Chapter 20 Blood vessels

1) Which of the following drives a continuous exchange of fluids between the tissues
and the blood?
a) concentration gradients
b) osmosis
c) diffusion
d) A and B
e) B and C
2) Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when ______________.
a) colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is high.
b) there is hyperproteinemia.
c) the concentration of sodium and proteins in blood is high.
d) hematocrit is high.
e) there is a dietary protein deficiency.
3) Fresh whole blood for testing in a laboratory is usually collected from
a) A superficial artery.
b) A superficial vein.
c) The heart.
d) An arteriole.
e) A capillary.
4) When checking the efficiency of gas exchange in the lung, it may be necessary to
draw a blood sample from
a) Capillaries.
b) The lungs.
c) An artery.
d) A vein.
e) The heart.
5) In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this
may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by
a) an aneurysm or weak point in an artery.
b) an aneurysm or weak point in a vein.
c) failure of the venous valves.
d) failure of the lymphatic valves.
e) a ruptured aneurysm in a vein.
6) _____________ have the thickest tunica media.
a) Small arteries
b) Small veins
c) Large arteries
d) Large veins
e) Capillaries
7) The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the ______ and in large arteries and
veins contains the ________.
a) tunica media; smooth muscle
b) tunica externa; vasa vasorum
c) tunica externa; valves
 d) tunica intima; endothelium
e) tunica intima; basement membrane
8) Most blood is in the
a) pulmonary circuit.
b) heart.
c) arteries.
d) veins.
e) capillaries.
9) Vasomotion is associated with the presence of
a) collagen and elastic tissue in the tunica media.
b) elastic tissue in the tunica externa.
c) endothelium in the tunica interna.
d) smooth muscle in the tunica media.
e) fenestrations in the tunica externa.
10) What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic
and diastolic pressure, respectively?
a) 45 mm Hg
b) 80 mm Hg
c) 87.5 mm Hg
d) 90 mm Hg
e) 175 mm Hg
11) ______________ has the most important effect on blood velocity.
a) Blood viscosity
b) Vessel radius
c) Blood osmolarity
d) Hematocrit
e) Vessel length
12) Reactive hyperemia is a result of _________ to increase perfusion into a tissue.
a) urinary control
b) neural control
c) hormonal control
d) local control
e) respiratory control
13) All of these increase blood pressure except
a) norepinephrine.
b) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
c) angiotensin II.
d) aldosterone.
e) atrial natriuretic peptide.
14) The vasomotor center of the _______ controls blood vessels throughout the body.
a) hypothalamus
b) medulla oblongata
c) spinal cord
d) cerebellum
e) cortex
15) ______ are powerful vasoconstrictors, and ___________ also increases heart rate.
 a) Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b) Norepinephrine and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); norepinephrine
c) Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine
d) Epinephrine and aldosterone; epinephrine
e) Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
16) These are all mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall except
a) reabsorption.
b) filtration.
c) secretion.
d) transcytosis.
e) diffusion.
17) The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is
a) oncotic pressure.
b) tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure.
c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
d) interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
e) blood hydrostatic pressure.
18) ________________ by the capillaries at their venous end.
a) Waste products are taken up
b) Oxygen and glucose are taken up
c) Oxygen and glucose are given off
d) Wastes are given off
e) Organic nutrients are taken up
19) The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is
a) oncotic pressure.
b) tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure.
c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
d) interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
e) blood hydrostatic pressure.
20) All these can lead to edema except
a) obstruction of lymphatic vessels.
b) liver disease.
c) famine.
d) hyperproteinemia.
e) hypertension.
21) A mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg can cause _____, whereas a MAP
above 160 mmHg can cause _____________.
a) neurogenic shock; syncope
b) neurogenic shock; cardiogenic shock
c) compensated shock; decompensated shock
d) syncope; neurogenic shock
e) syncope; cerebral edema
22) ______________ does not contribute to venous return.
a) The difference of pressure between venules and the venae cavae
b) The expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during ventilation
c) The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole
 d) Widespread vasodilation
e) Contraction of skeletal muscles of the limbs
23) __________ shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration.
a) Anaphylactic
b) Cardiogenic
c) Hypovolemic
d) Venous pooling (vascular)
e) Neurogenic
24) ________ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase
capillary permeability.
