International Accounting Standard 16

Property, Plant and Equipment

Objective

1 The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment so
that users of the financial statements can discern information about an entity’s investment in its property,
plant and equipment and the changes in such investment. The principal issues in accounting for property,
plant and equipment are the recognition of the assets, the determination of their carrying amounts and the
depreciation charges and impairment losses to be recognised in relation to them.

Scope

2 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for property, plant and equipment except when another
Standard requires or permits a different accounting treatment.
3 This Standard does not apply to:
(a) property, plant and equipment classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.
(b) biological assets related to agricultural activity other than bearer plants (see IAS 41 Agriculture).
This Standard applies to bearer plants but it does not apply to the produce on bearer plants.
(c) the recognition and measurement of exploration and evaluation assets (see IFRS 6 Exploration
for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources).
(d) mineral rights and mineral reserves such as oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative
resources.
However, this Standard applies to property, plant and equipment used to develop or maintain the assets
described in (b)–(d).

4 Other Standards may require recognition of an item of property, plant and equipment based on an approach
different from that in this Standard. For example, IAS 17 Leases requires an entity to evaluate its
recognition of an item of leased property, plant and equipment on the basis of the transfer of risks and
rewards. However, in such cases other aspects of the accounting treatment for these assets, including
depreciation, are prescribed by this Standard.
5 An entity using the cost model for investment property in accordance with IAS 40 Investment Property shall
use the cost model in this Standard.

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Definitions

6 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
A bearer plant is a living plant that:

(a) is used in the production or supply of agricultural produce;

(b) is expected to bear produce for more than one period; and
(c) has a remote likelihood of being sold as agricultural produce, except for incidental scrap
sales.
(Paragraphs 5A–5B of IAS 41 elaborate on this definition of a bearer plant.)

Carrying amount is the amount at which an asset is recognised after deducting any accumulated
depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Cost is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the other consideration given
to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction or, where applicable, the amount
attributed to that asset when initially recognised in accordance with the specific requirements of
other IFRSs, eg IFRS 2 Share-based Payment.

Depreciable amount is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value.

Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life.

Entity-specific value is the present value of the cash flows an entity expects to arise from the
continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life or expects to incur when
settling a liability.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an
orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (See IFRS 13 Fair Value
Measurement.)

An impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable
amount.

Property, plant and equipment are tangible items that:

(a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for
administrative purposes; and
(b) are expected to be used during more than one period.
Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs to sell and its value in use.

The residual value of an asset is the estimated amount that an entity would currently obtain from
disposal of the asset, after deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset were already of the
age and in the condition expected at the end of its useful life.

Useful life is:

(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity; or
(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by an
entity.

Recognition

7 The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognised as an asset if, and only if:
(a) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the entity;
and

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 (b) the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
8 Items such as spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are recognised in accordance with
this IFRS when they meet the definition of property, plant and equipment. Otherwise, such items are
classified as inventory.
9 This Standard does not prescribe the unit of measure for recognition, ie what constitutes an item of
property, plant and equipment. Thus, judgement is required in applying the recognition criteria to an entity’s
specific circumstances. It may be appropriate to aggregate individually insignificant items, such as moulds,
tools and dies, and to apply the criteria to the aggregate value.
10 An entity evaluates under this recognition principle all its property, plant and equipment costs at the time
they are incurred. These costs include costs incurred initially to acquire or construct an item of property,
plant and equipment and costs incurred subsequently to add to, replace part of, or service it.

Initial costs

11 Items of property, plant and equipment may be acquired for safety or environmental reasons. The
acquisition of such property, plant and equipment, although not directly increasing the future economic
benefits of any particular existing item of property, plant and equipment, may be necessary for an entity to
obtain the future economic benefits from its other assets. Such items of property, plant and equipment
qualify for recognition as assets because they enable an entity to derive future economic benefits from
related assets in excess of what could be derived had those items not been acquired. For example, a
chemical manufacturer may install new chemical handling processes to comply with environmental
requirements for the production and storage of dangerous chemicals; related plant enhancements are
recognised as an asset because without them the entity is unable to manufacture and sell chemicals.
However, the resulting carrying amount of such an asset and related assets is reviewed for impairment in
accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.

