Lecture 1 – Introduction to

Environmental Engineering

Engr. Gul-E-Hina
Lecturer,
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research (IEER)
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

[email protected]
Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Engineering:

Environmental Engineering -1 Introduction to Environmental Engineering and environment related terms. Sources of environmental pollution-
municipal, industrial and agricultural

Environmental pollution
-Water pollution
-Air Pollution
-Noise pollution
Solid waste Management:
Classification of solid wastes. Reduction, recycling and reuse. Solid waste collection, Solid waste disposal
methods.

Water Quality:
Types of impurities in drinking water. Water quality and public health. Water borne diseases. Water quality
parameters. Criteria and standards. Water quality regulations. Measurement of water quality. Water quality
monitoring and surveillance. WHO drinking water quality guidelines. Water quality standards

Water supply systems, Design of water distribution system:

Components of water supply systems. Water consumption. Components of water consumption. Factors affecting
water consumption. Fire demand. Design period. Population forecasting. Design flows.Sources of water and their
general quality. Environmental and technical consideration in site selection of dams and intakes. Components and
layout of water transmission and distribution systems.Hydraulics of water transmission and distribution. Hardy
cross method
Principles of of pipe network
process analysis.
engineering: Hardybalance
material cross method of pipe Reaction
relationships. network analysis.
kinetics. Rate laws. Analysis of kinetic
data. Reactor theory. Types of reactors. Application to process design

Water Treatment Processes:

purpose of treatment. General flow diagrams of water treatment plants. Principles, theory and design of various
treatment processes such as sedimentation, coagulation ,flocculation and disinfection.

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Text & reference Books
• McGee, T.J. Water Supply and Sewerage, 6th
Edition. McGraw Hill Inc. 1991

• Davis, M.L and Cornwell, D.A. Introduction to

Environmental Engineering, 2nd Edition. McGraw
Hill Inc. 1991

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Introduction
• Environment:
In the simplest words:
“Everything that surrounds and affect an organism
during its lifetime is collectively known as
Environment(e.g. Water , air, land, plant, and animal life)”.

In technical words :
“Environment includes water, air , land &
interrelationship among themselves & also with
human being, other living things& property”.

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Introduction
• On global dimensions:

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introduction

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Introduction
• On global dimensions:
The environment consists of :
• Atmosphere(consists of mixture of gases extending
outwards from the surface of the earth)
• Hydrosphere(consists of oceans, the lakes, rivers
and streams, and the shallow groundwater)
• Lithosphere(consists of soil mental that wraps the
core of the earth)
• Biosphere(part of atmosphere, hydrosphere, &
lithosphere in which the life can exist)

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Introduction
• Environmental Engineering:

“It is the branch of engineering which is concerned with the

application of scientific & engineering principles for the
management of environment to protect human health from the
adverse effects of environmental factors; to protect the
environment, both local & global, from the potentially
deleterious effects of human activities; & enhance the quality
of human life and welfare by improving the environment
quality.”

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Introduction
• Role of Environmental Engineer
Environmental Engineers study:
 Water, soil and air pollution problems, and develop
technical solutions needed to solve, attenuate or control
these problems in a manner that is compatible with
legislative, economic, social and political concerns.
 Also involved in such activities as water supply and
sewerage, management of surface water and groundwater
quality, remediation of contaminated sites and solid waste
management in order to enhance & protect environment
and quality of human health.

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Introduction
• Role of Civil Engineer:

 Civil engineers are particularly involved in such activities

as water supply and sewerage, management of surface water
and groundwater quality, remediation of contaminated sites
and solid waste management. Also design such structures,
equipment and systems to protect & enhance the quality of
environment and human health.

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Introduction
• Scope of Environmental Engineering
 Every development projects has an environmental
impacts

 Environmental impact Assessment Reports are

mandatory

 Construction of sewer collection & water supply

system

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Introduction
Areas of Specialty in Environmental
Water supply &
Treatment
Wastewater
collection &
Treatment
Engineering

Air pollution
control
Environmental
Engineering

Solid waste
management

Storm water
management
Environmental
impact
assessment
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Terminology
Termiology

Ecosystem
• It is a ecological system consisting of all the living
organisms (biotic) living in a particular area, as well
as all the non living physical components(abiotic) of
the environment with which they interact, such as
air, soil, water , and sunlight.