a) Compensated
b) Anaphylactic
c) Neurogenic
d) Cardiogenic
e) Septic
25) A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ___________
and a(n) _____________ in arterial blood pressure.
a) vasodilation; decrease
b) vasodilation; increase
c) vasoconstriction; decrease
d) D. vasoconstriction; increase
e) vasoconstriction; oscillation
26) Myocardial infarction can lead to _______________ shock.
a) neurogenic
b) cardiogenic
c) obstructed venous return
d) venous pooling (vascular)
e) hypovolemic
27) Blood flow to the _______________ remains quite stable even when mean arterial
pressure (MAP) fluctuates from 60 to 140 mm Hg.
a) hypothalamus
b) adrenal gland
c) stomach
d) skeletal muscles
e) kidneys
28) Pulmonary arteries have ___________ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries.
a) similar
b) a little lower
c) considerably lower
d) considerably higher
e) a little higher
29) The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the
a) right pulmonary artery.
b) left pulmonary artery.
c) pulmonary veins.
d) bronchial arteries.
 e) lobar arteries.
30) There are no ________________ in humans.
a) right and left common carotid arteries
b) right and left brachiocephalic arteries
c) right and left brachiocephalic veins
d) right and left subclavian veins
e) right and left subclavian arteries
31) The _______________ supplies 80% of the cerebrum.
a) superficial temporal artery
b) occipital artery
c) internal carotid artery
d) anterior cerebral artery
e) middle cerebral artery
32) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is
a) an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland.
b) a portal system connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.
c) a short anastomosis found in the cerebellum.
d) formed by the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses.
e) an anastomosis circling the entire cortex.
33) From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are
a) celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior
mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
b) celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior
mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
c) superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior
mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
d) superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior
mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
e) superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal
arteries, renal arteries, and common iliac arteries.
34) The principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs is accomplished by way of
a) the branches of the celiac trunk.
b) the azygos system.
c) mesenteric circulation.
d) the hepatic portal system.
e) the coronary and pulmonary veins.
35) These are all tributaries of the inferior vena cava except
a) the hepatic veins.
b) the internal and external iliac veins.
c) the inferior phrenic veins.
d) the vertebral veins.
e) the lumbar veins.
36) These are all veins of the upper limb except
a) the cephalic vein.
b) the great saphenous vein.
c) the basilic vein.
 d) the median antebrachial vein.
e) the ulnar vein.
37) This is the longest vein, and portions of this vein are commonly used as grafts in
coronary bypass surgery.
a) the inferior vena cava
b) the femoral vein
c) the deep femoral vein
d) the great saphenous vein
e) the common iliac vein
38) The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
a) tunica media.
b) tunica adventitia.
c) tunica interna.
d) tunica intima.
e) tunica externa.
39) The following is a list of the vessels that blood passes through from the heart and
back to the heart.
1. venules
2. arterioles
3. capillaries
4. elastic arteries
5. medium veins
6. large veins
7. muscular arteries
The correct order in which blood passes through these structures from leaving the
heart until its return is
b) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6.
c) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4.
d) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6.
e) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6.
f) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4.
40) Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
a) Sinusoidal capillaries.
b) Continuous capillaries.
c) Sinusoids.
d) Fenestrated capillaries.
e) Vasa vasorum.
41) Capillaries with an incomplete lining are called
a) Incomplete capillaries.
b) Fenestrated capillaries.
c) sinuses.
d) Continuous capillaries.
e) vasa vasorum.
42) The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the
surrounding interstitial fluids are the __________.
a) Arterioles.
 b) capillaries.
c) Veins.
d) Arteries.
43) Materials can move across capillary walls by
a) Diffusion and osmosis.
b) Active transport and bulk transport.
c) Secretion and adsorption.
d) all of the above
e) A and B only
44) Blood flow through a capillary is regulated by the
a) Capillary plexus.
b) Precapillary sphincter.
c) Vasa vasorum.
d) Central channel.
e) Arterial anastomosis.
45) Blood moves forward through veins by all of the following, except
a) Because of contraction-relaxation pumping of the smooth muscle in the wall of
the vein.
b) With the aid of the thoracoabdominal pump.
c) With the aid of contractions of skeletal muscles.
d) Because valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood.
e) Because the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries.