Subsequent costs

12 Under the recognition principle in paragraph 7, an entity does not recognise in the carrying amount of an
item of property, plant and equipment the costs of the day-to-day servicing of the item. Rather, these costs
are recognised in profit or loss as incurred. Costs of day-to-day servicing are primarily the costs of labour
and consumables, and may include the cost of small parts. The purpose of these expenditures is often
described as for the ‘repairs and maintenance’ of the item of property, plant and equipment.
13 Parts of some items of property, plant and equipment may require replacement at regular intervals. For
example, a furnace may require relining after a specified number of hours of use, or aircraft interiors such as
seats and galleys may require replacement several times during the life of the airframe. Items of property,
plant and equipment may also be acquired to make a less frequently recurring replacement, such as
replacing the interior walls of a building, or to make a nonrecurring replacement. Under the recognition
principle in paragraph 7, an entity recognises in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and
equipment the cost of replacing part of such an item when that cost is incurred if the recognition criteria are
met. The carrying amount of those parts that are replaced is derecognised in accordance with the
derecognition provisions of this Standard (see paragraphs 67–72).
14 A condition of continuing to operate an item of property, plant and equipment (for example, an aircraft)
may be performing regular major inspections for faults regardless of whether parts of the item are replaced.
When each major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the item of
property, plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. Any remaining
carrying amount of the cost of the previous inspection (as distinct from physical parts) is derecognised. This
occurs regardless of whether the cost of the previous inspection was identified in the transaction in which
the item was acquired or constructed. If necessary, the estimated cost of a future similar inspection may be
used as an indication of what the cost of the existing inspection component was when the item was acquired
or constructed.

Measurement at recognition

15 An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset shall be measured
at its cost.

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Elements of cost

16 The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises:

(a) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting
trade discounts and rebates.
(b) any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to
be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
(c) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on
which it is located, the obligation for which an entity incurs either when the item is acquired or as
a consequence of having used the item during a particular period for purposes other than to
produce inventories during that period.
17 Examples of directly attributable costs are:
(a) costs of employee benefits (as defined in IAS 19 Employee Benefits) arising directly from the
construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment;
(b) costs of site preparation;
(c) initial delivery and handling costs;
(d) installation and assembly costs;
(e) costs of testing whether the asset is functioning properly, after deducting the net proceeds from
selling any items produced while bringing the asset to that location and condition (such as
samples produced when testing equipment); and
(f) professional fees.
18 An entity applies IAS 2 Inventories to the costs of obligations for dismantling, removing and restoring the
site on which an item is located that are incurred during a particular period as a consequence of having used
the item to produce inventories during that period. The obligations for costs accounted for in accordance
with IAS 2 or IAS 16 are recognised and measured in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent
Liabilities and Contingent Assets.
19 Examples of costs that are not costs of an item of property, plant and equipment are:
(a) costs of opening a new facility;
(b) costs of introducing a new product or service (including costs of advertising and promotional
activities);
(c) costs of conducting business in a new location or with a new class of customer (including costs of
staff training); and
(d) administration and other general overhead costs.
20 Recognition of costs in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment ceases when the
item is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by
management. Therefore, costs incurred in using or redeploying an item are not included in the carrying
amount of that item. For example, the following costs are not included in the carrying amount of an item of
property, plant and equipment:
(a) costs incurred while an item capable of operating in the manner intended by management has yet
to be brought into use or is operated at less than full capacity;
(b) initial operating losses, such as those incurred while demand for the item’s output builds up; and
(c) costs of relocating or reorganising part or all of an entity’s operations.
21 Some operations occur in connection with the construction or development of an item of property, plant and
equipment, but are not necessary to bring the item to the location and condition necessary for it to be
capable of operating in the manner intended by management. These incidental operations may occur before
or during the construction or development activities. For example, income may be earned through using a
building site as a car park until construction starts. Because incidental operations are not necessary to bring
an item to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by
management, the income and related expenses of incidental operations are recognised in profit or loss and
included in their respective classifications of income and expense.
22 The cost of a self-constructed asset is determined using the same principles as for an acquired asset. If an
entity makes similar assets for sale in the normal course of business, the cost of the asset is usually the same

