Old-BMLT-PU Syllabus

Bachelor of Science in
Medical Laboratory Technology

(B.Sc. MLT)
CURRICULUM
POKHARA UNIVERSITY
2006
Bachelor of Science in
Medical Laboratory Technology
(B.Sc. MLT)
CURRICULUM
POKHARA UNIVERSITY
2006
1
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc. MLT)
Program
GOALS
Clinical Laboratory Science is one of the important areas in Health Sciences, which supports the clinicians by
providing laboratory test evidences in the treatment of patients. The goal of this curriculum is to produce
clinical laboratory experts who are academically sound, technically skilled and fully capable of performing
various clinical laboratory tests with quality control as well as interpretation of the results.
Pokhara University is aiming to produce highly qualified graduates and subsequently to promote research
excellence in a free and scholastic environment.
Pokhara University has the goal to make students able to appreciate the sanctity of life that enables them to
make a valuable contribution to medical treatment and people's health.
OBJECTIVES
The courses for BMLT program have been designed to achieve the following objectives:
 Provide adequate educational background for careers in Medical Laboratory Science profession
 Study and strengthen the existing Medical Laboratory Science practices in the private and public
institutions through continuing education and training programs
 Assist Medical Laboratory Science and related organizations in solving their problems by
providing consulting services
 Contribute to Medical Laboratory Science literature relevant to Nepal through research and
publications.
ROLE of BMLT GRADUATES

After graduation, BMLT degree holders, start their profession as a Clinical Laboratory Experts. Their
knowledge and technique are applied as a tool to diagnose the diseases. Therefore, the diagnosis of a
medical doctor is further confirmed by the laboratory tests. Their services are essential in every hospital,
clinic and research center. They practice according to regulation of Health Professional Council of HMG of
Nepal. Major role of BMLT graduates will be as in the following area:
 Hospital and clinic
 Health care center
 Drug administration agency
 Industry
 University
 Environment protection
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
After obtaining the BMLT degree, s/he will be eligible for rewarding employment in the following areas:
 Academic Field
 Hospital and Clinic
 Health Research Council
 Health Research Laboratory
 Pharmaceutical Industry
 Governmental Drug Administration
 Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Service
 Health Food Development, etc
2
AN INTRODUCTION TO BScMLT. PROGRAM
A. GENERAL sequence and the fourth digits after decimal, indicates

1. Title the number of credit hours of the course (MBL 102.3 is
The official title of the program is Bachelor of Science a first year course of 3 credit hours).
in Medical Laboratory Technology (B. Sc. MLT.). In
short it may be referred as BMLT unofficially. 5. Duration and academic schedule of the
program
2. Objective The program of study for B. Sc. MLT. will be over a
The objective of the B. Sc. MLT. program is to period of eight semesters (four academic years). In
produce a qualified Clinical Laboratory Experts. exceptional case, however, the course can be
completed within six years from the time of admission.
3. Course structure The academic session consists of two semesters per
 The B. Sc. MLT. course comprises of 17 credit year. The Fall semester (September - February) starts
hours in first semester, 19 credit hours each in in September and the Spring semester (March-July)
second to seventh semester and 9 credit hours in begins in March.
eighth semester, with the total of 140 credit hours
spreading over eight semesters. 6. Medium of teaching and examination
 Three credit hours of theory or one credit hour of The medium of instruction, text books in all subjects
practical or one credit hour of seminar is and examination for B. Sc. MLT. program will be
equivalent to 45 hours work load per semester. English.
 All theory courses will be of three credit hours and
all practical courses will be of one credit hour. The
internship source will be of 3 credit hours. Project B. ADMISSION AND EXAMINATION
works will be of 6 credit hours. 1. Entry requirement for new student
 An average involvement of a student in University The applicants must have minimum of 50% aggregate
will be of 6 h/day, i. e. 36 h/week (Sunday to marks/grades in 10+2 (Science Stream) or PCL
Friday). Approximate active weeks will be of 15 (Science) or I. Sc. or equivalent in addition with the
weeks/semester therefore, in total, the student will minimum of 50% aggregates marks in Physics-
be engaged 540 h/semester. Students must carry on Chemistry-Biology (PCB) to apply for the entrance
duties in the hospital as guided by the University. examination. Besides the basic academic requirement,
 Each theory class will be of 55 minutes and after an entrance examination will be held for all applicants.
two continuous theory classes there will be a break
of 15 minutes. Each practical class will be of 2. Admission procedure
minimum three hours. Seminar program will be The application form and the information can be
compulsory and considered as noncredit course. obtained on request from Pokhara University, Pokhara
 Subject Code will be as follow based on the or concern college. Only the eligible candidates will be
importance of the subjects: allowed to take part in the entrance test.
0 MBL/MLS = Microbiology/
Medical Laboratory Science The subjects in the entrance test will be Chemistry,
1 PTL = Pathology Biology, Mathematics, and English, according to the
2 BCM/HML = Biochemistry/Hematology syllabus of higher secondary (10+2) level. The
3 APL = Anatomy and Physiology University may also hold interviews for the candidates
4 CBL = Cell Biology before their final selection for admission, if necessary.
5 HTL/CTL = Histology/Cytology The candidates will be admitted on merit basis.
6 IML = Immunology Eligible foreign national students may be admitted
7 CHM = Chemistry against limited seats on the basis of an interview.
8 HAD = Health and Disease
9 Others = English (ENG), Biostatics The candidate, who is given provisional admission
(MTH) Research (RES) and Project Work (PRW) under special the condition, is required to submit all
necessary documents before regular classes. Otherwise,
4. Course coding the admission will be annulled.
Each course is identified by three capital letters
followed by four digits. Three letters indicate the 3. Student evaluation
subject area (e.g., MBL for microbiology, MTH for The student’s academic performance during a semester
mathematics etc). The first digit of each number will be evaluated internally (session work) and
indicates the academic year of the course (1 for first externally (the final examination). The session work
year, 2 for second year and so on). The second digit examination will be evaluated by the teaching Faculty
indicates the priority subject (see subject code as and it will be of 50% weight. The remaining 50% will
mentioned above), the third digit indicates the be the final examination, conducted by University.
3
In the Practical courses, no final examination will be performance in that course. The pattern of grading will
conducted and the session marks shall be awarded on be as follows:
the basis of continual assessment. Normally, final
examinations are not conducted in courses which are Letter Grade Grade point
offered as intensive courses conducted by reputed description
international scholars.
A 4.0 Excellent
To pass a course, a student must obtain a minimum of A- 3.7
D grade in session work (an average of three internal B+ 3.3
assessments) and the final examination, separately. B 3.0 Good
B- 2.7
C+ 2.3
4. Attendance Requirement C 2.0 Satisfactory
The students must attend every lecture, tutorial, C- 1.7
seminar and practical classes. However, to D+ 1.3
accommodate for sickness and other contingencies, the D 1.0 Minimum requirement
attendance requirement shall be a minimum of 80% of F 0 Failing
the classes in any particular subject, otherwise s/he
shall not be allowed to take the final examination in
that subject. If a student is continuously absent from In unusual circumstances, the student may be awarded
the college for more than four weeks without notifying an incomplete grade of "I". If all the requirements are
the head of the institution, his/her name will be not completed within the following semester, the grade
removed form the school roll. of "I" will be automatically converted to an "F". A
student receiving an "I" grade does not need to register
5. Course Registration for that subject in the following semester to complete
The academic record of a student is maintained in the required works.
terms of the courses for which s/he registers in any
semester, and the grades s/he obtains in those courses. The performance of a student in a semester will be
Registration for courses is done at the beginning of evaluated in terms of the semester grade point average
each semester. (SGPA). The student’s final grade will be calculated on
cumulative grade point average (CGPA).
6. Final Examination
University conducts final examination at the end of
each semester. The procedure of final examination D. AWARD OF DEGREE
conduction will be as per the examination rules of the To award a degree of Bachelor of Sciences in Medical
University. Laboratory Technology (B. Sc. MLT.):
i) The student must complete total prescribed credits
7. Scrutinizing of Final Examination Paper including theory, practical, seminar, compulsory
Students may apply for retotaling or rechecking of their training in hospital and project work within
grades as per University rule, upon payment of prescribed period.
prescribed fee. ii) CGPA must be 2.0 or more.
C. GRADING SYSTEM
The grades (marks) awarded to student in a course is E. OTHER
based on his/her consolidated performance in session All other rules and regulations will be followed as
and final examinations. The letter grade in any already established by Pokhara University.
particular subject is an indication of a student's relative
4
CURRICULUM STRUCTURE
B. Sc. MLT
FIRST YEAR
FIRST SEMESTER
Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

hours course course
MLS 101.3 Medical Laboratory Science

(Fundamentals of Medical Laboratory Science) 3 ------- ☼
MBL 102.3 Microbiology I (Fundamentals) 3 ------- ☼
CHM 171.3 General Chemistry I
(Fundamentals and Analytical Technique) 3 ------- ---
CHM 172.3 General Chemistry II (Structure and Reaction) 3 ------- ---
MTH 191.3 Biostatistics 3 ------- ---
LAB-1.1 Laboratory 1 1 ------- ---

LAB-2.1 Laboratory 2 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 17
SECOND SEMESTER

hours course course
BCM 121.3 Biochemistry I (General) 3 ------- ---

APL 131.3 Anatomy and Physiology I 3 ------- ---
CTL 151.3 General Cytology 3 ------- ☼
HTL 152.3 Histology (General) 3 ------- ☼
CHM 173.3 Analytical Chemistry (Instrumentation) 3 ------- ---
LAB-3.1 Laboratory 3 1 ------- ---

LAB-4.1 Laboratory 4 1 ------- ---
LAB-5.1 Laboratory 5 1 ------- ---
SEM-1.1 Seminar 1 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 19
5
B. Sc. MLT
SECOND YEAR
THIRD SEMESTER

hours course course
MBL 201.3 Microbiology-II (Bacteriology) 3 MBL 102.3 ☼

BCM 221.3 Biochemistry II (General) 3 BCM 121.3 ---
APL 231.3 Anatomy and Physiology II 3 APL 131.3 ---
CBL 241.3 Molecular Cell Biology (Genetic Engineering) 3 ------- ☼
IML 261.3 Immunology (Fundamentals) 3 ------- ---
LAB-6.1 Laboratory 6 1 ------- ---

LAB-7.1 Laboratory 7 1 ------- ---
LAB-8.1 Laboratory 8 1 ------- ---
SEM-2.1 Seminar 2 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 19
FOURTH SEMESTER

hours course course
MBL 202.3 Microbiology III (Bacteriology) 3 MBL 201.3 ☼

PTL 211.3 General Pathology 3 -------- ☼
PTL 212.3 Cytopathology 3 -------- ☼
BCM 222.3 Biochemistry III (Clinical) 3 BCM 221.3 ☼
HAD 281.3 Health and Disease (General Clinical Problem) 3 -------- ---
LAB-9.1 Laboratory 9 1 ------- ---

LAB-10.1 Laboratory 10 1 ------- ---
LAB-11.1 Laboratory 11 1 ------- ---
SEM-3.1 Seminar 3 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 19
6
B. Sc. MLT
THIRD YEAR
FIFTH SEMESTER

hours course course
MBL 301.3 Microbiology IV (Parasitology) 3 MBL 202.3 ☼

PTL 311.3 Histopathology I 3 ------- ☼
BCM 321.3 Biochemistry IV (Clinical) 3 BCM 222.3 ☼
BCM 323.3 Applied Biotech
(Modern Tools in Biochemistry) 3 ------- ☼
HML 322.3 Hematology I 3 ------- ☼
LAB-12.1 Laboratory 12 1 ------- ---

LAB-13.1 Laboratory 13 1 ------- ---
LAB-14.1 Laboratory 14 1 ------- ---
SEM-4.1 Seminar 4 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 19
SIXTH SEMESTER

hours course course
MBL 302.3 Microbiology-V (Virology) 3 MBL 301.3 ☼

MBL 303.3 Microbiology-VI (Mycology) 3 MBL 301.3 ☼
PTL 312.3 Histopathology II 3 PTL 311.3 ☼
BCM 324.3 Biochemistry-V (Clinical) 3 BCM 321.3 ☼
HML 325.3 Hematology II 3 -------- ☼
LAB-15.1 Laboratory 15 1 ------- ---

LAB-16.1 Laboratory 16 1 ------- ---
LAB-17.1 Laboratory 17 1 ------- ---
SEM-5.1 Seminar 5 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 19
7
B. Sc. MLT
FOURTH YEAR
SEVENTH SEMESTER

hours course course
MBL 401.3 Microbiology-VII (Clinical) 3 MBL 302.3 ☼

PTL 411.3 Autopsy and Medical Jurisprudence 3 ------- ☼
BCM 421.3 Biochemistry-VI (Toxicology) 3 BCM 323.3 ☼
HML 422.3 Immuno-Hematology and Blood Bank 3 HML 325.3 ☼
RES 491.3 Clinical Laboratory Research 3 ------- ---
LAB-18.1 Laboratory 18 1 ------- ---