46) Blood flow through the circulatory system is affected by all of the following, except
a) The presence or absence of collateral systems.
b) The amount of friction in the blood vessels.
c) Pressure differences.
d) The length and diameter of the blood vessels.
e) The viscosity of the blood.
47) Vascular resistance is related to all of the following, except the
a) Viscosity of the blood.
b) Osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
c) Length of a blood vessel.
d) Nature of the blood flow.
e) Diameter of a blood vessel.
48) As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries, the
a) Flow increases.
b) Resistance increases.
c) Pressure increases.
d) Viscosity increases.
e) Diameter of the blood vessels increases.
49) Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
a) Level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases.
b) PH rises.
c) Level of oxygen at the tissue increases.
d) Vessel constricts.
e) both A and C
50) Blood pressure is determined by measuring the
a) Degree of turbulence in a closed vessel.
b) Force of contraction of the right ventricle.
c) Pressure in the left ventricle.
d) Force exerted by blood in a vessel against air in a closed cuff.
e) Size of the pulse.
51) Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased
a) Blood volume.
b) Force of cardiac contraction.
c) Cardiac output.
d) Peripheral resistance.
e) Parasympathetic innervation.
52) The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ___ pressure.
a) circulatory
b) blood
c) pulse
d) mean arterial
e) critical closing
53) The blood osmotic pressure is most affected by changes in the
a) Concentration of plasma waste products.
b) Number of white blood cells.
c) Concentration of plasma proteins.
d) Concentration of plasma sodium ions.
e) Concentration of plasma glucose.
54) Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between
capillaries and interstitial space?
a) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space.
b) The blood hydrostatic pressure and the blood osmotic pressure are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.
c) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic
pressure.
d) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary.
e) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid does not oppose the movement of
fluid from the capillary.
55) Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
a) Increased levels of ANF (atrial natriuretic factor).
b) Increased levels of aldosterone.
c) Decrease in blood volume.
d) Decreased peripheral resistance.
e) Activation of kinins.
56) Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except
a) Increased blood volume.
b) Increased levels of aldosterone.
c) Increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
d) Increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
e) Increased levels of angiotensin II.
57) Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
a) Left atrium.
b) Systemic circuit.
c) Right atrium.
d) Lungs.
e) Aorta.
58) Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
a) Right atrium.
b) Lungs.
c) Systemic circuit.
d) Aorta.
e) Left atrium.
59) Each of the following arteries carries blood to the heart, except the
a) Common carotid artery.
b) Left descending artery.
c) Right coronary artery.
d) Left circumflex artery.
e) Marginal artery.
60) Each of the following arteries contributes to the circle of Willis, except the
a) Posterior cerebral artery.
b) Posterior communicating artery.
c) Vertebral artery.
d) Anterior communicating artery.
e) Anterior cerebral artery.
61) An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery.
a) vertebral
b) external carotid internal carotid?
c) azygos
d) maxillary
e) subclavian
62) Blood from the brain returns to the heart by way of the ________ vein.
a) internal jugular
b) innominate
c) azygos
d) external jugular
e) vertebral
63) The goal of cardiovascular regulation includes all of the following, except to ensure
that
a) Changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure.
b) Blood flow changes occur in the appropriate area.
c) Sufficient concentrations of blood cells are present to meet emergency situations.
d) Changes occur without drastically altering blood flow to a vital organ.
e) Blood flow changes occur at the appropriate time.
64) Anxiety can result in
a) Decreased blood pressure.
b) Decreased heart rate.
 c) Increased stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center by higher brain centers.
d) Increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.
e) both C and D
65) During increased exercise
a) Both cardiac output and stroke volume decrease.
b) Venous return increases.
c) Vasoconstriction occurs at the active skeletal muscles.
d) all of the above
e) A and C only
66) In response to hemorrhage, there is
a) Mobilization of the venous reserve.
b) Decreased vasomotor tone and peripheral vasodilation.
c) Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
d) all of the above
e) both A and C
67) Symptoms of shock include all of the following, except
a) Acidosis.
b) Hypotension.
c) Decreased urine formation.
d) Profuse sweating.
e) Rapid, weak pulse.
