums (KOTAKU) program. The KOTAKU's is a program of handling slums based on a

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community empowerment approach implemented through partnerships of government, local

government, community, and private sector as well as strengthening the institutional capacity
of the region to ensure the implementation of housing development and residential areas in
urban areas that are independent and sustainable and pro-poor (Ahmad et al., 2019;
Rohimat et al., 2018; Sari et al., 2018; Septanaya et al., 2020).
The impact provided by the KOTAKU program has succeeded in reducing the area of
slums in several priority areas of handling in recent years. However, the handling program is
oriented only by physical intervention, and there has been no innovation in the handling of
sustainable slums. This is incompatible with the SDG's (Sustainable Development Goal's)
11th target of "By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and
basic services and upgrade slums" (UN Habitat, 2016). Some countries that handle slums
through physical intervention also show similar symptoms (Andreasen & Møller-Jensen,
2016; Sticzay & Koch, 2015). This shows that despite the increased attention in the handling
of slums. But, no fair and sustainable handler solution is widely accepted by all (Elrayies,
2016; Mahabir et al., 2016; Sibyan, 2020; Singh, 2014; Turok & Borel-Saladin, 2018).
The context of the slum handling program should attribute the concept of sustainable
development that lays out the philosophy of designing physical objects, built environments,
and services to adhere to sustainable economic, social and ecological principles (Cronin,
2012; Hoelman et al., 2016; Hopwood et al., 2005; Minnery et al., 2013; Nuryadin et al.,
2019; Santosa & Astuti, 2009). The discussion of inclusive development arises from several
perspectives that expressly state that the city is for all of us (UN Habitat, 2016).
Some studies have provided an overview of the handling of slums based on aspects of
sustainable development from different perspectives. The application of environmental
aspects is seen as prevention of damage and environmental pollution (Degert et al., 2016;
Elrayies, 2016; Goswami & Manna, 2013; Sunarti et al., 2019). At the social aspects of
participatory processes, the environmental aspect with consideration of environmental
damage due to residential activities, and the economic aspect of the development of the
economic development of the settlement areas (Gunari et al., 2017; Majale, 2008; Peerapun,
2012; Prayitno, 2016; Singh, 2014). Degert (2016) saw that the social aspect is more
advanced through the improvement of the community's ability in its regional planning and
regional development. From the economic aspect of slum handling is seen from efforts to
increase the economy of the community and efforts to open/create jobs (Mahabir et al., 2016;
Degert et al., 2016). Besides, the handling of slums also pays attention to the improvement
and economic skills of the community (Elrayies, 2016; Sticzay & Koch, 2015). The handling
of slums requires a deep study in looking at the handling of both environmental, social,
economic, and institutional aspects. The interconnectedness between aspects of each other
that can determine the sustainability of a slum handling program (Idawarni, 2009; Jayanimitta
& Mardiansjah, 2019).
Previous research has revealed the concept of sustainable development with the
handling of slums from environmental aspects, social aspects and economic aspects.
However, there are still differences of opinion with each other. This is due to the absence of
a definitive concept of the implementation of the ongoing principles of the slum handling
program. This condition is very worrying considering the need for housing is a fundamental
part of every human right of life. We are faced with the fact that slums are a reflection of the
complexity of the city.
This study will examine the KOTAKU program in coastal areas in order to provide new
insights into the handling of sustainable slums.This program has been implemented in 271
districts/cities in 34 provinces that become a collaboration platform or priority handling base.
The handling of slums in coastal areas is different from the handling of urban slums. This is
because coastal areas have a vulnerability to climate change conditions, environment, social,
economic, and cultural communities. This study can support previous study related to the
problem of handling slums that are only physically oriented but do not look in terms of
sustainability.

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METHODS OF RESEARCH

This study uses qualitative-descriptive methods. Merriam & Tisdell (2016:9) explained
that qualitative-descriptive study methods as study that understands phenomena
experienced by study subjects and seeks to describe a symptom, event, and event that
occurs at this time. The study was conducted in Lappa Village, Sinjai Regency, South
Sulawesi Province. Data collection is carried out with observation of slums that have been
handled, documentation, and interviews with key informants. In this study, researchers chose
informants who were considered to know information and problems in-depth and could be
trusted as valid data sources. Based on these criteria, the parties used as informants are
those directly involved in the KOTAKU program. The list of selected informants can be
viewed in Table 1. Data analysis techniques using Logical Analysis from Miles & Huberman
(1994) that divide analysis activities into several parts include data collection, data reduction,
data presentation, and conclusion drawing.

