Pvsyst Help
Pvsyst Help
Pvsyst Help
So, it is not organized as a common manual with chapters, sections and so on. It only
displays a serie of independent pages suited for hypertext navigation
Nevertheless, you can use this document for browsing the contextual help with hyperlinks,
or print your own hard copy.
Chapter 1 1 Overview
1 General description of the PVsyst Software
2 Tutorials
Chapter 2 14 Licensing
14 License rights and activation code
16 Payment conditions
28 Project definition
31 Heterogeneous Fields
31 Sheds mutual shadings
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32 Shed optimization
33 Sun Shields mutual shadings
33 Orientation optimisation tool
34 Concentrating systems
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67 Pumping Systems: Generalities
73 Pumping system configuration
79 Pumping Results: Examples
82 Array losses in PVSYST
93 Loss diagram
94 Normalised performance index
94 Simulation variables: meteo and irradiations
96 Simulation variables: Grid system
97 Simulation variables: Stand alone system
99 Simulation variables: pumping systems
101 Simulation variables: DC-grid systems
102 Economic evaluation
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110 Meteo tables and graphs
110 Hourly meteorological files
111 Geographical locations / monthly meteo data
111 Meteo database in PVsyst
112 DRY or TMY hourly data
113 Meteorological data averaging
113 Meteorological data sources
127 Conversion of hourly data ASCII files
130 Favourites
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163 Converter: step-down technology
163 MPPT or DC-DC converter
163 Generic default regulator
164 Regulator for Pumping: parameters
178 Print_Head
179 Copying Printer pages to Clipboard
Chapter 7 179 Physical models used
180 Incident irradiation models
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182 Synthetic data generation
Chapter 8 183 Glossary
183 Data Multiplicator
183 Albedo
184 Clearness_Index
186 Incidence_Angle
186 Longitudinal_Incidence_Angle
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189 Plane azimuth
190 STC
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Overview 1
This overview shows the general organization of the software and of the help
system.
When beginning with the PVsyst software you are advised to have a look on the "Tips for beginners".
PVSYST V5.0 is a PC software package for the study, sizing and data analysis of complete PV systems.
It deals with grid-connected, stand-alone, pumping and DC-grid (public transport) PV systems, and includes
extensive meteo and PV systems components databases, as well as general solar energy tools.
This software is geared to the needs of architects, engineers, researchers. It is also very helpful for educational
training.
PVSYST V5.2 offers 3 levels of PV system study, roughly corresponding to the different stages in the development
of real project:
- Project Design 22 : it aims to perform a thorough system design using detailed hourly simulations.
Within the framework of a "project", the user can perform different system simulation runs and compare
them. He has to define the plane orientation (with the possibility of tracking planes or shed mounting), and to
choose the specific system components. He is assisted in designing the PV array (number of PV modules in
series and parallel), given a chosen inverter model, battery pack or pump.
In a second step, the user can specify more detailed parameters and analyse fine effects like thermal
behaviour, wiring, module quality, mismatch and incidence angle losses, horizon (far shading), or partial
shadings of near objects on the array, an so on.
For pumping systems, several system designs may be tested and compared to each other, with a detailed
analysis of the behaviours and efficiencies.
Results include several dozens of simulation variables, which may be displayed in monthly, daily or hourly
values, and even transferred to other software. The "Loss Diagram" is particularly useful for identifying the
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weaknesses of the system design. An engineer report may be printed for each simulation run, including all
parameters used for the simulation, and the main results.
A detailed economic evaluation 102 can be performed using real component prices, any additional costs and
investment conditions.
- Measured data analysis 167 : when a PV system is running and carefully monitored, this part (located in the
"Tools" part) permits the import of measured data (in almost any ASCII format), to display tables and graphs of
the actual performances, and to perform close comparisons with the simulated variables. This gives a mean
of analysing the real running parameters of the system, and identify even very little misrunnings.
- In addition, Tools 104 include the databases management - for Meteo data and PV components - as well as
some specific tools useful when dealing with solar energy systems: import of meteo data from several
sources, tables and graphs of meteo data or solar geometry parameters, irradiation under a clear day model,
PV-array behaviour under partial shadings or module mismatch, optimizing tools for orientation or voltage, etc.
Tutorials
There are presently 3 available tutorials, about the following topics
Meteo data management 105 (import from external sources)
Project design 24 (complete elaboration of a project)
3D near shadings construction 49
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Historical evolution of the software
Of course any newly discovered bug (and bugs reported by the users) are repaired for each new version.
Also the contextual "Help" system is continuously updated, either concerning new developments, or according to
the numerous questions of users.
Version 5.3 (November 30th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.21 (September 3rd, 2010)
1. Help system: completely new CHM version, now fully compatible with Windows 7.
A PDF version is available on the site.
2. New tool for the Meteo data quality check (Kt plots, clear days check)
Implemented middle-interval shift for optimizing treatment of not-centered meteo data
3 Importing meteo data from Global Incident (POA) measurements: bug fixed
POA measured value now in the recorded data
4. Concentrating PV module (CPV): definition with spectral corrections
5. Concentrating systems: complete revision of the simulation process / variables
6. Update of the loss diagram, also for concentrating systems.
7. Inverter definitions, some bugs fixed: 3-voltage reading, bi-polar sizing,
8. Heterogeneous fields: old files V 4.37 prevent simulations (0 everywhere)
9. IAM calculation on diffuse: also with customized IAM function
Version 5.21 (September 3rd, 2010) by respect to Version 5.20 (August 3rd, 2010)
1. Direct link for importing PV modules and Inverters from PHOTON database
2. Shadings: define a new object (mansard, or roof-window)
3. Favorites choice in the main Database lists easier (by right click).
4. Directory Names now accept accents and some special characters
(solving problems with Czeck Republic Windows XP installations).
5. Meteo data: the wind speed is now part of hourly values when defined monthly.
6. Inverters: still problems with 3-voltage efficiency definition (solved).
7. Sun-shields: bug during mutual shading calculations
8. Fixed littles bugs: printing of PR, soiling table in parameters, etc.
Version 5.20 (August 3rd, 2010) by respect to Version 5.14 (June 30th, 2010)
1. File organization and localization has been changed
Your working \Data\ structure is now in a writable area
(avoiding delocalization of files written by PVsyst under Vista and Win7)
2. Module layout tool for the geometrical arrangement of your system
3. SolarEdge architecture: special option for decentralized architecture with Powerboxes.
4. Fixed bugs in Inverter definition, Projects, Latitudes over polar circle, etc.
Version 5.14 (June 30th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.13 (June 25th, 2010)
1. On some machines, for unidentified reasons (firewall, proxy, ?)
the AutoUpdate function induces crash at the opening of the software
Version 5.13 (June 25th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.12 (May 25th, 2010)
1. Autoupdate: freezing at opening on some Windows installations (web access)
2. AC loss: now possible after inverter or after external transfo
3. AC loss: bug when identifying mono/tri situation
4. Heat loss default values: bug, not always possible to change value.
5. Stand-alone, economic evaluation: bug fuel consumption
6. Stand-alone, Available energy and Time fraction: bugs when very bad design
7. Simulation: Bug Hourly plots for some variables.
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Version 5.12 (May 25th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.11 (April 27th, 2010)
1. PV modules definition:
- shows the apparent Series resistance (Rsapp, different from Rsmodel)
- Efficiency plots vs. irradiance: display low-light values
- Improved parameter definition in the help
2.Still bugs for the automatic update (freezed the program in some cases)
Version 5.11 (April 27th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.1 (April 16th, 2010)
1. Thermal U value default definitions for some typical situations
2. Bug shed shadings, new feature according to modules
3. Load definition: lowered low limit to less that 0.05W.
4. Auto Updates should be operational from next version.
Version 5.11 (April 16th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.1 (March 25th, 2010)
1. Bug when importing some meteo data (PVGIS and Helioclim)
2. Animation video file (*.avi) compatible with Windows media Player
Version 5.1 (March 19th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.06 (January 26th, 2010)
1. Automatic auto-update for new versions (doesn't work well until V 5.14)
2. Tool for the analysis of electrical effect of cell shading:
Extended to several cells, in one or several sub-module (groups protected by one by-pass diode).
3. Generic (unlimited) shed shadings: electrical effect of shadings on the first cell row and bottom string.
4. Mismatch: histogram for the statistical study of loss distribution.
5. System design reference temperatures: now part of each project.
6. 2-axis tracking: shadings compatible with concentration option.
7. Help: tutorials for project design and meteo data.
8. F10 key for directly switching english <=> local language in most dialogs.
8 Helioclim data: updated tool according to the new web site data format.
9. Defined bi-polar inverters in the system design and simulation
10. Inverter: bug when efficiency not well defined
11. Heterogeneous fields: still bugs in area calculations and mixed fields.
12. Video recording of the shading scene now works
13. Stand-alone systems: bugs in regulator definitions and system verifications
14. Array voltage was not registred in the simulation
15. Export project tool: error warning, corrected
Version 5.06 (January 26th, 2010) by respect to Version 5.05 (December 18th 2009)
1. PV model: Saturation current Io limit down to 0.1 pA (equation problems at low temperatures).
2. Helioclim data: the provider of these data has modified the site's format
=> readapted the program for a compatible easy importation
3. Shading calculations sometimes freezed. Improve reliability of shading calculations.
4. Near shadings, elementary objects, autorized tilt < 0°.
5. System dialog: did not keep the defined parameters when re-entering the dialog.
6. Inverter database: terminated the update according to Photon Magazine 2009.
7. Vista and Windows 7 compatibility: Parenthesis were not allowed in the directory \program files (i86)\
proposed by Windows.
Version 5.05 (December 18th, 2009) by respect to Version 5.04 (November 24th 2009)
1. Stand-alone systems: bugs in the Regulator dialog and the simulation process
2. Grid system sizing tool: still another deep revision for more conviviality
bugs with master/slave definitions (sometimes divisions by 0)
possibility of Strongly Oversized inverters (by modifying Hidden parameters)
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3. Inverter for 3 voltages: still some little improvements
Version 5.04 (November 24th, 2009) by respect to Version 5.03 (November 10th 2009)
1. Hidden parameters were not modifiable (bug).
2. Regulator definition had intempestive warnings, preventing using it.
3. Heterogeneous fields: compatibility and warnings Orientation <=> Shadings
4. Tracking frames with N/S frame: the tilt limits were not active
5. Inverter database: partial update (about 30%) from Photon Magazine 2009
Version 5.03 (November 2009, 10th) by respect to Version 5.02 (October 2009, 26th)
1. Corrections in the Grid-system sizing tool (MPPT inverters, not yet perfect !).
2. Some background colors make things unreadable in Vista and Windows 7.
Version 5.02 (October 2009, 26th) by respect to Version 5.01 (October 2009, 12th)
1. System definition freezed when defining multi-MWc systems. No more limit to the system size.
2. Improved the system sizing tool.
3. Corrected further bugs in the report (sometimes over-printing at head of the page).
4. Improved the ordering tool (sometimes e-mails were not well sent, and we did not receive your order).
Version 5.01 (October 2009, 12th) by respect to Version 5.0 (October 2009, 6th)
1. We just discover a important bug: in some cases (synthetic generation without specified Diffuse monthly
values), the Diffuse is very low, leading namely to over-estimated transposed values (GlobInc). Please
reinstall this new version, and open the projects elaborated under V 5.0. If this occurs, the program will give a
warning, re-calculate the meteo file, and you should re-simulate all your calculations for this project. Please
discard the old inputs of such erroneous projects.
2. Help improved for system design and inverter sizing.
3. Bugs in the report of the Heterogeneous multi-orientation fields
4. Module database completed for all modules references in Photon Magazine 2009 (now about 5'300
modules).
Version 5.0 (September 2009) by respect to Version 4.37 (June 2009)
This is a major modernization of the software. Many internal mechanisms have been improved since more than 2
years of development (in parallel to version 4.xx updates). Therefore there may be bugs which have not been
detected during the development. Please be so kind as to report them carefully to the authors.
1. Multilanguage: the simulation report was already available in several languages, but now the software itself is
(partly) available in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.
This is not yet a full translation: only the most used parts - especially regarding grid connected systems - were
translated up to now. This is a very time-consuming job (more than 200 dialogs, and hundreds of information/
warning pieces to the user), and we will continue it progressively. On the other hand we don't intend to
translate the Help at the moment.
2. Multi-fields: you have now the opportunity of defining several field types for a given project (with different PV
modules or inverters, number of modules in series, etc). Their parameters are detailed on the final report, but
the simulation results concern the whole installation.
3. Inverter: their definition includes many parameters which were not operational in the simulations up to now.
Multi-MPPT devices: you can define a specific sub-field for each input.
Possibility of Master/Slave operation: the Inverter's cascading is taken into account in the simulation
process.
For some models: power limitation when running under a specified input voltage, is now taken into account.
Efficiency profile for 3 different input voltages.
4. Heterogeneous orientations: systems with 2 different orientations may now involve different sub-fields in
each orientation, and/or a subfield for which the strings of a given inverter are distributed on both orientations
(with mix of the I/V curve for correct calculation of the MPP).
5. Database management: the big lists of components stored as individual files, which took very much time to
be loaded in the previous version (and sometimes caused bugs) are now replaced by centralized databases
(CSV files). This results in an immediate access, and facilitates the updates of the DB of the software. Only
the files you are creating or modifying by yourself will still be stored as individual files as before. This
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concerns:
The PV modules (which should approach 5'000 modules in the DB of 2009),
The inverters,
The geographic site database 5of which the lis shows now the source of data).
6. Favorites: you can now define a list of your favorite components in the database, which drastically simplifies
the use of big component lists.
7. Near Shadings: the full dialog and tool have been improved. You can now:
Easily read and write a scene or a building directly from the 3D tool.
Multiple selection allows to define groups of objects, that you can replicate or save on a file.
Define/fix the characteristics of the view you would like to appear in the final simulation report.
Register the shading's animation as a little video.
8. Special tracker devices with PV modules rotating on a tracking frame (with either N-S or E-W axis), are defined
as special shading objects (with database of existing devices).
9. Shading of thin objects, like electrical wires or handrails, is now possible by weighting their effect on the
"Module shading" part of the shaded areas.
10. Shading on strings: you can put a weight on the effect of the shading according to strings, in order to better
approach the real shading effect on the electrical production (not only an upper limit) in the simulation.
11. Import Horizon profiles directly from Somletric SunEye, Carnaval software, Meteonorm.
12. Synthetic hourly data generation: the diffuse part may be renormalized to specified monthly data when
available. This was not possible in the previous versions.
13. Improvement of the sizing tool for grid systems.
You have now the opportunity of specifying either the nominal power, or the available area as starting point.
The software indicates the required ranges for the number of modules in series and in parallel.
A new powerful window shows all the constraints when sizing a field, i.e.
The voltages of the operating array by respect to the inverter's specifications,
Histogram of the waited power production of the array, compared to the inverter's nominal power.
Estimation of the overload losses (and visualization of their effect on the histogram).
This tool allows to determine precisely the ratio between array and inverter Pnom, and evaluates the
associated losses.
14. The default losses management has been improved, especially the "Module quality loss" which is determined
from the PV module's tolerance, and the mismatch on Pmpp which is dependent on the module technology.
15. Losses between inverters and grid injection have been implemented. These may be either ohmic wiring
losses, and/or transformer losses when the transformer is external.
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loss.
3. Meteo data import:
US-TMY3 Import implemented (1020 stations available)
Satellight: Bug temperatures when importing 5 years at a time.
PVGIS: Bug all months accounted as 31 days (overestimate 1.6%)
PVGIS: Now uses PVGIS site new interface, much more convivial
Meteonorm: Monthly files: still discovered a new format variant
Temperatures: Possibility of importing NASA data, always available.
4. Tracking tilted axis: error when axis azimuth not south.
5. Measured and Meteo data: little bugs (extended available date formats).
Version 4.33 (September 2008) by respect to Version 4.31 (July 2008)
1. Database: PV modules update from Photon Magazine 2008 and other manufacturer's data (over 3100
modules in the DB)
2. Loss diagram: still an error in the GlobShd evaluation (but doesn't affect the final results)
3. Meteonorm import: tolerant to another (not yet registred) file format
Version 4.32 (July 2008) by respect to Version 4.31 (June 2008)
1. Database: Inverters update from Photon Magazine 2008
2. Loss diagram: incoherences in the shading and IAM relative losses (only display in this diagram - simulation
results were correct)
3. Ascii Meteo importing tool:
Date management improvement,
Site names beginning by "New" are now possible.