68) Branches off the aortic arch include the
a) Left common carotid and right axillary arteries.
b) Brachio and right axillary arteries.
c) Right and left subclavian arteries.
d) Left subclavian artery.
e) both A and C
69) Major branches of the subclavian artery include the ________ artery (is).
a) internal thoracic
b) brachial
c) radial
d) digital
e) both B and C
70) After passing the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the ________ artery.
a) axillary
b) radial
c) digital
d) ulnar
e) brachial
71) In the upper arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery.
a) subclavian
b) brachial
c) ulnar
d) digital
e) radial
72) The brachial artery branches to form the radial and ________ arteries.
 a) brachiocephalic
b) digital
c) axillary
d) subclavian
e) ulnar
73) The two vertebral arteries fuse to form a large artery, the
a) Internal carotid artery.
b) External carotid artery.
c) Basilar artery.
d) Common carotid artery.
e) Circle of Willis.
74) At the carotid sinus,
a) Veins and arteries anastomose.
b) The external carotid forms the internal carotid.
c) The common carotid forms an internal and an external branch.
d) The internal carotids fuse with the vertebral arteries.
e) The aorta gives rise to the common carotids.
75) The ________ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior
abdominal aorta.
a) pleura
b) mediastinum
c) diaphragm
d) pericardium
e) peritoneum
76) Branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following, except the ______ arteries.
a) gastric
b) intercostal
c) bronchial
d) superior phrenic
e) esophageal
77) Near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form the ________ arteries.
a) common iliac
b) tibial
c) popliteal
d) common carotid
e) femoral
78) The external iliac artery branches to form the ________ arteries.
a) femoral and tibial
b) radial and ulnar
c) femoral and deep femoral
d) femoral and popliteal
e) tibial and popliteal
79) In the lower leg, the femoral artery becomes the ________ artery.
a) peroneal
b) tibial
c) popliteal
 d) deep femoral
e) iliac
80) Branches of the popliteal artery include the
a) Plantar arch.
b) Iliac artery.
c) Posterior tibial artery.?
d) Femoral artery.
e) Dorsalis pedis.
81) The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the
a) Inferior vena cava.
b) Coronary sinus.
c) Superior vena cava.
d) internal jugular vein.
e) external jugular vein.
82) Small veins of the brain empty into the
a) dural sinuses.
b) vertebral veins.
c) Coronary sinuses.
d) Circle of Willis.
e) External jugular vein.
83) The superior sagittal sinus collects blood from the
a) Brain.
b) Arms.
c) Legs.
d) Lungs.
e) Heart.
84) The superficial veins of the forearm drain into the ________ vein(s).
a) radial and ulnar?
b) innominate
c) axillary
d) cephalic and basilic
e) cephalic and brachial
85) Which of the following is a deep vein of the forearm?
a) basilic
b) cephalic
c) hemiazygos
d) azygos
e) radial
86) The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form the ________ vein.
a) hemiazygos
b) brachial
c) basilic
d) azygos
e) axillary
87) At the level of the first rib, the axillary vein becomes the ________ vein.
a) innominate
 b) azygos
c) external jugular
d) subclavian
e) cephalic
88) The vein that is formed from the fusion of the subclavian with the internal and
external jugulars is the ________ vein.
a) Hemiazygos
b) brachiocephalic (Innominate)
c) Axillary
d) Iliac
e) azygos
89) The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the
a) Inferior vena cava.
b) Azygos vein.
c) Subclavian vein.
d) Superior vena cava.
e) Innominate vein.
90) The deep veins of the lower leg include the ________ veins.
a) small saphenous and posterior tibial
b) internal iliac
c) anterior and posterior tibial and peroneal
d) peroneal and popliteal
e) small saphenous and popliteal
91) Blood from capillaries on the superior surface of the foot drain into a(n)
a) Small saphenous vein.
b) peroneal vein.
c) plantar vein.
d) iliac vein.
e) dorsal venous arch.
