12 Years A Slave
12 Years A Slave
12 Years A Slave
A GRADUATING PAPER
By:
BAGUS ARDIAN HAKIM
09150041
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
YOGYAKARTA
2015
HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATIONS IN 12 YEARS A SLAVE
ABSTRACT
v
HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATIONS IN 12 YEARS A SLAVE
By: Bagus Ardian Hakim
ABSTRAK
Suatu karya sastra adalah perantara untuk memberikan pesan kepada para
peminatnya dan dapat berupa novel, prosa, atau drama. Karya sastra tersebut
dapat dinikmati dengan mudah melalui audio visual, yaitu film. Film mampu
menjadi media yang tepat untuk menggambarkan situasi yang ingin disampaikan.
Peneliti memilih film berjudul 12 Years a Slave untuk dianalisis. Film 12 Years a
Slave adalah film drama sejarah Inggris-Amerika tahun 2013 yang disutradarai
oleh Steve McQueen. Film ini adalah adaptasi dari sebuah memoar naratif seorang
budak tahun 1853, berjudul Twelve Years a Slave, oleh Solomon Northup. Ia
berasal dari New York, seorang berdarah Afrika dan berkebangsaan Amerika
yang diculik di Washington, D.C. tahun 1841 dan diperdagangkan sebagai budak.
Northup bekerja di perkebunan di Negara bagian Louisiana selama 12 tahun
sebelum akhirnya bebas. Perjalanannya selama 12 tahun termasuk perjuangannya
untuk menjadi orang yang bebas sangat luar biasa. Peneliti ingin mengungkap
penyimpangan-penyimpangan hak-hak asasi manusia melalui setting dan plot
film. Teori yang digunakan adalah the new historicism theory. Peneliti melakukan
bedah pustaka untuk menemukan teori-teori yang berkaitan dan juga beberapa
sumber dari internet untuk mendukung analisisnya serta menyusunnya secara
deskriptif. Peneliti menggunakan beberapa buku berkaitan dengan teori dasar dan
pendukung tentang perbudakan dan penyimpangan-penyimpangan hak-hak asasi
manusia untuk menganalisa film tersebut. Melalui pesan utama dari film ini, yaitu
perbudakan adalah suatu kejahatan dan cara terkejam untuk memperkerjakan
manusia, peneliti perlu mengklasifikasikannya berdasar pada pasal-pasal dalam
hasil Deklarasi Internasional Hak-hak Asasi Manusia Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa.
Terdapat sembilan temuan penyimpangan yang terjadi dalam praktek perbudakan
di dalam film ini, antara lain yaitu ketenagakerjaan, hukum, status sosial,
identitas, keluarga, pendidikan, mobilitas, pernyataan, dan kebutuhan pokok.
vi
MOTTO
vii
DEDICATION
2
My Dear Chesaria Yomi
(“You know that I wrote this with tears and sweat. Thank you for being always beside me to
give me prayer and support with your patience”)
My Big Family
All of My Friends
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All Praise is due to Allah, the lord of the whole human and the universe,
who has been given His blessings and His grace to me to finish my final project
Yogyakarta.
In completing this thesis, I really want to thank the people who have been so
1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Cultural Studies: Dr. Hj. Siti Maryam
3. Febriyanti Dwiratna Lestari, SS, MA, and Witriani, M. Hum, my supervisors who
have given their best motivation, times and patience to accompany me to finish
this research.
ix
5. My beloved friend: Muhammad Abdul Muhyi, Moh. Syaifulloh, M. Aunal Hasib,
Achmad Hadi Santoso, Ahmad Mansur, Nur Hafidh who helped and supported
my graduating paper.
