IMPORTANT QUESTIONS CLASS – 12 CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER – 1 SOLUTIONS

i
Question 1- Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the
effect of change in temperature solution on its molality and molarity molality and

rth
molarity

Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg

For example, 1.00 mol kg–1 (or 1.00 m) solution of KCl means that 1 mol (74.5 g) of KCl is
dissolved in 1 kg of water.

Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre (or one cubic
decimetre) of solution. It is a function of temperature (the volume depends on temperature
and mass does not).
ya
Molarity (M) = Moles of solute Molarity / Volume of solution in litre

For example, 0.25 mol L–1 (or 0.25 M) solution of NaOH means that 0.25 mol of NaOH has
been dissolved in one litre (or one cubic decimetre).

Question 2- State Raoult’s law. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative
deviations from Raoult’s law. What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain
id
with one example for each type. Derive an expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-
volatile.

Answer: Raoult’s Law: For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of
each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
eV

Thus,

For component 1

p1 ∝ x1 and p1 = po 1 x1 (where po 1 is the vapour pressure of pure component 1 at the same

temperature).

Similarly,

For component 2

p2 = p2 0 x2 (where p2 0 represents the vapour pressure of the pure component 2).

https://www.evidyarthi.in/
According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the total pressure (ptotal ) over the solution
phase in the container will be the sum of the partial pressures of the components of the
solution and is given as:

ptotal = p1 + p2 Substituting the values of p1 and p2,

we get ptotal = po 1 + (p2 0 –po 1 ) x2

i
Non-ideal solutions exhibit Negative deviation from Raoult’s law: For any
composition of the non-ideal solution, the partial vapour pressure of each component and

rth
total vapour pressure of the solution is less than expected from Raoult’s law. Such solutions
show a negative deviation.

Example: Mixture of CHCl3 and acetone.

Non-ideal solutions show positive deviations from Raoult’s

law on mixing of two volatile components of the solution.

Example: Mixture of acetone and benzene solutions show

positive deviation
ya
Question 3- Define ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’. What
is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to
other colligative properties for the determination of molar
masses of solutes in solutions?

Answer: Osmosis: The flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to the solution or
id
from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semipermeable
membrane.

Osmotic pressure: The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied to the solution to
prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the semipermeable membrane.
eV

The advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for the
determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions is that it uses molarities instead of
molalities and it can be measured at room temperature.

Question 4-

(a) What is van’t Hoff factor?

(b) A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling
point. The solution has a boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for
trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)

https://www.evidyarthi.in/
Answer: (a) In 1880 van’t Hoff introduced factor i, known as the van’t Hoff factor, to
account for the extent of dissociation or association. This factor i is defined as:

i= Normal molar mass / Abnormal molar mass

i = Observed colligative property / Calculated colligative property

i= (Total number of moles of particles after association/dissociation) / (Number

i
of moles of particles before association/dissociation)

rth
(b) i = 0.3 (Hint- ΔTb= iKbm)

Question 5- Define the following:

1. Mole fraction
2. Isotonic solutions
3. Hypertonic Solution

Answer: 1. Mole fraction: It is denoted by x and subscript used on the right-hand side of
ya
x denotes the component. It is defined as:

Mole fraction of a component = Number of moles of the component / Total

number of moles of all the components

Mole fraction unit is very useful in relating some physical properties of solutions, say vapour
pressure with the concentration of the solution and quite useful in describing the calculations
involving gas mixtures.
id
2. Isotonic Solutions: Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature. When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis
occurs between them.

For example, the osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent
to that of 0.9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline solution and it
eV

is safe to inject intravenously.

3. Hypertonic Solution: A solution with higher osmotic pressure than another solution. If
we place the cells in a solution containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride,
water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink.

Question 6- State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications. What is the
effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in a liquid?

https://www.evidyarthi.in/
Answer: Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility
of a gas in a solvent which is known as Henry’s law. The law states that at a constant
temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the
gas.

Two important applications are:

1. To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed

i
under high pressure.

rth
2. Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air
at high pressure underwater. Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric
gases in the blood. When the divers come towards the surface, the pressure gradually
decreases. This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of
nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as
bends, which are painful and dangerous to life. To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic
effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers
are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1%
oxygen).
ya
Question 7-18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water
in a saucepan. At what temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1,
boiling point of pure water = 373.15 K)

Answer: The boiling point of the solution is 373.202 K

Hint- ∆Tb= WB/ MB X (100x Kb/ wt. of solvent)

id
Question 8- 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of
solution. If this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar
mass of the protein?

(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.)

eV

Answer: Molar mass of protein = 13980.4 g mol-1

Hint- Use the formula: M= wRT/ π V

Question 9- What mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol-1) must be dissolved in 65 g of
water to lower the freezing point by 7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant, Kf, for
water is 1.86 K kg mol-1. Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.

Answer: Mass of NaCl to be dissolved, w2 = 8.199 g

Hint- Use formula- ΔTf = iKfm

https://www.evidyarthi.in/
Question 10- Define:

1. Hypotonic Solution
2. Ideal solution
3. Colligative properties

Answer:

i
1. Hypotonic Solution: A solution with lower osmotic pressure than another solution. If
the salt concentration is less than 0.9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be hypotonic.

rth
In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they would swell.

2. Ideal Solutions: The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of
concentration. The ideal solutions have two other important properties. The enthalpy of
mixing of the pure components to form the solution is zero and the volume of mixing is also
zero, i.e.,

ΔmixH = 0, ΔmixV = 0
ya
It means that no heat is absorbed or evolved when the components are mixed. Also, the
volume of solution would be equal to the sum of volumes of the two components. At the
molecular level, ideal behaviour of the solutions can be explained by considering two
components A and B. In pure components, the intermolecular attractive interactions will be
of types A-A and B-B, whereas in the binary solutions in addition to these two interactions,
A-B type of interactions will also be present. If the intermolecular attractive forces between
the A-A and B-B are nearly equal to those between A-B, this leads to the formation of an ideal
id
solution. A perfectly ideal solution is rare but some solutions are nearly ideal in behaviour.
The solution of n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and chloroethane, benzene and
toluene, etc. fall into this category.

3. Colligative properties: The properties which depend on the number of solute particles
irrespective of their nature relative to the total number of particles present in the solution.
eV

Such properties are called colligative properties (colligative: from Latin: co means together,
ligare means to bind).

https://www.evidyarthi.in/