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    Module 3: Alternatives To Experimentation Five Common Non-Experimental Approaches

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    Arcanus Lorreyn
    This document discusses five common non-experimental research approaches: phenomenology, case studies, field studies, archival studies, and qualitative research. It also covers surveys, sampling methods, correlational research, causal modeling, quasi-experimental designs, and ex post facto studies. Non-experimental approaches observe behaviors as they naturally occur without manipulating variables. Surveys are used to understand opinions, attitudes, and behaviors through self-reported questions. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population, either through probability or non-probability methods. Correlational and causal research explore relationships between variables.

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    Module 3: Alternatives To Experimentation Five Common Non-Experimental Approaches

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    Arcanus Lorreyn
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    This document discusses five common non-experimental research approaches: phenomenology, case studies, field studies, archival studies, and qualitative research. It also covers surveys, sampling methods, correlational research, causal modeling, quasi-experimental designs, and ex post facto studies. Non-experimental approaches observe behaviors as they naturally occur without manipulating variables. Surveys are used to understand opinions, attitudes, and behaviors through self-reported questions. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population, either through probability or non-probability methods. Correlational and causal research explore relationships between variables.

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    This document discusses five common non-experimental research approaches: phenomenology, case studies, field studies, archival studies, and qualitative research. It also covers surveys, sampling methods, correlational research, causal modeling, quasi-experimental designs, and ex post facto studies. Non-experimental approaches observe behaviors as they naturally occur without manipulating variables. Surveys are used to understand opinions, attitudes, and behaviors through self-reported questions. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population, either through probability or non-probability methods. Correlational and causal research explore relationships between variables.

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    163 views3 pages

    Module 3: Alternatives To Experimentation Five Common Non-Experimental Approaches

    Uploaded by

    Arcanus Lorreyn
    This document discusses five common non-experimental research approaches: phenomenology, case studies, field studies, archival studies, and qualitative research. It also covers surveys, sampling methods, correlational research, causal modeling, quasi-experimental designs, and ex post facto studies. Non-experimental approaches observe behaviors as they naturally occur without manipulating variables. Surveys are used to understand opinions, attitudes, and behaviors through self-reported questions. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population, either through probability or non-probability methods. Correlational and causal research explore relationships between variables.

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    Module 3: ALTERNATIVES TO EXPERIMENTATION

    FIVE COMMON NON-EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES


     Phenomenology – It is the description of an individual’s immediate experience. Focus on
    personal experience as a source of data. (Conclusions are instantaneous, does not use statistics
    since frequency does not occur)
     Case study – descriptive record of a single individual’s experiences, or behaviors or both kept by
    an outside observer.
    o Kazdin (2003) urged that case studies serve five major purposes:
     They are a source of inference, hypotheses and theories
     They are a source for developing therapy techniques
     They allow the study for developing therapy techniques.
     Field studies – Non -experimental approaches used in the field or in real life settings.
    Researchers doing field studies often combine various types of data gathering to capitalize on
    the richness and range of behavior found outside the laboratory. Antecedent conditions are not
    manipulated in the field study.
    o Types of field research
     NATURALISTIC- OSERVATION STUDIES – It is the technique of observing
    behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural setting.
     It is a descriptive method.
     PARTICIPANT OBSERVER STUDIES – Here the researcher becomes part of the
    group being studied.
     Archival study – It is a descriptive research method in which already existing records are
    reexamined for a new purpose. Information about such things as crime, death rates, education
    levels, salaries housing patterns. It also include information collected about people’s attitude.
     Qualitative research – It is research relies on words rather than numbers for the data being
    collected; it focuses on self –reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories,
    feelings and thoughts.

    SURVEY
     It is useful way of obtaining information about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences and
    behaviors simply by asking.
     It allows as to gather data about experiences, feelings, thoughts, and motives that are hard to
    observe directly.
     Types of questions:
    o Closed questions
    o Open ended

    MEASURING RESPONSES
     Nominal scale – also called the “lowest level of measurement”
    o Ex. Political Affiliation (Democrat, Republican, Independent, Green party)
     Ordinal Scale –The rank order of response items.
    o Ex. Order number of presidential candidates
     Interval Scale – measures quantitative size using measures with equal intervals between the
    values.
    o Ex. (1-4 or 0-100), temperature, grade (1.00-98-100)
    IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR SURVEY ITEMS
     It should be:
    o Relevant to the topic
    o Easy to answer
    o Interesting
    o Answerable by most respondents
    o Closed format

    TYPES OF COLLECTING SURVEY DATA


     Self –administered questionnaires
     Mail Surveys
     Computer and internet survey
     Telephone survey
     Interviews
     Focus group

    SAMPLING
     Probability Sampling: Involves selecting subjects in such a way that the odds of their being in
    the study are known or can be calculated.
    o Types of Probability
     Sampling Simple random Sampling – a portion of the whole population is
    selected in an unbiased way. Huff described the basic procedure in these
    colorful terms
     Systematic random Sampling – In cases where all members of a population are
    known and can be listed in an unbiased way.
     EX = There are 5,000 students (total number of students in the
    University. And you would like a sample of 250. Just divide 5000 by
    250=20. So you will select every 20th student/person in the list order.
     Cluster Sampling – You could randomly select participants by cluster like zip code areas,
    barangay, school districts, cities or counties.
    o Advantage: can have data from relatively few locations.

    NON -PROBABILITY SAMPLING:


     Quota Sampling – select samples through predetermined quotas
     Convenience sampling – Is obtained by using any group who happen to be available ex. a church
    choir, psychology class, bowling league etc.
     Purposive Sampling – samples are selected because the individuals reflect a specific purpose of
    the study.
    o Ex. You want to research of the success of a new training program. So you may select
    employees from the department of one company in industrial setting.
     Snow-ball sampling – is used predominantly for sampling very small, uncommon or unique
    population.

    OBTAINING DATA
     Random Selection – any number of a population
    has an equal chance of being selected as a
    participant
     Random Assignment – participant in the experiment is randomly assigned to experimental
    treatments.

    CORRELATIONAL
     One that is designed to determine the correlation or degree or relationship, between two traits,
    behaviors or events

    CAUSAL MODELLING:
     Path Analysis: can be used when subjects are measured on several related behaviors.
    o Ex. Explain differences between boys and girls academic performance in elementary
    school.
     Cross logged panel discussion – This design uses relationships measured over time to suggest
    the causal path

    SAMPLE OF PATH ANALYSIS SAMPLE OF CROSS LOG PANEL

    QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN


     Explore the effects of different treatments on pre-existing
    groups of subjects or to investigate the same kinds of
    naturally occurring event.
     Here we are looking for differences between two groups or
    looking for changes over time in the same group of subjects
    (with treatment)
     also called” natural experiment”

    EXPOST FACTO STUDIES


     Ex post facto “after the fact”
     A study in which researcher capitalizes on changes in the antecedent conditions that occurred
    before the study.
     A study in which the researcher systematically examines the effects of subject characteristics
    (often called subject variables) but not actually manipulating them.
     The researcher form groups on the basis of differences that already exist between subjects and
    measures behavioral differences between the groups.
     Ex. Hannah is placed of subjects who have experienced the loss of a parent. Subjects come into
    an ex post facto study with attributes that already differ from one subject to another.
     Others: Pre -test – post-test design, correlational quasi-experimental design

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