6. All of Students in Amazing ‘B’ Class for your solid relationship and togetherness
7. My beloved parents, my brother and sister for their prayer and support. Thanks for
The writer realizes that this graduating paper is far from being perfect. Any
welcomed. The writer hopes that this graduating paper can provide the benefits to
the readers.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE .......................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL............................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ ix
xi
1.7. Method of Research ............................................................................................ 8
xii
CHAPTER 3 DISCUSION ..................................................................................... 16
3.9. Violation of the Right to Have Freedom of Opinion and Expression ................ 32
3.11. Violation of the Right to Get Special Care and Assistance ............................. 34
xiii
APPENDIX 1 A Brief History of Human Rights ..................................................... 42
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................... 68
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig. 01. Slave death body thrown to the sea 25
Fig. 02. The briefing to the slaves 28
Fig. 03. White man kills the slave 29
Fig. 04. Solomon whipped by the slaver 30
Fig. 05. Slave’s death body in the plantation 32
Fig. 06. Patsey gets a punishment from master Epps 33
Fig. 07. Slaves’ death penalty 34
Fig. 08. The slaves’ poor condition 35
Fig. 09. Slave’s food 36
Fig. 10. The slaves have no a standard bathroom 37
Fig. 11. The slaves are waiting to be instructed 38
Fig. 12. Dance at midnight 39
Fig. 13. The slave market situation 40
Fig. 14. The conversation between Mistress Epps and Solomon 41
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Everyone expects that human rights on earth are guaranteed, but the
human right violations often happen in society. It seems that it has been a
problem from the past until now. Today, the OHCHR (the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights), that is a United Nations agency,
works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under
1948. However, it cannot be denied that human right violations have happened.
There are various kinds of human right violations that have happened
throughout the world. There are the human right violations caused by the
difference of race, skin color, and economics rate. One example of the human
kidnapped 20,000 children over the past twenty years and forced them
education and future into dangerous, unpaid jobs in the fishing industry.
1
There are three biggest cases of human right violations; they are racism,
discrimination, and slavery. As the example of the violations, in the past, slavery
had happened when the colored people were enslaved by the white people. In that
case, we can also see some other violations that rose from it, like human
trafficking. The colored people were believed to be inferior to the white ones.
Therefore, they thought that the black people deserved to be at the bottom of
society. This problem usually happens in a society that consists of various kinds
of tribes, races, and nations. A group of humans feels more superior to another
one in the society. Actually the problem can be overcome by the law of human
rights. The laws of human rights are created based on the social conditions and
societal needs. At the first time, slavery in America was for business interest, but
later it becomes a racial problem. This point of view makes a group of people
to women and children. This is in line with the statement that the US State
whom are minors, including record numbers of women and girls fleeing
from Iraq. In nearly all countries, including Canada, the US and the UK,
2
Ironically, the human right violations happen in the United States of
America. The first record of human rights violation happened in America in 1619.
Although not all white people have the racial point of view, but it still happens
until now. In the Civil War between white people and colored people in 1860, the
white-skinned people realized that they had acted in violation of the human rights.
One way to reveal the human right violations that happened in the past is
different race with different skin colored people. The writer chooses 12 Years a
slave as the film to be analyzed because it is based on the real story. It also won
some awards although it can be counted as new film. The film director can lift
3
facing their life trouble, and slavery as the form of human right violations. The
film describes the human right violations clearly at that time. The natural way of
the plot of the film gives knowledge of many cruel things related to human right
violations to the audience. Then, the writer chooses it to be the object of the
―What are the human right violations found in the film 12 Years a Slave?‖
This study aims to identify human right violations in the film 12 Years a
Slave.
of 12 Years a Slave through the story of Solomon Northup in the film. This movie
gives an indication that it wants to show the cases of human right violations. The
race and skin color have ever controlled the rights of humans on earth. Through
this film which is based on the true story, the audiences will see how priceless the
about slavery and human right violations. Secondly, the researcher hopes that it
4
can support the sudents to know more about slavery in America and other
problems related to the human rights in the 12 Years a Slave movie and can enrich
the students‘ knowledge of human rights and humanity. Hopefully, they can be
The writer has not found any academic works dealing with the film 12
Years a Slave as the object of the discussion. It is because the film is categorized
as a new film comprising old issues. The writer will reveal the values of equality
clearly seen that the case of the human rights is expected to open the eyes of the
audience that this movie shows the cruelty of some violations of the human rights.
discussed in the problem statement. In this research, the writer uses the new
criticism theory. According to Hassanian (2008), new criticism claimed that ―the
text, as a complete work of art, is adequate for interpretation, and one should look
at the text, and only the text. In order to analyze it and get the true meaning of it.