4. Search Edit for easier choice in big component lists.
5. Print Preview: easier navigation through pages.
Version 4.31 (June 2008) by respect to Version 4.3 (March 2008)
Some bugs fixed :
1. Satellight data import: Temperatures were not well imported.
2. PVGIS import: copy/paste did not work with some internet browsers.
3. Site/Meteo choice for Projects: generated erroneous meteo files
4. Simulation report: erroneous tables overwrited parameters (namely IAM)
5. Import of Meteo ASCII files: improvements for daily data and date formats.
6. Long component's lists: edit box for direct access to a given item
Version 4.3 (March 2008) by respect to Version 4.21
1. Import of meteo data from multiple popular sources (NASA, WRDC, PVGIS, RetScreen, Helioclim).
2. Comparison between several Meteo Data sources. Developments and results in the Help.
3. Import/Export of "Site" monthly data from/to EXCEL.
4. Improvement of the Meteo hourly files management (site and comment now editable/exportable).
5. Implementation of Tracking with vertical axis, also useable with positioning of modules on a "dish"
6. Module temperature calculation: revision (new parameters, absorption, etc).
7. PV model for amorphous: parameter determination according to a specified muPmpp value. Adjusment of all
triple-junction module parameters in the database.
8. Bug Tracking: azimuth sign error in south hemisphere: the tracking was reversed !
9. Bug Shadings, polygonal fields: rewritten the whole modules calculation.
Version 4.21 (September 2007) by respect to Version 4.2
No new developments, only corrections of bugs. The main ones were:
1. Tracking two axis: returns to Azim=0 when sun over +/-90°.
2. Near shadings: verification of interpenetration field-objects, some editing errors or improvements
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3. New PV modules didn’t appear in the list.
4. Simulation: sometimes division by 0 with sheds.
5. Project situation dialog: improved copy of site <=> meteo.
6. Graphs: copy of the curve values to clipboard for exporting.
Version 4.2 (July 2007) by respect to Version 4.1
1. Improvement of the navigability in the 3D construction tool, copy/paste of an object from one variant or project to
another one. Automatic verification of the Field interpenetration (or tangency) with another object, which may
prevent good shading calculations.
2. Backtracking strategy with all tracking systems, involves tracker width and distance definitions.
3. Sun-shields definition in the 3D tool; also with backtracking, which may considerably improve the sun-shield's
performances.
4. High-Concentrating systems simulation, associated with 2-axis trackers; adaptation of the simulation process
and loss diagram.
5. Long-term financial balance tool, including several Feed-in tariff strategies (day/night or seasonal variations,
feed-in and self-consumption tariffs, etc) and system ageing.
6. Soiling parameter included in the simulation and loss diagram, with opportunity of defining monthly variations.
7. Direct import of meteo values from NASA-SSE database over the whole earth (by 1°x1° cells), and practical
procedure for importing meteo values from WRDC database, especially for countries where METEONORM data
are scarce.
8. Improved the model for amorphous PV modules, especially safety of parameter boundaries, and behaviour
presentation to the user.
9. Improved the Project dialog and choice of a site/meteo. Improved compatibility checks between the project's
site and hourly meteo. Extraction/edition of the site geographic properties within an hourly meteo file, which was
not possible up to now.
10. Database update, with PV modules and inverters of 2006/2007 (now around 2250 PV modules and 770
inverters).
11. Adaptations for Windows VISTA OS, especially concerning the visual interface. All other functions seem to be
perfectly compatible.
12. Introduction of many "Logs" in the program, in order to facilitate the debugging of user's problems.
Version 4.1 (January 2007) by respect to Version 4.0
1. MultiLanguage
The Simulation output reports are now available in French, German, Spanish, Italian (useful for presenting the PV
system characteristics to customers).
Please contact the author if you wish to implement yourself a translation into your own language (you should have
a good knowledge of the technical terms used in the PV technology).
2. Windows user's rights compatibility
The DATA structure has been modified for compatibility with the user's rights protections in Windows. A user
without writing rights can now copy the whole DATA structure for use in his own writable area. Data may be
shared - or not - between different users of the machine.
3. Files and projects transfers
Archiving or importing projects, as well as database updating tools have been improved.
4. Bugs in special shading parts
Several "youth" bugs in newly developed features (often on special requests of users) have been fixed. Especially
in the Shading part, concerning tracking mechanism as well as sheds with a tilted baseline or double-orientation.
Version 4.0 (June 2006) by respect to Version 3.41
The main new feature in this PVsyst 4.0 version is the study of Pumping systems, which involves complex
developments which may be not quite safe in this first issue.
1. Pump Model
Development of a general and original pump model, suitable for use in PV applications.
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This should be suitable for any type of Pump or Motor useable in PV systems.
This should describe the operating of the pump over a large Electrical and Hydraulic domain, encountered in PV
conditions.
Its parameter should be available from usual pump manufacturer's datasheets. For a given pump, the model may
be specified using several kinds of original data.
Its accuracy over the whole domain has been checked for some pumps using measured data.
The defining dialog shows graphics of the behaviour of the model, as functions of all relevant variables.
The pumps database is still limited to about 20-30 models; only one manufacturer has answered our request for
datasheets…
2. Controller / Converter device for pumping
Model for a new controller for pumping systems, including the System Configuration controls and Power
converter.
A default controller is proposed for each system configuration, with parameters automatically adjusted according
to the system for optimal operation.
3. Pumping systems
Three system types are proposed: Deep well, Pumping from lake, pond or river, and Pressurisation system;
For each type, several system configurations are possible: Direct coupling (with eventual improvements like
booster, pump cascading or array reconfiguration), with Power converter (MPPT or Fixed V), or battery-buffered.
Water needs and Head characteristics may be defined in yearly, seasonally or monthly values.
4. Presizing tool for Pumping systems
As for stand-alone systems, a Pre-Sizing tool has been developed, which proposes a PV power and Pump
power sizing, according to the location and meteo, user's needs and LOL requirements. This simplified model
takes the pump technology and system configuration into account. It also proposes a very rough estimation of the
costs.
5. Detailed Simulation
The design of the pumping system - rather complex with such a number of pumps and system technological
aspects - is assisted by numerous sizing propositions, and helps (advices, graphs, blocking of uncompatibilities,
etc) when choosing the system layout and configuration.
The hourly simulation accounts in detail for all features defined for the system, and is specific for each
configuration listed above (direct coupling, with converter or battery).
As for the other systems, a detailed engineer report explains all parameters and results of the simulation. All the
losses and mismatches along the system are quantified, and visualised on the "Loss Diagram", specific for each
configuration.
6. Help for pumping systems
The development of this Pumping tool has brought a deep understanding of the PV pumping systems
problematic, and the operating / efficiency limitations inherent to the numerous possible solutions.
This Help describes in detail the implemented models, and sets a broad panel of the different available
technologies, as well as delimits their implementation boundaries.
7. Heat transfer factor for thermal losses of PV array
Some users has pointed out that the proposed parameter accounting for wind velocities was not correct and lead
to underestimated thermal losses. There is a new detailed discussion on this subject in the Help, and the
program now advices to use wind contribution only when the wind velocity is quite well determined (now default
value is Kv = 0 W/m²K / m/s)
8. Inverters
Several parameter usually specified in the datasheet have been added to the inverter definitions. But none of
them is used in the present simulation. Refinements of the inverter modelling are planned for a next version.
These new data have been added in the whole database when available. Almost 300 new inverters were
introduced, many also suited for US market. The database includes now more than 650 inverters.
The 50/60 Hz frequency has become a choice criteria in the lists.
9. PV modules
The choice list shows a nominal (MPP) voltage of each module for making the system design easier.
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The database includes now more than 1'600 PV modules.
The PV module definition dialog was improved and some bugs fixed.
Specifying the Voltage or Power Temperature coefficient is now possible also for amorphous modules.
10. Remarks in PV components
An unlimited text editor is now available for giving detailed descriptions of all the PV components.
11. Miscellaneous improvements or fixed bugs
- Projects are now sorted according to their system type in the list.
- The "Archive Projects" tool has been debugged and improved.
- Summer/Winter Hour may now be taken into account when importing Meteo Data as ASCII files.
- Some little bugs concerning the simulation, especially of stand-alone systems (Wearing state not computed,
display errors, etc).
- Loss diagrams: complete review, some corrections for losses coherence.
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order to obtain more flexibility when using the simulation variables. This reorganization is transparent for the user,
but allows now many enhancements of the simulation process, namely easy adding of new variables when
necessary, including them dynamically in the simulation process according to specific system configurations (for
example defining regulator losses when used in a battery system), or inversely discarding other ones when they
are not relevant.
The old fixed variable set did not allow a coherent description of the system losses. Therefore simulation has to
be performed again for getting the Loss Diagram on the old result files.
Caution: In spite of intensive tests, these deep modifications may have produced some bugs which have not
been detected by the author. We thank the users for carefully reporting any misrunning or strange behaviour of the
software to the author.
8. Measured data – simulation comparison
Improvement and debugging of the Measured Data Importing Tool, and the comparison between measured and
simulated values. Improvement of the break-down data eliminations.
9. Daily and Hourly Plots of the load profiles
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Shading factor calculations with partition in Modules chains: Some computation errors had been introduced with
v3.2, fixed.
Horizon definition with more than 20 points now possible.
Minimization (iconisation) of the Program window now works.
Corrections for compliance with Windows XP environment.
4. Miscellaneous
Near shadings: several little bugs and practical improvements. Improved the tools for manipulating and zooming
the scene on the screen. Implemented the display of shadings calculated by points, when standard polygon
algorithm fails.
Included a full example as tutorial for the "Measured Data Analysis" part, which allows for importing measured
data in PVsyst, and closely comparing them with the simulated values.
Revision and improvement of the "PV array behaviour" graphic tools. Included a detailed Help.
"Perez" transposition algorithm (not the Hay transposition model proposed by default !) had a little bug which
caused a discrepancy of the order of 2-3% on yearly results for vertical planes (and of course less for less tilted
planes).
Revision of the tool for defining Currency Rates, which had some bugs.
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Revision of the general displaying conditions when using screen settings with "large fonts". Many windows
appeared not full developed, and had often to be resized. Also graphics and tables had sometimes very little
fonts.
Reading of files without "Archive" attribute (which is sometime removed by some file managers) is now possible.
The PVsyst software has been entirely rewritten, using the Borland DELPHI 3 platform instead of the old
Borland Pascal 7, gaining in user graphical interface quality and reliability, as well as in compatibility with most
recent versions of the Windows operating system.
The user's interface has been redesigned, and navigation in the software was strongly improved, with the
collaboration of the LESO-EPFL team. Introduction of a "Green line" for guiding the user in the project
development.
Preliminary design: Implementation of this quite new sizing feature, for grid-connected and stand alone systems.
Project design: The Project organization has been simplified. Parameter definition and results are summarised
in one only "Simulation Version" file. Several valuable tools were added (including the sizing "expert" for building
the system parameter).
Chapter 1 Overview 13
Overview 1
Several new Tools which help understanding more deeply many PV system behaviours.
"Help" system, which provides a detailed contextual "help" by typing F1 anywhere in the program.
Compatibility and Troubles
This software is now available in several languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese).
Additional languages could be included by filling the files "Texts.csv". But the languages using other Character
sets than the standard ANSI may cause great difficulties.
PVSYST V5.0 runs under any Win'95/'98, Windows NT or 2000, Windows XP, Vista (32 bits) and Windows 7.
Most of the data files from PVSYST, versions 3.xx and 4.xx (projects, components, meteo) can be read with this
new version 5.0. But the inverse is not true (upward compatibility).
Importing Meteo Data:
- Link for direct import from the Meteonorm 118 software (versions 4, 5 or 6).
- Link for direct import from many popular meteo data sources 113 from the web (including NASA for the whole
world, US TMY3, PVGIS, Helioclim, Satellight, Retscreen, etc).
- Almost any custom "Hourly Meteo" or "Measured Data" ASCII file can be imported, whenever it holds one data
record on one ASCII line.
Most detailed data (hourly or daily data) produced by the software can be Output to CSV customised ASCII files
(compatible with any spreadsheet program).
Many Data Inputs or Output are possible through the clipboard (graphs or tables as bitmaps, tables as CSV-text
images, allowing direct export to spreadsheet programs like Microsoft EXCEL).
Many input files in ASCII format are accepted, i.e. for measured data, hourly load profile values, horizon profiles,
etc.
Troubles
Many new features have been added in this versioon 5.0. These motivated deep changes in the internal
organization of the software. Although it has been tested in some relevant conditions, it is impossible to check all
the running possibilities after each change in the program.
Therefore the early version 5.0 will probably show weaknesses in the first period. If you encounter some problem
during the use, be so kind as to report them carefully to the authors.
In the same way, if you have some suggestions for improvements or adding some useful new feature, please
don't hesitate to contact the authors !
The "Pumping" part was a quite new development in version 4.0. Owing to its complexity, it was not at the top of
performances in the first version 4.0. It should be progressively improved for the future versions, but we observed
that as it is not used very intensively, we had very few returns of users about its problems.
You can install PVsyst from our website www.pvsyst.com, and install it.
It will work during 15 days without any limitations, for evaluation.
After that it will revert in DEMO mode, and you will need a licence and activation code for using it.
Activation Code
After installation, PVsyst runs in evaluation mode (with full capabilities) during 15 days.
Afterwards, it turns in DEMO mode, and you have to request an activation code 16 which will allow you
to run the software in unlimited-time mode.
14 Chapter 1 Overview
Licensing 2
One activation code per workstation is required. The activation code is paired with the Local Number
resulting of the installation of PVsyst on a given workstation.
Update of the software, i.e. change to a higher minor version number (e.g. V5.21 to V5.3) is free of
charge.
An automatic tool in the software checks for new version available each time you run PVsyst, and performs
the installation upon user request.
Price list
VAT
An additional VAT is charged for Swiss users only. No additional taxes nor shipping costs are required for
all other countries (at least from the exporter point of view).
NB: The Activation Code is constructed using the "Local number" provided by each installation of the
software on a given workstation. If you have to reinstall your "Windows" environment, the Local number will
change and your code will no longer be valid. Therefore before reinstalling Windows, you should transfer the
code 17 to another workstation, in order to keep your activation code valid. After reinstalling Windows and
PVsyst on the original workstation, you will be able to retransfer back your code from the other
workstation.
NB: In special cases, people who need to dedicate the code to a given machine whatever the Windows
installation (for example in classrooms machines where windows has to be reinstalled frequently), you can
get another type of License code, based on the Hard Drive number. Nevertheless this code cannot be
transferred to another machine.
Network
Installation on a network server is not recommended. Nevertheless, it is authorized only if each user
computer has a valid activation code.
Please note that this software has not been fully tested for this mode of operation.
But you can share your data area in network with other users.
For this please open "Files" / "Directories", and here you can copy your working space \ Data \ anywhere
on your machine. If you have to put it on a network, please consider your network path as a disk, as
PVsyst doesn't recognize the network \\: paths.
Be aware that no check is performed for the simultaneous use of data.
Chapter 2 Licensing 15
Licensing 2
Warning
Neither the University of Geneva, nor the author take on any responsibility under any form concerning the
database contents, the accuracy of the results, or for consequences whatsoever to their use.
1. From the software use the menu “License / Order and Purchase”, and choose the method “Order
by email”. Then, provide your complete address (specially your email address) and fill in the order
form with the type and the quantity of desired activation codes. Choosing “Send by Email” will send
an email to PVsyst administration ([email protected]) containing your order form and the "Local
Number" specific to the installation of the software on your machine. A copy of that email is sent
to you at the same time.
2. From the website www.pvsyst.com, choose “Download/Purchase”. Then log in to your user
account with your email address and password (or create a new account) and complete the web
form. You will be asked to provide the "Local Number" specific to the installation of the software
on your workstation (the Local Number is found by clicking the menu “License / Status and
Activation”). Payment by Credit Card 16 , Bank Transfer 16 or PayPal 16 is possible.
Please note that the license code is closely related to the "Local number", which is created the first time
you install the software. The Local Number is then closely related to the machine on which PVsyst is
installed.
If you order several activation code(s), you may specify the number of desired code(s) on the main order.
After receipt of your order, an activation code will be sent to you by email within a few working days in
order to run the software on your machine.
Payment conditions
Payment by Credit Card or PayPal
Payment by credit card is possible on our website www.pvsyst.com, via the secured website of the Geneva
University (https://payment.datatrans.biz).
You will have first to log in to your user account (or create a new one). Once logged in, you can purchase
PVsyst activation code(s) or pay an invoice using a credit card.
16 Chapter 2 Licensing
Licensing 2
The definitive activation code will be sent after receipt of your payment.