Table 1 – List of Informants

No Name Position
1 Sudirman Museng Program Coordinator of the KOTAKU Sinjai Regency
2 Amiruddin Latief Chairman of Community Self-Reliance Agency (BKM) Bahari Sejahtera Lappa
3 Nur Alamsyah Secretary of Headman Lappa Village
Source: Author’s study, processed from direct interview transcript with key informant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The dynamics of the city developments are inseparable from the problems of slums,
especially Lappa Village. Before the handling program, Lappa Village was one of the largest
slums in the Sinjai Regency. This is characterized by low environmental quality mixed with
trade and housing functions, drainage network system has not been integrated with the
urban system, the waste management system is inadequate and environmental damage due
to sea tides. Efforts to handle settlements through the Program City Without Slums
(KOTAKU) in Lappa Village are the form of improving the quality of the residential
environment, mobility of road access, drainage channels, procurement of green open space,
and waste management in 2018-2020.
The implementation of the KOTAKU program in terms of environmental physicals
shows that before the program of handling slums, almost some residential areas experienced
flooding ranging from 5-20 cm each year, this is due to the lack of water supply areas and
drainage networks that have not been able to accommodate and drain water runoff into rivers
or seas. Through the handling carried out by the KOTAKU program can handle
inundation/flooding in most locations, but at the time of the researchers asked directly to one
of the key informants namely the Chairman of Community Self-Reliance Agency (BKM)
Bahari Sejahtera Lappa, Mr. Amiruddin Latief said that:
"The handling is to repair and dredge sedimentation drainage along the river bank has
been done but has not been able to accommodate water runoff if the tide raised"
Mr. Amiruddin's statement indicated that the handling of the sea tide was still not
optimal even though the handling had been done. Whereas the KOTAKU program before the
implementation of slum handling there is a safeguarding activity that is conducting a study of
the impact of environmental and social damage. Less holistic handling is also seen from the
unhandled of other components that contribute to environmental pollution in Lappa Village. In
the Lappe'e neighborhood, many community sewerage drains are directed directly to ponds,
and public bathing infrastructure that has been built is not used by the surrounding
community, the management of garbage bin procurement that aims to solve the garbage
problem is still not optimal so Lappa Village along the road is still filled with garbage because
garbage trucks from the Sinjai Regency Hygiene Office have not reached the entire area in
the road map of garbage can transport. So, that dominant residential facilities, as well as
trade and services, dump their garbage into sewers and roadsides.

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The KOTAKU program on the physical aspects of the environment shows that the
handling of slums in Lappa Village is still not fully concerned with the environmental aspects
of sustainability. Degert et al. (2016) stated that sustainable development in realizing a
sustainable environment is a development that can improve the quality of its environment by
not damaging the environment and preserving the environment. The KOTAKU program has
not fully conducted an in-depth environmental and impacts prevention review, the discharge
of sea tides runoff still exceeds the capacity of drainage channels that have built so that the
tide surge back into the residential area and flooding is not resolved properly. Hanifah &
Widiyastuti (2016) stated that the tide of the sea not only damages the environment and
buildings of the house but also causes damage to the road as the accessibility of the
environment. This means the environment can become rundown again and the infrastructure
that has built will become damaged. On the other hand, there is still no management of
sewage and waste in this area that has the potential to pollute the river and the environment
more massively.
The KOTAKU program is community empowerment-based program so that the
implementation of the program involves the active role of the community from the beginning
to the end of the activity. The form of community involvement in the program of handling
slums in the form of energy and materials through the work of devotion and mutual
cooperation at the stage of implementation of development and infrastructure improvement.
While at the supervisory stage, community participation in the form of material checks and
supervision of construction work was carried out by Community Self-Reliance Agency (BKM).
The presence of kotaku program shows the involvement of all groups (social inclusion) in the
handling of slums, especially women. As the following statement by Mr. Nur Alamsyah:
“This kind of hope becomes the cornerstone of social responsibility measures carried
out by the lappa community. Women's involvement in the KOTAKU program is
proposed/suggestion of slum management activities and consumption preparation at the time
of implementation of the KOTAKU program”
Mr. Nur Alamsyah's statement reflects the seriousness of the community in the
program of handling slums from all groups of the community. Besides, women also have
representation in the Community Self-Reliance Agency (BKM).
The handling of the KOTAKU program is also visible after the implementation of the
program has been completed. Based on the observations at the study site shows that the
form of public concern for the handling program and the environment of the settlement in the
form of cooperation to make green open space, the coloring of each citizen's house,
providing pots of ornamental plants to beautify residential areas and create tagline boards
invites the community to maintain cleanliness and prohibit littering. The establishment of
community concern for the environment and their participation in the KOTAKU program is
supported by the existence of a tendency to establish a good relationship (mappideceng)
with fellow human beings and the surrounding environment which is one of Bugis cultural
philosophy that is still maintained by the indigenous people of lappa. This kind of hope
becomes the cornerstone of social responsibility measures carried out by the lappa
community.
Dahlan et al., (2020) said that establishing togetherness will bring compassion (asse
nyaha) as a human being, to alleviate any burdens or concerns for future survival. Although,
in some locations of priority handling there is still a less clean lifestyle and apathy towards
the handling program. This is due to the lack of awareness of maintaining the environmental
quality of their settlements and the urbanization factor with the large number of migrants
living in the population density and the onset of slums in the region.
The handling of slums through the KOTAKU program has fulfilled the sustainable social
aspect. The result of the implementation can be used as social capital for Lappa Village in
the sustainability of future programs. This is following opinion, Majale (2008) saw that if
community participation is implemented and maintained properly it will bring sustainability to
a project. Continuity of the handling program with sustainable social change can be achieved
through community development in the form of the involvement of all aspects of the
community, participation, empowerment, and ability of the community in the implementation