LAB-19.1 Laboratory 19 1 ------- ---
LAB-20.1 Laboratory 20 1 ------- ---
SEM-6.1 Seminar 6 1 ------- ---
TOTAL 19
EIGHTH SEMESTER

hours course course
INT 491.3 Internship 3 ------- ---

PRW 492.6 Project Work 6 ------- ---
TOTAL 9
☼ represents the core course.
Note:
A project work will be assigned in eighth semester and the topic for the Project will be decided by Head of the
Department. This project work should be completed and submitted to Program Director before the final examination.
8
THE CONTENT OF SYLLABUS
BMLT
First Year
First Semester
9
MLS 101.3 (Credit hours 3)
Medical Laboratory Science

(Fundamentals of Medical Laboratory Science)
BMLT, First Year, First Semester
Course Objectives:
The students will become familiar with the commonly used terminology in medical laboratory practice,
which shall provide a broad view of Clinical Laboratory Sciences.
Course Contents:
1. Introduction to Laboratory Sciences 5 hours
Historical development, Role of clinical laboratory science in health care, Role of clinical laboratory scientists,
Structure of clinical laboratory services in Nepal, International and national organization in laboratory practice.
2. Laboratory Safety Rules 5 hours

Laboratory hazard and accidents, Safe laboratory design and organization, Preventing laboratory infection,
Pipetting and dispensing safety, Safe use and storage of chemical and reagent, WHO guide lines for clinical
laboratory biosafety, Biological safety cabinet.
3. Clinical Laboratory Organization 4 hours

Operational standard and management, Staffing, Element of the services, The Laboratory Manual or protocol
accommodation, equipment, training, safety precautions, quality assurance, use of computer in clinical laboratory.
4. The General Clinical Laboratories 21 hours

Introduction, purposes and practice in a) Microbiology, b) Pathology, c) Biochemistry, d) hematology and e) Blood
bank laboratories.
5. Research and Literature in Clinical Laboratory 10 hours

Medical Dictionaries, Merck Index, Indian Pharmacopoea (IP), British Pharmacopoea (BP), United States
Pharmacopoea (USP), European Pharmacopoea (EP), Japanese Pharmacopoea (JP), Nepalese Formularies, General
Medical Books, Journals, Original research articles, Review, Pubmed Database, Role of seminar and conference,
Role of literature on research.
Reference Books:
1. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 20th Ed. John Bernard Henary M. D. W. B.
Saunders Co.Philadelphia.
2. Mackie and McCartney, Practical Medical Microbiology, 14th Ed.
3. Monica Chees Brough: Medical Laboratory Manual for tropical countries, volume I, II.
4. WHO: Laboratory biosafety Manual.
5. Mapping the literature of Clinical Laboratory Science JMLA, 2003; July91 (3)303-3110(1999a).
6. A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory: Part 1.Ancient times through the
19th century. Medical Laboratory Observer (July), 28-40.
7. Berger, D. (1999b). A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory: part 2.
Laboratory science and professional certification in the 20 th century. Medical Laboratory Observer (August),
32-38.
8. Berger, D. (1999c). A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory Part 3.
Medicare, government regulation, and competency certification. Medical Laboratory Observer (October), 40-
44.
9. Berger, D. (1999d). A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory: Part 4. Fraud
and abuse, managed care, and lab consolidation. Medical Laboratory Observer(December), 38-42.
10. Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 9th edition.
10
MBL 102.3 (Credit hours 3)
Microbiology I
(Fundamentals)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on microbiology and its general application to Medical
Laboratory Sciences.
Course Contents:
1. History of Microbiology 3 hours
Historical development of microbiology, Major contributor and their discoveries with the reference to Antony van
Leuwenhook. Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch. Joseph Lister, Edward Jenner
2. Characteristics of Microorganisms 2 hours

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses, Prions
3. Types of Microscopes and their uses 5 hours

Light microscope, Phage contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope, Dark field microscope, Electron
microscope
4. Staining 4 hours
Various type of stains and their classification, Principle of staining and their preparation and uses, Gram stain,
Ziehl Neelseen stain and other stains in laboratory
5. Safety in Microbiology Laboratory 3 hours

Laboratory contamination and laboratory associated infection, Classification of microorganism on the basic of
hazard, Disposal of infectious materials, Laboratory safety measures, Types of biological safety cabinets,
Laboratory discipline and practices
6. Sterilization and Disinfection 6 hours

Concept of sterilization, Antisepsis, Disinfection, Physical agents: Sun light, Heat, Radiation, Filtration, chemical
agents: Alcohols, Phenolic agents, Aldehydes, Other chemical agents and gases
.
7. Morphology, Physiology and Classification of Bacteria 8 hours
Size and shape of bacteria, Bacterial anatomy, Cytoplasmic membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Mesosomes,
Intracytoplasmic inclusions, Nucleus, Slime layer and capsule, Flagella, Fimbriae, Bacterial spores, Pleomorphism
and Involutional forms, Growth and multiplication of bacteria, Bacterial growth curve, Bacterial nutrition
8. Culture Media 5 hours

Basal media, enriched media, Enrichement media, Selective media, Indicator media, Differential media, Sugar
media, Transport media, Anaerobic media
9. Culture Methods 3 hours

Aerobic culture: the streak culture, the Lawan culture, the stroke culture, sub culture, pour plate culture, sweep
plate method, Liquid cultures. Anaerobic culture, Cultivation of fungus, Cultivation of parasites, Cultivation of
viruses
13. Identification of Microorganisms 6 hours

Morphology, Staining reactions, Cultural characteristics, Resistance, Metabolism, Fermentation and other
biochemical properties, Antigenic structure, Pathogenicity, Advanced technology
Reference Books:
1. Stainer, General Microbiology: Latest Edition
2. Hans g. Schlegel, General microbiology, Cambridge Low Price Edition
3. Mackie and Mc Cartney, Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th Edition
4. R.anantanarayan, Text book of Microbiology, 6th edition, Orient Longman
5. Monica Cheesbrough, Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, Volume I, and II
6. Laboratory Biosafety Manual WHO.
11
CHM 171.3 (Credit hours 3)
General Chemistry I
(Fundamentals and Analytical Technique)
Course Objectives:
This course is designed to understand fundamentals of chemistry and principles of qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
Course Contents:
1. Atomic Structure 8 hours
Bohr’s theory and refinements, Wave mechanical model of the atom, Matter wave, de Broglie’s equation,
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Shapes of s, p, d orbitals, Quantum numbers and their significance, Energy
level diagram
2. Chemical Bonding 6 hours

General characteristics of covalent bond, electrovalent bond, coordinate covalent bond, hydrogen bond, and Van
der Waals force and their biological significance, Hybridization, Inductive effective, Electrometric effect,
Mesomerism, Resonance, Hyperconjugation.
3. Periodic Table 6 hours

Periodicity of element, s, p, d, f blocks, Long form of periodic table, Discussion of properties (atomic, ionic and
covalent radii, ionization potential, screening or shielding effect, electronegetivity, electron affinity)
4. Nuclear Chemistry 6 hours

Composition of nucleus (nuclear stability), Binding energy, Radioactivity, Half-life determination, Nuclear reaction
5. Coordination Chemistry 5 hours

Werner’s theory, Nomenclature, Isomerism, Valence bond theory, Crystal field theory
6. Principles of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 14 hours

Solubility product, Common ion effect, Their application in group separation, Principles of gravimetric and
volumetric analysis
Reference Books:
1. Samuel H. Maron and Carl F. Prutton: Principles of Physical Chemistry. (4th Ed.) Oxford and IBM Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. B. S. Bahl, G. D. Tuli and Arun Bahl: Essentials of Physical Chemistry. (24th Ed.), 2000, S. Chand and
Company Ltd.
3. F. Albert Cotton, Geoffrey Wilkinson and Paul L. Gaus: Basic Inorganic Chemistry. (3rd Ed.), 2001, John
Wiley and Sons Inc.
4. Satya Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu, and R. D. Madan: Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. (18th Ed.), Vol I,
2000, S. Chand and Company Ltd.
5. G. Svehla: Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. (7th Ed.), 1998, Longman Group Limited.
6. G. H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, R. C. Denney Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (5th Ed.), 1999,
Addison Wisley Longman Inc.
12
General Chemistry II
(Structure and Reaction)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the fundamental knowledge on the three dimensional structure and chemical
reaction of organic molecule.
Course Contents:
1. Structure and Nomenclature of some simple molecules 8 hours
Atomic Orbital, Molecular orbital, Hybrid Orbital, Structure of Water, Ammonia, Methane, Ethylene, Acetylene,
Benzene, Classification of Organic compounds, and Nomenclature (Classical, IUPAC)
2. Stereochemistry 10 hours
Stereochemistry and stereoisomerism, Optical activity, Polarimeter, Specific rotation, Enantiomerism and
Tetrahedral carbon, Enantiomerism and Optical activity, Prediction of enantiomerism (chairality), Chiral center,
Racemic modification, Configuration, Specification of configurations (R and S), Sequence rule, Diastereomers,
Epimers, Geometrical isomerism, E and Z-configurations
3. Conformational Analysis 10 hours

Conformation in open chain system, Conformation in six membered rings, Conformation in six membered rings
containing heteroatoms, Conformation in other rings, conformation and physical properties, Conformational effects
on stability and reactivity
4. Reaction Mechanism 6 hours

Types of mechanism, Types of reaction, Thermodynamic and Kinetic requirements for reaction, Kinetic and
Thermodynamic control, the Hammond postulate, Microscopic reversibility
5. Methods for Determining Mechanism 6 hours

Identification of products, Determination of the presence of intermediate, Study of catalysis, Isotope labeling,
Stereochemical evidence, Rate expression for the first and second order reaction, Isotope effect
6. Reactive Intermediates 5 hours

Stability, Structure, Generation, and Fate of Carbocation, Carbanion, Free radical, Carbene, Nitrene, and Benzyne,
Aromaticity and Anti-aromaticity
Reference Books:
1. John McMurry: Organic Chemistry (5th Ed.) 2000, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company (Asian Books Pvt. Ltd.).
2. Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd: Organic Chemistry (6th Ed.) 1999, Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Jerry March: Advanced Organic Chemistry (4th Ed.) 2000, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Ernest L. Eliel: Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, 23rd reprints (1998), Tata-McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
13
MTH 191.3 (Credit hours 3)
Biostatistics
Course Objectives:
The student would be able to understand the terminology of statistics and able to read and present
medical data in the tabular and graphic form, calculate and understand the application of test of
significance.
Course Contents:
1. Introduction 4 hours
Definition, Scope and limitations, Sources of data, Techniques of collecting primary data, General concepts of
sampling
2. Classification and Presentation of Data 6 hours

Data classification (need, objectives, and types of data collection), Construction of frequency and relative
frequency distribution and its principles, Tabular presentation, Diagrammatic presentation (Bar and Pie diagram),
Graphic presentation (Histogram, Frequency polygon, Ogive), Stem and leaf display presentation
3. Fundamental Statistical Measures 8 hours

Measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, Mode, Weighted Average and Geometric mean), Measures of
dispersion (Range, Quartile deviation, Standard deviation, Coefficient of variation)
4. Probability Theory 6 hours

Concept and Importance, Types of events, Objective and subjective probabilities, Marginal and joint probabilities,
Theorems of probability, Conditional probability, Mathematical expectation
5. Probability Distribution 7 hours

Discrete probability distribution (Binomial and poisson distribution and mean of their distributions), Continuous
probability distributions, Normal distribution, Normal approximation of Binomial distributions
6. Test of Significance 8 hours

Test of significance (t-test, Z-test, x2-test), Computational procedure of hypothesis testing, Hypothesis testing when
population S.D. is known, Hypothesis testing when population S.D. is unknown
7. Simple Correlation and Regression Analysis 6 hours

Scatter diagram, Correlation, Least square regression, Prediction and Confidence internals for estimating regression
parameters
Reference Books:
1. B. K. Mahajan: Methods in Biostatics. (6th Ed.) 1999, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Jit S. Chandan: Statistics. Vikash Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.
14
LAB-1.1 (Credit hour 1)
Laboratory-1
Basic Microbiology
Course Objectives:
The students will become familiar with the commonly used technique and basic practical knowledge in
general microbiology.
Course Contents:
1. Observation of various part of compound microscope and their functions 6 hours
2. Observation and uses of Autoclave and Hot air oven 4 hours
3. Preparation of common Laboratory disinfectants and their uses 4 hours
4. Cleaning and decontamination of glasswares and laboratory waste materials 4 hours
5. Preparation of general laboratory reagents for stainig of microorganisms in microbiology:
Gram stain,ZN stain,methyline blue stain,Albert stain 6 hours
6. Morphological study of Bacteria 4 hours
7. Preparation of different types of media in microbiology and their quality control. 6 hours
8. Perform different method of cultivation of bacteria and fungi in vitro 5 hours
9. Different methods of identification of organism from culture 6 hours
Reference Books:

Laboratory-2
General Chemistry
Course Objectives:
Students will be able to understand simple laboratory techniques and titrations
Course Contents:
1. Laboratory safety, Chemical hazards, Prevention of accidents and Use of reagents
2. Use of Physical balance, Chemical balance, Micropipettes
3. Pharmacopoeial control and identification tests for important drugs and poisonous substances, environmental
hazards, disposal of chemicals
4. Use of pipette, burette and balance (calibration), Standardization of solutions in volumetric analysis.
5. Limit tests for As, Hg, Pb, Fe, Cl- and SO4--
6. Estimation of saline solution and calcium
7. Acid/base titration
Reference Books:
15
BMLT
First Year
Second Semester
16
BCM 121.3 (Credit hours 3)
Biochemistry I
(General)
BMLT, First Year, Second Semester
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the students about the knowledge on general principles of biochemistry
applicable to medical sciences.
Course Contents:
1. Physicochemical Phenomena 5 hours
Importance of physicochemical phenomena in Biochemistry, Colloidal state, Surface tension, Viscosity Osmosis,
Diffusion, Buffers, pH, Significance of pH, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
2. Chemistry and Metabolism of Carbohydrates 15 hours