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 as the cost of constructing an asset for sale (see IAS 2). Therefore, any internal profits are eliminated in
arriving at such costs. Similarly, the cost of abnormal amounts of wasted material, labour, or other resources
incurred in self-constructing an asset is not included in the cost of the asset. IAS 23 Borrowing Costs
establishes criteria for the recognition of interest as a component of the carrying amount of a self-
constructed item of property, plant and equipment.
22A Bearer plants are accounted for in the same way as self-constructed items of property, plant and equipment
before they are in the location and condition necessary to be capable of operating in the manner intended by
management. Consequently, references to ‘construction’ in this Standard should be read as covering
activities that are necessary to cultivate the bearer plants before they are in the location and condition
necessary to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

Measurement of cost

23 The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment is the cash price equivalent at the recognition date. If
payment is deferred beyond normal credit terms, the difference between the cash price equivalent and the
total payment is recognised as interest over the period of credit unless such interest is capitalised in
accordance with IAS 23.
24 One or more items of property, plant and equipment may be acquired in exchange for a non-monetary asset
or assets, or a combination of monetary and non-monetary assets. The following discussion refers simply to
an exchange of one non-monetary asset for another, but it also applies to all exchanges described in the
preceding sentence. The cost of such an item of property, plant and equipment is measured at fair value
unless (a) the exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset
received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. The acquired item is measured in this way even if an
entity cannot immediately derecognise the asset given up. If the acquired item is not measured at fair value,
its cost is measured at the carrying amount of the asset given up.
25 An entity determines whether an exchange transaction has commercial substance by considering the extent
to which its future cash flows are expected to change as a result of the transaction. An exchange transaction
has commercial substance if:
(a) the configuration (risk, timing and amount) of the cash flows of the asset received differs from
the configuration of the cash flows of the asset transferred; or
(b) the entity-specific value of the portion of the entity’s operations affected by the transaction
changes as a result of the exchange; and
(c) the difference in (a) or (b) is significant relative to the fair value of the assets exchanged.
For the purpose of determining whether an exchange transaction has commercial substance, the entity-
specific value of the portion of the entity’s operations affected by the transaction shall reflect post-tax cash
flows. The result of these analyses may be clear without an entity having to perform detailed calculations.

26 The fair value of an asset is reliably measurable if (a) the variability in the range of reasonable fair value
measurements is not significant for that asset or (b) the probabilities of the various estimates within the
range can be reasonably assessed and used when measuring fair value. If an entity is able to measure
reliably the fair value of either the asset received or the asset given up, then the fair value of the asset given
up is used to measure the cost of the asset received unless the fair value of the asset received is more clearly
evident.
27 The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment held by a lessee under a finance lease is determined in
accordance with IAS 17.
28 The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment may be reduced by government grants in
accordance with IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance.

Measurement after recognition

29 An entity shall choose either the cost model in paragraph 30 or the revaluation model in paragraph
31 as its accounting policy and shall apply that policy to an entire class of property, plant and
equipment.
29A–
29B [These paragraphs refer to amendments that are not yet effective, and are therefore not included in this
edition.]