Transferring the activation code on another machine
When running with a valid code number, the program provides a tool for transferring the software
license to another machine. Note that performing this tool will turn the software on the initial machine in
Demo mode. You could return to the initial state by performing another license transfer from the second
machine.
1. First, on the second computer (the computer on which you want to transfer the license), install
PVsyst by downloading the program from our website www.pvsyst.com.
2. In the main window, open the menu “License” then “Status and Activation” and copy the Local
Number that appear in the “Registration codes” panel (you can use the button “copy” to copy it to
clipboard).
3. On the first computer (the computer for which you have the valid license), open the menu "License" in
the main window then "Transfer to another machine”, and follow the steps described in the license
transfer wizard.
4. When requested by the wizard, carefully report the Local Number of the second computer and your
License Name. Then click “Next”.
5. The new activation code for the second computer will appear: please note or save it carefully
(you can also send it by email) and report it for use in to second computer.
7. Be careful: after clicking "Close", the program will turn in Demo mode on the first computer, the
present activation code will become invalid, and the software will not be able to run anymore with
full capabilities. To come back, you will have to transfer back the activation code from the second
computer.
First click on "Location" button: you have to give a description of your pre-sizing project in order to identify
it after saving. The pre-sizing projects are simple files which don't allow for several variants.
Choose a location in the database. You can obtain the location details, or even create or import a new
location from Meteonorm 118 or US TMY data 120 , using the "open" button.
When necessary you can also define an Horizon 38 profile.
Click on "System" button. The pre-sizing procedure is then specific for each type of system:
Grid-connected system 18 ,
Stand-alone system 19 ,
Pumping system 21 .
Chapter 2 Licensing 17
Preliminary design 3
Grid System Presizing
Pre-sizing is a rough estimation of the PV system energy yield, based on a few very general parameters
and mainly dedicated to architects during an early evaluation of a site. You should not use this tool for the
study of a system.
The meteo input data are computed in monthly values (taking plane orientation and horizon into account)
and applies efficiency coefficients according to a PV technology and other considerations. These
coefficients may eventually be re-adjusted by an expert user for special conditions in the Hidden
parameters 170 . The expected precision could be around 10% or more.
More precise results will be obtained with the hourly simulation performed through the "Project Design"
option, including realistic available components and detailed system perturbations.
Especially the financial aspects are based on coarse hypothesis, which can widely vary from country to
country. These hypothetic financial parameters can be adjusted by the user by choosing "Edit costs" in the
economic results sheet.
Grid-connected system preliminary design
After defining the "Location" 17 the "System" button displays a first screen where you should first define
the plane orientation (try dragging little red dots!).
NB: a little tool helps for the choice of the optimal orientation 33 , or the amount of losses resulting of you
choice when not optimal.
Then you have to choose if you want to size your system on the basis of:
- Active area of the collector field
- Nominal power of the system
- Annual energy yield.
Pressing "Next" gives a second screen for defining system properties, especially from the architect point
of view:
- Module type: "standard" (give also the module power), "translucide custom" (with spaced cells, you
should define the filling ratio), or "not yet defined".
- Technology: will determine the default efficiency, that is the needed area for a given power.
- Mounting disposition: indicative, not used in calculations,
- Ventilation property: will slightly influence the efficiency due to module operating temperature.
Now you can open the "Results" which gives the Nominal Power, Area or Annual energy yields, as well as
some result graphs, table and economic evaluation 22 (to switch from one to the other please use speed-
buttons left).
You can now play with the parameters and immediately see the results.
You can print a report, or store graphs and tables in the clipboard to export it to another software.
You can also save your project, and load another one for immediate comparisons.
Computation:
The evaluation of the available irradiance on the collector plane uses the Monthly Meteo 180 tool algorithms,
and the system energy output computations are done using constant efficiency and correction coefficients
according to the chosen system parameters.
The accuracy is of the order of 10 - 20% (worst case for façade installations).
If necessary the coefficients used for this tool may be modified in the Hidden parameters 170 .
After defining the "Location" 17 the "System" button displays a first screen where you are asked to define the
plane orientation.
NB: the button "Show optimization" opens a little tool which shows the winter yield according to the plane
orientation. For stand-alone systems, the plane orientation should usually be optimized according to the
worst conditions, i.e; for winter irradiance.
Pressing "Next" gives a second screen for defining the user's needs 185 , from a domestic use point of view. You
have to specify every foreseen appliance, their consumption 56 and use conditions.
Now you can open the "Results" which asks for
- the required autonomy 184 in absence of sun - which determines the battery pack capacity,
- the required "Loss-of-Load probability" 187 (P LOL) ,
- the planned system voltage 20
These parameters lead to the determination of the array nominal power (i.e. the installed STC 190 power
according to the manufacturer specifications), and the battery pack capacity.
The first result graphs shows the potentially available solar energy, along with the user's needs.
The second one gives the average state of charge of the battery (low values could lead to a quicker deterioration
of the batteries), and PLOL monthly distribution.
The table holds all monthly values, including then needed back-up energy.
Finally the rough economic evaluation 22 gives an idea of the investment and energy price.
You can now play with the parameters and immediately see the results.
You can print a report, or store graphs and tables in the clipboard to export it to another software.
You can also save your project, and load another one for immediate comparisons.
Computation:
The evaluation of the available irradiance on the collector plane uses the Monthly Meteo 180 tool algorithms, which
calculate irradiation's monthly averages on the basis of instantaneous data for one day per month.
This is not sufficient to manage the storage balance evolution from day to day, and the effective use of solar
incident energy. Therefore the program generates a random sequence of 365 days, according to the algorithms
of Collares-Pereira, renormalised to the monthly sums, and calculates the daily battery balance for three intervals
in a day (morning, day and evening).
The accuracy is of the order of 10 - 20% (worst case for very tilted installations).
If necessary the general parameters (array overall efficiency, battery efficiency, battery low charge threshold) are
user-modifiable through the menu option "Preferences"/"Edit Hidden Parameter" 170 .
When sizing a PV stand-alone system, the basic constraints are the availability of solar energy during the year,
and the satisfaction of the user's needs. The problem to be solved is the optimisation of the size of the
photovoltaic generator and the storage capacity, subjected to criteria which may take on different weights
depending on the use:
- Reliability of the supply, which is very important, for example in decentralised telecommunication
installations. But in a domestic installation, this may be overcome with a small back-up generator. This
reliability is measured as the "Loss of Load" Probability ("P LOL").
- Investment and maintenance costs, which should take into consideration the cost of the PV generator, the
initial cost of the batteries, as well as that of their maintenance and replacement. The high price of the kWh
used necessitates a highly detailed study of the real user's needs, and the use of specific appliances that are
highly economical regarding to energy consumption.
- Durability: the cost of the batteries is closely related to the quality of the batteries chosen, as well as their
longevity, which is itself dependent on the conditions of use (average state of charge, cycling, depth of
discharge, temperature).
It is therefore observed that the optimisation of a PV system is a complex problem with several criteria, which has
no ready-made solution. The preliminary design tool allows for "playing" with the main parameters, and rapidly
observe their effects on the system performance, to optimise the desired characteristics by successive
approximations.
But the accuracy of these monthly results is not guaranteed and the behaviour of the chosen system will have to
be verified by a complete simulation in hourly values, with real available components.
Battery Voltage Choice
Battery Voltage Choice
In a stand-alone PV system with direct coupling to the user (without inverter), the battery voltage determines the
distribution voltage. As now many DC appliances can be found as well in 24V as in 12V, this choice should be
made according to system and/or appliance power, as well as the extension of the planned distribution grid to
minimise the ohmic wiring losses.
This choice should be done from the early planning of an installation, since the existing appliance voltage usually
cannot be changed, and voltage translators will be expensive and not 100% efficient.
The rated distribution values could be chosen according to the following criteria (inverter supposed directly
connected on the battery pack):
12V: little systems for lighting and TV:
Appliance max power < 300 W
Corresponding current 25 A
Inverter : about < 1 kW
24V: medium size, with fridge and little appliances, or wiring extension to more than 10 m.
Appliance max power < 1000
W
Corresponding current 42 A
Inverter : about < 5 kW
48V: special industrial or agricultural use
Appliance max power < 3 kW
Corresponding current 62 A
Inverter : about < 15 kW
Higher powers require either high DC voltages (special appliances) or AC feeding
through inverter.
After defining the "Location" 17 the "System" button displays a dialog where you are asked to define:
On the right panel: the plane orientation.
NB: the button "Show optimization" opens a little tool which shows the winter yield according to the plane
orientation. For stand-alone or pumping systems, the plane orientation should usually be optimized
according to the worst conditions, i.e. for winter irradiance.
On the left panel:
- The Water needs (in yearly, seasonal or monthly values).
- The nominal head at which it should be pumped (level difference between water outlet and source surface).
- The diameter and length of pipes (optional, for eventual friction losses).
- A pump technology (centrifugal for rather low heads, positive displacement for high heads).
- An array-pump coupling strategy, which strongly affects the system performances.
Now you can open the "Results" which asks for choosing:
- either the tank volume, or the autonomy of the system in days. These parameters are coupled, according to the
daily needs of water.
- the "Loss of Load" probability (P LOL), i.e. the time fraction during which the operator will accept that the needs
are not met (tank empty).
These parameters lead to the determination of the array nominal power (i.e. the installed STC 190 power
according to the manufacturer specifications), and the pump nominal power required. These are very rough
estimations, as the pumping system performances are strongly dependent on the pump technology, head,
flowrate, as well as the electrical matching between pump and PV array.
The first result graph shows the potentially available solar energy, along with the user's water and energy needs.
The second one (available by the speed buttons on the left) gives the average filling state of the tank, and the
missing water (P LOL) monthly distribution.
The table holds all monthly values, including an eventual required back-up energy.
Finally the rough economic evaluation 22 gives an idea of the investment and water price.
You can now play with the parameters and immediately see the results.
You can print a report, or store graphs and tables in the clipboard to export it to another software.
You can also save your project, and load another one for immediate comparisons.
Computation:
PVsyst performs a very simplified simulation, which runs over one year in daily values.
The evaluation of the available irradiance on the collector plane uses the Monthly Meteo 180 tool algorithms, which
calculate irradiation's monthly averages on the basis of instantaneous data for one day per month.
This is not sufficient to manage the water storage balance evolution from day to day, and the effective use of solar
incident energy. Therefore the program generates a random sequence of 365 days, according to the algorithms
of Collares-Pereira, renormalised to the monthly sums, for calculating the daily balance from day to day, and the
PLOL.
This simulation is repeated with different array and pump size arrangements, until matching the input
requirements (namely the desired PLOL). The program is able to propose:
- The pump(s) size (power),
- The PV array nominal power
- A rough estimation of the investment cost and the cost of water pumped.
If necessary the pre-defined parameters used (array, system matching and pump efficiency, etc.) are user-
modifiable through the menu option "Preferences"/"Edit Hidden Parameter" 170 .
Of course, this early layout proposition should be asserted by a detailed simulation, using real commercially
available components, and taking all system features into account in an hourly modeling.
Please be aware that at this pre-design stage costs are based on very coarse hypothesis. They can widely vary
from country to country, from time to time or from user to user (what costs are included here? customer or retailer
costs? which interventions on the building? designer fees? taxes? … etc).
The economic evaluation 102 at the detailed simulation stage will offer a flexible and more precise tool for
evaluating real costs according to the specific user's criteria.
This part is aiming to perform a thorough PV-system design and performance analysis using detailed hourly
simulations.
These are organised in the framework of a Project, which essentially holds the geographical situation and
meteorological hourly data. Optimisations and parameter analysis can be performed through different simulation
runs, called variants.
Procedure:
NB: You have a step-by-step tutorial 24 for elaborating your first project.
After choosing "Project Design" and the system type in the main window, the procedure is the following:
- First define the Project 28 through the "Project/Variant" button. You can also retrieve an existing project
through the "File" menu.
- For one Project (including basically Geographic Location and Meteo, with eventual Albedo data), you can
construct different system variants (as much as needed).
- For each variant, define the plane orientation 30 .
- Define the System 29 properties.
- The program verifies the consistency of all parameters, and produces "Warnings" as Orange (acceptable for
simulation) or Red (preventing simulation) LED's.
- When available (all parameters properly defined, that is only Green or Orange LED's), press the "Simulation
88 " button. Red buttons or warnings indicate bad definitions which prevent the simulation.
- When the simulation is completed, you will enter the "Results 92 " dialog, and consult the main results on the
"Report" document.
- After simulation, each variant may be saved for further comparisons (please use "Save as" for not overwriting
your previous variants). You are advised to define a significant description for each variant, in order to easily
retrieve them in the list and to obtain a suited title in your final report.
For a given project, you are advised to first construct a rough variant keeping all parameters to their proposed
default values.
In a second step, you can define the required refinements:
- In the "System" definition panel, you can modify the "Detailed losses" 82 (temperature parameters, wiring
resistance, module quality, mismatch, soiling, IAM).
- eventually define a Horizon profile 38 (far shadings),
- Near shadings 37 , that is partial shadings of near objects, which require a rather complex CAO 3D
construction of the PV-field environment.
The next table shows an outline of the project's organization and simulation process.
Generation of
synthetic hourly values
Project
Specification of the site (geographic coordinates)
Hourly meteorological data
Eventually Meteorological corrections (Albedo, Altitude, etc)
Simulation variant
(Many simulation variants may be defined for a given project)
User's load
Necessary for Stand-alone and Pumping systems sizing
(Optional for Grid-connected)
Constant, monthly or daily profiles, or custom file data
PV array
Choice of PV modules (library)
Number and interconnections of modules
Specification of Losses (In a second step) :
Module quality, Mismatch, Thermal, Wiring resistance, Incidence angle (IAM)
System
Grid-connected, Stand-alone, Pumping, DC-Grid
Choice of the components and configuration
Array losses
Finally there are several parameters which are fixed by PVsyst as reasonable default values for your early
simulations, but that you should modify according to the specificities of your system. These are available in the
"System" definition dialog, button "Detailed losses".
Thermal Losses
The thermal behaviour of the array is computed at each simulation step, by a thermal balance 85 . This
establishes the instantaneous operating temperature, to be used by the PV modules modelling.
The thermal balance involves the "Heat loss factor" U = Uc + Uv · WindSpeed [W/m²·K]. In practice we advise not
to use the wind dependency, as the wind speed is usually not well defined in the meteo data, and the Uv is not
well known. Therefore we put Uv = 0 and include an average wind effect in the constant term.
According to our own measurements on several systems, PVsyst proposes:
- Uc = 29 W/m²K for complete free air circulation around the collectors ("nude" collectors).
- Uc = 15 W/m²K for integration (back insulated), as only one surface participates to the convection/radiation
cooling.
- We don't have well-established values for intermediate situations with back air circulation. Our measurement on
quasi-horizontal modules on a steel roof, 8 cm spacing and not jointive collectors, gave 18 W/m²K;
NB: up to the version 5.1, the default value was 29 W/m² (free standing). From this version the default is set to 20
W/m² as more and more installations are integrated.
The thermal loss effect is visible on the array loss diagram.
Wiring Losses
The wiring ohmic resistance induces losses 84 ( R · I² ) between the power available from the modules and that
at the terminals of the array. These losses can be characterised by just one parameter R defined for the global
array.
The program proposes a default global wiring loss fraction of 1.5% by respect to the STC running conditions. But
you have a specific tool 84 for establishing and optimizing the ohmic losses (press "Detailed Calculation"
button). This tool asks for the average length of wires for the string loops, and between the intermediate junction
boxes and the inverter, and helps the determination of the wire sections.
NB: remember that the wiring loss behaves as the square of the current. Therefore operating at half power (500
W/m²) will lead to only a quarter of the relative loss. The effective loss during a given period will be given as a
simulation result and shown on the loss diagram. It is usually of the order of one half to 60% of the above
specified relative loss when operation at MPP.
This part also includes the definition of eventual losses between the output of the inverter and the injection point
(energy counter). You have just to define the distance and the loss will also appear in the loss diagram.
Module quality loss
The aim of this parameter is to reflect the confidence that you put in the matching of your real module set
performance, by respect to the manufacturer's specification. The default PVsyst value is half the lower tolerance of
the modules.
The result in the "Array loss diagram" is not exactly the specified value, at this is referenced to the STC when in
the diagram value it is by respect to the previous energy.
Project definition
When creating a project you have to define:
- The project name, which will identify the project in the file list in your data library.
- The PV system customer address (facultative, not used elsewhere in the software),
- The geographical location 111 ,
- The hourly meteo file 110 in internal PVSYST format (*.MET files).
NB: These are defined in the Project Situation and Meteo 29 dialog. The relations between Geographical site
and meteo file may be of different kinds.
