Exp 3 Phys

ABDULRAHMAN AL- SUMAIT
UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH
EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, FIRST
YEAR, THIRD SEMESTER
2019/2021
COURSE TITLE : PRACTICAL PHYSICS 1
COURSE CODE : PH233
LEACTURE’S NAME :MR KHAMIS MASOUD KHAMIS
PRACTICAL NUMBER : THREE
STUDENT NAME : ALI ISSA OTHMAN
REGISTRATION NUMBER : 19/PC/006
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT

Determination of the radius of gyration k of the suspended metal bar and the
acceleration of gravity using compound pendulum.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment was to demined the radius of the gyration K of the
suspended metal bar and the acceleration of gravity g using compound pendulum.
When the compound pendulum suspended freely from fixed axis that does not pass
through the centre of mass of the body, displaced by a small angle from it equilibrium
position, and let go, it executes a simple harmonic motion. For these pendulums the
appropriate equivalent length is the distance from the pivot point to a point in the
pendulum called the center of oscillation. This is located under the center of mass, at a
distance from the pivot called the radius of gyration that depends on the mass
distribution along the pendulum. The acceleration of gravity and radius of gyration found
were 832.35cm/s2 and 21.93cm and percentage error calculated were 15.15% and
24.04% respectively.
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT

By using pendulum experiment to determine
1. The radius of gyration k of the suspended metal bar.
2. the acceleration of gravity
INTRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENT
A compound pendulum, also known as the physical pendulum consists of a rigid
body, which may be regularly shaped whose moment of inertia about axis of oscillation
can be evaluated from it mass and dimensions, or irregularly shaped for which the
moment of inertia cannot be determined by mathematical means. Some example of
application of compound pendulum theory to the practical measurement of moment of
inertia of human being, farm tractor and sailboat serve to increase interest in this
subject.
When the body suspended freely from fixed axis that does not pass
through the centre of mass of the body, displaced by a small angle
from it equilibrium position, and let go, it executes a simple harmonic
motion. The period of oscillation depends on the moment of inertia of
a body about the axis of rotation, and the value of the acceleration is
due to the gravity.
Experimentally the simple harmonic oscillation of compound pendulum can be used
either to determine the acceleration due to gravity or the moment of inertia of an
irregularly shaped rigid body about the axis of rotation.
THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a compound pendulum in this experiment consists of rigid bear with a number of
holes drilled through it. The bar is suspended in a vertical plane. If the bar is displaced
slightly from equilibrium position through an angle 0 0 the restoring torque τ is given by
τ =M × g × d × sinθ
d-distance from the pivot to the centre of mass

M- mass of the bar
For a very small angle θ, sinθ=θ and the torque equals to
τ =M × g × d × θ
But τ =I ∝
Where, ∝ is the angular acceleration, which is equal to
d2θ
∝=
dt 2
I - is the momentum of inertia of the bar about the axis of rotation.
The equation of the toque become
d2θ
=− M × g × d × θ
dt 2
The period of vibration which satisfy the above equation is
I
T=
√ Mgd
The momentum of inertia I depends on d by I =I c + Md 2
IC- momentum of inertia about a parallel axis through the centre of gravity of the bar. It
can be expressed as I c =Mk 2 when k is the radius of gyration. So I =M (k 2 + d2 )
k 2+ d 2
T=
√ gd
To make d the subject
g
d 2= 2
×T 2 d−k 2
4π
Where
x – distance from the end A of the bar to the point of the suspension.
d – distance from the point of suspension to the centre of gravity.
APPARATUS USED: A metal bar with holes at equal intervals, knife edge support fixed
on the wall or supported by retort stand, stopwatch.
PROCEDURE:
1. located the centre of gravity of the bar by balancing it horizontally.
2. Suspended the bar with the knife edge in the first hole and given it a small
displacement so that it makes oscillations about horizontal axis.
3. Measured the time for thirty oscillations and it corresponding lengths d and x.
4. Repeated the above step for each point of suspension along the rule.
Table result of this experiment
d2 T 2d
(cm2 (S2cm)
)
x ± 0.05 d ± 0.05 t 1 ± 0.01 s t 1 ± 0.01 s t 1 ± 0.01 s tave T T2
N (cm) (cm) for 30 for 30 for 30 (s) (s) (s2)
o oscillation oscillation oscillation
1 5 45 47.22 47.32 47.32 47.28 1.57 2.48 202 111.73

6 6 3 5 5
2 10 40 45.75 45.81 46.05 45.87 1.52 2.33 160 93.480
0 9 7 0
3 15 35 45.53 45.54 45.84 45.64 1.52 2.31 122 80.955
3 1 3 5
4 20 30 45.34 45.37 45.56 45.42 1.5I 2.28 900 68.584
3 2 6
5 25 25 44.79 45.17 44.79 44.91 1.50 2.25 625 56.25
0
6 30 20 46.12 46.32 45.86 46.1 1.53 2.34 400 4 6.8
6 0
7 70 30 46.32 46.12 45.86 46.1 1.53 2.35 900 70.77