92) Blood from the dorsal venous arch is drained by the ________ vein(s).
a) greater saphenous small?
b) femoral
c) peroneal
d) posterior tibial
e) iliac
93) At the knee, small saphenous, tibial, and peroneal veins unite to form the __ vein.
a) popliteal
b) femoral
c) inferior vena cava
d) external iliac
e) internal iliac
94) When the popliteal vein reaches the femur, it becomes the ___ vein.
a) Lumbar
b) deep femoral
c) internal iliac
d) femoral
 e) external iliac
95) the fusion of greater saphenous, femoral, and deep femoral veins form the
a) common iliac
b) internal iliac
c) inferior vena cava
d) external iliac
e) azygous
96) The two common iliac veins form the
a) innominate vein.
b) femoral vein.
c) Inferior vena cava.
d) Greater saphenous vein.
e) Hepatic portal vein.
97) Nutrients from the digestive tract enter the
a) Hepatic vein.
b) Azygos vein.
c) Inferior vena cava.
d) Superior vena cava.
e) Hepatic portal vein.
98) Elderly individuals usually have
a) Elevated hematocrits.
b) Stiff inelastic arteries.
c) Increased venous return.
d) Decreased blood pressure.
e) all of the above
99) Elderly individuals are more prone than are younger individuals to have all of the
following, except
a) Problems with the conducting system of the heart.
b) Hypertension.
c) Arteriosclerosis.
d) Air embolisms.
e) Venous thrombosis.
100) ___from the ___ produce localized changes in blood flow and capillary
permeability.
a) Kupffer cells; liver of the digestive system
b) Plasma cells; bone marrow of the skeletal system
c) T-lymphocytes; lymphatic system tissue
d) Mast cells; integumentary system
e) Microglia; nervous system tissue
101) The smallest arterial branch is called the
a) Veins
b) venules.
c) arteries.
d) Capillaries
e) Arterioles.
102) The layer of a blood vessel that separates the tunica media and the tunica externa
is the
a) Tunica externa.
b) Internal elastic membrane.
c) Tunica media.
d) External elastic membrane.
e) Tunica intima.
103) After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
a) veins.
b) arteries.
c) capillaries.
d) artérioles.
e) venules.
104) Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
a) external elastic membrane
b) internal elastic membrane
c) tunica intima
d) tunica externa
e) tunica media
105) The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
a) capillaries.
b) veins.
c) Arteries
d) venules.
e) Arterioles.
106) Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
a) internal elastic membrane
b) tunica intima
c) tunica media
d) tunica externa
e) external elastic membrane
107) Which type of artery has a poorly defined tunica externa?
a) connective
b) arterioles
c) muscular
d) elastic
e) vascular
108) Vasoconstriction and vasodilation affect the heart in what way?
a) afterload
b) atrial kick
c) capillary flow
d) peripheral blood pressure
e) all of the above
109) The femoral artery is an example of which type of artery?
a) vascular
b) muscular
 c) connective
d) arteriolar
e) elastic
110) Which vessel is known as a resistant vessel?
a) elastic
b) arteriolar
c) muscular
d) connective
e) vascular
111) You are caring for a patient who just underwent an abdominal aortic aneurysm
repair. In nursing school you learned that complications such as ________ could
result from the abdominal aorta being clamped too long during the surgical
procedure.
a) Hypertension
b) Tachycardia
c) Rupture of the aneurysm
d) Loss of urinary function
e) Paraplegia
112) Which of the following can result from an aneurysm in the brain?
a) hypertension
b) quadriplegia
c) myocardial infarction
d) stroke
e) all of the above
113) You are caring for five patients on the central nursing unit. Which of your five
patients is at greatest risk for a myocardial infarction?
a) 35-year-old white male who smokes 2 packs per day for 20 years
b) 52-year-old white male who runs 3 miles every other day
c) 65-year-old postmenopausal woman
d) 24-year-old Asian female on birth control for 5 years
e) 40-year-old black male who smokes 1 pack per day for 5 years
114) Arteriosclerosis can lead to
a) Coronary artery disease.
b) Tachycardia.
c) Hypertension.
d) both A and C
e) all of the above
115) The pressure that declines from 35 mm Hg to 18 mm Hg is the
a) Blood pressure.
b) Capillary hydrostatic pressure.
c) peripheral pressure.
d) venous pressure.
e) none of the above
116) The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)
a) venule.
b) large vein.
 c) arteriovenule.
d) venous valve.
e) Medium vein.