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Cost model

30 After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment shall be carried at its cost less
any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

Revaluation model

31 After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment whose fair value can be
measured reliably shall be carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the
revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment
losses. Revaluations shall be made with sufficient regularity to ensure that the carrying amount does
not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the end of the reporting
period.
32–
33 [Deleted]
34 The frequency of revaluations depends upon the changes in fair values of the items of property, plant and
equipment being revalued. When the fair value of a revalued asset differs materially from its carrying
amount, a further revaluation is required. Some items of property, plant and equipment experience
significant and volatile changes in fair value, thus necessitating annual revaluation. Such frequent
revaluations are unnecessary for items of property, plant and equipment with only insignificant changes in
fair value. Instead, it may be necessary to revalue the item only every three or five years.
35 When an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, the carrying amount of that asset is adjusted to
the revalued amount. At the date of the revaluation, the asset is treated in one of the following ways:
(a) the gross carrying amount is adjusted in a manner that is consistent with the revaluation of the
carrying amount of the asset. For example, the gross carrying amount may be restated by
reference to observable market data or it may be restated proportionately to the change in the
carrying amount. The accumulated depreciation at the date of the revaluation is adjusted to equal
the difference between the gross carrying amount and the carrying amount of the asset after
taking into account accumulated impairment losses; or
(b) the accumulated depreciation is eliminated against the gross carrying amount of the asset.
The amount of the adjustment of accumulated depreciation forms part of the increase or decrease in
carrying amount that is accounted for in accordance with paragraphs 39 and 40.

36 If an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, the entire class of property, plant and
equipment to which that asset belongs shall be revalued.
37 A class of property, plant and equipment is a grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an entity’s
operations. The following are examples of separate classes:
(a) land;
(b) land and buildings;
(c) machinery;
(d) ships;
(e) aircraft;
(f) motor vehicles;
(g) furniture and fixtures;
(h) office equipment; and
(i) bearer plants.
38 The items within a class of property, plant and equipment are revalued simultaneously to avoid selective
revaluation of assets and the reporting of amounts in the financial statements that are a mixture of costs and
values as at different dates. However, a class of assets may be revalued on a rolling basis provided
revaluation of the class of assets is completed within a short period and provided the revaluations are kept
up to date.
39 If an asset’s carrying amount is increased as a result of a revaluation, the increase shall be recognised
in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation surplus.

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 However, the increase shall be recognised in profit or loss to the extent that it reverses a revaluation
decrease of the same asset previously recognised in profit or loss.
40 If an asset’s carrying amount is decreased as a result of a revaluation, the decrease shall be
recognised in profit or loss. However, the decrease shall be recognised in other comprehensive income
to the extent of any credit balance existing in the revaluation surplus in respect of that asset. The
decrease recognised in other comprehensive income reduces the amount accumulated in equity under
the heading of revaluation surplus.
41 The revaluation surplus included in equity in respect of an item of property, plant and equipment may be
transferred directly to retained earnings when the asset is derecognised. This may involve transferring the
whole of the surplus when the asset is retired or disposed of. However, some of the surplus may be
transferred as the asset is used by an entity. In such a case, the amount of the surplus transferred would be
the difference between depreciation based on the revalued carrying amount of the asset and depreciation
based on the asset’s original cost. Transfers from revaluation surplus to retained earnings are not made
through profit or loss.
42 The effects of taxes on income, if any, resulting from the revaluation of property, plant and equipment are
recognised and disclosed in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes.