Introduction, Classification, Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysacchrides, Carbohydrate derivatives,
Glycogensis, Gycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis, Tricaboxylic acid cycle, Hexose monophosphate shunt,
Effect of hormones on carbodydrate metabolism
3. Chemistry and Metabolism of Lipids 12 hours

Introduction, Classification, Characterization tests, Fats, Waxes, Soaps, Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Steroids and
Sterols, Theories of fat absorption, Oxidation of fatty acids, Synthesis of fatty acids, Abnormalities of lipid
metabolism, Eicosanoids, Prostanoids, Leukotrienes, Lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathway, Peroxidation of
Lipid, Diphoters, HDL, LDL, VLDL
4. Chemistry and Metabolism of Proteins 13 hours

Introduction, Classification, Occurrence, General properties, Amino acids, Physicochemical properties, Structure of
protein molecule, Metabolism of individual amino acids (e.g. phenyl alanine and tyrosine metabolism), Protein
biosynthesis, Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, RNA synthesis, Initiation, Translation Elongation, Genetic
code and Protein synthesis
Reference Books:
1. Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes and Victor W: Rodwell, Harper,s Biochemistry Latest Ed.
Appleton and Lange, Stanford, CT.
2. Lubert Styrer: Biochemistry (4th Ed.) W. H. Freeman and Company.
3. David L. Nelson and Michel M. Cox: Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, (3rd Ed.) 2000, Macmillan Worth
Publisher.
17
APL 131.3 (Credit hours 3)
Anatomy and Physiology I
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on the structure and function of human body, which will
enable the students to understand scientific basis of the drug action.
Course Contents:
1. The Cell (Structure and Function) 10 hours
An organization of the cell, The membranous structure of the cell, The cytoplasm and its organelles, Functional
systems of the cell, Diffusion, Kinetics of diffusion, Diffusion through the cell membrane, Active transport,
Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
2. Blood 8 hours
An introduction of haematology, Functions of blood, Composition of blood, Blood coagulation, Formed elements
of blood, Homeostatic imbalances of blood, Blood groups, Interstitial fluid and lymph, Body fluids, Lymphatic
system, Reticuloendothelial system
3. Digestive System 8 hours

An introduction of digestive system, Anatomy of gastrointestional tract, Gastrointestinal movements, Deglution,
Secretions of digestive enzymes, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation, Homeostatic imbalances of the digestive
system
4. Excretory System 7 hours

An introduction to excretory system, Anatomy of kidney, Glomerular filtration, Reabsorption and secretion in the
tubules, Acid-base balance, Counter current mechanism, Renal disease, Micturition, Abnormalities of micturition
5. The Functioning Nerve Cell 4 hours

Nervous system, Electrical concepts for Neurophysiology actiobn potential, impulse conduction, Synases
neurotransmitter substances
6. The Functioning Muscle Cell 4 hours

Classification of Muscle cell, Muscle structure and function, Homeostaris imbalances of neuromuscular junctions
or muscle tissue
7. The Autonomic Nervous System 4 hours

Structure and physiology, Control of autonomic nervous system by the central nervous system
Reference Books:
1. Peter L. Williams et al. (Ed.): Gray’s Anatomy. (38th Ed.) 1995, Churchill Livingstone.
2. Chummy S. Sinnatamby: Last’s Anatomy Regional and Applied. 1999, Churchill Livingstone.
3. Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall: Guyton Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease. 1996, Harcourt
Publishers Limited.
18
CTL 151.3 (Credit hours 3)
General Cytology
Course Objectives:
The students will become familiar with the commonly used terminology and basic knowledge in normal
human cytology.
Course Contents:
1. The cell 5 hours
Cell structure and organisation, Plasma membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria,
Lysosomes, Secretory grnules, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromatin nuclear matrix
2. Cytology Techniques and Staining 8 hours

Fixation, Cytological technique on female genital tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, body
fluid, Fine needle aspiration, Immunocytochemistry, Electron Microscopy, Flow Cytometry.
3. Cell and Tissue types (Gross Anatomy, Histology, Cytology, potentials pitfalls) 32 hours
Epithelium
Blood vessels
Respiratory System
Digestive Tract: Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine
Glands and Lymphoid system:
Thyroid gland, Salivary Glands, Lymph nodes, Tonsils thymus, Spleen
Female Reproductive System: Ovary, Fallopian Tube, Uterine Body, Uterine Cervix and Vagina
Breast
Body Cavity Fluids, Synovial Joint, Pleural fluid, Ascitis fluid, Cerebro spinal fluid
Skin
Reference Books:
1. Arlene J. Herzberg: Color Atlas of Normal Cytology. Churchil Livingstone.
2. Bibbo: Comprensive Cytopathology. W. B. Saundres Companey
3. Leopuld G.Koss: Diagnostic Cytopathology and its Histopathologic Basis, (4th ed.), Llippincott
4. Demay: Cytology
5. Orell: Manual of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology,
6. Difiore: Atlas of Histology
7. Janquira: Text Book of Histology,
19
HTL 152 (Credit hours 3)
Histology (General)
BMLT First Year, Second Semester
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on the general histology of human body.
Course contents:
1. Epithelium, and Glands 3 hours
Introduction, Classification ground substance, Fibes and cells of connective tissue,
2. General Connective Tissue 3 hours
Introduction, Intercellular ground substance, Fibers and cells of connective tissue, Adipose tissue
3. Cartilage 3 hours
General microscopic structure of cartilage, Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage
4. Bone 3 hours
Gross structure of bone, Structure of cancellous bone and compact bone, Periosteum, Synovium
5. Muscle 3 hours
Microscopic arrangement of skeletal muscle, Cardia muscle, Smooth muscle
6. Skin 3 hours
Histological structure of skin including hair and hair follicles, Nails
7. Digestive System 4 hours
Microscopic structural features of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, Liver,
pancreas
8. Respiratory System 3 hours
Microscopic structural features of trachea and bronchi, Lungs
9. Urinary System 3 hours
Histological structure of kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
10. Cardiovascular System 5 hours
Microscopic structure characteristic of arteries, veins and capillaries, Histological features of heart,
Microscopic structure of lymph nodes and spleen
11. Endocrine System 3 hours
Tyroid gland, paratyroid gland
12. Reproductive System 5 hours
Male: Microscopic structure of testis, Accessory urogenital organs
Female: General structure of ovaries, Uterine tubes, Mammary glands
13. Nervous Tissue 4 hours
Tissue constituting the nervous system, Neuron structure, Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres,
Ganglia, Neuroglia
Reference Books:
1. Barbara Young and John W. Health: Where's functional Histology. (4th Ed.) 2001, Chruchill Livingstone,
Edinburgh.
2. Inderbir Singh: Textbook of Human Histology (4th Ed.) 2004, Jaypee Broters Medical publishers Ltd., New
Delhi
3. Luiz Carlos Jungeira, Jose Cornerio and Robert O. Kelley: Basic Histology. (9th Ed.)1998, McGraw- Hill,New
York .
4. Victor p. Eroschenko: di Fiore's Atlas of Histology. (9th Ed.) 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia.
20
Analytical Chemistry (Instrumentation)
Course Objectives:
This course is designed to understand general principles of instrumental analysis techniques and their
application in clinical laboratory tests.
Course Contents:
1. An Introduction to Analytical Methods 5 hours
Classification of analytical methods, Types of instrumental methods, Instruments for analysis, Selecting for
analytical methods, Calibration of instrumental methods
2. An Introduction to Spectrometric Methods 5 hours

Wave properties of electromagnetic radiation, Quantum-mechanical properties of radiation, Component of optical
instrument
3. Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrometry 5 hours

Sample atomization technique, Atomic absorption instrumentation, Atomic absorption analytical technique, Atomic
fluorescence spectroscopy
4. Atomic Emission Spectrometry 5 hours

Emission spectroscopy based on plasma source, Emission spectroscopy based on arc and spark sources,
Miscellaneous sources for optical emission spectroscopy
5. Flame Photometry 5 hours

Principles of flame photometry, Inferences in flame photometry, Evaluation method in flame photometry,
6. Polarimetry 5 hours
Polarised light, Application of polarimetry, Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD),
Principles and instrumentation for ORD and CD
7. Potentiometry 5 hours
Electrochemical cells, Electrode potential, Standard electrode potential, Various electrodes in potentiometry,
Instrumentation, Potentiometric titration, Potentiometry in quantitative analysis
8. Polarography and Volatametry 5 hours

Principles, Instrumentation, Application of polarography and voltametry
9. Conductometry 5 hours
Principles, Instrumentation, Application of conductometry
Reference Books:
1. Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler and Timothy A. Nieman: Principles of Instrumental Analysis. (5th Ed.)
1998, Harcourt College Publisher (Harcourt Asia PTE Limited), Singapore.
2. S. M. Khopkar: Basic Concept of Analytical Chemistry. 1998,New Age International (P) Ltd., Publisher, New
Delhi.
21
Laboratory-3
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-4
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-5
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
1. One step preparation of compounds of medicinal properties
2. Assay of Pharmaceutical compounds based on acid-base, oxidation-reduction, precipitation and diazotization
titration
3. Preparation of complexes and complexometric titration
4. Gravimetric determination of official compounds and detection of metal ions
Reference Books:
SEM-1.1 (Credit hour 1)
SEMINAR-1
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
22
BMLT
Second Year
Third Semester
23
Microbiology II (Bacteriology)
BMLT, Second Year, Third Semester
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on systemic microbiology and its general application to
medical laboratory sciences.
Course Contents:
Describe Morphology, Staining property, Cultural characteristics, Biochemical reactions, Antigenic
characters, Pathogenicity, Laboratory diagnosis and the diseases caused by the following:
1. Gram Positive Cocci 10 hours

Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococci, Micrococci
2. Gram Negative Bacilli 20 hours

Esherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, providencia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersenia
3. Curve Gram Negative Bacilli 7 hours

Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter
4. Gram Negative Cocci 5 hours

Branhamella, Neisseria
5. Hemophilus 3 hours
Haemophilus influenze and other species
Reference Books:
1. Mackie and McCartney: Practical Medical Microbiology (14th Ed.) 1999, Churchill Livingstone, London.
2. David Greenwood, Richard C.B. Slack and John F. Peutherer: Microbiology (15th Ed.) 2000, Churchill
Livingstone, London.
3. R. Ananthanarayan and C.K.J. Paniker: Textbook of Microbiology (6th Ed.) 2002, Orient Longman Ltd.
Hydrabad.
24
Biochemistry II
(General)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide a basic knowledge on vitamins, hormones and enzymes and their application in
pharmaceutical sciences.
Course Contents:
1. Vitamins 18 hours
Chemistry, Physiological functions, Deficiency symptoms, Sources, Requirements and therapeutic uses of the
following vitamins: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin E and D, and vitamins of B group, (i.e. thiamine,
riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, lipoic acid, biotin, inositol, paraaminobenozic acid, folic acid,
vitamin B12).
2. Hormones 17 hours
Chemistry, Mechanism of action, Biosynthesis, Release, Metabolic function and therapeutic uses of the following
hormones: insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, parathormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, corticosteroids, sex hormones,
hormones of hypophysis, hypothalamic regulating factors and hormone antagonists.
3. Enzymes 10 hours
Chemical nature of enzymes, Classification, Active site, Different shapes of active sites, Factors influencing
enzyme actions, Inhibitors and activators, Clinical enzymology.
Reference Books:
1. Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes and Victor W: Rodwell, Harper’s Biochemistry (25th Ed.)
2000 Appleton and Lange, Stamford.
2. Lubert Styrer: Biochemistry (4th Ed.) 2000, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
3. David L. Nelson and Michel M. Cox: Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, (3rd Ed.) 2000, Macmillan Worth
Publisher, New York.
25
APL 231.3 (Credit hours 3)
Anatomy and Physiology II

Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on the structure and function of human body, which will
enable the students to understand scientific basis of drug action.
Course Contents:
1. Respiratory System 10 hours
A general introduction and physiological anatomy of respiratory system, Pulmonary ventilation, Mechanism of
respiration, Volume and capacities, Gaseous exchange, Transport of gases, Regulation of respiration
2. Nervous System 12 hours

Protection and coverings, Cerebrospinal fluid, Blood supply, Brain stem, Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Brain waves,
Cerebellum, Cranial nerves, Homeostatic imbalances of the central nervous system
3. Circulatory System 10 hours

Introduction, Anatomy of heart, Conduction system of heart, Nervous regulation of heart, Coronary circulation,
Cardiac cycle, Blood pressure, Heart rate cardiac output and homeostatic imbalances of the cardiovascular
4. Endocrinology and Reproduction 13 hours