117) Arterial pressure is equal to
a) Peripheral pressure.
b) Blood pressure.
c) Capillary hydrostatic pressure.
d) Venous pressure.
e) none of the above
118) Venous valves are responsible for
a) Pushing blood toward the heart.
b) Pushing blood away from the heart.
c) Preventing back flow.
d) both A and B
e) both A and C
119) Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which
________ the volume in the arterial system.
a) decreases; doubles
b) doubles; decreases
c) increases; reduces
d) reduces; increases
e) none of the above
120) Compared with other vessels of the human vascular system, ________ pressure is
usually low.
a) venous
b) blood
c) capillary hydrostatic
d) peripheral
e) none of the above
121) Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
a) resistance
b) turbulence
c) blood viscosity
d) vessel diameter
e) all of the above
122) The layer of the arteriole wall that provides the properties of contractility and
elasticity is the
a) Tunica media.
b) Tunica mater.
c) Tunica adventitia.
d) Tunica externa.
e) Tunica intima.
123) When dehydration occurs, there is
a) A recall of fluids.
b) An increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure.
c) Accelerated reabsorption of water at the kidneys.
 d) A, B, and C
e) none of the above
124) Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
a) Blood volume.
b) Venous return.
c) Fluid loss through the kidneys.
d) Sodium ion levels in blood.
e) B and C
125) The secretion of ADH and aldosterone is typical of the body's long-term
compensation following
a) A serious hemorrhage.
b) A heavy meal.
c) Heavy exercise.
d) Hypertension.
e) A heart attack.
126) You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in
a) The pancreas.
b) The spleen.
c) Cardiac muscle.
d) Skin.
e) Skeletal muscles.
127) A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by endothelium and
filled with blood. Blood enters these spaces by way of arterioles and is drained by
venules. This tissue sample may have come from the
a) Heart.
b) Kidneys.
c) Liver.
d) Lungs.
e) Skin.
128) Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include all of the following, except
a) Lack of exercise.
b) High-fat diets.
c) Obesity.
d) A family history of low blood pressure.
e) Smoking.
129) Which of the following contains the greater volume of blood?
a) the normal blood volume of the venous system
b) the normal blood volume of the arterial system
c) Neither is greater.
130) Compression of the common carotid artery at the carotid sinus would result in
a) Unconsciousness.
b) Kidney damage.
c) Liver damage.
d) Pulmonary embolism.
e) Heart attack.
131) If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
 a) Unchanged.
b) 4 times greater.
c) 1/4 as much.
d) Halved.
e) Doubled.
132) In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a) a vessel 10 microns in diameter
b) a vessel 1 mm in diameter
133) In which of the following would the rate of blood flow be lower?
a) a vessel 1 mm in diameter
b) a vessel 10 microns in diameter
134) How would increased sympathetic stimulation of a blood vessel affect blood
pressure?
a) It would decrease.
b) It would remain the same.
c) It would increase.
135) Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except
a) Increased sympathetic stimulation.
b) Vasodilation.
c) Elevated levels of epinephrine.
d) Factors that cause increased hematocrits.
e) Irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques.
136) Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except
a) Increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
b) Increased blood concentration of insulin.
c) Stimulation of the heart by epinephrine.
d) Decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
e) increased venous return
137) Which of the following is faster?
a) blood flow along the walls of a blood vessel
b) blood flow in the center of a large vessel
138) Turbulent blood flow occurs where
a) The vessel wall is injured.
b) Blood vessels branch from other vessels.
c) There are irregularities in the vessel wall.
d) All of the above
e) A and B only
139) Edema would likely occur when
a) The heart is an insufficient pump.
b) Blood hydrostatic pressure at the capillary decreases.
c) The concentration of protein in the blood increases.
d) Hemorrhage occurs.
e) The blood hydrostatic pressure in a capillary is equal to the blood osmotic
pressure.
140) Which of the following blood pressures is greater?
a) when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
 b) when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
c) Neither is greater.
141) Which of the following is greater?
a) normal heart rate
b) heart rate during circulatory shock
c) Neither is greater.
142) Which of the following blood pressures is greater?
a) when the peripheral vessels dilate
b) when the peripheral vessels constrict
c) Neither is greater.