New criticism is quite well connected with the term ―close reading.‖ Which means
the careful analysis of a text with paying attention to its structure, syntax, figures
of speech, and so on. In this way, a new critic tried to examine the ―formal
elements‖ of the text, such as characterization, setting of time and place, point of
5
view, plot, images, and symbols to interpret the text and find the theme.‖
(Hasannian, 2008)
that ―it is worth mentioning that because new critics tried to provide verbal or
textual evidences for their claim, their approach is objective. They believe that the
text provides a way to be interpreted and formal elements help this to be done.
That is why new criticism is sometimes called objective criticism. It is also called
The new criticism theory does not need to look up to the history
background of the film. Tyson in Hassanian (2008) explains about what should be
done in the new criticism theory. New criticism searches for meaning within the
structiure of the text, and finds it by examining the text through and analyzing the
formal elements (elements that form the text) within the text. That is why the new
here. In the new criticism, one may examine ―all the evidence provided by the
language of the texts itself; its images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point
of view, setting, characterization, plot, and so forth‖. Hassanian (2008) also added
that to analyze the text closely, new critics first needs to examine the words and
may need to trace back the meaning (s) of individual words to the time the literary
text was written as well. A new critic can find form with the help of ambiguity,
paradox, irony, or tension. On the other hand, finding formal and verbal elements,
6
by supporting the theme or the meaning of iot, leads to a better understanding and
the step of the close reading itself. Tyson in Hassanian (2008) said that a new
critic would try to establish the theme, and find out the relationship between
formal elements and the theme. This detailed analysis of tensions and
the process of close reading. The formal elements of the text should contribute to
the theme should be supported if there are any devices like tension, irony,
ambiguity, and paradox. ―All of these qualities must serve the unifying purpose of
supporting the text‘s main theme…so that the whole text can be seen to achieve
chooses this method as the writer can use it as objectively as possible. Hassanian
(2008) told that a new critic should always be aware of subjectivity in his
According to Graff, the theory of imagination ―which the new critics took over
opposites were transcended and the logical, analytical view of the world
necessarily fatal to the new critical attempt to establish the objectivity either of the
(Hassanian, 2008)
7
As stated in the preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
the articles will be a means of categorizing the human right violations that are
The methods of study can be field research (class action, case, or survey)
or library research (study of film, novel, book, etc). The method that is applied in
this research is library research, that is to study a variable in the film 12 Years a
Slave.
research is character research in which the information about the movie is needed.
This research uses qualitative research because the problem is complex and not
clear enough. All of the data sources are from the movie; the data is not obtained
by doing an interview. On the other hand, the writer uses library research to
search the theories related to this research paper and some sources from the
This research uses library research that has some sources of the data by
examining the film 12 Years a Slave based on the new criticism theory and the
Rights).
8
1.7.3. Method of Collecting Data
the sources that are available in the library. The data sources that are found
including a movie (with its review) and articles in the preamble of Human rights
The writer analyzes the problem descriptively. It means that the analyzes
are discussed as clearly as possible, and so are the solutions. Before going further
to the content analysis, the writer intends particularly to selects the scenes that
show the human right violations, then classify them based on the articles of the
human rights‘ preamble. The writer also gives some explanations to make the
analysis clearer.
This graduating paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is
information and intrinsic elements, comprising the theory of human rights, human
trafficking, and slavery. The third chapter discusses the human right violations
found in the film 12 Years a Slave. The last chapter, the fourth, presents the
9
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the writer draws a conclusion as the result of this study.
The conclusion also answers the question of the problem statement that becomes
Years a Slave Film. The human rights violations found in this film are mostly
is a form of human rights violations, but in slavery itself, various violations of the
human rights also occurs. These violations are opposed to some articles of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights that includes the article 1 about the equal
in dignity, 2 about discrimination, the articles 5 and 12 about safety, the article 8
about medical treatment and health, the article 10 about equality in law, the article
article 23 about freedom in work, the article 24 about working hours, the article
25 about primary necessity, and the article 26 about the right for education.
There are twelve cases happening as the human rights violations in the
Film 12 Years a Slave. They include the employment, torture, law, social life,
protection, identity, family, education, mobility, speech, basic needs and property.