- Finally the "Next" button leads to the definition of the albedo 183 characteristics of the project site.
The project parameters are stored in a file with the extension .PRJ. All variants will have the same with
extensions .VC0, .VC1, etc.
Site and Meteo data in the Project
The project is located at a geographical Site 111 . Sites are described in *.SIT files, with geographical coordinates
and meteo in Monthly values.
The detailed simulation process requires the following meteorological hourly data:
- Horizontal Global Irradiance
- Horizontal Diffuse Irradiance (optional, may be constructed by a model),
- Ambiant Temperature,
- Wind velocity (optional, for module temperature calculation).
These data are stored in meteo files 110 , written with the internal PVSYST format ( *.MET files).
When creating a project you will usually first choose a Site in the database;
By default, if no matching meteo file (same name as the project site) is available in the library, a Synthetic Hourly
Data 182 file will be automatically generated from the monthly meteo data defined for the Project site.
You can also obtain Hourly Meteo files in several ways, all available in the "Tools" part of the software:
- Import an synthetic hourly meteo file from the Meteonorm 118 software,
- For the US, import a US TMY2 120 file (Typical Meteorological Year) available from the web (free),
- For the whole Europe, import measured data from the Satellight 121 project (free).
- Convert any custom meteo ASCII file 127 (your own measurements, or Design Reference Year of other
sources, etc.), using the PVSYST special converting tool.
When creating a project 28 the Geographical Site and Meteo may be defined in several ways.
Please remember that a geographic site is attached to the project (your project's location) and another
geographical site is defined within the hourly meteo file. These sites are not necessary identical. When different,
the climatic distance will be mentioned; this should not exceed some dozens of km.
Standard procedure
- Choose a geographical site in the database.
- If a corresponding meteo file (same site name) is available in the Meteo database, this will be automatically
selected.
- Otherwise a synthetic hourly file will be automatically created according to the monthly data of your site.
Standard procedure with customised site name
- Choose the nearest available geographical site in the database.
- Modify the site name (which will appear on the final reports for the customer) by opening the site. This will of
course keep the meteo monthly values of the original site.
- You can also modify (not too much, say < 1-2°) the coordinates (Latitude/Longitude). These values will be taken
as basis for constructing the eventual synthetic meteo file, and in the solar geometry (namely transpositions)
within the project.
- If a corresponding meteo file (same site name) is available in the Meteo database, this will be automatically
selected.
- Otherwise a synthetic hourly file will be automatically created according to the monthly data of your site.
Starting from a meteo data file
- Choose the desired Meteo file in the database.
- Copy Meteo Site => Project Site.
- You may change the site name and coordinates if desired.
In this dialog:
- The opportunity of copying the site from a meteo file to the project, or inversely to generate a synthetic hourly file
from the Project's site (normally performed automatically), are available as soon as the location coordinates are
different.
- If you need other meteo data , please define them in the database, using "Tools" / "Geographical site" or "Import
meteo data".
- When different sites, the climatic distance 184 between the sites is shown.
- If the altitudes are very different, altitude corrections 184 may be applied to your Meteo data for matching the
project's site altitude.
System definition
The system definitions are primary aimed to define all the PV_system components necessary to fulfil the user's
Plane orientation
PVSYST supports simulations with many plane orientation modes:
- Fixed tilted plane: You have just to define the Plane tilt 189 and azimuth 189 .
- Seasonal tilt adjustment: the plane tilt may be adjusted with two values, for winter and summer chosen
months.
- Tracking, two axes: the limit mechanical angles of the tracking device (in tilt and azimuth) should be defined,
and are taken into account during the simulation.
- Tracking, two axis with frame: the collectors are fixed and rotating within a frame, itself rotating. Two
configurations are available: a frame with North-South axis (and collectors with tracking tilt) or a frame with
East-West axis (and collectors tracking according to the sun azimuth).
- Tracking, tilted axis: the axis's tilt and azimuth should be defined (the axis azimuth will usually be around 0, i.
e. near the south in northern hemisphere). The rotation angle is called Phi (value 0 when plane azimuth =
axis azimuth), with the same sign conventions as for plane azimuth 189 . Limits on the Phi stroke are required.
- Tracking, horizontal axis E-W: the orientation axis is defined as the normal to the horizontal axis. Stroke limits
should be defined (here Phi = plane tilt), from lower limit (minimum -90° = vertical north) to upper limit
(maximum 90° = vertical south). This configuration is indeed not suited for PV systems.
- Tracking, horizontal axis N-S: this is the usual configuration of horizontal axis tracking systems. You should
use the "Tilted axis" option, with axis tilt = 0°.
- Tracking, vertical axis: the collector is kept at a fixed tilt, but rotating according to the sun azimuth. This
configuration may be used with "dish" arrangements, when a big rotating support holds several rows of
modules; this particular case is made possible as the rotating axis of one row may displaced by respect to the
collector.
- Tracking sun-shields: which may yield solutions to the difficult optimisation between sun protection and PV
production. For full efficiency this should involve a Backtracking 45 control strategy.
- Double orientation: allows to define two collector planes with different orientations. You should define the
fraction of the field allocated to each orientation. Warning: the PV modules of a same string should all have the
same orientation. The electrical behaviour of modules connected in series and having different orientations is
very complex and not functionally optimal (see the specific related tool) and is not supported in the simulation
process.
- Unlimited sheds: 31 To be used when the sheds are very long by respect to their width. If the sheds are too
short as one cannot neglect the edge effects, you should define sheds in the "Near shadings" CAO option
instead.
- Unlimited sun-shields: 33 Same remarks as for sheds. The optimization of electrical yield of sun-shield
Also be aware that with tracking planes, the mutual shadings of several neighbour tracking units can become very
important at extreme angles (see the "shed" optimization tool 31 with very tilted collector plane!). The collector's
spacing should usually be very large, so that the horizontal space use is rather low. Also Backtracking 45 control
strategy may help optimizing the electrical yield.
Heterogeneous Fields
It is commonly admitted that in a PV field, all the collectors should be perfectly identical and have the same
orientation. This tool allows the phenomenological analysis of the effect of not observing this rule. It shows the
characteristic of two fields, connected in parallel, which can be different in orientation and collector's number.
A rigorous energy analysis is also possible in the framework of the simulation. In "Project design", and
"Orientation" parameters, choose the Field type: "Doub le orientation".
When connecting together the outputs of 2 different arrays, the resultant characteristic will depend on incident
irradiances on each of the sub-fields. It is therefore necessary to introduce a model for the irradiance, in such a
way as to be able to evaluate simultaneous irradiances under realistic conditions along the day. The tool uses a
clear day profile, but with the possibility of modulating the global amplitude and the rate of diffuse irradiation, to
approach the meteorological conditions of any day. The temperature of the modules is calculated according to the
respective irradiances. The user may use the scroll bar to modify the time-of day, in order to evaluate the dynamic
behaviour during the day when the orientations are different.
The graph shows the respective I/V characteristics of each sub-field, and their resultant (current sum) when
connected in parallel. The comment gives the nominal MPP value of each array, as well as their common value
and the relative loss when connected in parallel.
One can see that when the array voltages are comparable the power loss is usually low, even for very different
currents (different orientations along the day, or different parallel strings). In this case the performances of each
array are simply added together.
But for different voltages the resultant characteristic shows two distinct maxima, with a serious loss of power.
This could also induce the MPP tracking device into error, as it may "choose" the secondary maximum.
When the arrays are expected to operate under different voltages (heterogeneous arrays, but also by partial
shading effects), it is also very important to connect blocking diodes in each string. The dotted line shows the
resulting behaviour if these diodes are omitted: the production of the higher array may flow into the lower one,
inducing a feeding power into the "overvoltage" region.
Sheds mutual shadings
PVSYST offers a special tool for viewing and optimising the shed mounting (and also sun-shields). This is
implemented in several places in the software:
- In "Tools" / "Tab les and Graphs of Solar parameters", you can define the geometry, optimise it with the mouse,
and view the mutual shading effects of your choice on an Height/azimuth diagram.
- In "Tools" / "Monthly Meteo Computations": you can moreover have a quick meteo calculation for your site, and
immediately estimate the irradiation losses over the year.
- During the definition of the project's parameters, the "Orientation" choice offers the opportunity of defining
sheds or sun-shields. This will of course take the corresponding mutual shadings into account during the
simulation process (on beam as well as diffuse component).
In the "Orientation" option and for near shadings, sun-shields are treated in a similar way as sheds (see Shed
Mutual Shadings 31 discussion).
Nevertheless, the user should be aware of two phenomena:
- With sun-shields, the accepted part of the diffuse irradiation is very limited: on one hand, there is at most only
one half because of the rear wall, and on the other hand the upper sun-shield also cuts an important fraction
of the remaining diffuse component. In regions with a high diffuse fraction (above 45° latitude, it is usually
more than 50%), this gives a very significant loss.
- Please be very careful with orientations not exactly facing the south (or north in southern hemisphere). You
can use the special tool "Shading graph" to visualise this dramatic effects.
For simulations, if you define near shadings in the "Orientation" parameters and you want to define other near
shadings, please consider the collector plane in the Near shading scene as a vertical plane on the wall.
Orientation optimisation tool
When choosing the (fixed) plane orientation, an information panel indicates the corresponding Transposition
Factor, the difference (loss) by respect to the optimum orientation, and the available irradiation on this tilted plane.
Clicking the "Show optimization" button, you can see a graph of the Transposition Factor as a function of the
plane tilt and azimuth. These graphs also indicate your actual choice by a violet dot on the curves, showing at
once where you are positioned by respect to the optimum.
The optimisation of the orientation depends on the planned use for the PV energy.
- For grid-connected systems, the energy is usually sold at a constant price all over the year. The relevant
optimum is then to maximize the yearly energy.
- For stand-alone systems, the relevant solar yield for sizing the system is usually the winter months.
- For pumping systems, there is no general rule, depending on the final use of the water pumped: household
(all over the year) or irrigation (some specific seasons, probably summer).
Therefore this tool gives the opportunity of choosing the optimizing period: Year, Winter or Summer (this option is
fixed according to the system type in the presizing part).
NB: This tool makes use of the Monthly Meteo calculations 180 , which perform quick transpositions from the
Monthly Meteo values. The whole calculation for the curves is performed for several situations, in both
directions from the point you have chosen (tilts at fixed azimuth, and azimuths at fixed tilt).
The CPV module is only able to use the beam component. A concentrating factor of 500x means an ideal
acceptance angle of 2.5° at most (less than 1° in the reality) so that the diffuse contribution is completely
negligible. This is the reason why the industry of CPV modules has fixed the STC irradiance value at 850
W/m² instead of 1000 W/m² for usual modules (but still with a cell temperature of 25°C).
When specifying a CPV module in PVsyst, you have the opportunity of defining specific corrections,
namely for the spectral behaviour. This correction is named the CPV Utilization Factor.
For applying this correction, you can define - in the PV module model parameters - a double-linear
behaviour according to:
- The Beam normal value (DNI)
- The air mass (the CPV module will always operate in clear day conditions),
- The ambient temperature (not for spectral response, but for accounting of optic's mechanical
deformations).
Again, these corrections are determined from long-term measurement in real conditions, and should be
given by the manufacturers.
This tool allows for the phenomenological study of the resultant I/V characteristic of a module or PV array,
composed of non identical cells or modules.
The program simulates the connection of any number of elements in series and in parallel - by affecting to the I/V
model parameters of each element a random dispersion. The user can choose between a normal (gaussian)
distribution, or a square distribution between 2 limits.
The elements can be cells, assembled in a module, or modules, protected with by-pass diodes.
The parameters that can be modulated are:
- the short-circuit current Isc (analogous to a non-homogenous irradiance distribution),
- the open circuit voltage Voc (which can also reflect temperature differences).
The programme calculates each characteristic according to the standard model, and then adds up point-by-point
the voltages of the elements in series and the currents from series in parallel. The user can visually follow these
operations. He then obtains the overall resultant characteristic of the field, and the program traces the "mean"
characteristic (corresponding to elements, all of which are identical) and two envelope-characteristics which can
be chosen as 2-RMS values, or as extreme random values encountered in the sample. The program evaluates
the Power loss at maximum power point, and at a fixed operating voltage, with respect to the nominal case.
NB: The parameter dispersion being random, two successive executions of the same process will never give the
same result !
You can choose the 3 following modes:
Group of Cells corresponds to the behaviour of the chosen PV module according to its cell's dispersion. Usually
in a module, all cells form one only chain (sometimes two or more), therefore only the current dispersion is
relevant. For such a module, one can see that the resulting characteristics is strongly influenced by the cell with
the worst current, resulting in the flattening of the current plateau just below the maximum power point.
In such a figure a bad cell may work in its reverse characteristics region (that is with a negative voltage) on part of
the current plateau.
Remark: You will understand here the difficulty in exactly representing the operating of a real module with the help
of usual models describing single cells, and that the use of too sophisticated cell-models (i.e. two-diodes
models) will not improve the situation if they do not include this statistical distribution.
Group of modules simulates a whole array. In this case the resulting figure looks quite different, with a "bumped"
shape all along the plateau. This is due to the by-pass protection diodes, supposed to be always present in the
modules. These give usually even better performances than nominal modules below half the nominal current, but
degrade until the Maximum Power Point. One can see that the MPP power is much less affected than at fixed
voltage operation below the MPP point.
Remark: in the region of low voltages, some modules are operating in the reverse polarisation region. The by-
This tool visualises the behaviour of voltages and currents at the terminals of a shaded (or bad) cell, placed in a
module or a group of modules. It evaluates the energy dissipation of this cell for various operating points, and its
resultant temperature by making reasonable hypotheses for the thermal loss factor.
It has to be noted that these behaviours are studied in a marginal situation - representing the most unfavourable
case - where only one single cell is disturbed. The user can adjust the irradiance, the module temperature in
normal operation (i.e. without dissipation), and the shading fraction of the considered cell.
You can visualise three different cases, for a single module or arrays:
Module without protection diode: the graph shows the degraded performance curve of the whole module (grey),
to be compared to the normal operation (dashed line). But it also shows the dangerous reverse bias applied on
the shaded cell, for example at the V=0 point (short circuited module), or at the Maximum Power Point operation of
the whole array. The reverse bias voltage occurs along with a current greater than the nominal photocurrent,
resulting in a serious power dissipation of the shaded cell, resulting in its temperature increase.
This dangerous situation, named "Hot Spot", can be explained as each cell in the module is producing its rated
current at bright sun, with its normal voltage, all of this power being dissipated in the shaded cell. (as they are
connected in series, the current flow is identical in each cell, and the sum of voltages (shaded+non-shaded) is
the module overall voltage, i.e. zero when short-circuited).
Module with protection by-pass diode: this graph also shows the regulating action of the protection diodes
connected in antiparallel to a module or two half-modules. In this case the reverse voltage at the module's
terminals is limited to the diode voltage (about –0.7V), the excess current being drawn by the diode. In this case
the power dissipation of the shaded cell is limited to the power production of the other cells inside the protected
series. If too much cells in series, the module's manufacturer will distribute several diodes along the cells string.
These behaviours help understanding that the effects of partial shadings on an array give rise to highly non-linear
electrical behaviours, and that apparently negligible causes can lead to highly significant losses.
This graphical tools should lead the engineer to carefully study the wiring of the PV fields, in such a way that the
foreseen shadings simultaneously affect the smallest number of series possible. For example, in shed
mountings, he should place the module series longitudinally, in order that the mutual shadings (on the lower part
of the back-shed) be limited to just one branch of cells or modules.
Shadings: general organisation
Defining horizon profile is a very simple operation with the PVSYST graphical tool. The horizon is a
broken line superimposed on the sun path diagram, which can hold any number of points.
- To modify it, simply drag the red dots with the mouse (or define the desired value in the corresponding
edit box).
- To add a point, click anywhere with the right button.
- To delete a point, click on this point with the right button.
On-site horizon measurements (height and azimuth of some significant points) can be obtained with a
theodolite, a detailed map, a fish-eye photography, etc.
The horizon profile may be defined manually by a set of (Azimuth/Height) points in degrees. These may be from
on-site measurements (using land-surveyors instruments like compass and clisimeter).
They can also be imported from several sources:
Solmetric SunEye instrument. This is a computerized instrument using a fisheye-type camera for the
recording of the environmental masks. (www.solmetric.com, www.soleg.de). It provides an horizon height for
each degree of Azimuth (i.e. 360 points).
- The software produces several files, one of them being a specific file for PVsyst, named "Sky0x_PVsyst.hor".
Don't use this file, it was designed for the old PVsyst version 4.xx, and is restricted to -120 to +120°.
