Chemistry Vant Hoff Factor, BP, FP Etc
Chemistry Vant Hoff Factor, BP, FP Etc
Chemistry Vant Hoff Factor, BP, FP Etc
Freezing Point Depression, the van’t Hoff Factor, and Molar Mass
Objectives
• To understand colligative properties.
• To find the freezing point depression of a solution.
• To determine the van't Hoff factor for acetic acid dissolved in cyclohexane.
• To deduce the nature of acetic acid dissolved in cyclohexane.
• To find the molar mass of an unknown organic compound.
Table I
Normal Freezing Point Consider solutions of electrolytes, such as NaCl, dissolved
Solvent Kf (°C/m) in water; in this case the solute dissociates to form ions in
Pure Solvent, T°f (°C)
Water 0.00 1.86 the solution. Thus there are more solute particles in
Benzene 5.50 5.12 solution than for the same molality of a non-electrolyte,
Camphor 179.75 39.7 such as sucrose or methanol, dissolved in water. For dilute
Cyclohexane ? 20.0 solutions of NaCl(aq), the solution contains essentially
completely separated Na+(aq) and Cl–(aq) ions. As a
result, the molality of the solute particles (ions in this case) is twice what it would be for a non-electrolyte,
and ∆Tf is twice as large. On the other hand, if the solute particles associate in solution to form aggregates
then the number of solute particles (aggregates in this case) is reduced, causing ∆Tf to be smaller than if the
solute did not associate.
The degree of dissociation or association of the solute particles is given by the van't Hoff factor, i. This
factor is the ratio of the number of moles of solute particles in solution to the number of moles of solute
dissolved.
If the solute exists as single molecules (neither dissociating or associating) in solution, then i = 1
If the solute dissociates in solution, then i > 1
If the solute associates in solution, then i < 1
The value of the van't Hoff factor depends upon: the nature of the solute AND solvent and the concentration
of the solute in the solution. We can determine the van't Hoff factor experimentally for a given system, that is
for a given solute, solvent and concentration of solute, by comparing the experimentally measured freezing
point depression to the calculated freezing point depression given by equation (1)
!T f (measured)
i= (2)
!T f (calculated)
An alternative form of equation (1) that explicitly takes into account dissociation or association of the solute
is:
∆Tf = imKf (3)
(m is the molality without taking dissociation or association into consideration)
Equation 3 can also be used to determine the van't Hoff factor for a given system, once the freezing point
depression is measured.
In this experiment, we will focus our attention on the effect that the natures of the solute and solvent have on
the value of a van't Hoff factor; we will not investigate concentration effects. Specifically, we will investigate
the behavior of acetic acid dissolved in a non-polar solvent, cyclohexane. The questions we will address
include:
Does acetic acid dissociate, associate, or exist as single molecules when dissolved in cyclohexane?
Can we explain the behavior of acetic acid in cyclohexane?
!Tf
m= (4)
iK f
From the molality and known mass of solvent, the moles of solute can be found. From the moles of solute and
known mass of solute the molar mass of the solute can be determined. In this experiment, you are going to
determine the molar mass of an unknown solid organic compound dissolved in cyclohexane.
Materials
LabPro with link cable Ice
TI Graphing Calculator Cyclohexane (50 mL per group of two students)
Vernier Stainless steel temperature probe Glacial acetic acid. (0.2 mL per group of two students)
(1) 600-mL beaker 200-µL automatic pipet with disposable tips
(two or more per lab, locate in hoods)
(2) 250-mL beakers Waste container labeled “Cyclohexane”, “Acetic acid”.
(1) large test tube Unknown solid organic compound(s).
(2 bottles of each unknown. ≈ 0.3 g per group of two students)
Procedure
Part 1: Freezing Point of the Pure Solvent, Cyclohexane
1. Weigh a large, dry test tube supported-in a 250-mL beaker. (Test tube MUST BE CLEAN!!!) Remember
that to obtain the mass of the test tube, you can tare (zero) the balance with the beaker alone on it
before placing the test tube in the beaker.