An introduction to endocrinology. Male and female reproductive organs. Male and female sex hormones.
Mechanism of hormonal action, Endocrine regulation, The pituitary hormones and their control by the
hypothalmus. The thyroid metabolic hormones, The adrenal hormones. Homeostatic imbalances of the above
mentioned hormones. Reproductive functions of the male and female sex hormones, Menstrual cycle
Reference Books:
1. Peter L. Williams et al. (Ed.): Gray’s Anatomy, (38th Ed.) 1995, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
2. Chummy S. Sinnatamby: Last’s Anatomy Regional and Applied, 1999, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
3. Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall: Guyton Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease, 1996, Harcourt
Publishers Limited, Singapore.
26
CBL 241.3 (Credit hours 3)
Molecular Cell Biology

(Genetic Engineering)
Course Objectives:
This course is designed to explain the general principles of genetic engineering and its application to
laboratory sciences.
Course Contents:
1. Fundamental Terminology 3 hours
DNA, RNA, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, tRNA, mRNA, Translation, Transcription, Genes
2. RNA and Protein Synthesis 8 hours

Process of DNA transcription, The promoter sequence, Translation of nucleotide sequence into protein sequence,
Specific enzyme copulation, Addition of amino acids to the carboxyl terminal end, Degeneration of genetic code,
Protein synthesis in ribosome, Release of a protein chain from ribosome, The reading frame for protein synthesis,
Protein synthesis in eucaryotes and procaryotes
3. DNA Repair Mechanism 4 hours

DNA sequence maintenance, Mutation rate and its importance, Stability of genes and DNA repair, Recognition of
DNA damage
4. DNA Replication Mechanism 6 hours

DNA replication, Proof reading mechanism, DNA replication in the 5’ to 3’, DNA primers, DNA helicases, DNA
primase, Mismatch proof reading, Replication origins, DNA topoisomerase, DNA replication in eucaryotes and
procaryotes
5. Genetic Recombination Mechanism 6 hours

Genetic recombination, General recombination, DNA renaturation (hybridization), recA protein, Branch
migration, Cross-Strand exchange, Gene conversion, Site-specific genetic recombination
6. Virus, Plasmids and Transposable Genetic Elements 6 hours

Viral genomes, RNA virus, DNA virus, Provirus, Retrovirus, Reverse transcriptase, Plasmids
7. DNA Cloning and Genetic Engineering 10 hours

Restriction Nucleases, DNA library, Plasmid vectors, Genomic DNA cline, cDNA, Substractive hybridization,
Chromosome walking, Hybrid selection, Expression vectors, Design of genes, Insertion of engineered genes,
Transgenic animal, PCR, Mapping and analysis of large genomes
8. Use of Genetic Engineering in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 hours

Production of commercial insulin from E. Coli
Reference Books:
1. Bruce Albert, Dennis, Bray, Julians Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and James D. Watson: Molecular
Biology of the Cell (2nd Ed.) 1989, Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.
2. James Darnell, Harvey Lodish and David Baltimore: Molecular Cell Biology, (2nd Ed.) 1990, Scientific
American Books, New York.
27
IML 261.3 (Credit hours 3)
Immunology
(Fundamentals)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the fundamental knowledge on the immune system.
Course Contents:
1. Introduction to the Immune System 6 hours
Adaptive and innate immunity, Cells of the immune system, Soluble mediators of immunity, Antigens, Immune
responses, Defences against extracellular and intracellular pathogens, Vaccination, Immunopathology
2. Cells Involved in Immune Responses 4 hours

Lymphoid cells, Mononuclear phagocyte system, Polymorphonuclear granulocytes and platelets
3. The Lymphoid System 4 hours

Primary and secondary lymphoid tissue, Primary lymphoid organs, Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues,
Lymphocyte traffic
4. Antigen Receptor Molecules 4 hours

Immunoglobulins, T-cell antigen receptors, Major histocompatibility complex antigens
5. Antigen Recognition 6 hours

Antigen-Antibody binding, The structure of antigens, T-cell-antigen recognition, Antigen processing and
presentation, Role of accessory molecules, basic immunological application (Immunofluroscence, RIA, ELISA)
6. Cell Cooperation in the Antibody Response 4 hours

Cooperation between different cell types, Cell activation, Antibody responses in vivo
7. Cell-Mediated Immune Reactions 6 hours

T-cell-independent cell-mediated defense mechanism, T-cell-dependent cell-mediated responses, Cell-mediated
cytotoxicity, Lymphokine-mediated activation of macrophages, Granuloma formation, Immunopathology, The
cytokine network
8. Regulation of the Immune Response 3 hours
Regulation by antigen, Regulation by antibody, Regulation by immune complexes, Regulation by lymphocyte
9. Immunological Tolerance 4 hours

T-cell tolerance to self antigens, B-cell tolerance to self antigens, Artificially induced tolerance in vivo, Artificially
induced tolerance in vitro, Potential therapeutic applications of tolerance
10. Complement 4 hours

Introduction, Activation of complement, Complement receptors, Biological effects of complement
Reference Books:
1. Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostoff and David Male (Ed.): Immunology, (3rd Ed.) 1993, Mosby-Year Book Europe
Limited, London.
2. Ivan Roitt: Essential Immunology, (8th Ed.) 1994, Blackwell Scientific Publication, London
28
Laboratory-6
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-7
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-8
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
SEMINAR-2
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
29
BMLT
Second Year
Fourth Semester
30
Microbiology III
(Bacteriology)
BMLT, Second Year, Fourth Semester
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on systemic microbiology and its general application to
Medical Laboratory Sciences.
Course Contents:
Describe morphology, Staining properties, Cultural characteristics, Biochemical reaction, Antigenic
characters, Pathogenicity, Laboratory diagnosis and the diseases caused by the followings:
1. Mycobacteria 5 hours
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Atypical mycobacteria, Mycobacterium leprey
2. Non fermentative Gram negative bacilli 4 hours

Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella
3. Spirochaete 6 hours
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
4. Miscellaneous organisms 3 hours

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia
5. Gram Positive bacilli 6 hours

Corynebacteria, Bacillus, Clostridia, Listeria and Erysipelothrix
6. Bloodstream infection 3 hours
7. Infections of the Respiratory Tract 3 hours
8. Meningitis and other infections of the central nervous system 3 hours
9. Infections of the eyes, ears, sinuses, skin, soft tissue, and wound 3 hours
10. Infections of the urinary tract 3 hours
11. Genital tract infection 3 hours
12. Gastrointestinal tract infection 3 hours
Reference Books:
1. Mackie & McCartney: Practical Medical Microbiology (14th Ed.) 1999, Churchill Livingstone, London.
2. David Greenwood, Richard C. B. Slack and John F. Peutherer: Medical Microbiology (15th Ed.) 2000, Churchill
3. R. Ananthanarayan and C. K. J. Paniker: Textbook of Microbiology (6th Ed.) 2002, Orient Longman Private Ltd.,
Hyderabad.
4. Bailey & Scott's: Diagnostic Microbiology (11th Ed.) 2004, Mosby, London.
31
PTL 211.3 (Credit hours 3)
General Pathology
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge of the aetiological factors of disease, mechanism of
disease production and laboratory techniques used in disease diagnostics.
Course Contents:
Terminology, Evolution of pathology, Modern pathology and subdivisions of pathology
2. Cell injury, Death and Cellular Adaptation 2 hours

Causes of cell injury, Mechanism of cellular injury, Morphology of reversible cell injury, Cellular adaptation
3. Inflammation 4 hours
Definition, Acute inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Types of exudation, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis,
Laboratory tests in diagnosis of chronic granulomatous inflammation
4. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 10 hours

Infecting agents, Host defense mechanism, Mechanism of cell injury, Common infectious diseases and laboratory
techniques used for their diagnosis
5. Immunopathology 10 hours
Immunity, Cells of immune system, Cytokines, Major histocompatibility complex (HLA) and organ transplant,
complement system, diseases of immunity, Laboratory tests for identification of immuno-induced diseases
6. Haemodynamic Disorders 4 hours

Internal environment of body, Disturbances of acid-base balance, Body fluids and electrolytes, Septic shock,
Coagulation cascade, Laboratory tests related to haemodynamic disorders
7. Genetic Diseases 5 hours

Terminology, DNA, Gene, Chromosomes, Mutations, Karyotyping, Basis of inheritance, Autosomal and sex linked
inheritance, Techniques used in detection of genetic diseases
8. Neoplasia 5 hours
Definitions and nomenclature, Aetiology and carcinogenesis, Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasm,
Tumor antigens, Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases 3 hours

Environmental pollution, Chemical and drug injury, injury caused by ionizing radiation, Essential nutrients, Protein
energy, Malnutrition, Disorders of vitamins and minerals
Reference Books:
1. Ramzi S. Cotran, Vinay Kumar and Tucker Collins: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (6th Ed.) 2001,
Harcourt India Private Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Pathology (4th Ed.) 2000, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Walter and Israel: General Pathology
4. J. R. Anderson: Muir's Textbook of Pathology
5. John. D. Bancroft and Alan Stevens: Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques
32
Cytopathology
Course Objectives:
The students will be able to fix and stain appropriately the smears sent for cytopathological
diagnosis. This course will also provide the knowledge of fixation and smear preparation from the
cytological samples.
Course Contents:
Early historical era, Development, Expansions and consolidation, Diagnostic utility and importance
2. Collection of Samples 8 hours

a) female genital tract, Respiratory system, Urinary system, Stomach, Skin and oral cavity, Breast nipple discharge
b) Body fluids
c) Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) and USG guided FNA
3. Cytopreparatory Techniques 23 hours

a) Fixation of samples of female genital tract, Body fluids from different sites and FNA materials
b) Staining methods, PAP stain, MGG stain, PAS stain, Supravital stain, Destaining techniques
c) Interpretetion, evaluation of quality of stained smears, prevention of cross contamination, Normal cells,
Inflammatory and malignant changes
4. Clinical cytogenetics 6 hours

Introduction, Utility, Cell cycle and cell division, Sample collection, Storage of cells, Chromosomal analysis,
Banding techniques, Microscopy and interpretation
5. Immunocytochemistry 3 hours
Introduction, Useful markers and antibodies, Diagnostic significance of uimmunocytochemistry in cytological
specimens, Techniques
6. Molecular Techniques 3 hours

Terminology, Southern blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, Polymerase chain reaction, Flourescence In Situ
Hybridization (FISH)
Reference Books:
1. Winfrid Gray: Diagnostic Cytopathology
2. Bibbo: Comprehensive Cytopathology, W. B. Saunders Company
3. L. G. Koss: Diagnostic Cytopathology and its Hystopathological Basis
4. Stanley S. Rapheel: Lynch's Medical Laboratory Technology
5. Kanai L Mukharjee: Medical Laboratory Technology
6. John D. Bancroft and Alan Stevens: Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques
33
Biochemistry III
(Clinical)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on Clinical Biochemistry.
Course Contents:
1. Basics of Techniques involved in Clinical Biochemistry 10 hours
Basic concepts of Biochemistry Laboratory, Laboratory Requirements: Glass wares, Plastic wares, Chemical,
Reagents, Distilled water, Deionized water, Centrifugation: - Principle, Types, Applications, Photometry: -
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry. Applications, End point reaction method, Rate of reaction method (visible
kinetic method and UV- kinetic methods) Calibration of photometer, Basics of semi automation and fully
automation in Biochemistry, Calibration and Programming the test parameters
3. Handling the Specimens 5 hours

Specimen collection, Special precautions in specimen collection, Labeling, Entry of records, Specimen processing,
Preservation. Specimen Stability. Use of anticoagulants, Separation of serum or plasma. Disposal of biological
materials. Significance of biochemical tests in clinical medicine
4. Blood Glucose and Diabetes 10 hours

Mechanism of glucose absorption and digestion, Regulation of metabolism (Hormones responsible for regulation)
Glycosylation of Hemoglobin. Hypoglycemia, Glucosuria. Diabetes - Types, Diagnosis, management and
complications of diabetes. Estimation of blood glucose, OGTT, Spot test for GDM, Glyco-Hb estimation, Insulin,
Proinsulin, C-peptide assay. Microalbuminuria, Galactosemia, Glycogen storage diseases.
5. Plasma proteins 10 hours

Introduction, Separation of plasma proteins: Electrophoresis and interpretation, Estimation of plasma proteins
(albumin globulin A/G ratio), and clinical significances. Proteins belonging to different globulins α1- Globulin (α-1-
antitrypsin, α-1acid glycoprotein,, α-1-lipoproteins, TBG), α2-globulins, wilson’s disease, ceruloplasmin. β–
globulins. γ-globulins, types, Functions, Hyper/Hypogamaglobulinaemia, Estimation of IgG, IgA , IgM.
Determination of Fibrinogen. Protein in urine- Albumin, Blood and Hb (Test of Haemoglobinuria) Myoglobin,
Urinary protein analysis. Protein in CSF- (estimation and clinical significance). Color reaction of protein.
6. Lipids, Lipoproteins and Dyslipoproteinaemia 10 hours

Cholesterol and phospholipids, Triglycerides, Classification and metabolism of lipoproteins (Chylomicrons, VLDL,
IDL, LDL and HDL) Reference ranges and laboratory investigations (Lipid profile tests), Disorders of Lipid
metabolisms, atherosclerosis, Miocardial infarction, Ketone body formation, ketosis, Obesity.
Reference Books:
1. Tietz: Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (3rd Ed.) 1999, W. B. Saunders
2. Todd, Sanford, Davidson: Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Method (17th Ed.) 1998, W. B.
Saunders
3. W. J. Marshall and S. K. Bangert: Clinical Chemistry (5th Ed.) 2004, Mosby Inc.
4. T. M. Devlin: A Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlation (5th Ed.) 2002, Dyse-Wiley
5. L. Kaplan et al.: Clinical Chemistry Theory, Analysis and Correlations (4th Ed.) 2003, Mosby Inc.
6. H. Varley: Practical Clinical Biochemistry (4th Ed.), CBS
7. Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes and Victor W. Rodwell: Harper’s Biochemistry (25th Ed.)
8. R. A. Harvey and P. C. Champe: Lippincott's Illustrated Review: Biochemistry (3rd Ed.) 2004, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins
34
HAD 281.3 (Credit hours 3)
Health and Disease