- You should choose the file "ObstructionElevation.csv" file instead. The new Version 5.0 has been updated for
importing this file in a clean way, by taking the highest height among 3 azimuth points, therefore reducing the
data to 120 points from -180° to 180°. This resolution is far sufficient for the hourly computations of PVsyst.
Carnaval is a free open source software, which may be downloaded from incub.energie.free.fr.
It is based on a geo-referred grid for calculating the horizon line at any place between longitudes 6°W to 10°E,
and latitudes 41° to 52° N, therefore largely covering France, East of Spain, etc. It uses satellite data from the
spatial US programme SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), giving a grid of altitudes with a 3'' resolution
(about 92 x 65 m).
When using Carnaval (V 0.7), you should:
- choose the Lat-Long WGS84 coordinate system (GPS compatible); you can identify the exact coordinates of
your system by using GoogleEarth.
- don't use the "near environment definition". The near obstacles - which produce partial shades on the PV field -
should be defined in the "Near shadings" 3D tool in PVsyst.
- compute the horizon line, and then define your "simplified" horizon by following the line with the mouse. The
exported values will only be the green points which you have defined here.
- press the button "export the simplified line". The choice of the Azimuth scale doesn't matter as PVsyst will
recognize any chosen option.
- export/save as a text file. Carnaval will add ".masque.txt" to any text you type here. Therefore the final name will
hold a points before "masque", which is not accepted in PVsyst. You should rename the file in order to eliminate
the forbidden characters, i.e. the point before use in PVsyst.
- Now your file is ready for direct import in PVsyst.
Meteonorm produces Horizon profiles, which you can also import in PVsyst. The filename of these profiles
Your own profile as a file: to be recognised as a valid horizon profile, you can also provide any text file with
the following characteristics:
- ASCII file with comma, semicolon, TAB or space separator.
- First line may be a comment.
- One line per defined point. Each point defined as an Azimuth and a Height value, expressed in degrees.
- Should hold the extension .HOR and be placed in the directory \Data\Shadings\ of the PVsyst data structure.
For example, a horizon file edited in EXCEL with first column as Azimuth, and second column as Height, and
saved as "CSV" file, will be valid after renaming it as "*.HOR"
Near Shadings: main dialog
This dialog gives the general commands when using near shadings.
You have first to build the global scene 40 by clicking "Construction/Perspective" button.
You may also load an existing shading model from the library if available.
The shading scene you build here is part of the present variant attached to the current project. Nevertheless you
can save it in the library for other uses in another variant of this project or another project. The "description"
comment is especially intended to specify your shading constructions in your model library.
Once this scene has been well established (i.e. the scene is complete, PV-field area and orientation are
compatible with the rest of the system), the "Tab le" button allows you to calculate the shading factor table 48 .
This process also calculates the diffuse attenuation factor 47 , constant over the year.
After that you will be able to see the Iso-shading diagram 48 and run the simulation.
If you have defined a partition in module strings 46 during your 3D construction, two tables will be calculated
simultaneously: one with the conventional "linear" shading factor, and one with the shading factor according to the
module strings.
Please note that although these factors for beam component are different, the diffuse attenuation factor is unique,
related to the "linear" factor, because diffuse irradiation is supposed to be rather uniformly distributed on the field
area.
Finally, the "Use in simulation" group allows you to run the same variant under different shading conditions
(without shadings, linear or according to modules) without modifying your shading construction.
Near shadings: global scene building
The global scene gathers all the objects according to their relative position, in a referential 53 based on the
cardinal points. In Construction mode, the shading obstacles are represented in black and the sensitive area of
the PV fields in blue.
First create your objects (Menu "Create") among the available parametrised object's library, i.e.:
- Five kinds of PV planes 42 : rectangular, polygonal, in "sheds", sunshields and tracking,
- Elementary objects 41 (a variety of 2D an 3D predefined shapes),
- Building / Composed object 42 : an assembly of elementary shapes. “Buildings” can be saved as models for
reuse in other shading scenes. They can’t include PV fields, which should be added independently in the
global scene.
Most of these tools are also available either by Popup-menu (right button) or by keyboard accelerators.
Near shadings: elementary objects
Please note that "Building" objects are intended to build shading objects; therefore they cannot hold PV sensitive
planes. When necessary, these have to be created and positioned in the global scene, independently of the
building object.
Near shadings: PV planes
The PV planes can be defined either by parameters, or by dragging the red points in the PV-plane view ("2D"
button).
- Rectangular planes: you can define as many non overlapping rectangles as you want in the same plane,
each with it's own height; length and position.
- Polygonal PV-plane: you can draw any polygonal shape in the plane. To add a point, click "Insert'" and then
click on the desired segment.
- Planes in sheds: several identical planes. Each plane includes the sensitive area, as well as a frame for the
shading on the next plane. You have to define the sensitive area sizes, the pitch and the tilt, and the inactive
edge widths. You can also specify a lateral misalign between the sheds. Use orthogonal views to adjust tilt,
pitch or misalign by dragging.
Transversal slope: It is now possible to define a slope between sheds (for example disposition on a hill).
Baseline slope: Special case of tilted baseline: if the sheds have to be placed perpendicularly on a tilted
surface (for example a 2-sided inclined roof), the baseline of the sheds may be tilted. In this case you will
define the PV-plane tilt by respect to the mechanical layout on this roof. But the real orientation of the shed
planes will be different from that of your mechanical supports (this value appears in the definition dialog).
With such an installation on a 2-sided roof, it is impossible to obtain a same orientation for the two sets of
sheds, therefore you should use the “Heterogeneous” option in the “Orientation” parameters.
NB: With heterogeneous fields, for a given simulation time-step the shadings factor is calculated only once
and applied identically on both planes. Therefore when using near shadings the orientations should not be
too different (the program set a limit).
NB: When defining sheds in the Near shading scene, you should not use the Shed option in the "Orientation"
parameters definition, otherwise the simulation will account twice for the mutual shadings! See also Near
shadings and sheds 43 .
- Sun-shields: same definitions as for Sheds, except that the collectors are aligned on a wall. It has to be noted
that the façade itself induces a significant irradiance loss, especially in summer when the sun has a course
The specific definition dialogs include 2D view in the PV plane (with graduated axis) , as well as usual 3D
perspective and orthogonal views.
In its own referential, the PV-plane is defined with its tilt, but always facing the OY coordinate. Plane azimuth will
be defined only when positioning the plane in the global scene.
Please remember that the total sensitive area should roughly correspond to the total PV-modules area as defined
in the "System" part.
Defining a meaningful comment is not obligatory; it will help identifying the object in complex scenes.
Very important: for proper operation, the sensitive areas should not be tangent or penetrate other shading
objects. When positioning the PV fields in the global scene, please be careful for always leaving some
centimeters between the planes and the other objects.
Near shadings and Sheds
In PVSYST detailed simulation, the mutual shading of sheds (or sun-shields) can be computed in two different
ways:
- By defining them in the "Orientation" parameters option. You have here to define general parameters of sheds
(width, tilt, pitch, etc.) valid for the whole PV system, and the simplified computation is assumed to be "linear"
(without electrical cells effects) and for unlimited length (that is, neglecting edge effects on both extremities of
the sheds).
- By explicitely defining a PV plane as sheds in the "Near shading" scene. In this case the computation accounts
for shed edges, and a module partition can be defined.
Please note that these two options should not be used at the same time, as the shadings will be accounted for
two times !!!
Definition by the "Orientation" parameter shed option
This option is most suited when you have a field of numerous and little sheds (for example "one-module" wide
sheds), sufficiently long as you can neglect the edge effects.
Nevertheless, if you have to combine such an array with other surrounding shading obstacles in a near shading
scene, you should define the basic array in the near shading scene as an horizontal plane, covering the sheds
base extent (i.e. the whole area used for installing the sheds, on which the surrounding shadings will apply).
This way the mutual shadings will be taken into account by the “plane orientation” shed algorithms, while the
surrounding shadings will apply on the basis plane. This is of course an approximation, but the only way when
the sheds are so numerous that the near shading complexity and calculation times become prohibitive.
The basic definitions of tracking planes are very similar to the sheds definitions 42 : several identical trackers,
with a sensitive area and an inactive frame for mutual shadings.
The construction dialog offers a tool for testing all possible rotations, in order to check the mechanical
compatibility of your array layout (using the orthogonal plane or side view). The Shading animation over one day
provides a powerful tool for optimising your tracking layout by trial-and-error.
Heliostat array layout should be carefully optimised regarding the mutual shadings. Constraints are much more
critical than for the sheds disposition, as significant yield may be waited even when the sun is very low on the
horizon. The Backtracking 45 control strategy helps improving the electrical behaviour of tracking arrays.
Near shadings: object positioning
Each object (PV plane, elementary object or building) is built in it's own referential, which has to be positioned in
the global scene.
Please choose the "Position" speed button (or use menu): this will show the positioning dialog.
Positioning operations are greatly facilitated when using orthogonal views in order to drag the object in the scene
(red dots). Plane view also allows to rotate the object (violet dot). Final fine tuning may be achieved by parameter
edition.
From a mathematical point of view, parameters are defined such that the object is first displaced in the main
referential, then it is rotated by the given azimuth angle, and finally tilted around the new OX' rotated axis.
This process is the same for positioning an elementary object in a "b uilding" object.
Important notice: When positioning PV planes among other objects, please always leave a little space between
the plane and the support surface. Indeed, shading calculations involve complex calculations of intersections and
reunions between 2D projections of these objects. Confused points (and also points confused with a surface)
often cause problems to these routines, and may sometimes lead to topological errors.
On the other hand, module shading calculations consider a rectangle as shaded as soon as one point is
shaded. When confused with its support surface, the baseline of the PV plane is calculated as shaded, and
invalidates the lower rectangles.
Near shadings: Limitations
When the global scene is completed, you can have a look on the produced shadows for any given sun position, or
any time in the year, by clicking on the speed-button "Shadow drawing".
Solar angles or time conditions may be easily modified to see the evolution during the year. After each parameter
change, please click on the "Shadows drawing" button again for updating the shadow computation.
NB: This "Linear" shadow computation is a very complex process involving polygon intersection and union
calculations, which sometimes may fail, giving erroneous results (i.e; part of the field is over- or under-
shaded). If the program can detect the failure through it's internal checks, it uses an alternative computing
method by distributing a grid of points on the PV area, and evaluating the shading state of each point. This
second method is less precise, but leads always to reliable results.
To minimize such problems, please always position PV planes with a little gap between them and their
support surface.
If you have defined a partition of your PV-field according to strings of modules, the partially shadowed string
rectangles will also appear in yellow. The two shading factors will be displayed, indicating the lower and upper
limits for the shading's real effect.
You also have an animation of the shadows drawing over a whole day. This simultaneously draws the curve of
the loss factor on the beam component, and calculates the overall daily loss on beam component for a clear day.
Tip: Try the "View from sun direction" speed-button to deeply understand how the shadows are formed !
Near shadings: Back Tracking Strategy
In this situation, viewed from the sun, the trackers remain tangent to each other. Of course the incidence angle
increases simultaneously.
Therefore in the 3D shading scene, the shading factor remains 1 as far as the trackers do not reach their stroke
limits. The position of the trackers evolves until coming parallel to the whole array when the incidence becomes
near 90°. The shading factor falls to 0 sharply, when the sun passes behind the plane of the array.
It should be noted that the Backtracking doesn't increase the total irradiance received. It only improves the
electrical loss effects of the shadings. The total irradiance reaching the modules is the same as if there were
shadings: it corresponds to the total sun energy intercepted for this given sun direction, by the field area "seen" by
the sun. Therefore a simulation with "Linear shadings" (not electrically realistic) and another one with
backtracking should give the same results (if we neglect the IAM losses unavoidable with the Backtracking).
The backtracking calculations are of course dependent on the mutual disposition of the trackers. For a given sun
position, the tracker orientation should be determined using the pitch and the width of the frames/collectors.
Therefore for defining backtracking, we need the same parameters as for the shed calculations, i.e:
- Pitch between trackers,
- Collector width (sensitive area),
- Left and right inactive bands (of frames).
These parameter are defined geometrically in the 3D scene, but should also be included in the "Orientation"
parameters. This is the reason why we can define backtracking only in the framework of equidistant tracker
systems.
NB: As there are no shadings (except when the sun is behind the plane), the 3D construction is not really
necessary. The "Orientation" dialog is sufficient for fully defining a Backtracking system for the simulation.
The backtracking calculations are specific for each kind of tracking planes:
- Two axis: the tracking mechanism is supposed to be a rotation around the vertical axis, and a variable tilt of the
plane. In Backtracking conditions the tilt is facing the sun (90° - sun height) and the azimuth is adjusted for no
shadings. Other geometries could be imagined, but would require additional parameters.
- Tilted axis: the Phi angle around the axis is adjusted for no shadings conditions. This doesn't allow for
misaligned arrays.
- Sun-shields: When the sun is high in the heavens, the sun shields become highly tilted. It is also the case for
east/west orientations when the sun is low on the horizon. The compatibility with comfort conditions has to be
studied.
Near shadings: effect of thin objects
If the shading object is sufficiently thin, its shade will not cover a full cell. Even if it is rather far and produces a
broad semi-shading (due to the sun's diameter), the irradiance loss should be considered as the integral of the
shading figure, and will be the same as the effect of a well delimited thin shading of the same wire.
This is the case of electrical wires above the array, handrails, etc.
In these cases the current in the cell will be reduced by a factor of the order of the wire diameter by respect to the
cell's size. This is the value which should be attributed to the "Thin object" electrical effect ratio parameter.
Then during the simulation, the "Module" loss caused by this thin object will be reduced by the "Thin object ratio".
The reduction is directly taken into account in the loss factor according to modules.
Near shadings: partition in module strings
The real effect of partial shadings on the electrical production of the PV field is non-linear, and depends on the
interconnections between the modules.
In the PV array, the current of each cell string is limited by the current of the worst cell in the series. That is, when
one only cell is shaded the entire string is strongly affected (which has also dramatic effects on the I/V
characteristics of the whole array). This may be understood using the specific tool "Electrical behaviour of PV
arrays" in the "Tools" section). Even with by-pass protection diodes, this string does not participate more than
marginally in the production of the PV array.
This phenomenon is too complex to be treated in great detail - with real string distribution of modules in space -
In the shading scene, there are four measuring tools, for real distance or angles determination.
You define segments by clicking on two points of the scene. When clicking on an existing summit of the scene,
the measuring point will stay attached to it.
After defining them, you may always drag the existing points to other positions.
Distance measurement:
Click on two points to define the distance arrow. In perspective view, the distance is only defined between existing
summits of the scene.
Angle measurement:
Only available in top, side or front views. Click to define a first segment, and then a second one (that is, you
should define four points). The angle is given even if the two segments don't have any common summit.
Nevertheless if so, the complete angle will be drawn.
Azimuth measurement:
This gives the usual azimuth direction by respect to south (or north in southern hemisphere). Define origin first,
and then the extremity of the arrow.
In perspective view, the vertical tilt angle (named "height") is also given. This allows for doing equivalences with
the "horizon" representation on the "Height-Azimuth" sun path diagram.
Tilt angle measurement:
Only available in front and side views. Click on the origin first, and then the arrow extremity.
NB: When attached to summits, these tools can help positioning the objects intuitively and with precision.
Near shadings: Diffuse and albedo factors
The sky diffuse component is also affected by the near shading obstacles.
For simplification, we suppose that the diffuse sky irradiance is isotropic. At a given time, the shading effect on the
diffuse irradiance can be thought as the integral of the shading factor over the visible part of the vault of heaven,
that is the spherical dihedron between the collector plane and the horizontal plane. This is independent of the
sun's position, and therefore constant over the year.
The albedo 183 is only visible from the collectors if no close obstacle is present till the level of the ground. This is
the reason why we integrate the shading factor at zero height, over the portion of the sphere under the horizon,
included between the horizontal plane and the plane of the collectors (below the ground). It is however to be
Diffuse and Albedo shading factors are computed from the "linear" shading factor table.
The iso-shading diagram is a graphical expression of the shading factor table. It shows lines of some given
shading factors, superimposed on the sun paths.
Blue lines also indicate the tangential limits of the plane (i.e. when the sun rays are parallel to the plane).
This diagram gives a synthetic evaluation of the shading distribution according to the season and the time-of day
during the year.
The irregular look of the lines is due to the interpolations across discrete calculation points.
Remember that this loss factor applies to the beam component reaching the PV plane. When the incident angle
is high, even high loss factors will act on very low irradiance component, giving rise to reasonable effects on the
overall efficiency.
