LAB #01

TO DETERMINE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN A DC

NETWORK
OBJECTIVE:
In this lab we learn about ORCAD PSPICE in detail .We learn how to determine
unknown voltage and current in a DC network using Bias point detail.

Working Tool:
 PSPICE

PART (A)
Getting Started With Pspice
Getting The Parts:
 After typing such in the start menu a new window will open. Click on the “GET New
parts” button or we press “CTRL+G” or going to “Draw” and select “Get New part”.

 Once the box is open, select we want in our circuit. This can be done by typing with
the name or scrolling down the list unless we find it.
 R-resistor.
 C-capacitor
 L-inductor.
 D-diode.
 GND-ANALOG or GND-EARTH.
This is very important we must have a ground in our circuit.
 VAC and VDC.

 Upon selecting our parts click on the place button then click where we want it paced
somewhere on the white page with blue dots.

 Once we have all the parts we think we need, close the box.

Placing the parts:

 Now all we do is to put them in the place that make the most sense (usually a
rectangular works well for simple circuits).Just select the part and drag it where we
want.

 To rotate parts so that they can fit in our circuit nicely, click on the part and press
“CTRL+R” or edit “Rotate”. To flip them press “CTRL+F” or edit “FLIP”.
 If we have any parts left over just select them and press delete.

Connecting the circuit:

 Now after getting and arranging the parts we have to connect them through wires.

 Go to tool bar and

 Select “Draw wire” or “CTRL+W”.
 Or go to “Draw” and select “Wire”.

 With the pencil looking pointer, click on the one end of a part, and then we can move
our moue around, we should see dotted line appear. Attach the other end of our wire to
the other part in the circuit.

 Repeat until our circuit is completely wired.

 If we want to make a node (to make a wire to go more than one place), click
somewhere on the wire and then click to the part (or the other wire).or we can go from
the part to the wire.

 To get rid of the pencil just right clicks.

 If we end up with extra dots near parts we probably have an extra wire select this
short wire (it will turns red) then press “Delete”.

 If the wire doesn’t go the way we want (it doesn’t look the way we want) we can make
extra bends in it by clicking in different places on the way (each click will form a corner).

Changing the Name of the part:

 If we want to change name of the part, double click on the present name (C1 or R1) or
whatever our part is ), then a box will pop up (Edit reference Designator).in the top
window we can type in the name we want the part to have.

Changing the value of part:

 We can change the value of part by double click on the present value and a box called
“Set Attribute Value” will appear. Type in the new value and press OK.Use u for micro
as in uF=microfarad.

 If we double click on the part itself, we can select VALUE and change it in his box.

GND connection:
 Connect the ground by clicking on GND.

Voltage and Current Bubbles :

 To add voltage or current bubbles, go to right side of top tool bar and select
“Voltage /Level Marker” and “Current Marker”.

Analysis Menu:
 To open Analysis menu click on Analysis button and then press setup.

AC sweep:
 The AC sweep allows we to plot magnitude versus frequency for different inputs in our
circuit.

 In the AC sweep menu we have the choice of three types of Analysis oLinear o
Octave and o Decade

 These three choices describe the X-axis scaling which will be produced in probe I.e. if
we choose decade then a sample of our X-axis might be 10HZ, 1KHZ, 100KHZ, 10MZ
etc. Therefore if we want to see how our circuit reacts over a very large range of
frequencies choose the decade option.

We now have to specify at how many points we want PSICE to calculate frequencies
and what the start and end frequency will be. That is, over what range of frequencies do
we want to simulate ourcircuit.

DC sweep:
 The DC sweep allows we to do various different sweeps of our circuit to see how it
responds to various conditions.
 Voltage o Current
 Temperature
 Parameter and goal
We need to specify a start value, an end value and the number of points we wish to
calculate.

 For example we can sweep our circuit over a voltage range from 0 to 12 volts.The
main two sweeps that will be most important to us at this stage are the voltage sweep
and current sweep. For these two we need to indicate to PSPICE what component we
wish to sweep for example V1 or V2.

 Another excellent feature of the DC sweep in PSPICE is the ability to do a nested

sweep.

 A nested sweep allows we to run two simultaneous sweeps to see how changes in
two different DC sources will affect our circuit.

 Once we have filled in the main Sweep menu, Click on the nested sweep button and
choose the second type of source to sweep and name it, also specify the start and end
values. (Note: In some versions of PSPICE we need to click on enable nested
sweep).Again we can choose Linear, Octave or Decade, but also we can indicate our
own list of values, i.e. 1V 10V 20V.DO NOT separate the values with commas.