(General Clinical Problem)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the knowledge on basic concepts of health and disease, types of diseases,
prevention of disease, with particular focus on most common diseases in South Asian region.
Course Contents:
1. Man and Medicine 2 hours
History of medicine, Modern medicine, Curative medicine, Preventive medicine, Social medicine
2. Concepts of Health and Disease 4 hours

Biomedical concept, Ecological concept, Definition of health, Dimensions of health, Concept of wellbeing, HPI,
Determination of health, Responsibility for health, Indicators of health, Mortality, Morbidity, Concepts of disease,
Concepts of causation, Concepts of control, Modes of intervention, Population medicine
3. Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological Methods 4 hours

Aims, Approaches, Measurements of morbidity and mortality, Methods, Infectious disease epidemiology, Disease
transmission, Immunity, Prevention and control, Dealing with an epidemic
4. Screening for disease 2 hours

Concepts, Criteria, Sensitivity and Specificity, Problems
5. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases 12 hours

Respiratory infections, Intestinal infections, Arthropod-borne infections, Zoonoses, Surface infections, Emerging
and re-emerging infectious diseases, Hospital acquired infections, Emporiatrics
6. Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases 5 hours

Coronary hearth disease, Hypertension, Stroke, Rheumatic hearth disease, Cancer, Diabetes
7. Demography and Family Planning 3 hours

Demographic trends, Family planning, Contraceptive methods, Post-conceptional methods, Terminal methods,
Delivery system
8. Preventive Medicine in Obstretics, Paediatrics and Geriatrics 3 hours

Mother and child, Antenatal care, Intranatal care, Postnatal care, Care of children, Infancy, Neonatal care, Growth
chart, School Health Service, Geriatric prevention of disease
9. Nutrition and Health 3 hours

Classification of food, Dietary goals, Deficiencies, Food hygiene, Foodborne diseases, Food toxicants
10. Environment and Health 4 hours

Water, Acceptability, Microbiological aspects, Chemical aspects, Air pollution, Meterological environment,
Excreta disposal, Medical Entomology
11. Occupational Health 3 hours

Occupational hazards, Radiation hazards, Prevention, Legislation
Reference Books:
1. K. Park: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine (16th Ed.) 2000, M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers,
Jabalpur.
2. Carolyn Jarvis: Physical Examination and Health Assessment (2nd Ed.) 1996, W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia.
3. Robert H. Gates: Infectious Disease Secrets, 1999, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd., New Delhi.
35
Laboratory-9
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-10
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
LAB-11 (Credit hour 1)
Laboratory-11
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
will be organized according to the Hospital schedule.
SEMINAR-3
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
36
BMLT
Third Year
Fifth Semester
37
Microbiology IV
(Parasitology)
BMLT, Third Year, Fifth Semester
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on human parasitology and enable the students to
diagnose the infections caused by parasites.
Course Contents:
1. Features and classification of parasites of medical importance, parasites

associated with HIV 3 hours
2. Procedures for collection and preservation of clinical specimens for laboratory diagnosis and
parasitic infections 2 hours
3. Life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, culture, prevention and control,
epidemiology and diseases caused by the following parasites: 35 hours
1. Plasmodium spp.
2. Glardia lamblia
3. Entamoeba histolytica
4. Balantidium spp.
5. Ascaris spp.
6. Taenia spp.
7. Brugia spp.
8. Hymenolepsis spp.
9. Leishmania spp.
10. Trihomonas spp.
11. Wucheria bancrofti
12. Toxoplasma spp.
13. Anacylostoma spp.
14. Echinococcus spp.
15. Trichinella spp.
16. Schistosomes spp.
17. Diphyllobothrium spp.
18. Flukes: blood flukes, intestinal flukes, lung flukes
4. Diagnostic methods 5 hours

Principles and methodology used in diagnostics of helminthes, worms, egg counting techniques, concentrations
techniques, Casoni test, aldehyde test
Reference Books:
1. Chatterjee K. D. Parasitology (Protozoology and helminthology in relation to clinical medicine) (12th Ed.) 1980,
Calcutta.
3. David Greenwood, Richard C.B. Slack and John F. Peutherer: Microbiology (15th Ed.) 2000, Churchill
38
Histopathology I
Course Objectives:
Students will be able to prepare staining reagents and perform tissue processing, sections cutting and staining
sections of tissues. In addition they will gain knowledge about frozen sections and special histopathological
techniques.
Course Contents:
Managing the laboratory, hazards and safety in laboratory, quality control, light microscopy
2. General outline procedures in the examination of tissues 1 hour

General considerations, Electrolyte balance and homeostasis, Estimation of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium
and phosphate ions, Clinical correlations
3. Fixation, fixatives and decalcification 4 hours

Definition of fixation, aims of fixation, classification of fixatives, theoretical aspects of fixation, secondary fixation,
practical aspects of fixation, decalcification.
4. Tissue processing 4 hours

Introduction, labeling of tissues, dehydration, clearing, infiltration and embedding, automated tissue processing,
manual tissue processing
5. Microtomy and section cutting 8 hours

Microtomes, types of microtomes, microtome knives, terms used in microtomy, sharpening of microtome knives,
routine paraffin section cutting, adhesive mixture for coating slides, floating out bath, difficulties encountered in
paraffin section cutting, frozen sections
6. Theory of staining 10 hours

Introduction, chemistry of colours in dyestuffs, classification of dyes, storage and maintainance of dyes, staining
properties of dyes, staining equipments and materials, methodology of staining, staining in general, mounting
stained sections, hematoxylin staining solutions, hematoxylin and eosin methods, staining reactions of
carbohydrates, staining of connective tissues, lipids and CNS tissues, microorganisms, demonstration of pigments
and minerals
7. Special techniques in histopathology 12 hours

Enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy in histopathology,
microwave technology in histology, molecular pathology, in-situ hybridization, plastic embedding media and
techniques
Reference Books:
1. John D. Bancroft and Alan Sleves: Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques.
1. J. Ochei and A. Kolhatkar: Medical Laboratory Science, Theory and Practice.
2. Praphul B. Godkar and Darshan B. Godkar: Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology.
3. Kanai L. Mukharjee: Medical Laboratory Technology.
39
Biochemistry IV
(Clinical)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the knowledge on Clinical Biochemistry with emphasis on metabolism.
Course Contents:
1. Metabolic intermediates and inorganic ions 15 hours
Introduction, Non-protein nitrogenous compounds –urea/BUN (Synthesis, clinico-pathological correlations and
estimations), Creatin and creatinine (Synthesis, clinico-pathological correlations and estimations), Renal function
tests, Clearance tests, Hypertension, CRF, Hemodialysis and osmometry, Uric acid (Synthesis, clinico-pathological
correlations and estimations), Arthritis, Ammonia, Amino acids, Prophyrins, Calcium and phosphorous homeostasis,
Role of parathyroid hormone, Vitamin D compounds, Calcitonin, Clinico-pathological correlations, Bone disease,
Parathyroid diseases, Renal diseases, Estimation of calcium (total and ionized) Phosphorus, cAMP, Other inorganic
ions: Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Chromium (estimation and clinical significance)
2. Water and electrolyte metabolism 5 hours

General considerations, Electrolyte balance and homeostasis, Estimation of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium
and phosphate ions, Clinical correlations
3. Acid – base balance 7 hours

Diffusion of gases in lungs, Action of buffer systems in body, Disturbances in acid-base balance, Arterial blood gas
determination and clinical significances, Acidosis, Alkalosis, Spirometry, ABG abnormalities in COPD, Bronchial
asthma, Diffuse interstial pulmonary diseases, Shock, MI, Pulmonary edema and embolism, Exercise, Respiratory
distress, Aspirin intoxication, Respiratory failure
4. Diagnostic enzymology 10 hours

Prinicples of enzyme activity determinations, Phosphatases- ACP, ALP (Determination and clinical significance),
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), 5'-nudeotidase, γ-GT, Aminotransferases, Glycolytic enzymes (LD), Citric acid
cycle enzymes, Cholinestrase, Ornithine carbamyl transferases (OCT) Iditol dehydrogenases (ID), CK, G-6-PD,
Angiotension converting enzyme (ACE), ADA, Enzymes of formed elements of blood: - glutathione peroxidase
(GSH-PX); Glutathione synthatase, Other enzymes: amylase, lipases, Enzymes and their clinical significance in
body fluids assays
5. Liver function tests 8 hours

Hepatic tests based on excretory function (hemoglobin degradation, bilirubin metabolism and estimation), Jaundice,
Detoxification and drug metabolism, Tests for hepatic synthetic ability (protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio,
prothrombin time and vitamin K responses), Metabolic tests, tests related to disordered nitrogen metabolism, Serum
enzymes (AST, ALP, ALT, γ-GT), Serum metals and related proteins, Clinical applications of LFT and LFT in non-
hepatic diseases
Reference Books:
1. Tietz: Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (3rd Ed.) 1999, W. B. Saunders.
Saunders.
4. T. M. Devlin: A Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlation (5th Ed.) 2002, Dyse-Wiley.
6. H. Varley: Practical Clinical Biochemistry (4th Ed.), CBS.
Williams and Wilkins.
40
HML 322.3 (Credit hours 3)
Hematology I
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on Hematology and its general application to Medical Laboratory
Sciences.
Course Contents:
1. Formation of blood cell 10 hours
General aspects of blood cell formation. Sites of blood formation. Development of blood cells. Morphology.
Erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis. Monocyte-macrophage series. Thrombopoiesis. Regulation of
haemopoiesis.
2. Bone marrow 5 hours

Normal bone marrow structure. Bone marrow biopsy. Bone marrow aspiration. Processing of aspirated bone
marrow. Examination of aspirated bone marrow, Reporting bone marrow aspirated films.
3. Red cells 5 hours

Structure and metabolism of the red cell. Nutritional requirements for red cell production. Function of the red cells.
Red cell count. Red cell indices.
4. White cells 7 hours

Physiology of white cells, metabolic and enzymatic characteristics of white cells, functions of white cells, normal
white cells, white cells values, Neutrophilia, eosiniphilia, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutropenia, agranulocytosis and
lymphopenia. Infectious mononucleosis.
5. Platelets 3 hours
Structure of platelets, development of platelets, functions of platelets, platelet count. Platelet values.
6. Basic aspects of anaemi 5 hours

Definition of anaemia, physiological adaptation of anaemia, clinical features of anaemia, morphological
classification of anaemia, causes of anaemia.
7. Hypochromic anaemia: iron deficiency 5 hours

Iron metabolism. Iron deficiency anaemia. Sideroblastic anaemia
8. Megaloblastic anaemia 5 hours

Vitamin B12 and folate metabolism, general considerations in vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. Megaloblastic
Erythropoiesis. Pernicious anaemia. Megaloblastic anaemia following gastrectomy. Megalosblastic anaemia in
alcoholics, pregnancy, infancy and childhood.
Reference books:
1. de Gruchy's: Clinical Haematology (5th Ed.) 2003, Blackwell Science. Oxford.
2. Dacie and Lewis: Practical Haematology (9th Ed.) 2001, Churchill Livingstone, London.
41
Applied Biotech
(Modern Tools in Biochemistry)
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the knowledge on basic concepts of.
Course Contents:
1. Chromatographic Techniques 7 hours
Chromatography theory and practice. Law pressure column chromatography, High performance liquid
chromatography, Adsorption chromatography, Partition Chromatography, Ion-exchange chromatography, Molecular
exclusion chromatography, Affinity chromatography, Gas-liquid chromatography, Paper and Thin layer
chromatography. Selection of chromogenic system.
2. Electrophoretic Techniques 10 hours

General principles, supporting media. Agrose gels, Polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis of proteins- SDS-PAG
Electrophoresis, Native (buffer) gels, Gradient gels, isoelectric focusing gels, Two dimensional PAG
Electrophoresis, Cellulose acetate electrophoresis, continuous flow electrophoresis, Detection, estimation and
recovery of proteins in gels, Western blotting.
Electrophoresis of nucleic acids, Agrose gel electrophoresis of DNA, DNA Sequencing gels, Pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis, Electrphoresis of RNA, Capillary Electrophoresis , Densitometry.
3. Immunochemical Techniques 8 hours

Introduction, Radio immunoassay (RIA), Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA),Chemiluminescence
Technique (CIL), Electrochemiluminescence technique (ECL), Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA).
4. DNA Probing and PCR Techinques:- 10 hours

Introduction, Gene cloning, Probe labeling, Hybridization, Expression of foreign gene, Analyzing genes and
expression, Analyzing whole genome. Molecular biotechnology and applications RT.PCR,
Bioinformatics and the internet.
5. Electrochemical Techniques. 10 hours