143) When a person rises quickly from a prone position,
a) Venous return is increased.
b) Reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs.
c) The carotid baroreceptors become less active.
d) Heart rate decreases.
e) The cardioaccelerator center in the medulla becomes less excited.
144) Vickie has a tumor that causes her to secrete excess amounts of the hormone
ADH. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits
a) Increased blood pressure.
b) Polycythemia.
c) Peripheral vasodilation
d) Decreased blood volume.
e) both B and C
145) Which of the following would be most likely to have the highest pulse pressure?
a) an athlete
b) an infant
c) an individual with aortic regurgitation
d) a 60-year-old individual
e) a teenager
146) The loss of vasomotor tone without a simultaneous loss of the sympathetic neural
control of the heart would result in
a) Increased frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors.
b) A decrease in arterial blood pressure, followed shortly by a reflex rise in blood
pressure.
c) Inhibition of vasomotor tone.
d) A slower heart rate.
e) A decrease, then a reflex rise in the total peripheral resistance.
147) Paul falls on an axe and cuts several major blood vessels in his leg. As a result of
this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following, except a(n)
a) Increased total peripheral resistance.
b) Increased secretion of renin by the kidneys.
c) Decreased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone.
d) Increased heart rate.
e) Increase in blood pressure.
148) Each of the following conditions would probably result in an elevation of
angiotensin II in the blood of a normal adult, except
 a) Decreased cardiac output.
b) Decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
c) Essential hypertension.
d) Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
e) Vasoconstriction of the renal arteries.
149) The ________ are small blood vessels that carry blood to the tunica media of
large arteries and veins.
a) Vasa vasorum
b) Venules
c) Capillaries
150) The process of cyclic changes in vessel diameter that occurs at the origin of a
capillary is called ________.
a) Venous return
b) Vasomotor
c) Autoregulation
151) ________ is the regulation of blood flow at the tissue level.
a) Venous return
b) Vasomotion
c) Autoregulation
152) The direct interconnection of two arteries is called an arterial ________.
a) Anastomosis
b) Collateral
153) ____ are the distinctive sounds heard during the measurement of blood pressure.
a) Korotkoff’s sounds
b) Korsakof sounds
c) Corticoid sounds

154) During exercise, the blood flow to the active skeletal muscles is increased by
autoregulation. Propose a mechanism based on the need for nutrients that would
explain how the autoregulation might take place.
Answer
When a skeletal muscle becomes more active, it has an increased demand for
nutrients such as oxygen and glucose and quickly removes these from the surrounding
interstitial fluid. This would leave fewer nutrients available for other cells that are
sharing the same interstitial fluid, such as the smooth muscle cells of the precapillary
sphincter. As the available nutrients decline, energy production in the precapillary
sphincters cannot keep pace with the need to keep the muscle in a contracted state,
and the muscle would begin to relax. As the muscle relaxes, the opening to the
capillary becomes larger so that more blood can flow into the capillary network that
serves the skeletal muscle.

155) The most common site of varicose veins is the great saphenous vein of the leg.
Why?
Answer
The great saphenous vein of the leg is a large vein that lies just beneath the skin, with
no muscle to support it as with the deeper leg veins. Also, due to its location, the
 vessel is more susceptible to the effects of gravity than are vessels in the arms. When
there is any impediment to blood flow from the legs, blood tends to collect in the
great saphenous vein and stretch it; the skin does very little to resist the stretching.
Even if the valves in the vein are closed, their edges won't meet due to the stretching,
allowing more blood to collect inferior to the valves and causing even more
stretching. This positive feedback mechanism leads to the black-and-blue nodules of
varicose veins.

156) Who would have a higher pulse pressure, a resting athlete or a resting person who
never exercises and has a sedentary job? Why?
Answer
Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. The heart
rate of a resting athlete is slower than that of a nonathlete, due to the size and
condition of the heart muscle. The cardiac output of an athlete would be the same as
or even slightly higher than that of a nonathlete, however, because the athlete's stroke
volume is greater. The larger the stroke volume is, the greater the difference between
the systolic and diastolic pressures. The systolic pressure is proportional to the
volume of blood ejected per beat. Thus, since the athlete has the larger stroke volume,
then the athlete would have the larger pulse pressure.