Modul 00

Introduction

00.01 Introduction
MA Kariem, ST., MT., Ph.D
Teknik Mesin - FTMD ITB MS4032 – Finite Element Methods

1 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Introduction to
Finite Element Analysis
M.A. Kariem
Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Finite Element Method
important in the Design step?

3 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

4 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
5 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
6 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
7 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Why Finite Element Method important in the Design step?
• Safe Time
• Safe Money
• Understanding More Detail Phenomena
• Predict the behaviour of component/structure
• Specify the weakest point of assembly

8 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

9 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Introduction

The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a versatile and powerful

mathematical (numerical) tool that has wide applications in a
multitude of physical problems such as stress analysis, fluid
flow, heat transfer, acoustics, aero-elasticity, micro-fluidics,
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), electrical and
magnetic fields, electrostatic coupling and many others.

10 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 A. Formal Definition of FEA:
An approximate mathematical analysis tool to study the
behavior of a continua (or a system) to an external influence
such as stress or strain, heat, pressure, temperature, fluid
velocity, magnetic field, etc.

This involves generating a mathematical formulation of the

physical process followed by a numerical solution of the
mathematics model.

11 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 B. History of FEA:
⚫ Hyper-static structure Navier 1819
⚫ Energy theorem Maxwell 1864
Castigliano 1878
⚫ Approximation method Ritz 1908
Galerkin 1915
⚫ Approximation by “finite elements” Courant 1940
⚫ Matrix method:
Levy & Garvey 1953
Force method in aircraft industry
⚫ Modern FEM
− Force method Argyrys-Denke 1955
− Displacement method Argyris-Turner 1956
Figure 1-1(a) Historical background to modern FEM, after J.F. Imbert [2]
12 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Engineers Mathematicians
Trial functions Finite differences
Richardson 1910
Variational Weighted Liebman 1918
methods residuals Southwell 1940
Rayleigh 1870 Gauss 1795
Ritz 1909 Galerkin 1915
Biezeno-Koch 1923

Structural analogue Piecewise continous

substitution trial function
Hrenikoff 1941 Courant 1943
McHenry 1943 Prager-Synge 1947
Newmark 1949
Direct continuum Variational finite
elements differences
Argyris 1955 Varga 1962
Turner et al1. 1956

Modern FEM
Figure 1-1(b) Historical background to modern FEM, after O.C. Zienkiewics [3]
13 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 C. Basic Concept:
Division of a given domain into a set of simple sub-domains
called finite elements accompanied with polynomial
approximations of solution over each element in terms of
nodal values.
Assembly of element equation with inter-element continuity of
solution and balance of force is considered.

14 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Basic Illustration
A. Circumference: Se
He q
R q R
R

1. FE Discretization
• Each line segment is an element, He
• Collection of these line segments is called a “mesh”
• Element are connected at nodes
2. Element equations

H e = 2R sin( θ2 )

15 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 3. Assembly of equations and solution
n
P =  He
e =1

2π π π
For θ = , H e = 2 R sin( ), P = 2nR sin( )
n n n
4. Exact solution

• As n → , P = 2πR
1 sin(πx) n P nEe
• If x =
 P = 2R
n x
1 2,5E-16 6,283185307
• n→  x→0
  sin(πx)     cos(πx)  
10 6,18034 0,10284542
•  lim  2 R  =
  lim  2πR    = 2πR
x →0   x   x →0   1  100 6,28215 0,001033492

5. Error Estimation 1000 6,28317 1,03354E-05

π  π  10000 6,28319 1,03354E-07

Error, Ee = Se − H e = 2 R  − sin   
n  n 
Total Error = nEe = ( 2πR − P )
16 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 B. Frame Structure:

(a) Real structure (b) Discretized structure

Figure 1-2 Example of discretization of a frame structure by FEM

17 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 C. Continuous problem:

(b) Discrete model

(a) Continuous problem

Figure 1-3 Descritization of an elasticity 2D continuous problem by FEM

18 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 General Step in the FEM
Step 1 Discretize and Select Dividing the body into an equivalent system of
Element Types finite elements with associated nodes and
choosing the most appropriate element type.