Near shadings: Table of shading factor
The shading factor is a complex calculation which spends too much time to be performed during simulation at
each time step. Therefore the program builds a table in sun's height (10° steps) and azimuth (20° steps). The
simulation can then interpolate in this table.
Shading factor computation details
The geometric configuration of the shadow falling on the field, and the determination of the shading factor, are
carried out in a purely geometric and analytical manner.
For a given solar position, the programme first carries out a transformation of the co-ordinates of the whole
system, so as to point the OZ' axis in the direction of the sun.
Next, for each sensitive element of the PV field (sheds, rectangles, polygons), it projects each elementary surface
of the system on the plane of the field being considered. The intersection of the field element with the positive
projections (i.e. in front of the plane) of each element is then calculated. The reunion of these elementary
shadows forms a polygon representing the global shading on the field element under consideration. The
shading loss factor is the ratio of the area of the shadow polygon, to that of the sensitive element. This process is
repeated for each sensitive field element (for example each shed).
The greatest difficulty with this procedure resides in the calculation of reunions and intersections of polygons in
the plane, in the general case. This operation has proved to be extremely complex to programme using polygons
defined by their summits. The difficulties mainly appear when the summits or the segments are overlapping or
very close, as it is the case in most of the object constructions, when each summit is a part of several elementary
surfaces in the 3D space. Topological decisions depend on the proximity of points in space. It is therefore
necessary to define distance criteria as functions of the resolution of the calculations of the machine, or
topological criteria, etc. and the reliability of this procedure is not absolute.
Thus, in some cases, the result may be erroneous. Often, the programme finds it out on its own, and again
begins the calculation with a slightly different solar position (trials with modifications of 1° in height or azimuth).
If it fails again , the shading factor is calculated in a completely different manner: the PV field is partitioned in
about 2000 points, and the shading is calculated for each point. Although this method is an approximation, it
always leads to a reliable result.
Nevertheless some calculations may sometimes stay erroneous (the program doesn't detect the error by itself);
but in practice, this error has usually very little influence on the global simulation over one year.
During the elaboration of the shading table, the points (sun's positions) situated behind the plane of the PV field
appear in blue.
35 m
10m
35m
20°
8m
10 m
10m
Silo D=6m
H=12m
In order to apply shading effects, we have to treat each of the three components (beam, sky diffuse and
albedo) in the appropriate manner:
- The effect on the beam component is of "ON/OFF" kind: for a point on the field, the sun is or is not
visible. For far shadings (defined by the horizon), the whole field is subject to this binary function at a
given time. In the case of near shading, a shading factor representing the fraction of the field illuminated
has to be established for each sun's position (height/azimuth table 48 ).
- The sky diffuse component is also affected by the near shading obstacles. For simplification, we
assume that the diffuse sky irradiation is isotropic. At a given time, the shading effect on the diffuse
irradiation can be thought as the integral of the shading factor over the visible part of the vault of
heaven, that is the spherical dihedron between the collector plane and the horizontal plane. This is
independent of the sun's position, and therefore constant over the year.
In the southern hemisphere, the X-direction points to the EAST, and Y to the NORTH.
The azimuths are given with respect to the North (OY), and positively towards WEST, that is anticlockwise
(trignometric direction).
To facilitate the system construction, the user can build it's whole scene in a referential related to his system (for
example parallel to his building), and then rotate the entire scene by the desired orientation angle.
Observer
During the shadow drawing, you have the possibility of viewing the scene from the sun direction.
User's needs ("load")
The programme offers great flexibility to define the needs of the user (or the "load" of the system). You
can choose among the following options:
- Unlimited load, which only concerns installations connected to a sufficiently "strong" grid to absorb all
the power produced. This is the default option with grid systems. But this option obviously makes no
sense with a stand-alone installation, where production and especially battery behaviour are closely
related to electricity use.
- Fixed constant load, offers the simplest way to define user's needs. You just have to define it as
constant power or yearly energy.
- Monthly values gives the possibility of defining monthly averages, which will be used by the simulation
as constant over each month (no daily modulation). Values are defined using a special graphic tool 57 .
- Daily profiles in hourly values can be user-defined using a graphic tool 57 , as:
Constant over the year: the same profile all along the year,
Seasonal modulation: four specific daily profiles, for each season (defined as June-August,
September-November, December-February, March-May).
Monthly normalisations: one only daily profile, the amplitude of which being modulated according
to given monthly sum values.
Weekly modulation: a specific daily profile for "working days", and another one for "week-ends".
Each of these staying constant over the year. The number of "Working days" in a week is user
defined.
- Probabitily profiles are designed for grid applications, when the grid load is not illimited. It is the
probability distribution of the power which can be absorbed by the load at a given instant. This is
especially suited to DC-grid for public transports 65 . Possible power load is divided into 12 classes of
given values; the user specifies the probability distribution values for each hour. This profile 56 can be
defined:
Constant over the year: the same profile all along the year,
Seasonal modulation: one specific daily profile for each season (as above).
Weekly modulation: a specific daily profile for "working days", and another one for "week-ends".
- Daily Household consumers is the default user's needs definition for stand-alone systems. It
proposes a list of most usual domestic appliances, with unit power and daily use duration. Values 55
can be defined as:
Constant over the year: the same daily load value all along the year,
Seasonal modulation: one specific daily load for each season.
Monthly definitions: a specific appliance distribution for each month.
NB: With this tool a Week ly modulation option is independently available for each season or month, but
only for putting some "week-end" days to zero or stadby.
This appliances definition is mainly thought as a pre-sizing tool for stand-alone systems, in order
to evaluate the load from a user's point of view. In presizing, the effective use of the defined values,
during the simulation process, is equivalent either to a constant load, or to seasonally or monthly
constant values. In detailed simulation, a superimposed daily profile may be defined.
- Load values read on ASCII file is the most flexible load definition: you can edit your own desired load
profile (either in hourly or in daily values) in a spreadsheet editor or any ASCII file, and easily import it
55 in PVSYST.
NB: You can save your Load profile as a model for reusing it in another project.
The most flexible way for defining a custom load profile is to input it as an ASCII file.
The ASCII input source file can be edited in a spreadsheet program (like MS-EXCEL) or a text editor.
It should hold one load value per ASCII line. Each record (line) may contain several fields, separated by
semi-colon, comma, TAB or blank characters, and terminates by CR, LF or both. With MS-EXCEL, such a
file is easily obtained by saving a usual sheet in 'CSV' format (“Comma Separated Values”).
You can define either:
- Hourly file, which has to contain 8760 hourly values ( [W] or [kW] ) from January 1st, 0h to
December 31th, 23h (or eventually 8784 values if the meteo file used in simulation is a leap year).
- Daily file, with 365 (or 366) daily values ( [Wh/day] or [kWh/day] ), from January 1st to December
31th.
The file can have any number of head lines for titles.
To import the file in PVSYST:
- choose the ASCII source file: its contents will appear for interpretation,
- define the separator,
- define the number of head lines (will be coloured in yellow),
- define the order of the "Load" field (column),
- define the time step and units.
Then, clicking "Read file" will import the values in the PVSYST "user's needs" (part of the simulation
variant parameters), which can be visualised or saved as a model file.
Domestic User's needs
This is a simple tool aiming to facilitate the domestic load estimation from a practical ("end-user") point
of view. This tool also clearly identifies the consumption of each appliances, and perhaps will help
optimising the customer needs options (for example, bring attention on stand-by or washing machines real
cost in PV systems).
The user has to define the number of appliances, their unit power and daily use. The table shows the
resulting daily consumption. The "Week -end use" option may be applied to each season or month
independently, and acts by putting the load to zero during some days of the week.
The last line defines the Standby consumption, which applies over 24hours by definition. When using
"Week -end" option, you may choose leaving these appliances connected or not during the non-utilization
days.
When defining seasonally or monthly values, you have a facility for copying an already defined profile to
one or several other seasons/months. For this please click on "Copy", choose the source profile and select
the target seasons.
Daily distribution
When used in pre-sizing process, the daily load profile is assumed to stay constant over the day. That is,
from the computation point of view, the Domestic User Load is equivalent to a yearly, seasonal or monthly
constant profile (except if week-end use is defined).
When used in the project design part (detailed simulation), it is possible to customise an hourly profile 56 ,
valid for the whole year (for example: enhancing the evening use of lighting, TV, etc). This can affect the
battery use results and wear (owing to charge/discharge distribution).
Details of the defined appliance profiles can be saved on a file for reusing in other projects; or printed, either
in the load dialog or along with the simulation results.
Power / Consumption
Fluorescent lamp 7 … 18 W
Television (acc. to screen size) 40…120 W
Video recorder 20…25 W
Personal computer 120 W
Fridge / deep-freeze : consumption 0.4…1.2 kWh/day
Micro-wave oven 1 kW
Washing-machine (dishes, clothes) 2.2 kW
Consumption: 1.2…1.8 kWh/washing
DHW solar system pump + regulation 30 W
Stand-by 5 W / app.
Consumption: 120 Wh/day
When using "standard" appliances with an AC distribution, add about 10% to account for the inverter
efficiency.
Pay great attention to standby consumption of a lot of modern appliances: 5W ribbon loss will consume
the production of a 50 Wp PV module!
Domestic use hourly distribution
Defines an hourly profile over the day, in order to better match the battery behaviour (and therefore better
calculate its wear and tear).
Checking the "Auto evening use" box will automatically restrict the lighting and TV uses to the evening
hours (i.e. from 19h to 23h).
NB: In the framework of the "Domestic use", it is only possible to define one hourly profile, valid over the
whole year. If you need more refined profile according to seasons, please use the "Daily Load"
definition instead.
NB: Hourly distribution cannot be specified in the Preliminary Design (pre-sizing) process.
User's needs: probability profile definition
When entering this probability profile definition tool, please first choose the "scale" or "bin step", i.e. the
classes width matching your desired power range.
During utilisation in simulation, the real hourly load power will correspond to the midpoint of a given bin,
randomly chosen according to the specified probabilities.
At the first entry in this dialog, the probability values follow a default distribution. You can drag each
probability on the graph, or define a given value by editor. Of course the sum should always be 100%, so
that at each change all other values are modified in order to match this constraint.
With a given range and a given probability distribution, the program calculates a "most probable" day sum
or monthly sum. This is not an exact value, but only the statistical average when the number of days is
increasing.
If you are in "Seasonal Modulation" mode, you have to define a profile for each season. You have a facility
to copy an already defined profile to one or several other seasons. For this purpose click on "Copy",
choose the source profile and select the target seasons.
The same holds for the "Weekly modulation" mode.
When entering this daily profile definition tool, please first choose the work ing units.
At the first entry all values are null. You can use the operator facility to modify all hourly values at a time:
First choose the operator, which can be:
- Fix identical values for each month,
- Add a given value to each month,
- Multiply all values by a given value,
- Renormalise all values to obtain a given yearly sum or average.
Then define the Operator value, and click "Work out".
You can also drag each hourly value on the graph, or define a given value by editor.
If you are in "Seasonal Modulation" mode, you have to define a profile for each season. You have a facility
to copy an already defined profile to one or several other seasons. For this purpose click on "Copy",
choose the source profile and select the target seasons.
The same holds for the "Weekly modulation" mode.
In the "Monthly normalisations" mode, be aware that the daily sum has to match the pre-defined value for
the considered month (as defined in the preceding dialog). So that when changing a single value, all other
values are automatically modified accordingly. In this mode the best suited working unit may be % of daily
load.
User's needs: monthly values definition
When entering this monthly definition tool, please first choose the work ing units.
At the first entry all values are null. You can use the operator facility to modify all values at a time:
First choose the operator, which can be:
- Fix identical values for each month,
- Add a given value to each month,
- Multiply all values by a given value,
- Renormalise all values to obtain a given yearly sum or average.
Then define the Operator value, and click "Work out".
You can also drag each month value on the graph, or define a given value by editor.
NB : If you are in "daily profile" mode, the "Next" button will open the similar Daily values dialog 57 .
Grid-connected system definition
The "system" is defined as the set of components constituting the PV-array, the inverter, up to the
connexion to the grid.
First rule: all the strings of modules connected to the input of an inverter (or a MPPT input), should be
homogeneous: identical modules, same number of modules in series, same orientation.
Exceptions may sometimes be acceptable - as far as only differences in the current of strings are
concerned - for example strings of different orientations (cf Heterogeneous planes 31 ).
PVsyst now allows the construction of heterogeneous systems with several different subfields 60 (up to 8).
For a given subfield: you have to define your requirements, and PVsyst will automatically propose a
suited arrangement.
The basic requirements for a sub-field (i.e. the parameters you should input) are:
- The desired nominal power, or alternatively the available area for installing modules,
- The inverter model, chosen in the database,
- A PV module model, chosen in the database.
The inverter power sizing is a delicate and debated problem. PVsyst proposes a methodology 59 based
on the predicted overload losses. This usually leads to Pnom ratios far below those recommended by
inverter's providers, but we think that they are closer to an economical optimum.
All these conditions are explicitly displayed on a system sizing graph, (button "Show sizing").
You can now play with these parameters taking your own constraints into account. You can retrieve the
automatic proposed values by clicking on the associated checkbox.
Warning messages will be displayed if there is some incompatibilities between the chosen parameters.
Red warnings are not acceptable (simulation cannot be performed) and orange warnings are indicative.
These colours will be thrown back on the "System" LED's button.
NB: All the sizing parameters mentioned above (array temperatures, Pnom array/inverter ratio, warning
limits), may be modified in the "Hidden parameters 170 "). This is especially the case for sizing
temperatures in different climates.
If desired (in a second step of the development of your project), you can
- modify the PV-array specific loss 82 parameters (thermal, wiring resistance, module quality, soiling,
mismatch, IAM) with the "Detailed Losses" button.
- define a user's load 54 profile for determining the owner's own consumption and the injected (sold)
energy to the grid (net-metering). You will usually define a hourly profile in order to take realistic daily
production and consumption distributions into account.
Array voltage sizing according to inverter
The number of modules in series has to match the following conditions:
- The minimum array operating voltage (i.e. at max. module operating temperature, 60°C by default)
should be above the minimum inverter's operating voltage (Vmin of MPPT range).
- The maximum array operating voltage (i.e. at min. module operating temperature, 20°C by default) has
to stay below the maximum inverter's operating voltage (Vmax of MPPT range).
- The maximum array absolute voltage (i.e. Voc at min. temperature, -10°C by default) has to stay below
the absolute maximum inverter's input voltage.
- The maximum array absolute voltage (i.e. Voc at min. temperature, -10°C by default) should not
overcome the maximum system voltage specified for the PV module.
When the desired array configuration doesn't match these requirements, the system is usually not properly
It is well-known that the amorphous modules suffer of a significant initial degradation during the two first
operating months due to the Staebler-Wronski effect. This is sometimes specified in the data sheets, and
the voltage can be about 10% over the stabilized value.
As the electrical data used for the sizing of the PV array are the stabilized ones, dangerous voltages
overcoming the absolute admissible voltages may appear just after the commissioning of the system. This
may be taken into account in the Sizing dialog.
Now when the commissioning takes place in Summer, the reference sizing temperature may be chosen
much higher. With a usual temperature coefficient muVco of around -0.3%/°C, and a reference temperature
gain of 20°C (+10°C instead of -10°C usual in middle Europe), this will reduce the Voc value by 6%.
Otherwise, if your sizing overcomes the voltage limit, you can also suppress one module in each string
during the first operating months.
Inverter / Array sizing
You can define up to 8 different and independent sub-systems within a same project, with different
inverters, different modules types, different numbers of modules in series. Provided that for a given sub-
system (i.e. a given MPPT input), the PV-array is homogeneous.
You may also define sub-systems for different orientations 31 , but only 2 orientations may be defined at a
time.
During the simulation, each sub-system will be modelled independently, but only the energy and losses
sums will be available as outputs. If you want to study the losses of a specific sub-array you should
perform a simulation of this sub-system alone.
This feature also allows the use of multi-MPPT inverters: you can define a subsystem for some MPPT input
(s), and a different one for others. In this case the number of MPPT input should be used in place of the
NB: Some new inverters (namely the Tripower series of SMA) have 2 MPPT inputs with very different
powers. In practice this is very useful as you can define an array without much constraints about the
module number on the main input, and one string with the remaining of your modules to be installed -
whatever their number - on the secondary input.
PVsyst is indeed not foreseen for treating such assymmetric MPPT inputs.
Nevertheles you can overcome the problem by modifying the number of MPPT inputs in the inverter
definition (an save this as a new inverter). Please set here your total number of strings.
After that, you can define one subfield with the (N-1) virtual MPPT inputs, and a second subfield with one
string and the remainder of the modules.
In the reality of your final wiring the (N-1) MPPT inputs will of course be one only MPPT input.