Depreciation

43 Each part of an item of property, plant and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the
total cost of the item shall be depreciated separately.
44 An entity allocates the amount initially recognised in respect of an item of property, plant and equipment to
its significant parts and depreciates separately each such part. For example, it may be appropriate to
depreciate separately the airframe and engines of an aircraft, whether owned or subject to a finance lease.
Similarly, if an entity acquires property, plant and equipment subject to an operating lease in which it is the
lessor, it may be appropriate to depreciate separately amounts reflected in the cost of that item that are
attributable to favourable or unfavourable lease terms relative to market terms.
45 A significant part of an item of property, plant and equipment may have a useful life and a depreciation
method that are the same as the useful life and the depreciation method of another significant part of that
same item. Such parts may be grouped in determining the depreciation charge.
46 To the extent that an entity depreciates separately some parts of an item of property, plant and equipment, it
also depreciates separately the remainder of the item. The remainder consists of the parts of the item that are
individually not significant. If an entity has varying expectations for these parts, approximation techniques
may be necessary to depreciate the remainder in a manner that faithfully represents the consumption pattern
and/or useful life of its parts.
47 An entity may choose to depreciate separately the parts of an item that do not have a cost that is significant
in relation to the total cost of the item.
48 The depreciation charge for each period shall be recognised in profit or loss unless it is included in
the carrying amount of another asset.
49 The depreciation charge for a period is usually recognised in profit or loss. However, sometimes, the future
economic benefits embodied in an asset are absorbed in producing other assets. In this case, the depreciation
charge constitutes part of the cost of the other asset and is included in its carrying amount. For example, the
depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment is included in the costs of conversion of inventories (see
IAS 2). Similarly, depreciation of property, plant and equipment used for development activities may be
included in the cost of an intangible asset recognised in accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets.

Depreciable amount and depreciation period

50 The depreciable amount of an asset shall be allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life.
51 The residual value and the useful life of an asset shall be reviewed at least at each financial year-end
and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) shall be accounted for as a change in
an accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting
Estimates and Errors.
52 Depreciation is recognised even if the fair value of the asset exceeds its carrying amount, as long as the
asset’s residual value does not exceed its carrying amount. Repair and maintenance of an asset do not
negate the need to depreciate it.

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53 The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value. In practice, the residual
value of an asset is often insignificant and therefore immaterial in the calculation of the depreciable amount.
54 The residual value of an asset may increase to an amount equal to or greater than the asset’s carrying
amount. If it does, the asset’s depreciation charge is zero unless and until its residual value subsequently
decreases to an amount below the asset’s carrying amount.
55 Depreciation of an asset begins when it is available for use, ie when it is in the location and condition
necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Depreciation of an asset
ceases at the earlier of the date that the asset is classified as held for sale (or included in a disposal group
that is classified as held for sale) in accordance with IFRS 5 and the date that the asset is derecognised.
Therefore, depreciation does not cease when the asset becomes idle or is retired from active use unless the
asset is fully depreciated. However, under usage methods of depreciation the depreciation charge can be
zero while there is no production.
56 The future economic benefits embodied in an asset are consumed by an e ntity principally through its use.
However, other factors, such as technical or commercial obsolescence and wear and tear while an asset
remains idle, often result in the diminution of the economic benefits that might have been obtained from the
asset. Consequently, all the following factors are considered in determining the useful life of an asset:
(a) expected usage of the asset. Usage is assessed by reference to the asset’s expected capacity or
physical output.
(b) expected physical wear and tear, which depends on operational factors such as the number of
shifts for which the asset is to be used and the repair and maintenance programme, and the care
and maintenance of the asset while idle.
(c) technical or commercial obsolescence arising from changes or improvements in production, or
from a change in the market demand for the product or service output of the asset. Expected
future reductions in the selling price of an item that was produced using an asset could indicate
the expectation of technical or commercial obsolescence of the asset, which, in turn, might reflect
a reduction of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset.
(d) legal or similar limits on the use of the asset, such as the expiry dates of related leases.
57 The useful life of an asset is defined in terms of the asset’s expected utility to the entity. The asset
management policy of the entity may involve the disposal of assets after a specified time or after
consumption of a specified proportion of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. Therefore, the
useful life of an asset may be shorter than its economic life. The estimation of the useful life of the asset is a
matter of judgement based on the experience of the entity with similar assets.
58 Land and buildings are separable assets and are accounted for separately, even when they are acquired
together. With some exceptions, such as quarries and sites used for landfill, land has an unlimited useful life
and therefore is not depreciated. Buildings have a limited useful life and therefore are depreciable assets. An
increase in the value of the land on which a building stands does not affect the determination of the
depreciable amount of the building.
59 If the cost of land includes the costs of site dismantlement, removal and restoration, that portion of the land
asset is depreciated over the period of benefits obtained by incurring those costs. In some cases, the land
itself may have a limited useful life, in which case it is depreciated in a manner that reflects the benefits to
be derived from it.