2. Put about 15-mL of cyclohexane in the test tube.
3. Put the test tube in a 600-mL beaker with enough room temperature water to fill the beaker about half
way.
4. Prepare a LabPro for temperature data collection. See the LabPro Quick Start Guide for details.
5. Plug the temperature probe into Channel 1 of the LabPro System. If you are using an older temperature
!
probe you may need to use a DIN-BTA adapter to connect the probe to the LabPro. Use the link cable to
connect the LabPro System to the TI Graphing Calculator. Firmly press in the cable ends.
6. Place the temperature probe in the cyclohexane.
Set up the calculator and LabPro for data collection. Use TIME GRAPH data entry with 5 seconds between
samples and 60 samples.
• Begin to record the temperature by pressing [START] from the MAIN MENU. A temperature graph is
displayed on the calculator screen.
7. Begin cooling the water bath to ice temperature by adding enough ice to almost fill the beaker. Stir the
cyclohexane with the temperature probe and also move the test tube around in the water bath. Quick
cooling while simultaneously stirring with the temperature probe and moving the test tube around in the
water bath tends to produce better cooling curves.
8. Make a note of the temperature and approximate time when the first appearance of
cyclohexane crystals occurs.
9. When data collection stops a graph of temperature vs. time is displayed on the calculator screen. As you
move the cursor right or left, the time (X) and temperature (Y) values of each data point are displayed
below the graph. As a pure liquid freezes, the temperature remains constant. Be aware that even slight
contamination due to unclean glassware can cause the temperature to slowly decrease instead of
remaining constant as freezing occurs. Examine the graph to find the freezing point of cyclohexane. The
freezing point can be found where the slope of the cooling curve breaks and flattens out. Record the
freezing point (to nearest 0.1°C). Compare this value to the value you recorded when crystals were first
observed. The two values should be very close.
10. Press [ENTER] to return to the MAIN MENU.
11. Remove the cyclohexane from the water bath and allow it to melt. Do not discard the cyclohexane, you
will be using it for Part 2 of this experiment.
Freezing Point
Temperature
Time
Partner
Calculations
Part 2 – Acetic Acid Solution
From the data recorded:
1) Calculate the experimental freezing point depression of the cyclohexane-acetic acid solution.
a) Calculate the experimental van't Hoff factor for acetic acid in cyclohexane.
b) Determine either the % ionization of acetic acid (if i is >1) or how many acetic acid molecules are
associated per solute particle formed (if i is <1) in the cyclohexane.
c) Explain why acetic acid behaves this way in cyclohexane. Use Lewis Structures and give a written
explanation in terms of intermolecular forces.
Follow-up Questions
1. Why does the temperature continually decrease as a solution freezes instead of maintaining a constant
temperature as a pure liquid would do?
2. When making ice cream, the temperature of the ingredients is decreased to below the freezing point of
pure water by using a surrounding ice bath that contains a large amount of table salt, NaCl.
a) Assuming that it dissolves completely and an ideal value for the van't Hoff factor, what mass of NaCl is
needed to lower the freezing point of 5.5 kg of water to –5.5°C?
3. Conifer, a sugar (a non-electrolyte that does not associate in water) derivative found in conifers such as fir
trees, has a composition of 56.13% C, 6.48% H and 37.39% O by mass. A 2.216 g sample is dissolved in
48.68 g of water and the solution is found to have a boiling point of 100.068°C. What is the molecular
formula of conifer? (Kb for water is 0.51°C/m.)
benzene
a) For a 0.01 m HCl(aq) solution, the freezing point depression is about 0.04°C. Determine the van't Hoff
factor for HCl in water.
i) Is this van't Hoff factor what you would expect for HCl dissolved in water? Explain why or why
not.
b) For a 0.01 m HCl dissolved in benzene solution, the freezing point depression is about 0.05°C.
Determine the van't Hoff factor for HCl in benzene.
c) Compare the van’t Hoff factor for HCl when water is the solvent to the van’t Hoff factor for HCl when
benzene is the solvent. Suggest a reason in terms of intermolecular forces for any difference between
the two values.