Step 2 Select a displacement Choosing a displacement function

function (approximation function) within each element.

Step 3 Define the strain- Both relationships are necessary for deriving the
displacement and stress- equations for each element.
strain relationship

Step 4 Derive the element stiffness Based on the concept of stiffness influence
matrix and equations coefficients (direct equilibrium method, work or
energy method, weighted residual method.)

19 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Step 5 Assemble the element Individual element equations generated in step 4
equations to obtain the is added together using a method of
global equations and superposition (called the direct stiffness method).
introduce boundary
conditions
Step 6 Solve for the unknown Global equations obtained from step 5 is a set of
degrees of freedom (or simultaneous algebric equations. These
generalized displacements) equations can be solved by using an elimination
method (Gauss’s method) or an iterative method
(Gauss-Seidel, etc.)
Step 7 Solve for the element strains For the structural stress-analysis problem, strains
and stresses and stress (or moment and force) can be
obtained.
Step 8 Interpret the results The final goal is to interpret and analyse the
results for use in the design/analysis process.

20 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Level of Nodal Defor. Work of Stiffness Nodal
Formulation Displ. Energy Ext. forces Matrix Forces

Element di 
vj  
i e d = d j  e 1 eT e e
j uj U = 2 d K d e = d e F e Ke Fe
T

d 
k  k

Assemblage
 d1 
 U = 1 T
d Kd  = d T
F K F
Global
2

i e u j   
j d j = v   d i  Virtual Work Principle Linear Equation
 j
 
k   d  0 System
 
d = d j 
 
U = Kd=F
   d T K d = d T F
d k 
 
 
n : total number of nodes d n  Solution d
21 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Class Name Geometry
Point
0D
element

Truss
1D element
(Line
Ele-
ment) Frame
element

Figure 1-4 (a) Different type of elements

22 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Class Name Geometry

Elasticity 2D
(tin) shell
2D
(Plan Bending
Ele- plate
ment)

Coque

Figure 1-4 (b) Different type of elements

23 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Class Name Geometry

Torus
axisymetric
Axi-
symet
ric Coque
axisymetric

Figure 1-4 (c) Different type of elements

24 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Class Name Geometry

3D Volume
(Volu
me
Ele-
Thick Coque
ment)

Gap element that has stiffness

Special Element
only for compression direction.
Figure 1-4 (d) Different type of elements

25 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Analysis Type
Analysis Linear Non-linear
⚫ Linear static Static Non-linear
Kq = F
Static
⚫ Initial stability Non-linear stability

K + λK G  X = F
⚫ Modal Non-linear dynamic
K − λM X = 0, λ = ω2
⚫ Dynamic response Direct integration step by step
Dynamic
Mq + Cq + Kq = F(t )
− Modal superposition
− Direct integration step by step

26 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Computer Code
• Assemblage
• Restraints
Start
Sub program for
K, F
matrix calculation
Input Data

Solution LES
Element’s
FE modeling
Library
q

Element
Characteristics Element’s stress
calculation
Figure 1-7
Ke, Fe Print Result Simplified flowchart for
static analysis
(displacement method)
End

27 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Application
❑ Structural areas:
• Stress analysis, including truss and frame analysis both for
structural and non-structural concentration problems typically
associated with holes, fillets, or other changes in geometry in
a body.
• Buckling problem
• Vibration analysis
❑ Non-structural problems:
• Heat transfer
• Fluid flow, including seepage through porous media
• Distribution of electric or magnetic potential

28 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

29 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Software:
Static Structural Analysis:

30 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Software:
Impact Analysis:

Multibody Dynamic:

31 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Computational Fluid Dynamics

32 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Basic
Structural Analysis CFD
• Discretize Solid element analysis • Control Volume Fluid Mesh
Analysis

Solid Control
Element Volume*

33 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Approach for Structural analysis
Level of Nodal Defor. Work of Stiffness Nodal
Formulation Displ. Energy Ext. forces Matrix Forces
Element
vj di 
 
i d = d j  U e = 12 d e K ed e e = d e F e Ke Fe
T T
e j uj d 
 k
k
Assemblage
Global
 d1 
 U = 12 dT Kd  = dT F K F
 
i e j di 
  Virtual Work Principle Linear Equation

k  
d = d j   d  0 System
 
 
d k 
U = Kd=F
   d T K d = d T F
 
d n 

n : total number of nodes Solution d

34 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 Approach for CFD Form of
Governing
Equation

Ansys Using This

Approach

35 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Governing Equation

• is mathematical statement that described physical fluid flow.