SolarEdge Architecture
The SolarEdge distributed architecture is based on a unique system design approach, characterized by a
distributed DC-DC power optimizer for each PV module (or group of PV modules). These optimizers, with a
current-driven output, are connected in series as strings, which are then connected in parallel to the input
of a special (proprietary) inverter, operating at a fixed input voltage.
Each power optimizer - named Power Box - can manage 1 to 4 PV modules, and performs the MPP
tracking at the module level. The output current is fixed by the inverter, and the output voltage is adjusted
accordingly, in order to deliver the maximum available power from each module. In the simulation model,
the efficiency loss of the PowerBox will be included in the inefficiencies of the global inverter.
The Power Boxes in a string operate completely independently one from the other, so that at a given time
the module productions may be different without any affect on the system (shadings, mismatch, different
orientations, etc).
The main relevant parameters of a PowerBox are:
- Input parameters VmppMin, VmppMax and VabsMax, which determine the possible number of PV
modules to be connected at the input, in the same way as for any MPPT inverter input.
- PPBmax: the maximum power admissible on the device. May be the Nominal power of the PV modules;
or better for optimal sizing: the maximum attainable Power of these modules in this system, under real
conditions.
- VPBoutMax : the maximum output voltage of the PowerBox (for example 60V).
- VPBoutMin : the minimum output voltage of the PowerBox (for example 5V).
- IPBoutMax . the maximum output current of the PowerBox.
The main parameters used for the sizing of the inverter are:
- PmaxAC: The nominal output power to the grid.
- PMaxDC: the corresponding power at the DC input, i.e. PmaxAC / efficiency at PMax
- VinvNom: fixed input operating voltage
- IDCMax: corresponding to the maximum power (= PMaxDC / VinvNom).
The string length limitations are
- Minimum string length: given as VinvNom / VPBoutMax (ex: 350V / 60V = 5.8, or 6 PowerBoxes).
In practice we count at least one more module in order to ensure a good shading tolerance.
- Maximum string length: first condition is VinvNom / VPBoutMin (ex: 350V / 5V =70 power Boxes).
- Maximum string length: second condition is for the max. power for the inverter: PMaxDC / PPBmax.
- Maximum string length: third condition is for the max. output current of the PowerBox.
For the sizing of the PV array, a good practice in PVsyst is to consider PPBmax as the maximum
operating power in the real conditions of the system, established according to the incidence meteo data
NB: Sorry, we don't have precise information about the situation in other regions.
Stand-alone system definition
First step:
- You are asked to define the user's needs 54 , proposed by default as a list of domestic appliance use.
Second step: array and battery pre-sizing:
- give the desired acceptable LOL probability 187 ,
- give the requested autonomy 184 ,
- choose the battery (system) voltage 20 ,
The program will then perform a system sizing, in a similar manner as in the "Presizing" section.
Third step: define the system components:
- choose the battery model in the database
=> the program determines the number of units in series and parallel.
-choose a PV module model
=> the program determines the number of modules in series and parallel, according to the battery
voltage.
PVSYST cannot support mixing module types in a single system.
Fourth step: Pass to the System configuration parameters ("Next" button):
- the program asks for defining the regulator 162 .
This may be chosen in the database, with constraints specific to each commercial model (operating
voltage thresholds, input and output currents, etc ),
But for the first simulations of a project, it is recommended to use the "Generic Default regulator",
which ensures a "standard" behaviour of the system, regardless of regulator constraints. In this case the
regulator parameters are adjusted by default values corresponding to the actual system at the simulation
time (for example, charging/discharging thresholds according to the battery pack configuration). This way,
they don't produce compatibility warnings as the existing models do.
- It is possible to use a power conditioning unit (MPPT or DC-DC converter). In PVsyst, these devices
You can now play with these parameters, and retrieve the automatic proposed values by clicking on the
associated checkbox at any time.
Warnings will be displayed if there are some incompatibilities between the chosen parameters. Red
warnings are not acceptable (simulation cannot be performed) and orange warnings are indicative. These
colours will be thrown back on the "System" LED's button.
Fifth step: If desired (in a further step of the project), you can
- modify the PV-array specific loss 82 parameters (thermal, wiring resistance, module quality, mismatch,
IAM) with the "Detailed Loss" button.
With a new simulation, the PV-array losses are pre-defined at standard "reasonable" values. These
standard default values may be adjusted (by "expert users") in the "Hidden parameter" 170 section.
Regulator Operating modes
When using a power conditioning converter, this device is defined in the "Regulator" parameters part.
When choosing a commercial regulator, this choice will automatically be updated according to the chosen
regulator capabilities.
With the "Default regulator" option, you have to choose the desired operating mode here, in order that the
program can select the suited "Generic Default" regulator.
DC-grid system definition
This is to be applied to some Public Transport networks, which operate at DC voltage in the 600 - 1500V
range. Upper voltages are difficult to carry out because of the maximum allowable voltage of the common
PV modules. Such an installation doesn't require power conditioning, nevertheless very heavy safety
disconnector devices should be foreseen for short-circuit protection in both directions.
Please :
- give the desired nominal power,
- give the operating DC-voltage of the grid, the maximum allowed voltage on the grid, and line
resistance 65 from the array's output up to the end-user (usually a vehicle). The line resistance from the
conventional supply to the user should be defined only if a load profile is specified.
- chose the regulation behaviour 65 when the PV-array output voltage overcomes the maximum grid
safety voltage.
- choose a PV module model
=> the program determines the number of modules in series and in parallel.
You can now play with these parameters. The program cannot determine the exact optimum of the number
of module in series. Therefore you should find this optimum by performing several simulation runs and
compare the maximum system yearly efficiency.
If desired (in a second step), you can
- define a user's load profile 65
- modify the PV-array specific loss 82 parameters (thermal, wiring resistance, module quality,
mismatch, IAM) with the "Detailed Loss" button.
For reasons of security and ohmic losses in the overhead lines, the public transport networks are usually
divided into little islands of relatively modest dimensions (of the size of a suburb). The power needs are
therefore highly variable: while a starting tramway can absorb 1 to 2 MW within a few seconds, during
the rest of the time, only a small number of vehicles (or often no vehicle) have to be supplied. The only
"load" which is to be satisfied will then be the "ribbon-consumption" of the vehicle's heating systems and
other services specific to the network.
Due to the fact that the PV installation is unable to store energy, these very special characteristics require
a preliminary and in-depth study of the on-site power demand, and its spread in time (power distribution
analysis with a few-second sampling).
PVSYST is able to treat this case through the "Hourly probability distributions" 54 load profile. We can
assume that when averaging over a long period, an hourly probability profile should be statistically
equivalent to few-seconds peaks with the same probability distribution.
With significant PV installations, the PV-array power sizing should keep the over-energy (PV energy which
cannot be used by the load) at a reasonable level. This could be a serious limiting condition to the system
size when the ribbon consumption is low.
DC-grid line resistance
The PV-to-user line resistance is taken downstream the array output, up to the end-user (vehicle). It should
not be confused with the PV-array ohmic resistance, which is distributed along the PV-array connexions
(see shema).
With undefined load profile (i.e. illimited load), the array output voltage is assumed to be the given "Main
power supply" parameter. In this case the voltage at the user level is the nominal voltage minus the line
ohmic loss; the supply-to-user line resistance is meaningless, as well as the overvoltage protection.
When a load profile is defined, the "Main power supply" is the conventional supply nominal voltage. The
program determines the user voltage (after the Supply-to-user line resistance voltage drop), and the PV
output voltage (user voltage increased with the PV-to-user voltage drop). The PV current is then calculated
according to the array I/V characteristics. The load current is the difference between the PV current and the
user's need current. If the PV array cannot deliver it's current due to low load, it's voltage will increase
according to the array I/V characteristics, and could reach the overvoltage limit.
All these currents and voltages are interdependent, and have to be calculated from current balances in a
loop procedure.
DC grid: Overvoltage regulation
The output voltage at the PV field terminals is the end-user's voltage (bus, tramway), to which is added the
line loss corresponding to the PV current through the line resistance PV-to-user. When the user's needs
become too weak, this voltage will increase following to the PV array I/V characteristics, and may reach
the array Voc value if there is no more load at all. It is therefore necessary to introduce a regulation
system, avoiding the possibility that this voltage goes over the maximum admissible voltage for the
network.
This regulation can operate according to 3 different modes:
- Global cut of the PV system,
- Progressive decrease of the PV power by cutting off some strings of modules,
- Progressive decrease by cutting off some modules in each string (which is not a very practical solution).
Pumping system definition
See also the Generalities 67 about pumping systems.
The complete definition of a pumping system involves several aspects, which are split in a "pipe" of 5 to 6
dialogs, which communicate through "Prev"/"Next"-like buttons.
When sizing a PV pumping system, the basic constraints are the availability of solar energy during the year, and
the satisfaction of the user's water needs. The problem to be solved is the optimisation of the size of the
photovoltaic generator and the pumps, taking the head and the electric PV-Pump matching into account, as well
as the chosen System configuration 73 .
Other secondary characteristics of the pumping system should be determined in a second step: wire diameters
between PV array and pump, pipe sizing, etc. These are involved in the Detailed Simulation Process.
Moreover, the sizing may be subjected to criteria which may take on different weights depending on the use:
- Reliability of the supply, and the consequences of no-delivery periods (may be overcome by a back-up
generator),
- Investment and maintenance costs, which should take into consideration the cost of the PV generator, pump
(s), regulation, and maintenance of the system. With battery buffered systems, also the initial cost of the
batteries, as well as that of their maintenance and replacement.
- Durability: Quality of the pumps and regulators, ease of maintenance and replacement, special wearing
conditions like sands or impurities in the water, etc.
Pumping Systems: Generalities
Solar Pumping System sizing and optimization is a rather complex task. Hydraulic and Electric requirements are
strongly coupled, with highly non-linear interdependence which prevent an easy understanding of the behavior
and performances of the complete system.
Most pump manufacturers do indeed propose their own "standard" system configurations, or graphical tools for
evaluating the production of their pump during a normalized day. But these don’t give any information about the
yield in real conditions, over the whole year, according to fluctuating needs or depth, and in a given climate.
PVsyst deals with three types of pumping systems:
- Pumping from a deep well 69 , to a tank storage; boreholes usually have some limitations (drawdown level
depending on the flow pumped, static level variable over the seasons).
- Pumping from a lake or river 70 ; here also the level may be seasonal.
- Pumping into a pressurized tank 70 , for water distribution.
The general problematics is the following: the customer usually specifies:
See also Deep well system 69 for definition of the variables HD and HS.
If we consider the borehole as an impervious tube, when pumping the water level will drop as the flowrate Q [m3/
h] divided by the hole section area Aw [m²].
On the other hand, the re-filling of the well from the surrounding porous medium is a diffusive process. One can
admit as a reasonable hypothesis that the refilling flowrate is proportional to the stress, i.e. the drawdown
dynamic head.
Under these hypotheses the real level in the well (or HD evolution) will obey the following equation:
dHD / dt = - 1/ * HD + Q (t) / Aw
One can easily see that for steady-state conditions (dHD / dt = 0), this equation leads to a drawdown height HD
linear with the flowrate. Indeed, compared to a reference case, we have for any flowrate:
HD = Q * HDref / Qref
Under this hypothesis, the ratio HDref/Qref is a characteristics of the well, which we will call the "specific
drawdown" (expressed in [meter / m3/h]).
This parameter is mainly related to the geologic properties of the surrounding ground (permeability, storage
capacity), and the construction technique of the borehole. It may be measured rather easily, using a portable
engine-pump and measuring the water depth and flowrate in stabilized conditions.
Borehole parameter in PVsyst
As a matter of fact, a pumping test is often performed for measuring the borehole performance, which yields
essentially 3 parameters: the static level (HS), a reference flowrate available from the well Qref, and the
corresponding dynamic level (HDref). Navarte (2000) reports several results of such tests in Africa, of which we
give some examples.
HS HDref Qref HD / Q
[m] [m] [m3/h] [m / m3/h]
Angola
Rotunda 20 25 7.2 3.5
Chamaco 12 20 6.9 2.9
Lupale 20 24 5 4.8
Morocco
Abdi 13 22 21.6 1.0
Ourika 17 2 10.8 0.2
Iferd 10 50 36 1.4
We can observe from these examples that the Dynamic contribution is not to be neglected !
The recovery time (corresponding to a 1/e re-filling) is easily calculated from the steady state conditions:
= Aw * HDref / Qref
For example, in the case of a borehole of diameter 0.15 m in Rotunda, this is about 4 minutes. Therefore this
HG Storage Tank
Ground level
HS
Hmax
HD
Pump
For this system, in the "Pumping Hydraulic definitions" dialog, you will be asked to specify:
- The static depth. This may be also be given in seasonal or monthly values, in the "Water Needs" next dialog.
For this system, in the "Pumping Hydraulic definitions" dialog, you will be asked to specify:
- The lake or river level depth, by respect to the ground. This may be also be given in seasonal or monthly values,
in the "Water Needs" next dialog.
- The Pump depth, may be at most 5 m over the source depth,
You will also define the Storage Tank 71 and Hydraulic circuit 72 parameters.
A little graphical tool shows the total head and its contributions, as a function of flowrate.
Pumping pressurization system
For this system, in the "Pumping Hydraulic definitions" dialog, you will be asked to specify:
- The source level depth, by respect to the ground. This may be also be given in seasonal or monthly values, in
the "Water Needs" next dialog.
- The maximum pressure in the tank (stop pumping),
- The minimum pressure in the tank (stop feeding the users),
- The pressurization (air) volume at minimum pressure.
You will also define the Storage Tank 71 and Hydraulic circuit 72 parameters.
A little graphical tool shows the total head and its contributions, as a function of the pump flowrate.
Pumping: Storage tank
The tank volume should be sized according to the daily user's needs, and the required autonomy.
Pumping: Piping circuit
In the same way, the energy is related to the total water volume transferred
At the moment PVsyst accepts electrical connexions in serie only for centrifugal pumps with DC motor. Other
configurations don't make sense. The reasons are:
On the electric side, connecting two positive displacement pumps in series will prevent good starting conditions;
after one pump has started, overcoming its peak starting current, the current will suddenly drop to the operating
value; therefore the total current will be limited so that the second pump may never reach its own thresholds
current.
On the hydraulic side, it is probably not a good practice to connect two pumps in cascade for obtaining a higher
head in the same flow, as non-linearities in the pump behaviour, or electric feeding differences, may lead to very
unbalanced heads. This is especially true for positive displacement pumps.
It is far better to choose a pump model which undertakes the nominal foreseen head.
Regulation: Direct Coupling
The following figure shows a typical pump behavior, superimposed on the I/V array characteristic. An equivalent
figure - with your real components - is available in the "System" definition dialog in PVsyst, when you are choosing
your Pumps and PV modules.
Head = 40m
6 .
Pump characteristics .
Head = 20m
4
DC-DC converter
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Voltage [V]
Such a configuration implies in a very careful optimization. At any time, the operating point is the intersection of
the two characteristics: PV production and pump consumption. If the pump curve is too high (array current
undersized), the pumping threshold will be high, penalizing the low irradiances (low season, bad days and
morning/evening). If it is too low, the full potential power of the array is not used during bright hours. The optimal
sizing is therefore depending either on the irradiance distribution (i.e. location, orientation, meteo), and on the
periods at which the water needs are the more important.
Moreover, the pump characteristic is strongly dependent on the head, displacing the curve parallel to itself.
Therefore, the sizing will also be dependent on the conditions of use, impeding using simple "thumb rules" valid
for any system at any place.
Regulation: Direct Coupling with Booster
Most displacement pumps require a significant peak of current (at low voltage) when starting, in order to
overcome the internal friction forces. We see on the PV characteristics diagram that the array current is not able to
provide the peak unless by waiting very high insolation, increasing the irradiance threshold. Help is usually
provided by an electronic device named "Booster", which stores the PV energy in a big capacity and gives it back
as a peak of current.
This strategy is useable with a single pump system. When several pumps are involved in the system, the
Cascade 76 configuration is best suited.
Regulation: Direct Coupling with Cascading
This opportunity improves drastically the performances of the direct coupling 74 configuration, lowering the
irradiance threshold and improving the operating at high irradiances.
But be careful: the determination of the irradiance threshold for starting the second pump is of great importance
For pumps with MPPT power conditioning units, the cascading cannot be used unless the MPPT algorithms are
suited for "Master/slave" operation. Indeed, the operating point of the characteristics of the PV array cannot of
course be driven simultaneously by two independent MPPT devices.
Such an operation mode is not yet implemented in the present version of PVsyst.