Depreciation method

60 The depreciation method used shall reflect the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits
are expected to be consumed by the entity.
61 The depreciation method applied to an asset shall be reviewed at least at each financial year-end and,
if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic
benefits embodied in the asset, the method shall be changed to reflect the changed pattern. Such a
change shall be accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8.
62 A variety of depreciation methods can be used to allocate the depreciable amount of an asset on a
systematic basis over its useful life. These methods include the straight-line method, the diminishing
balance method and the units of production method. Straight-line depreciation results in a constant charge
over the useful life if the asset’s residual value does not change. The diminishing balance method results in
a decreasing charge over the useful life. The units of production method results in a charge based on the
expected use or output. The entity selects the method that most closely reflects the expected pattern of
consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. That method is applied consistently

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 from period to period unless there is a change in the expected pattern of consumption of those future
economic benefits.
62A A depreciation method that is based on revenue that is generated by an activity that includes the use of an
asset is not appropriate. The revenue generated by an activity that includes the use of an asset generally
reflects factors other than the consumption of the economic benefits of the asset. For example, revenue is
affected by other inputs and processes, selling activities and changes in sales volumes and prices. The price
component of revenue may be affected by inflation, which has no bearing upon the way in which an asset is
consumed.

Impairment

63 To determine whether an item of property, plant and equipment is impaired, an entity applies IAS 36
Impairment of Assets. That Standard explains how an entity reviews the carrying amount of its assets, how
it determines the recoverable amount of an asset, and when it recognises, or reverses the recognition of, an
impairment loss.
64 [Deleted]

Compensation for impairment

65 Compensation from third parties for items of property, plant and equipment that were impaired, lost
or given up shall be included in profit or loss when the compensation becomes receivable.
66 Impairments or losses of items of property, plant and equipment, related claims for or payments of
compensation from third parties and any subsequent purchase or construction of replacement assets are
separate economic events and are accounted for separately as follows:
(a) impairments of items of property, plant and equipment are recognised in accordance with IAS 36;
(b) derecognition of items of property, plant and equipment retired or disposed of is determined in
accordance with this Standard;
(c) compensation from third parties for items of property, plant and equipment that were impaired,
lost or given up is included in determining profit or loss when it becomes receivable; and
(d) the cost of items of property, plant and equipment restored, purchased or constructed as
replacements is determined in accordance with this Standard.

Derecognition

67 The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be derecognised:
(a) on disposal; or
(b) when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.
68 The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be
included in profit or loss when the item is derecognised (unless IAS 17 requires otherwise on a sale
and leaseback). Gains shall not be classified as revenue.
68A However, an entity that, in the course of its ordinary activities, routinely sells items of property, plant and
equipment that it has held for rental to others shall transfer such assets to inventories at their carrying
amount when they cease to be rented and become held for sale. The proceeds from the sale of such assets
shall be recognised as revenue in accordance with IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. IFRS
5 does not apply when assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of business are transferred to
inventories.
69 The disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment may occur in a variety of ways (eg by sale, by
entering into a finance lease or by donation). The date of disposal of an item of property, plant and
equipment is the date the recipient obtains control of that item in accordance with the requirements for
determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in IFRS 15. IAS 17 applies to disposal by a sale and
leaseback.
70 If, under the recognition principle in paragraph 7, an entity recognises in the carrying amount of an item of
property, plant and equipment the cost of a replacement for part of the item, then it derecognises the
carrying amount of the replaced part regardless of whether the replaced part had been depreciated

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separately. If it is not practicable for an entity to determine the carrying amount of the replaced part, it may
use the cost of the replacement as an indication of what the cost of the replaced part was at the time it was
acquired or constructed.
71 The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be
determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds, if any, and the carrying amount of
the item.
72 The amount of consideration to be included in the gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of
property, plant and equipment is determined in accordance with the requirements for determining the
transaction price in paragraphs 47–72 of IFRS 15. Subsequent changes to the estimated amount of the
consideration included in the gain or loss shall be accounted for in accordance with the requirements for
changes in the transaction price in IFRS 15.