Bias point Detail:

 This is a simple and useful sweep it will not launch probe and so give we nothing to
plot. But by clicking on enable bias current display or enable bias voltage display, this
will indicate the voltages and currents at certain points within the circuit.

Parametric:
 Parametric analysis allows we to run another type of analysis (transient, Sweeps)
while using a range of component values using global parameter setting. The best way
to demonstrate this is with an example is to use a resistor, but any other standard part
would work just as well (Capacitor, Inductor).

 First double-click the value label of the resistor that is to be varied. This will open a
“set Attribute Value’ dialog box. Enter the name {RVAL} (including the curli braces) in
place of the components values. This indicates to PSPICE that the value of the resistor
is a global parameter called RVAL.in order to define the RVAL parameter is necessary
to place a global parameter list somewhere on the schematic page.Todo this choose
“Get New parts” from the menu and select the part name PARAM.

 Place the box anywhere on the schematic page. Now double click on the word
PARAMETER in the box title to bring up the parameter dialogue box. Set the
NAME1=value to RVAL (no curli braces) and the VALUE1=VALUE to the nominal
resistance value. This nominal value is required, but it is only used if the DC bias point
detail is computed. Otherwise, the value is ignored by the PSPICE.

 Finally, go to the “Analysis setup” menu and enable “parametric” analysis. Open the
parametric setup dialogue box and enter the sweep parameter: name: RVAL swept
variable type: global parameter. Make sure the other analysis type (s) are selected in
the analysis setup menu(transient, Sweeps).PSPICE will now automatically performs
the simulation over and over, using a new value for RVAL during each run.

 This is not as important for us in the lab, but some day when we are constructing real
circuits that need to function under various conditions this will be useful.

Transient:
 The transient analysis is probably the most important analysis we can run in PSPICE,
and it computes various values of our circuit over time. Two very important parameters
in the transient analysis are:
 PRINT STEP
 FINAL TIME
Types of sources:
 Voltage sources
 VDC

 This is our basic direct voltage source that simulates a simple battery and allows we to
specify the voltage value.

VAC:
 A few things to note about the alternating current source, first PSPICE takes it to be a
sine source, so if we want to simulate a cosine wave we need to add (or subtract) a 90
phase shift. There are three values which PSPICE will allows we to alter these are o
ACMAG which is the RMS value of the voltage.

PART (B)

USING BIAS POINT DETAIL DETERMINE UNKNOWN

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IN A DC NETWORK
OBJECTIVE:
How to use Bias point detail for determining unknown current and voltages in simple DC
network.

PROCEDUR STEPS:
 Click on the Get New parts icon to select parts from the parts list or type the name
identifier for the part in the shortcut box.

Type r for resistance, VDC for DC voltage source and IDC for DC current source.
Change the orientation of part rotate command or with CTRL+R.

 Connect the elements according to the circuit with the help of draw wire option.

 Assign numerical values to the elements by double clicking on that element and
change the VALUE attribute.

 Connect ground with the circuit by typing ENGD and place it according to the circuit.

 Name the nodes according to the circuit diagram (optional)

 Go to the file menu and save the circuit.

 Now using the analysis menu click on setup and select bias point detail for DC
analysis (it is enabled by default)

 For displaying current and voltage on schematics click on the Display result on
schematics under analysis menu.
 Enable current and voltage display, the schematic will be populated with current and
voltages of branches and nodes respectively.

 To find the current direction click on the current value, an arrow will show the current
direction.

LAB TASK# O1
Using Bias point detail shows the current I in the given circuit. Use source
transformation convert the current source into voltage source.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Calculation:
Loop 1:
(8+3) i1-3 i2-9i3=0

Loop 2:

-3i1+(3+5+)i2-5 i3=0

Loop 3:
-8 i1-5 i2+ 2 i3=0
i3=1.22 A
 TASK # 02

Using Source transformation and Bias point detail technique shows the
current through load resistor in the given dc network.

CIRCUIT Diagram:

Calculation:
20V-4 i1-2 i2+12V=0
10 i1+2 i2=32
i1-i2=4
i1=3.33 A
i2=0.67 A
TASK # 03

USING BIAS POINT DETAIL ANALYSIS SHOWS THE BRANCH

CURRENTS IN THE GIVEN CIRCUIT

Circuit diagram:
Calculation:
Loop 1:

XL=j2 ohm, Xc=-j1 ohm

2V<o -4(i1-i2)=0

Loop 2:

-6V<0 -4(i2-i1)-i2z2=0

I1=3.61 A<236.30 degree

CONCLUSION:
After performing this lab we learnt about PSPICE in detail. We also find unknown
voltage and current in a DC network using Bias point detail.