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Termiology
• Biotic factors
 Plants
 Animals
 Fungi
 Decomposers

• Abiotic factors
 Sunlight
 Water
 Wind
 Soil conditions
 Temperature
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introduction

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Terminology
Ecology

• The study of the interactions of organisms with one

another and with their environment.

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Terminology
Level of Organization in the Environment

Living

Non -Living

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Termiology

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Termiology
Habitat
“It is an ecological or environmental area that is
inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or
other type of organism”.
Or
“It is the natural environment in which an organism
lives, or the physical environment that surrounds
(influences and is utilized by a species population)”.

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Termiology
Resource
“Any thing (living or non living) which humans obtain
to meet their needs and wants (solar energy, air, water,
minerals, petroleum)”.
Types of Resources:
1. Renewable(perpetual /continuous resource)
A resource that is virtually inexhaustible on a human
time scale (e.g. Solar energy, tides, wind)
2. Non renewable(exhaustible resource)
A resource that is available in a fixed amount (e.g., oil,
coal, metallic minerals)
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 Yield
Sustainable Yield
• Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be
used without reducing its available supply locally,
regionally, or globally.
Carrying capacity
• It is the maximum number of individuals of a given
species that a particular habitat can support.

• Exceeding the sustainable yield can cause a resource

to become non renewable. This generally called
Environmental Degradation

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 Development
• Application of various resources to improve the
quality of human life.
Sustainable Development
• It is the development through which we can meet
our present needs without compromising the ability
of future generation to meet their own needs.
Conservation
• Management of human use of natural resources in a
manner that such use can continue.

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Terminology
Environmental Degradation
“Exhaustion or destruction of a potentially renewable
resource such as water, forest, or wildlife by consuming it
at higher rate that it is naturally renewed”.
• The processing and use of resources results in the
generation of different type of wastes( e.g, Liquid
Wastes(municipal, industrial wastewaters), Solid
Wastes( discarded materials of household), Gaseous
Wastes(emissions from industries and motor vehicles
such as CO,CO2,SO2,O3,Nox )
• The wastes are released back to the environment that
may cause environmental pollution
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Environmental Pollution
Environmental Pollution

“Any thing added to water, air ,soil or food that

threatens health survival or activities of humans or
other organisms is called Environmental Pollution”.

Or
“Any condition or substance resulting from human or
natural activity that adversely affect the quality of
environment is called Environmental Pollution”

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Environmental Pollution
Pollutant

“Any substance introduced into the environment that

adversely affects the usefulness of a resource or the
health of humans, animals, or ecosystem.”

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Environmental Pollution
• Sources of Pollution
Natural:
• Volcanoes
• Lightning
• Dust storm
• Strom water runoff
• Termites, Cows
• Soil microbes
• Oceans
Anthropogenic:
• Municipal
• Industrial
• Agricultural
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Environmental Pollution
Different forms of Pollution

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Environmental Pollution
Key Environmental Issues of Pakistan
Poor Drinking Water Quality ( as if does not meet WHO
guidelines)
Limited Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage
(as 63% of population has access to water supply)
Pollution of Water Sources (In Pakistan 1% of wastewater is
treated before discharge)
Air Pollution
Noise Pollution in big cities
Poor Waste collection and disposal

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Environmental pollution
Environmental pollution control Strategies
 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
 (PEPC, EPAs, NEQS)
 Industries required to provide: Wastewater treatment plant, Air
Pollution control
 Public awareness programme
 Pollution charges
 Incentives for pollution control
 Promote clean technology, recycling, by products
 Improve water quality (WHO guidelines)
 Prohibit raw sewage irrigation
 Ban on solid waste burning
 Tune vehicles , ban pressure horns
 Provide appropriate sanitation facilities

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