It shows that the film 12 Years a Slave describe many cases of human right
40
and enrich the information about the human right violations that has effects on the
41
APPENDIX 1
The decrees Cyrus made on human rights were inscribed in the Akkadian
language on a baked-clay cylinder. Cyrus the Great, the first king of Persia, freed
the slaves of Babylon, 539 B.C. In 539 B.C., the armies of Cyrus the Great, the
first king of ancient Persia, conquered the city of Babylon. But it was his next
actions that marked a major advance for Man. He freed the slaves, declared that
all people had the right to choose their own religion, and established racial
equality. These and other decrees were recorded on a baked-clay cylinder in the
Magna Carta, or ―Great Charter,‖ signed by the King of England in 1215, was
a turning point in human rights. The Magna Carta, or ―Great Charter,‖ was
arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process
that led to the rule of constitutional law today in the English-speaking world.
In 1215, after King John of England violated a number of ancient laws and
customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the
Magna Carta, which enumerates what later came to be thought of as human rights.
Among them was the right of the church to be free from governmental
interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property and to be
protected from excessive taxes. It established the right of widows who owned
42
property to choose not to remarry, and established principles of due process and
equality before the law. It also contained provisions forbidding bribery and
official misconduct.
development of modern democracy, the Magna Carta was a crucial turning point
In 1628 the English Parliament sent this statement of civil liberties to King
Charles I. The next recorded milestone in the development of human rights was
the Petition of Right, produced in 1628 by the English Parliament and sent to
king‘s unpopular foreign policy had caused his government to exact forced loans
violent hostility to Charles and to George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham. The
Petition of Right, initiated by Sir Edward Coke, was based upon earlier statutes
and charters and asserted four principles: (1) No taxes may be levied without
upon the citizenry, and (4) Martial law may not be used in time of peace (UDHR,
2011).
43
Some of American‘s thoughts also influence the development of law of
human rights. Hollinger and Capper (2011:113) stated that After News of
Parliament approval of the stamps at region the colonies in the spring of 1765.
nothingness than an assault on the New England way. But to make his case, he
had to republicanize his regions made; liberty more than Godliness. In Adams‘s
reading inspired winthrops ‘city upon a hill.‘ Even this version the enlightened
Adams recast by making the passion for knowledge, which he ambiguously linked
with ‗power.‘ Both the fundamental spring and the end of liberty. Finally, Adams
portrayed such a starkly oppressive counter system of priest craft and feudal
oppression that even small elements of suck a system—alike the Stamp Act –
Actually, the people in the past are realizing that human rights are exist in the
Everybody has a right to be comfort to live and have fine surroundings. But,
sometimes, there are also some interest of some people which are against with the
human rights of other group of people in society. Then, finally they do not care
44
1.4. United States Declaration of Independence (1776)
declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of
the American Revolutionary War, and as a statement announcing that the thirteen
American Colonies were no longer a part of the British Empire. Congress issued
printed broadsheet that was widely distributed and read to the public.
the right of revolution. These ideas became widely held by Americans and spread
2011).
1.5. The Constitution of the United States of America (1787) and Bill of
Rights (1791)
federal system of government and the landmark document of the Western world.
It is the oldest written national constitution in use and defines the principal organs
45
The first ten amendments to the Constitution—the Bill of Rights—came into
effect on December 15, 1791, limiting the powers of the federal government of the
United States and protecting the rights of all citizens, residents and visitors in
American territory.
The Bill of Rights protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right
to keep and bear arms, the freedom of assembly and the freedom to petition. It
also prohibits unreasonable search and seizure, cruel and unusual punishment and
religion and prohibits the federal government from depriving any person of life,
liberty or property without due process of law. In federal criminal cases it requires
indictment by a grand jury for any capital offense, or infamous crime, guarantees
a speedy public trial with an impartial jury in the district in which the crime
46
1.6. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
In 1789 the people of France brought about the abolishment of the absolute
monarchy and set the stage for the establishment of the first French Republic. Just
six weeks after the storming of the Bastille, and barely three weeks after the
abolition of feudalism, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
the National Constituent Assembly as the first step toward writing a constitution
The Declaration proclaims that all citizens are to be guaranteed the rights of
―liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.‖ It argues that the need
for law derives from the fact that ―...the exercise of the natural rights of each man
has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment
of these same rights.‖ Thus, the Declaration sees law as an ―expression of the
general will,― intended to promote this equality of rights and to forbid ―only
47
1.7. The First Geneva Convention (1864)
The original document from the first Geneva Convention in 1864 provided
initiative of the Geneva Committee. The diplomatic conference was held for the
combat.
