Annex 3 - Delivery Format - Task 3leon

Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media
Individual work format
Andrés Felipe León Renteria

Group 73
Cc 1121890055
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
Exercises development
Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
Transmission lines confine electromagnetic energy to a region of the space

limited by the physical medium that constitutes the line itself, unlike the waves
that propagate in the air, with no other barrier than the obstacles that are in
their way. The line is made up of electrical conductors with a determined
geometric arrangement that conditions the characteristics of the waves
electromagnetic in it.
In communication systems, transmission lines find numerous applications not

only in the transport of signals between a source and a load, but also as
resonant circuits, filters and impedance couplers. Some of the most common
applications include the transport of telephone signals, data and television, as
well as the connection between transmitters and antennas and between them
and receivers.
2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
Input impedance, Z IN or input resistance as it is often called, is an important
parameter in the design of a transistor amplifier and allows amplifiers to be
characterized according to their effective input and output impedances, as well
as their powers and current ratings.
The impedance value of an amplifier is particularly important for analysis,

especially when individual amplification stages are cascaded one after the
other to minimize signal distortion.
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
The standing wave ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of the maximum voltage to the
minimum voltage of a standing wave within a transmission line, it is a
dimensionless value.
It is considered as a measure of uncoupling of the loads in a radiant system
such as antennas, jumper connectors. The VSWR value depends on the
changes of the wave within a transmission line, considering as main those of
the reflected wave.
If we want to understand VSWR in terms of voltage, it is considered as the
division of the sum of the incident voltages and reflected over the difference of
the incident voltages and reflected in a wave in radiating systems.
c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
Electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of electrical power
transmission lines. This quantity is usually designated by the letter θ. It is
defined as the product between the phase constant of the wave and the
distance at which they are separated from the load.
The length of a wave is one of the parameters used to physically define a

wave. This parameter can be defined for any periodic wave, that is, for the
type of wave that repeats with exactly the same shape every a given interval
of time.
In a periodic wave, the wavelength is the physical distance between two points
from which the wave repeats.
This definition can be clearly seen in the following sine wave. In this case the
wavelength is the distance between two peaks, between two valleys, or
between two of the points where the wave has a value equal to zero.
3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

waves?
The Smith chart is a graphical tool used to relate a complex reflection
coefficient to complex impedance. It can be used for a variety of purposes,
including impedance determination, impedance matching, noise optimization,
stability, and more. The Smith chart is an ingenious graphical technique that
avoids virtually all operations with complex numbers. For example, the input
impedance to a transmission line can be determined by giving its electrical
length and its load impedance.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to
the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.2𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (73 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.1 𝜇𝑟 = 1

Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 055 𝐾𝐻𝑧
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇0
It corresponds to the medium frequency formulation

a. Calculate the electrical parameter R L C G
R= 0.0323 Ohm/m
𝐆 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 Sm/m
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑯/𝒎

𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭/𝒎
b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
Attenuation Constant α
𝛼 = 0.000080 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
Phase constant b
𝛽 = 0.0017𝑖 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
Impedance Intrinsic Zo
c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the

attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
Wavelengths
λ = 3611.02m
Propagation Speed
𝑉𝑝 = 1.96 ∗ 108
Interpretation:
The values obtained in the exercise correspond to a transmission line that
has a very low accumulation of energy, its resistance offers a low capacity
to oppose the flow of current, both inductance and capacitance indicate that
the element does not have the capacity to store a high current and voltage
value.
2. A 𝒁𝒐 = 𝟕𝟓𝛀 lossless transmission line has a 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟑𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓𝛀. If it is 𝟕𝟑 𝒎
long and the wavelength is 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎, Calculate:
a. Input impedance𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
Physical and electrical readiness
I= 1327.27
Zin= 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟕𝟗. 𝟔𝟖𝒊

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase)
Coefficient r y VSWR
c. VSWR.
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation:
The term SWR is used to measure the performance of an antenna. A 1: 1
SWR indicates that the antenna is perfectly matched and there is no
reflected power. In this case an SWR of 4 is too high and some transmitters
will be damaged at this level. It is advisable not to use a transmitter at this
SWR level.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
Application example
An example of the daily use that we give to the transmission line in guided
media is the coaxial cable, which consists of a solid copper core surrounded by
an insulator, a combination of shielding and ground wire and some other
protective covering. Coaxial cable is usually unaffected by external
interference, and is capable of achieving high transmission speeds over long
distances. For this reason, it is used in broadband communication networks,
cable television and broadband internet cables.
Video link
https://youtu.be/70kxArxwjFU
References
https://www.cartagena99.com/recursos/electronica/apuntes/CH9ST
_Web.pdf
http://tutorialesdeelectronicabasica.blogspot.com/2018/06/impedan
cia-de-entrada-de-un.html

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Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Andrés Felipe León Renteria

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Transmission lines confine electromagnetic energy to a region of the space

In communication systems, transmission lines find numerous applications not

2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

The impedance value of an amplifier is particularly important for analysis,

The length of a wave is one of the parameters used to physically define a

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥108 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−13 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.1 𝜇𝑟 = 1

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

It corresponds to the medium frequency formulation

𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑯/𝒎

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the

Zin= 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟕𝟗. 𝟔𝟖𝒊

𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

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