19 Century Architecture: The Architecture of The Victorian Age
19 Century Architecture: The Architecture of The Victorian Age
19 Century Architecture: The Architecture of The Victorian Age
ARCHITECTURE
The Architecture of the Victorian Age
Outline
Socio-Economic Background
Technological Advancements
Revolution
The Neo-Classical
The Neo Gothic
Other Styles
Applications of New Technology
The Next Step
An Age of Uncertainty
By the opening of the 19th C the confidence apparent in the
architecture of the age of elegance in the preceding century
had evaporated.
Inventions
It began with textiles.
Finance
Trading opportunities
Population change
The urban population dramatically increased, towns and cities
multiplied in number and size, a new urban society emerged.
The demand for new buildings was greater that ever before.
The invention of
machines to do
the work of hand
tools The Spinning Jenny
invented by James
Hargreaves
The use of
steam, and later
of other kinds of
power, in place of
the muscles of
human beings The 1698 Savery
and of animals Engine – the world's first
commercially useful
steam engine built
by Thomas Savery
The adoption of the factory system.
New Materials
A new method of
producing glass,
known as the
cylinder process,
was developed in
Europe during the
early 19th century.
In 1832, this process
was used by
the Chance
Brothers to create
sheet glass. They
became the leading
producers of
window and plate TheCrystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of
glass. 1851
Iron making
In the Iron
industry, coke was
finally applied to all
stages of iron smelting,
replacing charcoal. This
had been achieved
much earlier
for lead and copper as
well as for
producing pig iron in
a blast furnace, but the
second stage in the
production of bar
iron depended on the
use of potting and Nasmyth’s steam hammer of 1840 at work in 1871
stamping.
The Architecture of the Industrial Age
Architecture and the art turned into the past. Architects searched
for their own style but they searched for it in the previous styles
returning to the style of Bramante, Palladio and Michelangelo .
Neo-Classical
Neo-Gothic
Renaissance
Baroque
Romantic
Chinese
Saracenic
The Neo-Classicists
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
Sir John Sloane (1753-1837)
Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1766-1820)
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
For his own house Jefferson turned the familiar Palladian five-part
organization backward in order to focus the complex on spectacular
mountain views. This view from the front shows that Jefferson
disguised the two-storey elevation to appear as only one story.
The William Brown Library and Museum (now the World Museum
Liverpool), designed by Thomas Allom (1804-1872), UK
The Neo-Gothic
Gothic Revival (also called “Neo-Gothic”)
The
government
had decided
that the new
building
should be in
the style
thought to
represent
England at its
best –
Elizabethan or
Jacobean,
which occured
during Late
Gothic.
House of Parliament,
London, 1836-1867
Richard Upjohn (1802-78), Trinity Church, New
York City, 1839-46.
Upjohn’s first
major commission
was for Trinity
Church in New
York City, which
was designed for a
growing and
wealthy
congregation. The
Trinity Church has
been dwarfed by
skyscrapers, which
once included the
now destroyed
World Trade
Center. However,
in 1846 the church
was a prominent
landmark.
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
The first
American to
attend the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts
was Richard
Morris Hunt
(1827-95) who
entered the
school in 1846.
Newly rich
industrial
magnates
wanted houses
that imitated the
ancestral
mansions of
European
nobility, and of
all American
architects Hunt
was best able to
provide the
designs desired.
Richard Morris Hunt, The Breakers, Newport,
Rhode Island, 1892-95.
Richard Morris
Hunt was the
first American
to attend the
Ecole des
Beaux-Arts in
Paris. The
knowledge he
gained there of
academic
planning and
monumental
design made
him the
architect of
choice among
the late 19th C
American elite.
Interiors, The Breakers, Newport,
Rhode Island, 1892-95.
McKim, Mead and White, Villard Houses
New York City, 1882-85.
The firm of McKim, Mead and White established the model for
the large-scale American architectural practice. They based this
residential structure on Roman palazzi such as the Palazzo
Farnese.
The New West End Synagogue
by George Audsley (1838-
1925)
in St Petersburgh Place,
London was in the Neo-
Romanesque.
Westminster Cathedral
Externally as well as internally the stylistic elements derive from the Italian
Cinquecento and from the France of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, from
Renaissance and from Baroque.
Polychromy is widely used to heighten the impact yet further. The façade is
massive and heavily decorated and gilded, and really monumental.
Grand Opera, Paris, 1860-1874
Cleveland
San Francisco
Washington DC
Manila
Baguio
Wrought Iron
Applications of Iron Steel
PALM HOUSE, Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, London, 1845-1848
Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, 1851.
Joseph Paxton
designed a
building with
prefabricated
parts that
could be
mass-
produced and
erected
rapidly. It
stood in stark
contrast to
traditional,
massive stone
construction.
Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, 1851.
Once the
exhibition
opened, the
building was
visited by about
one-quarter of
the population
of England and
was universally
acclaimed for
its vast, airy
interior space.
Journalists
dubbed it the
Crystal Palace,
a name it had
retained.
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
CRYSTAL PALACE – Hyde Park, London, 1850-1851
Joseph Paxton
Henri Labrouste, Bibliotheque Ste.
Genevieve, Paris, 1842-50.
Henri Labrouste (1801-1875) made a fine architectural use of cast iron in the
Bibliotheque Ste.-Genevieve in Paris. On the exterior the building presents a
correct Neo-Classical facade recalling Italian Renaissance palace and church
designs; but on the interior at the 2nd floor level one finds for that time an
unprecedentedly great reading room which extends the width and length of the
building, covered by light semicircular cast iron arches.
Henri Labrouste, Bibliotheque Ste.
Genevieve, Paris, 1842-50
Henri Labrouste, Bibliotheque Ste.
Genevieve, Paris, 1842-50
THE CRYSTAL PALACE
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
Bibliotheque Nacionale 1857-1867
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
Bibliotheque Nacionale 1857-1867
19th Century: Applications of Iron
Steel
Gustave Eiffel
1823-1932
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, 1884-1887
320 metres
(1,050 ft) tall
Remains the
largest iron
construction in
the world
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, 1884-1887
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
STATUE OF LIBERTY
He included two
interior spiral
staircases, to make it
easier for visitors to
reach the observation
point in the crown.
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1889.
Charles Dutert
1845-1906
Daniel Burnham and John Welborn Daniel Burnham and John Welborn
Root, Monadnock Building, Chicago, Root, Reliance Building, Chicago, 1894-
1890-91 95.
The Arts and Crafts Movement