Disclosure

73 The financial statements shall disclose, for each class of property, plant and equipment:
(a) the measurement bases used for determining the gross carrying amount;
(b) the depreciation methods used;
(c) the useful lives or the depreciation rates used;
(d) the gross carrying amount and the accumulated depreciation (aggregated with accumulated
impairment losses) at the beginning and end of the period; and
(e) a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period showing:
(i) additions;
(ii) assets classified as held for sale or included in a disposal group classified as held
for sale in accordance with IFRS 5 and other disposals;
(iii) acquisitions through business combinations;
(iv) increases or decreases resulting from revaluations under paragraphs 31, 39 and
40 and from impairment losses recognised or reversed in other comprehensive
income in accordance with IAS 36;
(v) impairment losses recognised in profit or loss in accordance with IAS 36;
(vi) impairment losses reversed in profit or loss in accordance with IAS 36;
(vii) depreciation;
(viii) the net exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements
from the functional currency into a different presentation currency, including the
translation of a foreign operation into the presentation currency of the reporting
entity; and
(ix) other changes.
74 The financial statements shall also disclose:
(a) the existence and amounts of restrictions on title, and property, plant and equipment
pledged as security for liabilities;
(b) the amount of expenditures recognised in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant
and equipment in the course of its construction;
(c) the amount of contractual commitments for the acquisition of property, plant and
equipment; and
(d) if it is not disclosed separately in the statement of comprehensive income, the amount of
compensation from third parties for items of property, plant and equipment that were
impaired, lost or given up that is included in profit or loss.
75 Selection of the depreciation method and estimation of the useful life of assets are matters of judgement.
Therefore, disclosure of the methods adopted and the estimated useful lives or depreciation rates provides
users of financial statements with information that allows them to review the policies selected by
management and enables comparisons to be made with other entities. For similar reasons, it is necessary to
disclose:

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 (a) depreciation, whether recognised in profit or loss or as a part of the cost of other assets, during a
period; and
(b) accumulated depreciation at the end of the period.
76 In accordance with IAS 8 an entity discloses the nature and effect of a change in an accounting estimate that
has an effect in the current period or is expected to have an effect in subsequent periods. For property, plant
and equipment, such disclosure may arise from changes in estimates with respect to:
(a) residual values;
(b) the estimated costs of dismantling, removing or restoring items of property, plant and equipment;
(c) useful lives; and
(d) depreciation methods.
77 If items of property, plant and equipment are stated at revalued amounts, the following shall be
disclosed in addition to the disclosures required by IFRS 13:
(a) the effective date of the revaluation;
(b) whether an independent valuer was involved;
(cd) [deleted]
(e) for each revalued class of property, plant and equipment, the carrying amount that would
have been recognised had the assets been carried under the cost model; and
(f) the revaluation surplus, indicating the change for the period and any restrictions on the
distribution of the balance to shareholders.
78 In accordance with IAS 36 an entity discloses information on impaired property, plant and equipment in
addition to the information required by paragraph 73(e)(iv)–(vi).
79 Users of financial statements may also find the following information relevant to their needs:
(a) the carrying amount of temporarily idle property, plant and equipment;
(b) the gross carrying amount of any fully depreciated property, plant and equipment that is still in
use;
(c) the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment retired from active use and not classified as
held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5; and
(d) when the cost model is used, the fair value of property, plant and equipment when this is
materially different from the carrying amount.
Therefore, entities are encouraged to disclose these amounts.