6 9
8 75 25 44.79 45.17 44.79 44.91 1.50 2.25 625 56.25
0
9 80 20 45.29 45.15 45.10 45.18 1.50 2.26 400 45.36
6 8
10 85 15 46.31 45.31 45.34 45.65 1.52 2.31 225 34.69
1 3
11 90 10 46.96 47.25 47.25 47.15 1.57 2.46 100 24.68
1 8
12 95 5 47.54 48.19 48.19 47.97 1.59 2.55 25 12.78
9 6
5.
THE GRAPH OF T AGAINST x
1.62
1.6
1.58
1.56
f(x) = 0 x + 1.52
1.54 R² = 0.07
T(s)
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
1.44
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x(cm)
Linear ()
6.
THE GRAPH OF d2 AGAINST T2d
2500
2000
f(x) = 21.1 x − 480.72

R² = 0.97
1500
d2(cm2)
1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T2d
Linear ()
7. To determine the acceleration of gravity using formula
g
slo pe= 2
4π
g=slope × 4 π 2
From the graph number 6, shown the slopes was 21.105cm/s 2
g=21.105× 4 × 3.142
g=832.35 cm/s2
∴ The acceleration of gravity of the experiment was 832.35 cm/ s2
8. The intercept in the d2 axis in the graph was -480.72cm2 (neglect negative
sign)
k 2=intercept
K= √ 480.72
K=21.93 cm
∴ the redius of gyration was21.93 cm
In paper
k 2=intercept
K= √ 618.75
k =24.88 cm
∴ theredius of gyration was24.88 cm
9. The value obtained from the formula
L
k= where L is 100
√12
100
k=
√12
k =28.87 cm
∴ the redius of gyration was28.87 cm
ERROR ANALYSIS
The percentage error of the graph:
a. Determination of g
theoretical −experimental
percentage error =
theoretical
981−832.35
per error= ×100=15.15 %
981
∴ the percentage error of the acceleration∈graph was15.15 %
b. Determination of k
theoretical−experimental
p ercentage error=
theoretical
28.87−21.93
p er error= ×100=24.04 %
28.87
∴ the percentage error of the redius of gyration∈graph was 24.04 %
DISCUSSIONS:
The nature of first graph of this experiment was curve (T vis x) aim to observer
the radius of the gyration was 29cm. and second graph of this experiment (d 2 vis T2d)
was straight line pass through d 2 intercept was intercept be (-480.72 and -618.75) cm 2
and the slope was (832.35 and 865.71) cm/s 2.
The percentage error of radius of gyration and acceleration of gravity in this
experiment were 21.93 ±24.04 %∧832.35 ±15.15 % . experimentally the acceleration of
gravity not accurate with theoretical value which 981cm/s 2 due to some errors and
precaution.
The source of error in this experiment main occur systematic error due to
parallax during measurement of length reduced by stay away perpendicular when
reading a data, due to external sources like air resistance reduced by switch off fain and
closed up window.
However, investigating the possible errors in this experiment, there are a few
point that could have cause to give slight discrepancy in it reading, and therefore in
the final value of g and k. firstly our method for timing the oscillation was not as
through as our method used to calculate T, hence allowing larger error to be
produced than what was recorded.
For those error, the number of oscillation of this experiment reduced up to 20 -10
oscillation because there 30 oscillations some data must not count.
PRECAUTIONS
(i) Ensure that the pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane and that there is no
rotational motion of the pendulum.
(ii) (ii) The amplitude of oscillation should remain within 40 of arc.
(iii) (iii) Use a precision stop-watch and note the time accurately as far as
possible.
(iv) (iv) Make sure that there is no air current in the vicinity of the pendulum.
CONCLUTION
The acceleration of gravity and radius of gyration in this experiment calculated
were 832.35 ±15.15 %∧21.93 ± 24.04 %. We believe that the difference in this final result
and accepted value of acceleration was 981cm/s 2 and radius of gyration was 28.87cm,
were due to the systematic errors in the experimental procedure.
REFERENCES
1. Fundamentals of Physics: Resnick & Halliday
2. Practical physics: R.K. Shukla, Anchal Srivatsava, New Age International (P)
Ltd, New Delhi
3. Eric J. Irons, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 5, pp.426 (194)
4. F H Newman and V H L Searle, “Gravitation” general properties of mater”

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ABDULRAHMAN AL- SUMAIT

COURSE CODE : PH233

LEACTURE’S NAME :MR KHAMIS MASOUD KHAMIS

PRACTICAL NUMBER : THREE

STUDENT NAME : ALI ISSA OTHMAN

REGISTRATION NUMBER : 19/PC/006

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT

d-distance from the pivot to the centre of mass

The period of vibration which satisfy the above equation is

Table result of this experiment

1 5 45 47.22 47.32 47.32 47.28 1.57 2.48 202 111.73

7 70 30 46.32 46.12 45.86 46.1 1.53 2.35 900 70.77

f(x) = 21.1 x − 480.72

From the graph number 6, shown the slopes was 21.105cm/s 2

∴ The acceleration of gravity of the experiment was 832.35 cm/ s2

∴ the percentage error of the acceleration∈graph was15.15 %

∴ the percentage error of the redius of gyration∈graph was 24.04 %

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