Introduction, Principles of electrochemical techniques Redox-reactions, The pH electrode, Ion-Selective and Gas-
sensing electrodes, Clark oxygen electrode, electrochemical detectors for HPLC, Spirometry, Biosensors.
References Books:
1. Tietz , ―Text Book of Clinical Chemistry‖ ,Third edition(1999). W.B. Saunders.
2. Todd. Sanford. Davidson, ―Clinical Diagnosis & Management By Laboratory Method‖ Seventeenth edition
(1998), W.B. Saunders.
3. Marshall W.J. and Bangert S.K., ―Clinical Chemistry, Fifth edition,(2004) ,Mosby Inc.USA.
4. Devlin T. M. ―A Text Book Of Biochemistry With Clinical Correlation‖, Fifth edition(2002), Dyse-wiley,USA.
5. Kaplan L. et.al, ―Clinical Chemistry Theory, Analysis and Correlations‖, Fourth edition,(2003), Mosby Inc.
USA.
6. Plummer D., ―An Introduction To Practical Biochemistry‖,Third edition, Tata McGraw Hill,India.
7. Wilson and Walker, ―Practical Biochemistry‖, Fifth edition, Cambridge.
8. Varley H., ―Practical Clinical Biochemistry‖, Fourth edition, CBS.India
9. Murray et. al, ―Harper’s Biochemistry‖, Twenty sixth edition(2003), Appleton-Lange,USA.
10. Harvey R.A. and Champe P.C., Lippincott’s Illustrated Review, ―Biochemistry‖ third edition,(2004) Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins.
42
Laboratory-12
Chosen topics in Medicinal Microbiology
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-13
Chosen topics in Clinical Biochemistry
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
Laboratory-14
Advanced clinical tests encountered in Hospital Practice of Medicinal Technologies
This practical will be performed and organized according to the Hospital schedule.
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
Reference Books:
SEMINAR-4
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
43
BMLT
Third Year
Sixth Semester
44
Microbiology V
(Virology)
BMLT, Third Year, Sixth Semester
Course Objectives:
This course will enable students to become familiar with most common viruses causing infections in man and
animals, with emphasis on viruses common in South Asian region
Course Contents:
1. Introduction to Virology 5 hours
History of viral evolution, General properties of viruses, Morphology, Size, Shape, Structure, Chemical properties,
Viral haemagglutination, Classification and Replication
2. Virus Cultivation 5 hours

Animal inoculation, Embryonated egg inoculation and tissue culture, Detection of viral growth in cell culture, Viral
assay, Assay of infectivity, Viral genetics
3. Virus-host Interaction 5 hours

Pathogenesis, Spread of virus in the body, Significance of the incubation period, Host response to virus infection,
Immunity in virus infections, Non-immunological response
4. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases 10 hours

Microscopy, Demonstration of viral antigen, Virus isolation, Serology e.g. ELISA, CFT, Haemagglutination
inhibition, Neutralization, Western blotting, Agglutination, Precipitation, RIA, IFA
5. Viral Vaccines 2 hours
6. Systemic virology 18 hours

Bacteriophase, Small pox, Herpes viruses, Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E, Polio virus, Rhino virus, Influenzae
virus, Mumps virus, Measles virus, Rabies virus, Rubella virus, Rota virus, Oncogenic viruses, HIV
Reference Books:
1. D. Greenwood, R. C.B. Slack and J. F. Peutherer: Microbiology (15th Ed.) 2000, Churchill Livingstone, London.
2. B. A. Forbes, D. F. Sahm and A. S. Weissfeld: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology (11th Ed.) 200, Mosby,
St. Louis.
3. P.R. Murray, K.S. Rosenthal, G.S. Kobayashi and M.A. Pfaller: Medical Microbiology (3rd Ed.) 1998, Mosby, St.
Louis.
4. R. Y. Stanier, J. L. Ingraham, M/ L. Wheelis and P. R. Painter: General Microbiology (5th Ed.) 1995, Macmillian,
Hong Kong.
5. M. C. Timbury: Notes on Medical Virology, 1997, Churchill Livingstone, New Delhi.
6. G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke and C. L. Case: Microbiology-an Introduction (8th Ed.) 2004, Pearson Education,
Patporganj.
45
Microbiology VI
(Mycology)
Course Objectives:
This course will enable students to become familiar with medically important fungi and to diagnose the
infections caused by fungi.
Course Contents:
1. Introduction to Mycology 4 hours
Introduction, Classification of medically important fungi, Fungal species associated with AIDS.
2. Medically Important Fungi 5 hours

General characteristics of medically important fungi and their significance to human beings, Opportunistic fungi.
3. Specimen Preparation 2 hours

Procedures for collection and preservation of clinical specimens for diagnostic purposes.
4. General Characteristics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Findings, Laboratory Diagnosis, Epidemiology

and Diseases, Prevention and Control of the following Fungi 30 hours
Aspergillus spp., Candida albicans, Fusarium spp., Cryptococcus neoforman, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix
spp., Philophora spp., Trichophyton microsprum, Epidermphyton spp., Blastomyces dermastitidis, Coccidiodes
immitens, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
5. Antifungal sensitivity test, Antifungal drugs 4 hours
Reference Books:
1. J. Chander: Textbook of Medical Mycology (2nd Ed.) 2002, Mehta Publishers, Delhi.
2. D. Greenwood, R. C.B. Slack and J. F. Peutherer: Microbiology (15th Ed.) 2000, Churchill Livingstone, London.
2. B. A. Forbes, D. F. Sahm and A. S. Weissfeld: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology (11th Ed.) 200, Mosby,
St. Louis.
3. P.R. Murray, K.S. Rosenthal, G.S. Kobayashi and M.A. Pfaller: Medical Microbiology (3rd Ed.) 1998, Mosby, St.
Louis.
46
Histopathology II
Course Objectives:
Students will be able to prepare staining reagent and perform tissue processing, section cutting,
stain tissue section, handle frozen section and museum sample.
Course Contents:
1. Laboratory handling: 2 hours
Practical aspect of laboratory management,hazards and safety in histopathological laboratory techniques .
2. Fixatives 7 hours
Definition of fixatives, its aims & objectives, classification, Preparation of fixatives
A) Simple fixative: Aldehyde & Gluteraldehyde, Oxidizing agents, Protein denaturing agents and other reagents
with unknown mechanism B) Compound fixatives: Classification and preparation of compound fixatives: i)
Micro anatomical fixatives: a)10% Formalin b) 10% Formal Saline c) 10% Buffered formalin d) 10%formal
calcium, e) Heidenhain's susa f) Zenker Fluid g) Beuin's fluid h) Gender's fluid ii)Cytological fixatives: a)
Nuclear Fixative: Carnoy's fixative, Clarke's Fluid, Alcohol Formalin. b) Cytoplasmic Fixative: Champy's Fluid
c) Histochemical Fixatives:-Buffered Formalin, Cold acetone& Absolute alcohols iii) Other Methods of Fixation:
a) Vapour Fixation b) Secondary fixation c) Past chromatization d) Freeze drying e) Heat fixation
3. Tissue Processing 5 hours

Collection, Labeling and Fixation of Specimen
A) Dehydration - Definition, Mode of action, manual and automation technique, Advantages and disadvantages of
dehydrating agents B) Clearing agent - Definition, Purpose, Criteria of ideal clearing agent, Advantages and
disadvantages of clearing agents, Manual and automatic technique C) Impregnation and Infiltration - Definition,
Purpose, Manual and automatic technique, Factors affecting impregnation. D) Embedding - Definition, Types of
embedding media, advantages and disadvantages of embedding media, Technique of embedding and Types of
Moulds
4. Section Cutting 8 hours

A) Microtome Knives: a)Parts of knives, classification of microtome knives based on size & manner in which they
are ground, b)Knives sharpening both (honing & stropping), Types of hones used, procedure of honing types of
strops used, procedure for stropping, c) Care of Microtome knives, d) Lubricants used, Abrasives. B) Microtomes:
Definition, Principle, Parts and Types a) Rocking, b) Rotary, c) Sliding Base-sledge, d) Freezing, e) Cryostat (their
parts, principle, advantages and disadvantages), Care of microtomeC) Technigue of section cutting:-Requirements,
procedure, deparaffinization, adhesives, causes & remedies of improper sections.
5. Histology Routine and Special Staining 23 hours

Definition, Classification, Stain preparation and staining Procedure, Principle of Interpretation,
a) Haematoxyline and Eosin Stain b) Papanicolou Technique (PAP) for Diagnostic Exfoliative Cytology c) Periodic
Acid Schiffs (PAS) for Carbohydrates d) Gomorri's Silver Impregnation for Reticoulin Fibres e) Peril's-Prussian
Blue Reaction For Hemosiderine f) Grimelius Silver Method For Argyrophel Cell g) Gomorri's Method for
Demonstrating Haemosiderin (Ferric Salts) h)Veroffs Method for Elastic Fibres i) Ziehl-Neelsen Technique for
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis j) Fite Stain for Mycobacterium Leprae in Tissue k) Phosphotungstic Acid
Haematoxylin (PTAM) for Neurological Fibres 1) Sudan W or Sudan 1V Staining For Fat m) Masson Fontana for
Melanin n) Methanamine Silver-Grocott's Method For Fungi o) Masson's Trichrome for Collagen Fibres p) Alkaline
Congo-Red Technique for Amyloid q) War thin-Starry Method for Spirochetes r) Southgate's-Mayer's Mucicarmine
Method s) Museum Techniques
Reference Books:
1) John.D.Bancroft and Stevens: Theory and Practice of Hitological Techniques
2) Harsh Mohan: Textbook of pathology (4th Ed.)
3) Winfrid Gray:Diagnostic Histo-Cytopathology
4) Bibbo:Comprehensive Cytopathology
5) L. G. Koss Diagnostic Hystopathological and Cytopathology
47
Biochemistry V
(Clinical)
Course Objectives:
This course will enable students to broadened their knowledge in Clinical Biochemistry with emphasis
on hormonal, gastrointestinal, hearth and cancer disorders.
Course Contents:
1. Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Function 5 hours
Disorders and investigation of gastric function, Pancreatic disorders and their investigation, Acute and chronic
pancreatitis, α-amylase, Lipase, Other pancreatic enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidases), Sweat
Test.
2. Cardiac Profile Tests 6 hours

The heart, Electric charges in heart, ECG, Ischemic heart disease, Myocardial infarction,
Tests for atherosclerosis and risk factor - (FBS, PPBS, BUN, Creatinine, electrolytes), Cardiac risk evaluation tests-
(Lipid profile test).
Cardiac injury panel test – CPK and isoenzymes, SGOT, LDH, SHBD, Myoglobin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, Markers
of myocardial infarction- CPK-MB, Myoglobin, Troponin- T and I. CRP.
Apolypoproteins.
3. Endocrinology and Hormone Assays 18 hours

Pituitary Gland
Anterior pituitary- Growth hormone and Prolactin.
Pesterior pituitary- ADH and Oxytocin.
Thyroid Gland- Thyroid disease, Thyroxin, Triiodothyronine, Thyrotropin (TSH), Thyroxin binding globulin,
Thyroglobulin.
Adrenal Gland-Pheochromacytoma and catecholamine producing tumors, Epinephrines, VMA, Catecholamines.
Cortisol, ACTH, Glucocorticoids, Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease. Renin, Aldosterone.
Gonadotropins and sex hormones – LH, FSH, Estrogenes, Progesterone, Androgenes. Eicosanoids.
4. Cancer and Tumour Markers 16 hours

Introduction, Oncogenes, Mechanism of action of oncogens, Benign and malignant tumors, Characteristics of
growing tumor cells.
Enzymes as tumor marker- ALP, CPK, Neuron specific enolase, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Amylase, Esterase, 5 ’-
nucleotidase, Ribonuclease.
Hormones- PSA, Oncofetal antigen, AFP, CEA, Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), Other Hormones ACTH,
ADH, Calcitonin, gastrin, HCG, PTH, Prolactin ,GH, human placental lactogen.
Carbohydrate markers- CA-15-3, CA-125,
Blood group antigens- CA-19-9, CA-50, CA-72-4,CA-242.
Reference Books:
Saunders
48
Hematology II
Course Objectives:
This course will provide the basic knowledge on hematology and its application in Laboratory Medical Sciences
Course Contents:
1. Different types of red blood cells anomalies 2 hours
2. Anemia: 9 hours
Blood loss anemia, Hemolytic anemia, Aplastic anemia, Laboratory investigation of various types of anemia
3. Principles, interpretation and clinical correlation of the common laboratory tests 3 hours
G6PD, Fetal hemoglobin, Osmotic fragility, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Sickling phenomena, Methemoglobin,
Ferritin and TIBC.
5. Hemoglobinopathies and their diagnosis. 2 hours
6. LE cell phenomenon and its demonstration. 1 hour
7. Coulter counter and its principle and uses. 1 hour
8. Leukocyte disorder: Neoplastic and non-neoplastic 2 hours
9. Leukemia: Definition, Etiology, Clinical features, Classification and laboratory diagnosis. 6 hours
10. Principle of cytochemical stains 2 hours

MPO, Sudan black B, PAS and Non-specific esteras
11. Leukemoid reaction: Definition, Causes, Blood picture and differences from leukemia. 1 hour
12. Coagulation 9 hours

Theories of normal hemostasis and blood coagulation, Physico chemical properties of different coagulation
factors, Screening of coagulation, Principle of coagulation factor assay
13. Fibrinolysis: 2 hours