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of development (Degert et al., 2016; Elrayies, 2016). Besides, the implementation of the
KOTAKU program also shows the concept of community development. Leyenaar et al.,
(2018) describes that the development of a community with a "multi-layered". This process
describes the relationship and capacity of the community to influence social change and
improve the ability of the community in the implementation of development.
Slum handling programs must be handled across sectoral not only in the physical
structuring of buildings but also aligned with the handling of social and economic aspects.
Reviewed from the economic aspects,, the KOTAKU program has no activities or training
that support people's skills in empowerment. However, during the implementation of the
KOTAKU program, the community is absorbed into the aid workforce but only temporary
during construction and repair implementation. People who are in labor are unemployed or
do not have permanent jobs. The absorption of this workforce without specific requirements
and prior training so that the proposed community will work immediately while the work takes
place. The improvement in the economic field is also related to the management and
maintenance of the infrastructure built. In practice, the KOTAKU program in Lappa Village
does not have the allocation of funds for the management and maintenance of the
infrastructure that has been built. As revealed by Mr. Sudirman Museng as program
coordinator of KOTAKU Sinjai Regency to researchers:
"The KOTAKU program does not provide funding for infrastructure management that
has been built after the program ends."
A statement from Mr. Sudirman Museng indicated that the program has no planning in
the preparation of management allocation and maintenance of the infrastructure built. The
KOTAKU program directs infrastructure maintenance funds through community dues.
A similar statement was expressed by Mr. Amiruddin Latief as Chairman of Community
Self-Reliance Agency (BKM) Bahari Sejahtera Lappa who said:
"Maintenance funds are carried out through community dues, and the role of BKM is
more towards monitoring development outcomes."
Mr. Amiruddin Latief's statement shows that funding sources for the management and
maintenance of basic infrastructures such as road access, drainage, green open space, and
waste are sourced from community dues. Meanwhile, dues from the community are still
accidental and untested implementation.
The explanation illustrates that the implementation of the handling of slums through the
KOTAKU program has not fully fulfilled the economic aspects of sustainability. Most of the
lappa community is underserved. This is characterized by the number of uninhabitable
homes in this area so that it is necessary to increase the economic capacity of the
community to make the environment better and maintain the infrastructure built. The
application of sustainable economic principles is characterized by an increase in people's
income and economic skills supported by adequate finances in slums (Cronin, 2012; Sticzay
& Koch, 2015). The sustainable economic aspect of the slum is also related to the provision
of management and maintenance funds for the built infrastructure (Degert et al., 2016).
Community independence in slums requires financial support if it is not supported financially
adequately then the sustainability of development will not occur.

CONCLUSION

This study has described the program of handling slums in coastal areas to realize
habitable, inclusive, and sustainable urban settlements. First, the handling of environmental
damage caused by sea tides and seasonal flooding is still not optimal despite the treatment,
the KOTAKU program has not fully conducted a comprehensive environmental impact
assessment analysis in coastal areas. This has an impact on the infrastructure that has been
built into disrepair and led to the re-emergence of slums. Second, The establishment of
community concern for the environment and their participation in the KOTAKU program is
supported by the existence of a tendency to establish a good relationship (mappideceng)
with fellow human beings and the surrounding environment which is one of Bugis cultural
philosophy that is still maintained by the indigenous people of lappa. The result of the

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implementation of the KOTAKU program can be used as social capital for Lappa Village in
the sustainability of future programs. Third, it has not been empowered by the community to
economically make it difficult for people to maintain the quality of the settlements and
maintain the infrastructure built. Community independence in slums requires financial
support if it is not supported by adequate finances then the sustainability of development will
not occur.

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