• There are 3 basic equations that described for physical fluid :
• Continuity Equation
• Momentum Equation
• Energy Equation
• Solution obtained by discretizing the Partial Differential
Equation with Finite different approach.

36 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Continuity Equation
Integral Form

Differential Form

37 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Momentum Equation (Navier-Strokes Equation)

38 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Energy Equation (Navier-Strokes Equation)

39 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Boundary Condition (BC)

Structural analysis CFD analysis

• Refers to displacement or • Refers on type and condition the

support that occur at nodal of boundary of computational domain
solid element (e.g : inlet, outlet, farfield, etc)

40 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Boundary Condition in Structural Analysis

• Homogenous BC : u1 = 0

• Non-Homogenous BC : u1 = δ

41 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Boundary Condition in CFD
• Inlet and Outlet Boundary

• Farfield Boundary

42 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Boundary Condition in CFD
• Wall Boundary (No Slip Wall)

• Normal Velocity = 0
• Tangential Velocity is
equal to Plane velocity

• Symmetry Boundary

43 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Boundary Condition in CFD

• Cyclic/Periodic Boundary

44 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Structural Analysis
Basic Theory

45 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Type of Element: 0 D & 1 D (Line Element)
❑ Spring Element: ❑ Truss Element:

k
1 2 𝐴, 𝐸, 𝐿
x̂ 𝑥ො
fˆ1x , dˆ1x fˆ2 x , dˆ2 x dˆ1x , fˆ1x 1 2 dˆ , fˆ
L 2x 2x

❑ Beam Element: ❑ Frame Element:

𝑑መ 2𝑥 , 𝑓መ2𝑥

𝑑መ1𝑥 , 𝑓መ1𝑥

46 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Stiffness Matrices:
❑ Spring Element: Stiffness matrix:

k
1 2 𝑘෠ =
𝑘 −𝑘
x̂ −𝑘 𝑘
fˆ1x , dˆ1x fˆ2 x , dˆ2 x
L
Degree of freedom: 2 d.o.f

47 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Stiffness Matrices:
❑ Truss Element:

𝐴, 𝐸, 𝐿 𝑘෠ =
𝐴𝐸 1 −1
𝑥ො 𝐿 −1 1
dˆ1x , fˆ1x 1 2 dˆ , fˆ
2x 2x
Degree of freedom: 2 d.o.f

y
xˆ , uˆ
F
ŷ dˆ1x , fˆ1x
𝐶2 𝐶𝑆 −𝐶 2 −𝐶𝑆
dˆ2 x , fˆ2 x ෠
𝐴𝐸 𝐶𝑆 𝑆2 −𝐶𝑆 −𝑆 2
L 𝑘=
𝐿 −𝐶 2 −𝐶𝑆 𝐶2 𝐶𝑆
Local: 2 d.o.f
−𝐶𝑆 −𝑆 2 𝐶𝑆 𝑆2
2
Global: 4 d.o.f
F 
dˆ2 x , fˆ2 x
x
48 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021
 ❑ Beam Element:
Stiffness matrix:

12 6𝐿 −12 6𝐿
𝐸𝐼 6𝐿 4𝐿2 −6𝐿 2𝐿2
෠
𝑘= 3
𝐿 −12 −6𝐿 12 −6𝐿
6𝐿 2𝐿2 −6𝐿 4𝐿2
Degree of freedom: 4 d.o.f

6 d.o.f

49 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 ❑ Frame Element:

6 d.o.f

50 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Stiffness Matrix: Shear Force, Bending Moment and Axial Force

51 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021

 Terima Kasih
Dr. Muhammad A. Kariem
Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara
Institut Teknologi Bandung
e-mail: [email protected]

52 MS4032 Finite Element Methods © M.A. Kariem 2021