Components, Mechanism and diagnosis
14. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): 2 hours

Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical symptoms and Diagnosis
15. Cytogenetics: 2 hours

Numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, Cytogenetic disorders, Karyotyping, Application of
cytogenetics in hematology
16. Platelet disorders, Platelet function tests and their interpretation 1 hour
References:
4. F. Firkin, C. Chesterman, D. Penington and B. Rush: de Gruchy’s Clinical Hematology in Medical Practice
(5th Ed.) 1989, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
2. S.M. Lewis, B.J. Bain and I. Bates: Dacie and Lewis Practical Hematology (9th Ed.) 2002, Churchill
Livingstone, New Delhi.
3. J.M. Thompson: Blood Coagulation and Hemostasis (3rd Ed.) 1985, Churchill Livingstone, New Delhi.
4. S.S. Raphael: Lynch’s Medical Laboratory Technology (4th Ed.) 1983, W. B. Saunders Co., New Delhi.
49
LAB-15.1 (1 credit hour)
Laboratory 15.1

Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aur us from nostrils
Isolation and identification of microorganisms GI tract from stool samples
Isolation and identification of. I rio ~holara from the patients suffering from cholera
Isolation and identification of etiological agents causing cystitis in pregnant patients (urine samples) Bacteriological
examination of drinking water by Most Probable Number method (MPN method) Study of synergism
Study of antagonism

Laboratory 16.1

Gel electrophoresis, Protein determination, Hormone determination, Specialized biochemical techniques used in
Clinical Biochemistry

Laboratory 17.1

SEMINAR-5
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
50
BMLT
Fourth Year
Seventh Semester
51
Microbiology VII
(Clinical)
BMLT, Fourth year, Semester
Course Objectives:
Students will gain knowledge and skills to tackle the laboratory aspects of medico-legal cases as
well as lea Professional ethics related to clinical microbiology
Course Contents:
1. General Issues in Clinical Microbiology 10 hours
a. General Issues and role of B. Sc. MLT: responsibilities to the Patient and clinician
b. Laboratory Safety
c. Laboratory design, management and organization
d. Quality control and quality analysis
e. Infection control : nosocomial infections, abtibiotic-resistant microorganisms, Epidemiology and control
of community infections, Hospital infections, Outbreaks, Prevention
f. Examination of water, milk, food and air
2. Scientific and Laboratory Bases for Clinical Microbiology 6 hours
Host-microorganism interactions, Diagnosis of infectious diseases, Molecular methods for microbial
identification and characterization, Immunochemical methods, Serologic diagnosis, Antimicrobial action and
resistance, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
3. Diagnosis by organ Systems 20 hours
a. Bacteremia and other relevant organisms isolated from blood
b. Laboratory diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections
c. Laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections
d. Laboratory diagnosis of infections in oral cavity and neck
e. Laboratory diagnosis of meningitis and other infections of CNS
f. Laboratory diagnosis of infections in eyes, ears and sinuses
g. Laboratory diagnosis of infections in urinary tract]
h. Laboratory diagnosis of infections in genital tract
i. Laboratory diagnosis of skin, soft tissues and wound infections
j. Normally sterile body fluids, bone and bone marrow and solid tissues
4. Special Infection Problems 4 hours
Health-care associated infection, Pyrexia of unknown origin, Infection in immuno-compromised patients,
Infection and pregnancy
5. Management of experimental animals 4 hours
In vivo microbiological techniques, Organization of experiment, Guinea pig, Mouse, Rat
6. Case studies 4 hours
Reference books:
1. Betty A. Forbes, Daniel F . Sahm and Alice S. Wessfeld: Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology (11 th Ed.)
Mosby, St. Louis 2002
2. Morag C. Timbury, Christine McCartney, Bishan Thakker and Katherine N. Ward: Notes on Medical
Microbiology 200, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
3. David Greenwood, Richard C.B. Slack and John F. Peutherer : Medical Microbiololgy (16 th Ed) 2002 ,
Churchill Livingstone, New Delhi
4. Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosental, George S. Kobaysahi and Michael A.Pfaller: Medical Microbiology (3 rd
Ed) 1998, Mosby, St. Louis.
5. Gerald J. Collee, Andrew G. Fraser, Barrir P. Marminn and Anthony Simmous: Mackie and McCartney
Practical Medical Microbiology (14th Ed) 1999, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
52
Autopsy and Medical Jurisprudence

BMLT, Fourth Year, Seventh Semester
Course Objectives:
Students will gain knowledge and skills to tackle the laboratory aspects of medico-legal cases as well as
learn laboratory professional ethics.
Course Contents:
Definition, history of forensic medicine
2. Legal procedures in medico-legal cases 4 hours

Inquest, witness, medical evidence, attendance by a medical man in court as a witness
3. Legal and ethical aspects of laboratory practices 6 hours

Codes of ethics, acts in connection with medical laboratory profession, Nepal Health Professional Council,
professional misconduct and negligence, duties of a registered laboratory practitioner, consent, maintenance of
laboratory records
4. Laboratory methods of identification of an individual 10 hours

Determination of sex, estimation of age (in infants), use of DNA (PCR), identification from blood and other medico-
legal aspects of blood, forensic aspects of Hbs, medico-legal aspects of examination of seminal fluid and hairs.
5. Forensic science laboratory 9 hours

Introduction, set up of a forensic science laboratory, chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry,
microscopies in forensic medicine, biological tests for hCG
6. Forensic toxicology 12 hours

Definition, medico-legal autopsies and preservation of viseras and blood, laboratory tests for qualitative and
quantitative analysis of poison, organo-phosphorous compounds and other common poisoning.
7. Drug dependence and drug abuse 2 hours
Reference Books:
1. Apurba Nandy: Principles of Forensic Medicine.
2. B. V. Suvramanyan: Modi's Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology (22nd Ed.) 1999, Butterworts, New Delhi.
53
Biochemistry VI
(Toxicology)
Course Objectives:
Students will gain knowledge and skills to tackle the laboratory aspects of medico-legal cases as well as
learn laboratory professional ethics.
Course Contents:
1. Genetic Disorders and Inborn Error of Metabolism 5 hours
Introduction, Autosomal disorders, sex linked disorders, Laboratory diagnosis of Albinism, Alkaptonuria, Maple
Syrup Urine disease, histidinemia, cystinuria, Wilson’s disease.
2. Study and Analysis of Calculi 5 hours

Urinary calculi- Mechanism of formation of calculi, Clinical findings. Biochemical analysis.
Gall stones- Factors responsible for formation of stones, clinical findings and chemical analysis.
Pancreatic calculi, salivary calculi, Faecal concretions.
3. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Aspects of Toxicology. 15 hours

Introduction, Mechanism of absorption, Metabolism and excretion of drugs, Drug assay techniques, Antiepileptic
Drugs and methods of determination- (Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Pyrimidine, Carbomazepin, and ethosuximide)
Valporic acid, Digoxin. Bronchodilators and method of determination- Theophylline, Caffeine and dyphylline.
Others- Lithium, Cyclosporine, Ethanol, Methanol, Paracitomol, Salicylates, Gentamycin. Drugs of abuse-
Barbiturates, Cocaine, Marijuana (Cannabinoid) Amphetamine, Metaphetamine, Phencyclidine, Methadone,
Benzodiazepines, Opiates (Morphine).
4. Automation in Clinical Chemistry 10 hours
5. Quality Control in Clinical Biochemistry 10 hours
Reference Books:
Saunders
9. Plummer D., ―An Introduction To Practical Biochemistry‖,Third edition, Tata McGraw Hill,India.
10. Wilson and Walker, ―Practical Biochemistry‖, Fifth edition, Cambridge.
54
Immuno-Hematology and Blood Banking

Course Objectives:
The course provide knowledge of principle and techniques involved in blood banking.
Course Contents:
1. Basic Concepts of Immunohematology 10 hours
Introduction and history of blood transfusion, Fundamentals of immunology and immunohematology, Erythrocyte
antigen and antibodies, Antigen-antibody reactions (agglunitation, sensitization, hemolysis, neutralization,
precipitation). Blood group systems, ABO, Rh and other blood groups. Leu ocyte antigens and HLA typing. Platelet
antigens.
2. Collection, Preservation and Storage of Blood 10 hours

Donor selection and preparation, Procedure for blood collection, Blood containers, Use of anticoagulant and
preservatives, Storage of blood and blood components, changes during storage. Clinical use of whole blood.
3. Blood Components and Separation Techniques 10 hours

Blood components, their production and C1inical use. RBCs or Packed RBCs (PRBCs). Platelets. Fresh frozen
plasma (FFP), Cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor. Apheresis: Plasma pheresis, Leukopheresis, Platelet pheresis,
Thetapeutic pheresis
4. Blood Bank Procedures 10 hours

Test procedures: Blood grouping (ABO), Rh typing, Antiglobulin tests (DCT and ICT), Antiboby screening tests,
Compatibility testing, Pre-transfusion tests and Post-transfusion tests
5. Complications of Blood Transfusion and Quality Control 5 hours

Infectious complications, Non-infectious complications, Quality control in Blood banking
Reference Books:
1. Quinly E. D. (ed): Immunohematology ,Principle and Practice, 2nd Ed., Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1998.
2. Beutler E, Lichtman M. A., Coller B. S., Kipps T. J. and Seligosohn U: Willims Hematology (6th. Ed), Mc Graw-
Hill, 2001.
3. Lewish S. M., Bain B. J. and Bates T: Practical Haematology (9th Ed) Churchill Livingstone.
55
RES 491.3 (Credit hours 3)
Clinical Laboratory Research

Course Objectives:
The course will enable students to independently search the relevant clinical laboratory science
literature, and write a research project based on scientific background. The research project will be
submitted to relevant authorities.
Course Contents:
1. Medline and Related Data Bases 7 hours
Introduction to literature search, Key words, Medline, PubMed, SCI, Current Contents, Chemical Abstracts,
Biological Abstracts,
2. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacy-related Publications 7 hours

The most quoted journals, Original research article, Review article, Short communication, Notes, Rapid
communication, Conferences, congresses and symposiums, Workshops
3. Research Article 5 hours

Summary, Key words, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, References
4. Patents 3 hours
Patent, Access to patents, Citation of a patent, Expired patents
5. Writing a Research Proposal* 23 hours

Literature search, Originality, Applicability to the available resources, Time-frame, Report, Publications
* Four students are jointly writing a proposal under the supervision of a teacher. The proposal will be submitted to
the relevant authorities.
56
Laboratory 18

Laboratory 19

Laboratory 20
SEMINAR-6
Course Objectives:
Course Contents:
57
BMLT
Fourth Year
Eighth Semester
58
INT 491.3 (Credit hours 3)
Internship
BMLT, Fourth Year, Eighth Semester
59
PRW 492.6 (Credit hours 6)
Project work
BMLT, Fourth Year, Eighth Semester
60
THE CONTENT OF
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
61
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.MLT)
Haematology
HAEMATOLOGY SECTION In-Hrs

1. Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Laboratory Safety Rules 5
2. Instrumentation and Laboratory Glassware 5
3. Introduction to: -
(a) Microscopy and Hematology 1
(b) Normal constituents of Blood and their Structure and Functions 2
(c) Haematopoisis 1
4. Anticoagulants and their uses in hematology 2
5. Blood collection and preservation Technique 3
6. Structure, Function and Fate of RBC 2
7. Structure, Function and Maturation of WBC 2
8. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 1
9. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 1
10. Cell Counting, RBC, WBC, Platelet Count, Absolute Eosinophil Count 5
11. Reticulocyte Count 2
12. RBC Indices and their Significances. 1
13. Preparation and Staining of Blood Smear and WBC Morphology(D.C.) 5
14. WBC, Abnormalities including Leukemia 3
15. Anemia 3
16. Osmotic Fragility Test 2
17. Sickling Test 1
18. Sucrose Lysis Test 1
19. Acid Elution Test 1
20. Bone Marrow Staining 5
21. Coagulation Study or Normal Hemostasis 5
(a) Bleeding Time 2
(b) Clotting Time 2
(c) Clot Retraction test 2
(d) PT, APTT and INR 3
(e) Coagulation Disorder and Mixing Study 5
(f) L.E. Cell Phenomenon 2
(g) Parasites (MP/MF) 2
BODY FLUID SECTION

URINE EXAMINATION
1. Physiology of Kidney Function Normal Constituents of Urine 3
3. Physical Examination of Urine Sample 3
4. Chemical Examination of Urine Sample 1
(a) pH 1
(b) Protein 1
(c) Sugar 1
(d) Ketones 1
(e) Urobilinogens 1
(f) Bile Salts 1
(g) Bile Pigments 1
(h) Blood 1
(i) B. J. Protein 1
5. Microscopy Examination -
(a) WBC 2
(b) RBC 2
(c) E. P. Cells 2
(d) Casts 3
(e) Crystals 3
(f) Others -
62
6. Urine Examination by Strip Method 3
7. Urine for Pregnancy Test (UPT) 1
8. Cerebro Spinal Fluid (C.S.F.) and Other Body Fluids Examination 5
9. Semen Analysis 1
(a) Physical Examination 2
(b) Chemical Examination 2
(c) Microscopy Examination 2
!0. Sputum Examination For T.B. 3
11. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (F.N.A.C.) and PAP-Smear 5
STOOL SECTION
1. Occult Blood 2
2. Ova and Parasite 5
IMMUNO-HEMATOLOGY OR BLOOD BANK SECTION