Transitional provisions

80 The requirements of paragraphs 24–26 regarding the initial measurement of an item of property,
plant and equipment acquired in an exchange of assets transaction shall be applied prospectively only
to future transactions.
80A Paragraph 35 was amended by Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2010–2012 Cycle. An entity shall apply that
amendment to all revaluations recognised in annual periods beginning on or after the date of initial
application of that amendment and in the immediately preceding annual period. An entity may also present
adjusted comparative information for any earlier periods presented, but it is not required to do so. If an
entity presents unadjusted comparative information for any earlier periods, it shall clearly identify the
information that has not been adjusted, state that it has been presented on a different basis and explain that
basis.
80B In the reporting period when Agriculture: Bearer Plants (Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 41) is first
applied an entity need not disclose the quantitative information required by paragraph 28(f) of IAS 8 for the
current period. However, an entity shall present the quantitative information required by paragraph 28(f) of
IAS 8 for each prior period presented.
80C An entity may elect to measure an item of bearer plants at its fair value at the beginning of the earliest
period presented in the financial statements for the reporting period in which the entity first applies
Agriculture: Bearer Plants (Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 41) and use that fair value as its deemed cost

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IAS 16

at that date. Any difference between the previous carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised in
opening retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented.

Effective date

81 An entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier
application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it
shall disclose that fact.
81A An entity shall apply the amendments in paragraph 3 for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January
2006. If an entity applies IFRS 6 for an earlier period, those amendments shall be applied for that earlier
period.
81B IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007) amended the terminology used throughout
IFRSs. In addition it amended paragraphs 39, 40 and 73(e)(iv). An entity shall apply those amendments for
annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. If an entity applies IAS 1 (revised 2007) for an earlier
period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.
81C IFRS 3 Business Combinations (as revised in 2008) amended paragraph 44. An entity shall apply that
amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies IFRS 3 (revised 2008)
for an earlier period, the amendment shall also be applied for that earlier period.
81D Paragraphs 6 and 69 were amended and paragraph 68A was added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May
2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009.
Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose
that fact and at the same time apply the related amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows.
81E Paragraph 5 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that
amendment prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is
permitted if an entity also applies the amendments to paragraphs 8, 9, 22, 48, 53, 53A, 53B, 54, 57 and 85B
of IAS 40 at the same time. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that
fact.
81F IFRS 13, issued in May 2011, amended the definition of fair value in paragraph 6, amended paragraphs 26,
35 and 77 and deleted paragraphs 32 and 33. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS
13.
81G Annual Improvements 2009–2011 Cycle, issued in May 2012, amended paragraph 8. An entity shall apply
that amendment retrospectively in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting
Estimates and Errors for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. Earlier application is
permitted. If an entity applies that amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
81H Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2010–2012 Cycle, issued in December 2013, amended paragraph 35 and
added paragraph 80A. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July
2014. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies that amendment for an earlier period it shall
disclose that fact.
81I Clarification of Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and Amortisation (Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS
38), issued in May 2014, amended paragraph 56 and added paragraph 62A. An entity shall apply those
amendments prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. Earlier application is
permitted. If an entity applies those amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
81J IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued in May 2014, amended paragraphs 68A, 69 and
72. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 15.
81K Agriculture: Bearer Plants (Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 41), issued in June 2014, amended paragraphs
3, 6 and 37 and added paragraphs 22A and 80B–80C. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual
periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies those
amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact. An entity shall apply those amendments
retrospectively, in accordance with IAS 8, except as specified in paragraph 80C.
81L [This paragraph refers to amendments that are not yet effective, and is therefore not included in this
edition.]
81M [This paragraph refers to amendments that are not yet effective, and is therefore not included in this
edition.]

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Withdrawal of other pronouncements

82 This Standard supersedes IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (revised in 1998).
83 This Standard supersedes the following Interpretations:
(a) SIC-6 Costs of Modifying Existing Software;
(b) SIC-14 Property, Plant and Equipment—Compensation for the Impairment or Loss of Items; and
(c) SIC-23 Property, Plant and Equipment—Major Inspection or Overhaul Costs.

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