The main principles laid down in the Convention and maintained by the later
discrimination to wounded and sick military personnel and respect for and
marking of medical personnel transports and equipment with the distinctive sign
Fifty nations met in San Francisco in 1945 and formed the United Nations to
World War II had ranged from 1939 to 1945, and as the end drew near, cities
throughout Europe and Asia lay in smoldering ruins. Millions of people were
dead; millions more were homeless or starving. Russian forces were closing in on
the Pacific, US Marines were still battling entrenched Japanese forces on such
islands as Okinawa.
48
In April 1945, delegates from fifty countries met in San Francisco full of
optimism and hope. The goal of the United Nations Conference on International
future wars. The ideals of the organization were stated in the preamble to its
proposed charter: ―We the peoples of the United Nations are determined to save
succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has
brought untold sorrow to mankind.‖ The Charter of the new United Nations
organization went into effect on October 24, 1945, a date that is celebrated each
As follows there is a declaration which results important law. The writer uses
this law as the tools to reveal the human rights violations in 12 Years a Slave
Film, because the essential part of the content of Magna Charta is the same, but in
different forms and more detail. This based the writer to use the new law as the
measurement for the very old case of human rights violation, slavery.
By 1948, the United Nations‘ new Human Rights Commission had captured
President Franklin Roosevelt‘s widow, a human rights champion in her own right
and the United States delegate to the UN—the Commission set out to draft the
49
credited with its inspiration, referred to the Declaration as the international Magna
Carta for all mankind. It was adopted by the United Nations on December 10,
inherent rights of all human beings: ―Disregard and contempt for human rights
have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind,
and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech
and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest
aspiration of the common people. All human beings are born free and equal in
promote the thirty Articles of human rights that, for the first time in history, had
these rights, in various forms, are today part of the constitutional laws of
Michael Freeman said that the United Nations introduced the concepts of
human rights into international law and politics, therefore, at a time when its
philosophical justification was very uncertain. This uncertainty was produced both
chapter 2, and by the lack of any philosophical consensus on the basis of the
human right at a time at which the Universal Declaration was adopted. Worse, the
50
concept of human rights was called into question by the following arguments,
among others.
a. Human rights do not exist without nature; they are human inventions.
They are, therefore, neither ‗natural‘ nor ‗self-evident‘, but are morally
justificatory argument.
b. Aristotle was right to say that human beings are social animals. A
theory of human rights must, therefore, follow from and not precede a
c. Since the good of society is prior to the rights of the individuals, the
d. There are different conceptions of the good society, and, there are
principles.
The justification of human rights has to confront these arguments. This is the
51
52
APPENDIX 2
from the abuse of power by governments. Whether or not the ancient Greeks had a
concept of rights, they certainly had the concepts of power and its abuse. This was
the ruler governed in his own interest and treated his people oppressively and
foundation of International Human Rights law. Adopted in 1948, the UDHR has
The core principles of human rights first set out in the UDHR, such as
and those human rights simultaneously entail both rights and obligations from
duty bearers and rights owners, have been reiterated in numerous international
Nations member States have ratified at least one of the nine core international
human rights treaties, and 80 percent have ratified four or more, giving concrete
53
expression to the universality of the UDHR and international human rights. (2013,
Since all of the human rights conventions after 1948 results the smallest
scope of people, so, the writer still uses the articles in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable
rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous
acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in
which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from
fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common
people,
last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should
between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed
their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human
person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote
54
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-
operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and
achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and
every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive
by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by
effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States
themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. (UN,
2013)
Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
brotherhood.
55
other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
sovereignty.
Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any
to such discrimination.
law.
56
Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or
exile.
Article 11 (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right
interference or attacks.
57
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country,
Article 14 (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other
Article 16 (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation
dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and
58
Article 17 (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well
of frontiers.
Article 21 (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government
representatives.
59
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the
protection.
60
Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including
61
promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among
of peace.
possible.
62
shall be subject only to such limitations as are
society.
United Nations.
herein.
(‘Preamble,’ UN)
63
APPENDIX 3
DATA ANALYSIS
64
got mad and punished her.
2. Law Effective remedy 8 No health care for the slave.
There is a scene which shows
that a slave died of being sick in
the cotton plantation.
After getting beaten, the master
will only let the slave goes back
to the barrack without any
medical treatment.
Detention and exile 9 Patsey is beaten after having a
bar of soap from Mrs, Shaw.
Mrs. Mary Epps scratched
Patsey‘s face because of she was
jealous to her
Tibeats hung Solomon because
he kept a grudge of being
embarrassed in front of Mr.
Ford.
Equal in law 10 Finally, it is told that Solomon
cannot send the slave trader to
jail. Brown and Hamilton, the
persons who kidnapped him are
also free.
Protection of moral 27 When the slave went outside the
and material building without permission,
they are beaten.
3. Social Equal in dignity 1 Tibeats, the chief carpenter
called ―a dog‖ and ―negro‖ to all
the slaves.
Tibeats sang the song on ―nigger
run..‖ and asked them to claps
their hands.
Some slaves are clothes off
when they are sold in the slave
market.
A slave got his mouth shut.
The slave girls got sexual
harassment.
Recognition 6 Patsey can pick about 500
pounds of cotton a day. No
recognition she got. She still got
the rape and lashes as the master
like.
Equal access in 21 Solomon cannot send a letter to
public service tell his condition of being
enslaved.
65
Special care and 25 There is a scene in the film that
assistance shows a mother who is a slave
with two children. She is very
sad because she has to be
separated from her daughter and
son, who will be sold separately
from her.
4. Identity Without distinction 2 Solomon is kidnapped and
of any kind such as treated as a slave
race, color, sex, Solomon is discriminated, as a
language, religion, black person his name was
political or other changed becomes Platt, a slave
opinion, national or who ran away from Georgia.
social origin,
property, birth or
other status
5.Family Marry, free to intend 16 A slave girl asked Solomon to a
spouse sexual intercourse, because,
accidentally they lied in very
close position of sleeping.
Finally, the girl realized it is
wrong, she stopped, regrets it
and cried. It happens because all
of the slaves do not get a right to
marry, even to have a private
time to their sexual desire.
6. Education Education 26 Mary Epps said to Solomon to
do not trouble himself to learn,
all he will learn is hundred
lashes.
7. Mobility Freedom of 13 Solomon is kidnapped in
movement and Saratoga to Washington D.C,
residence; leave and then he is sent to New Orleans to
return to his country be enslaved.
The slaves will be hung if they
tried to escape
8. Speech Thought, conscience, 18 On Sabbath day, Patsey even
religion could not go to the Church.
When she was not in her
barrack, Epps was mad. When
she returned, she explained that
she was from the church praising
to the Lord and Epps di not want
to listen.
Opinion and 19 There is a scene when all the
expression black men are gathered, but they
66
are not allowed to speak, ask
question. There is no such thing
as ―do you understand?‖ They
are made silent. They are just to
listen and do what the master
asks them to do.
9. Basic needs Own property 17 The slaves only have barrack as
their place to live, not own, but
they are placed.
Standard living 25 There are no proper foods in
quantity for the slaves.
The slaves live in barracks. They
sleep together in one place with
no separation place for men and
women
Plat takes a bath outdoor. No
private bathroom for them to do
so.
67
References
Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. From Slavery to Freedom: A
History of Negro Americans. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1988.
―Slavery in America.‖<http://www.history.com/topics/black-
history/slavery>
UN, organization.―Preamble.‖<http://www.un.org/en/rights/>
68
UN, organization. ―The Foundation of International Human Rights
Law.‖<http://www.un.org/en/rights/>
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CURICULUM VITAE
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