1. Selection of Donor's , Collection of Blood and Processing
(a) Donor Registration 1
(b) Collection of Blood 2
(c) Adverse Donor Reaction 3
2. Storage & Preservation of Blood 1
(a) ACD-Solution 1
(b) Uses of CPDA, CPDA2 & Heparin. 2
3. ABO Blood Grouping 2
(a) Slide Technique 2
(b) Tube Technique 2
(c) Rh-Blood Group & Du Typing 3
4. Compatibility Test 3
(a) Major cross Matching 3
(b) Minor Cross Matching 3
5. Anti-Human Globulins test(AHG) or Coomb's Test 5
(a) Direct Coomb's Test 2
(b) Indirect Coomb's Test 2
6. Procedures of Blood Component Preparation & Transfusion 5
7. For Transfusion 2
(a) Selection of Blood 2
(b) Testing Procedures 5
(c) Choice of blood in ABO System 2
(d) Choice of blood in Rh- System 2
(e) Pre- Transfusion-Testing Procedures 5
(f) Identification of Recipient's Blood Sample 2
(g) ABO & Rh- Grouping of Recipients Antibodies 2
(h) Screening in Recipient's Blood 2
(i) Issue of Blood 2
8. Screening of Diseases Transmitted through Blood 5
9. Laboratory Diagnosis of Blood Transfusion Reaction 5
10. Screening & Identification of Anti-bodies 2
11. Anti-D Titration or Screening 2
12. Quality Assurance 2
(a) Documentation & Specification 2
(b) Quality control of reagents. 5
HISTOPATHOLOGY-SECTION
1. Sample Collection, Lab-No. or Code-No. & Fixation Technique 2
2. Fixative & Preparation -
(a) 10% Formalin 1
(b) 10% Formal Saline 1
(c) 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin 1
(d) 10% Formal Calcium/Calcium Acetate Formalin 1
63
(e) Heidenhain's Susa 1
(f) Zenker's Formal (Helly Formal Zenker) 1
(g) Bouin's Fluid 1
3. Preparation of Decalcifier Reagent 3
(a) Formic Acid-Formalin & Others 1
4. Tissue Processing 2
(a) Dehydration 1
(b) Clearing 1
(c) Impregnation 1
(d) Embedding & Blocking 2
5. Microtome or their Type & Sharpening of their Knives 5
6. Technique of Section Cutting 5
7. Preparation of Stain and Different Staining Procedure -
(a) Haematoxyline & Eosin Stain 2
(b) Papanicolou Technique (PAP) For Diagnostic Exfoliative Cytology. 2
(c) Periodic Acid Schiff's(PAS) For Carbohydrates 2
(d) Gomori's Silver Impregnation For Reticoulin Fibres 2
(e) Peril's-Prussian Blue Reaction For Hemosiderine 2
(f) Grimelius Silver Method For Argyrophel Cell 2
(g) Gomorri's Method For Demonstrating Haemosiderin(Ferric Salts) 2
(h) Veroff's Method For Elastic Fibres 2
(i) Ziehl-Neelsen Technique For Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 3
(j) Fite Stain For Mycobacterium Leprae in Tissue 3
(k) Phosphotungstic Acid Haematoxylin (PTAM) For Neurological Fibres 2
(l) Sudan Ш or Sudan lV Staining For Fat 2
(m) Masson Fontana For Melanin 2
(n) Methanamine Silver-Grocott's Method For Fungi 2
(o) Masson's Trichrome For Collagen Fibres 2
(p) Alkaline Congo-Red Technique For Amyloid 2
(q) War thin-Starry Method For Spirochetes 2
(r) Southgate's—Mayer's Mucicarmine Method 2
8. Museum Technique 5
Biochemistry
1. Introduction to Practical Laboratory Sciences & Laboratory Safety Rules 5

2. Instrumentation & Techniques or Lab. Glass Were 10
3. Titration 1
a. Determination of Free Acidity and Total Acidity in Gastric Juice 3
4. Preparation of 1
a. Normal Solution 2
b. Molar Solution 2
c. Percent Solution 2
d. Volumetric Analysis 2
e. Standard Solution of Oxalic Acid 2
f. Sulfuric Acid 2
g. Hydrochloric Acid 2
h. Sodium Hydroxide 2
i. Potassium Permanganate 2
5. Dilution of the Solution 1
a. Preparation of Saturated Solution 2
b. Preparation of Half Saturated Solution 2
c. Preparation of Different Buffers. 2
6. Color Reaction With The Given Protein Sample 3
7. Precipitation Reactions of Proteins 3
8. Scheme for Identification of Unknown Proteins 3
9. Reactions of Monosaccharide 2
10. Reactions of Disaccharide 2
11. Reactions of Polysaccharide 2
64
12. Scheme for Identification of Unknown CHO Solution 3
13. General Scheme for Identification of (CHO) ,Proteins & Non- Protein Nitrogenous (NPN) 3
Substances
CLINICAL- BIOCHEMISTRY 2
14. Glucose-Estimation 1
A. BLOOD GLUCOSE 1
a. O-Toluidine With Standard Graph Method 3
b. Folin Wu Method 2
c. Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase (GOD-_POD) Method or Kit Method 2
d. Spot Test 1
e. Glucose Tolerance Test 3
B. URINE-GLUCOSE 1
a. Benedict’s Test 1
b. Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase (GOD-POD) Method or Kit Method 1
C. C.S.F. GLUCOSE OR Other BODY FLUIDS GLUCOSE ESTIMATION 2
a. O-Toluidine With Standard Graph Method 1
b. Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase (GOD-POD) Method or Kit Method 1
c. Turbidimetry Method 1
15. UREA-ESTIMATION IN BLOOD & URINE 1
a. Diacetyl Monoxime Method With Standard Graph Method 2
b. Kit Method. 1
16. Creatinine-Estimation 1
a. Jaffe’s Method With Standard Graph 2
b. Urine Creatinine Kit Method 1
17. BLOOD CALCIUM-ESTIMATION 1
a. Diethanolamine Method 1
b. Kit Method 1
18. Phosphorus By Fiske Subb Rao Method 2
19. Uric Acid By Henry et.al & Kit Method 2
20. CHOLESTEROL-ESTIMATION 1
a. Zak’s With Standard Graph Method 2
b. Kit Method 1
21. Triglycerides By Kit Method 1
22. Bilirubin By Malloues & Evelyn Method 3
23. Serum Protein-Estimation 1
a. Biuret Method & Kit Method 1
b. Turbidimetric Method 1
c. Photometric Method 1
d. Electrophoresis Method 3
24. C.S.F. & Other Body Fluid Protein-Estimation 1
a. Biuret Method 1
b. Turbidimetry Method 1
c. Kit Method 1
25. URINE PROTEIN-ESTIMATION 1
a. Biuret Method & Kit Method 1
b. Turbidimetric Method 1
c. B.J.Protein-Estimation By Heat & Cool Method 2
26. Albumin –Estimation By Dye Binding Standard Graph or Kit Method 3
27. AST , ALT By Manual & Kit Method 5
28. ALP By Manual & Kit Method 3
29. HDL-Cholesterol By Using Kit Method 2
30. Amylase-estimation By Kit Method 2
31. LDH-Estimation By Enzymatic Method 2
32. CK or CKMB – Estimation By Kit Method 3
33. Urine Screening Test By Strip Method 5
34. Immunodiffusion 2
35 Hormones and tumor markers by FIA and ELISA 5
36 Drug analysis 2
37 Blood gas analysis 3
38 Electrolyte analysis 5
65
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.MLT)
Microbiology
1. Introduction to Practical laboratory Sciences &Laboratory Safety rules 5
2. Instrumentation & Techniques or Lab. Glass ware 5
(a) Microscopy (1)Light &(2)Compound 2
(b) Observation & Uses of Autoclave & Hot Air Oven 3
(c) Preparation of Common Laboratory Disinfectants & their uses 3
(d) Cleaning & Decontamination of Glass Wares & Lab Waste Materials 3
3. Preparation of General Laboratory Reagents for Staining of Microorganisms in 5
Microbiology
(a) Gram's Stain 2
(b) ZN Stain 2
(c) Methyline Blue Stain 2
(d) Albert Stain 2
(e) Negative Staining by Wet Indian Ink For Capsules 2
(f) Silver Impregnation Method For Fimbrial 2
(g) Pellicle formation Method For Fimbrial 2
(h) Staining of Flagella by Leifson Method 3
(i) Wet- Mount 2
(j) Leishman's Stain 2
(k) Giemsa's Stain For Protozoa, Spirochaetes & Designed to Differentiate 3
Leucocytes Staining.
(l) Lacto phenol cotton Blue-Mounting Medium-Used For Study of fungus cultures. 5
4. Morphological Study of Bacteria 5
5. Motility, Hanging Drop Method 5
6. Sample Collection, Preservation & Processing Method 5
7. Methods & Cultivation of Bacteria 10
8. Culture Methods 5
(a) Aerobic Method:-Streak, Lawn, Stroke, Stab, Pour Plate & Liquid Culture. 10
(b) Anaerobic Method:-Displacement of O2 with other gases, Cultivation in 10
Vaccum,Addition of Reducing Agents, Biological Method ,Chemical Method,
Growing Aerobes, Anaerobes together Using Anaerobic Jars –McIntosh &
Fildesjar & Modifications-Gaspak System.
9. Antibiotic Sensitivity Test 5
(a) Diffusion-(1)Ditch plate(2)Cup plate & (3) Disc Diffusion Method 1
(b) Dilution-(1)Tube Dilution & (2)Agar Dilution Method 1
10. Isolation & Identification of pure Culture/Clinical Specimen 10
11. Isolation & Identification of Mixed Culture/Clinical Specimen 10
12. Preparation, Sterilization & Uses of Common Media in Lab. 15
13. Serological Test in Microbiology 10
(a) Coagulation test 2
(b) Agglutination test:-Widal & Haemaggulutination test (Coomb's Test)For TPHA, 5
Brucella Agglutination Test & Paul Bunnel Test
(c) Precipitation Test:-VDRL/RPR 2
(d) C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 2
(e) Anti-Streptolysin "O" Test (ASO) 2
(f) Rheumatic Factor Detection (RF or RA) 2
(g) Anti-Nuclear Antibody Test(ANA) 2
(h) Neutralization Test 2
(i) Complement Fixation Test 2
(j) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)For HIV,HCV,ANA , HBsAg & 7
Spot Test For HIV, HBsAg & HCV
(k) Radio-Immunoassay( RIA) 2
(l) Immunoflorescence Test (1)Direct & (2)Indirect 2
14. STOOL RE/ME For Parasitological Examination 5
15. KOH Mount Test For Fungal Detection 2
16. Mantoux Test For Tuberculin Detection 2
17. Slit Smear For M. Lepray 2
66

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Bachelor of Science in

Medical Laboratory Technology

ROLE of BMLT GRADUATES

A. GENERAL sequence and the fourth digits after decimal, indicates

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

MLS 101.3 Medical Laboratory Science

LAB-1.1 Laboratory 1 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

BCM 121.3 Biochemistry I (General) 3 ------- ---

LAB-3.1 Laboratory 3 1 ------- ---

SEM-1.1 Seminar 1 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

MBL 201.3 Microbiology-II (Bacteriology) 3 MBL 102.3 ☼

LAB-6.1 Laboratory 6 1 ------- ---

SEM-2.1 Seminar 2 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

MBL 202.3 Microbiology III (Bacteriology) 3 MBL 201.3 ☼

LAB-9.1 Laboratory 9 1 ------- ---

SEM-3.1 Seminar 3 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

MBL 301.3 Microbiology IV (Parasitology) 3 MBL 202.3 ☼

LAB-12.1 Laboratory 12 1 ------- ---

SEM-4.1 Seminar 4 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

MBL 302.3 Microbiology-V (Virology) 3 MBL 301.3 ☼

LAB-15.1 Laboratory 15 1 ------- ---

SEM-5.1 Seminar 5 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

MBL 401.3 Microbiology-VII (Clinical) 3 MBL 302.3 ☼

LAB-18.1 Laboratory 18 1 ------- ---

SEM-6.1 Seminar 6 1 ------- ---

Code Subject Credit Pre-requisite Core

INT 491.3 Internship 3 ------- ---

☼ represents the core course.

Medical Laboratory Science

2. Laboratory Safety Rules 5 hours

3. Clinical Laboratory Organization 4 hours

4. The General Clinical Laboratories 21 hours

5. Research and Literature in Clinical Laboratory 10 hours

2. Characteristics of Microorganisms 2 hours

3. Types of Microscopes and their uses 5 hours

5. Safety in Microbiology Laboratory 3 hours

6. Sterilization and Disinfection 6 hours

8. Culture Media 5 hours

9. Culture Methods 3 hours

13. Identification of Microorganisms 6 hours

2. Chemical Bonding 6 hours

3. Periodic Table 6 hours

4. Nuclear Chemistry 6 hours

5. Coordination Chemistry 5 hours

6. Principles of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 14 hours

3. Conformational Analysis 10 hours

4. Reaction Mechanism 6 hours

5. Methods for Determining Mechanism 6 hours

6. Reactive Intermediates 5 hours

2. Classification and Presentation of Data 6 hours

3. Fundamental Statistical Measures 8 hours

4. Probability Theory 6 hours

5. Probability Distribution 7 hours