Regulation: Direct Coupling with Array Reconfiguration
This strategy is not advised when several pumps are used: the Cascading operation 76 is probably more suited
in this case.
But be careful: the determination of the irradiance threshold for commuting the arrays is of great importance for
the final performances (see the Results 79 analysis for details) !
At the input side, the voltage may be chosen close to the maximum power point, and stays quite near for any
irradiance. On most commercial DC-DC devices, the input voltage may be adjusted by hardware. PVsyst includes
a specific tool optimisation 166 for determining the optimal DC voltage setting.
Performances are only related to the array and meteo, they don't depend on the pump configuration.
100%
80%
60%
Yearly array Yield at fixed operating voltage
40%
(maxi 99% at 65.5V)
20%
0%
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Fixed operating voltage
At the output side, the power is supposed to be transmitted to the motor at the optimal current/voltage point
corresponding to the available power.
For AC pumps, a PCU (DC or MPPT converter) suited for a given pump is usually proposed by the pump's
manufacturer. It is supposed to fit the inputs requirements (voltage and frequency) for proper operation.
Efficiency
Nowadays, the converter efficiency is usually of the order of 95% in the high powers region. This efficiency drops
toward low powers as other similar devices like inverters. It is treated as such in PVsyst: an efficiency profile is
constructed using the maximum and "euro" average efficiency, defined in a similar way as for inverters.
By the way, efficiency drop often arises at powers which are below the hydraulic threshold of the pump; therefore it
doesn't affect the normal running.
Of course the DC-DC converter also plays the role of a "Booster". The starting high current is usually required
under very low voltage, therefore low power.
You can have a look on the Results 79 , which confirms that the Fixed Voltage DC technology gives
performances approaching the MPPT, and is not very sensitive to the fixed voltage.
Conceptually, in this operating mode, the battery should not be sized for storing energy over a medium or long
period - the water storage in the tank is far more efficient for this task.
It should be meant for yielding a power complement when the sun's power doesn't reach the pump's power
threshold, and also absorb the excess energy when it overcomes the pump's maximum power. This way the
battery capacity may be reduced to a few operating hours.
In practice the pump is connected to the battery, and operates at the fixed battery voltage at any time. It could be
regulated in the same way as any other consumer in a stand-alone system, i.e. turned OFF according to the
battery discharge threshold protection. But this would lead to a very intensive use of the battery, in a domain (low
charge state) where the wearing is very important.
It would be far better to turn the pump ON only when the sun already yields a significant power, but just not
sufficient for activating the pump. This way the battery may be understood as a "power regulating" device.
Therefore the regulating device should act according to an irradiance level sensor (in conjunction of course with
the discharge protection of the battery), with a threshold carefully chosen, in such a way that it starts a little before
the pump's threshold.
The detailed simulations should help for determining this threshold in each given situation, in order to optimize
both the water yield and the battery wearing conditions.
Please have a look on the Results 79 , which indicate that the Battery Buffered performances approach the ones
with power converters.
We would like to give here an example for comparing the performances of the different possible configurations of
the system.
Needs 4 m3/day Direct Direct with Cascade Cascade Array MPPT 26V DC 28V DC 30V DC Battery Battery
coupling Booster Reconfig Conv. Conv. Conv. Conv. 50 Ah 50 Ah
Threshold 500 W/m2 680 W/m2 680 W/m2 400 W/m2 680 W/m2
Water pumped 775 1161 983 1399 1436 1469 1469 1469 1469 1469 1171
Missing water 676 290 469 53 23 0 0 0 0 280
Energy at pump 521 782 660 932 946 977 978 977 975 988 786
Unused PV energy 0 5 0 88 108 409 371 395 341 389 550
Unused PV energy 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 8.6% 10.2% 29.5% 27.5% 28.8% 25.9% 26.1% 36.9%
System efficiency 35.0% 52.5 44.4 62.6 63.6 65.6 65.7 65.7 65.5 66.4% 52.8%
Pump efficiency 56.6% 56.4 56.5 56.9 57.5 57.1 56.9 57 57.1 56.5% 56.7%
1600
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We can observe that all direct coupling configurations show lower performances than systems with power
converters.
The direct coupling yields half the needs only. Although it is very dependent on the PV array sizing, the
performances of such a configuration are always deceiving and strongly depend on details of the system sizing.
Introducing a booster device improves the situation; this overcomes the starting over-current set at 1A for this
pump (in the lack of manufacturer's information, we have fixed this value arbitrarily; this corresponds to half the
normal threshold current for this head).
The Predefined Graphs "Flowrate function of Irradiance" in the results is a suitable tool for understanding the
behaviour and optimising the threshold ! Here for the 500 W/m² and 680 W/m² thresholds.
The array reconfiguration option shows quite similar performances as pump cascading. Although suitable
controllers seem to be not available on the market, it is very easy to construct without deep investment in
sophisticated electronics. And it may be used of course with one only pump, which avoids the practical
disagreements of the pump's cascading.
As for cascading, the threshold determination is very important and should be carefully determined with the same
tools.
Power converters offer of course the best results. And as expected, MPPT converter is the more efficient.
But we can observe that DC-DC converters with fixed input voltage are almost as efficient, and that the fixed
voltage value is not critical. This could lead to cheaper converters, without MPPT algorithm implementation. It also
allows to use standard converters, with standard (not solar) pumps.
Finally, the Battery Buffered system gives equivalent results as power converters. At the condition that the Pump
starting threshold (by respect to irradiance) is set sufficiently low. Otherwise the pump is not running sufficiently
often, and the battery becomes often over-charged. But of course it involves the use of a (little) battery pack, which
have to be replaced periodically.
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Generally speaking, array losses can be defined as all events which penalise the available array output energy
by respect to the PV-module nominal power as stated by the manufacturer for STC conditions 190 . This is the
philosphy stated by the JRC/Ispra European Centre recommendations, through the Normalised performance
index 94 . Several of these loss sources are not directly measurable.
Starting with incident irradiation in the collector plane (after taking irradiation shading effects into account), one
can imagine that an ideal PV-array should yield one kW/kWp under an irradiance (Ginc) of 1 kW. That is,
assuming a linear response according to Ginc, the ideal array will produce one kWh energy under one kWh
The incidence effect (the designated term is IAM, for "Incidence Angle Modifier") corresponds to the weakening
of the irradiation really reaching the the PV cells's surface, with respect to irradiation under normal incidence. In
principle, this loss obeys Fresnel's Laws concerning transmission and reflections on the protective layer (the
glass), and on the cell's surface. In practice, it is often approached using a parametrisation called "ASHRAE" (as
it has become a standard in this American norm), depending on one only parameter bo:
For single-glazed thermal solar modules, the usually accepted value for bo is of the order of 0.1. But in a PV
The user is free to choose his parameter bo, or even to define any special profile shape as a function of the
incidence angle. The custom profile can be easily drawn on the graph with the mouse.
Array mismatch loss
Losses due to "mismatch" are related to the fact that the real modules in the array do not rigorously present the
same I/V characteristics. A graphical tool helps for visualising the realistic behaviour of such an array, with a
random dispersion of the characteristics of short-circuit current for each module.
This tool allows for the quantification of power-loss at the maximum power point, as well as of current-loss
(usually higher!) when working at fixed voltage.
The simulation asks for a Mismatch loss factor (different for MPP or fixed-voltage operation), which is taken as
constant during the simulation.
Wiring loss optimisation
The aim of this tool is to optimise the wire diameters in the array, given a predefined loss limit.
First give a look on the array usual wiring schema, by pressing the "Schema" button. This identifies the different
parts of the circuits by colors:
- The "string" connections between all modules of a string, up to the wiring connection box (usually situated
near the array).
- The connexion between this boxes and the system (inverter, battery, …),
- Optionally, when choosing "Groups of parallel string", the connection between the group boxes and the global
array box.
Secondly, you have to specify the average wire length for each circuit category (total length, i.e. minus and plus
poles for each loop).
The program shows the nominal current and the resistance of one branch, as well as their contribution to the
whole array resistance (as seen from the array connections). It proposes a list of standardised wire sections,
beginning from the smallest wire compatible with the actual loop current.
The "wire" button allows to see the standard wire properties (diameters, maximum
current, resistivity), as well as their price, which you can define in order to optimise the
wiring cost. The maximum wire currents are given by the European Norm, for isolated
wires mounted in apparent or ventilated mounting ducts (CEI 364-5-523, 1983)
Finally, you can specify a maximum loss:
- either in terms of % (at MPP) when operating at MPP,
- or in voltage drop when operating at fixed voltage.
The program will then optimise the wire sections matching these requirements, either minimising the copper
mass, or the wiring cost providing you have defined the wire prices in the "wire" dialog.
Array ohmic wiring loss
The wiring ohmic resistance induces losses ( R · I² ) between the power available from the modules and that at
the terminals of the array. These losses can be characterised by just one parameter R defined for the global
array
The program proposes a default global wiring loss fraction of 3% by respect to the STC 190 running conditions (i.
e; Vmpp/Impp, i.e. a resistance-like quantity). But note that the energy loss behaves as the square of the current
(or the power), so that at half-power the ohmic loss is divided by a factor of four.
The effective loss during a given period will be given as a simulation result. It is usually of the order of one half to
60% of the above specified relative loss when operation at MPP.
The program offers a special tool 84 intended to optimise the wire diameters at each stage of the array.
This dialog also asks for the voltage drop across the series protection diode. The corresponding energy loss will
Thermal Model
The parameters of the Thermal behaviour of the field are defined in the "Array Losses" dialog, available from the
system parameter definition (see also Array Losses definition 82 ).
The thermal behaviour of the field - which strongly influences the electrical performances - is determined by an
energy balance between ambient temperature and cell's heating up due to incident irradiance:
U · (Tcell - Tamb) = Alpha · Ginc · (1 - Effic)
where Alpha is the absorption coefficient of solar irradiation, and Effic is the PV efficiency (related to the module
area), i.e. the removed energy from the module.
The usual value of the Absorption coefficient Alpha is 0.9. It is eventually modifiable in the PV module definition
dialog.
When possible, the PV efficiency is calculated according to the operating conditions of the module. Otherwise it is
taken as 10%.
The thermal behaviour is characterised by a thermal loss factor designed here by U-value (formerly called K-
value), which can be split into a constant component Uc and a factor proportional to the wind velocity Uv :
By the way, when the wind velocity is not present in the data (as it is the case for all synthetic meteo files
constructed by PVsyst), PVsyst transfers the wind-dependent contribution into the Uc factor, assuming an
average wind velocity of 1.5 m/s (or 5 m/s in the latter case).
Since version 4.0, the default value is fixed for free-standing arrays, as :
Uc = 29 W/m²·k, Uv = 0 W/m²·k / m/s
If you have fully insulated arrays, this should be halved:
Uc = 15 W/m²·k, Uv = 0 W/m²·k / m/s
Concerned people agreed that this is an acceptable choice.
NB: our recent measurements on an horizontal array of amorphous frameless modules, mounted not jointive at 8
cm above a steel roof, showed a value U = 18 W/m²k.
These values suppose an average wind velocity of around 1.5 m/sec at the collectors level. In very windy regions
(larger average wind velocities), you can increase the values; but we cannot say by which amount in a reliable
way.
NOCT Values
Some practicians - and most of PV module's catalogues - usually specify the NOCT coefficient ("Nominal
Operating Collector Temperature"), which is the temperature attained by the PV modules without back coverage
under the standard operating conditions defined as:
Gincid = 800 W/m², Tamb=20°C, Wind velocity = 1 m/s, Open Circuit (?).
The NOCT factor is related to our loss factor U by the thermal balance (from the expression of the top):
Alpha · 800 W/m² · (1 - 0) = (Uc + Uv · 1m/s) · (NOCT - 20°C).
In the definition dialog, the user may define either the U factors or the NOCT. The program immediately gives the
equivalence (using Alpha=0.9 and Effic = 10%, without wind dependence).
Module Layout
There is now a tool for defining:
- the layout of the PV modules on the available area, with geometrical constraints,
- the cabling (i.e. the attribution of each module to a given string defined in the "system" part,
- this will lead (in a next version) to a detailed calculation of the electrical effect of shadings, replacing (for
not too big systems) the evaluation "according to modules".
Available area definition
In the first tab "Mechanical", you can define surfaces for receiving the PV modules, which we will name "
sub-field area".
Each sub-field area is a rectangle-based area, in which you can include "secondary rectangles" of any
size for defining areas "forbidden for modules". These secondary rectangles may be positioned on corners,
or anywhere in the main rectangle (representing for example a window, a chimney with its shaded
environment, etc.
This rectangle may also be transformed into a rectangular triangle, for example for representing a four-sided
roof.
Within such an inactive "secondary rectangle", you may also redefine an active rectangle for receiving
modules.
You can define as much "sub-field areas" as desired. These mechanical sub-fields areas, defined
"geographically" on your building, are not related and should not be confused with the "electrical sub-fields
" of the PV system definitions, corresponding to a set of module strings connected to one or several
inverters.
For sheds arrangements, you will define one sub-field for each shed (or tracker if you have a tracking
system). For several disconnected roof elements, one for each element.
NB: The Layout definition will be saved with your project. At the moment it doesn't have any implication on
the simulation (will be used in the future for shadings). It is not part of the final report: you should print it
here in the dedicated tool.
Module Layout: subfields
A "sub-field area" is a (geometrical) surface element for receiving the PV modules.
This should not be confused with the sub-fields (sub-arrays) that you have defined in the "System"
definitions, which concerns the electrical arrangements in strings ("homogeneous" for a set of inverter
inputs).
You can construct here sub-field areas of any shape, for receiving the modules of your system. You can
define as much sub-field areas as necessary, by the button "Add", independently of your electrical sub-
arrays. For example is sheds arrangements, you will define a sub-field area for each shed.
For complex systems, you are advised to give significant names (can be typed in the ComboBox) to each
sub-field. These names will namely appear in the wiring schema output of this tool, assigning each module
to an electrical string.
Simulation
When all parameters are acceptable (LED's all green or orange), the program gives access to the hourly
simulation.
Simulation dates are based on the Meteo file dates, and can be restricted to a limited period.
The simulation process 88 involves several dozens of variables, which are stored in monthly values in
the results file, and will be available as monthly tables and graphs.
Nevertheless the program cannot store all these data in hourly values. Data of interest for the user should
be defined before the simulation, in order to be accumulated during the simulation process. PVSYST
offers three ways for the output of detailed hourly or daily data:
- Accumulating Hourly values: the user may choose a set of variable of interest, to be accumulated in
hourly values. Each variable will occupy about 18 kB on the output .VCi file. By default, the program
chooses about ten fundamental variables. These will allow for displaying detailed plots of one or several
simultaneously variables, with a very comfortable navigating tool over the whole year.
- Special graphs 92 : the user can pre-define four kinds of special graphs (time evolution, scatterplot,
histogram and sorted values) for any variable in daily or hourly values. About ten specific and usual
graphs are already defined with each new simulation.
- ASCII export files 91 : the user can choose any among the variables, to be written in daily or hourly
values on an ASCII file for exporting to another software (spreadsheet, e.g. Microsoft Excel). The ASCII
file is generated during the simulation process.
After completion, the simulation allows for opening the "Results" 92 dialog.
Simulation results for a particular "variant" can be stored, with all involved parameters, in a file named as
the project's file, with the extension .VCi (i = 0..9, A..Z).
Simulation process: irradiance and PV array
The simulation involves about fifty variables 94 , which are all accumulated in monthly values.
When starting, the early parameter definition parts in the program have already verified the consistency of all input
parameters.
In a first step, the diffuse attenuation factor 185 should be calculated, by integrating simultaneously shading and
IAM attenuation factors over the viewed part of the vault of heaven. The same thing holds for the albedo
attenuation factor 184 .
Then the hourly simulation performs the following steps, for each hour:
Incident "effective" energy calculation
- Reading one hour data on the Meteo file (Horizontal global irradiation, temperature, eventually diffuse
For double orientation fields, the whole meteo calculation is repeated for the second field orientation, output
meteo variables are accumulated as averages between the two orientations, weighted by the field area ratio.
Then both array characteristics are electrically combined, in order to search the real maximum power point.
System energy
The next simulation stages are system dependent :
- Grid connected system 89 ,
- Stand-alone system 90 ,
- Pumping system 91 ,
- DC-grid system 90 .
NB. All energies are calculated here as average power during one hour. They are expressed in [kWh/h] or [MJ/h],
that is in a power equivalent unit. Therefore with hourly steps Power and Energy hold the same numerical
values. Although most calculations are indeed related on power quantities, we will express them as
energies for simplification.
Simulation process: grid system
Once the Incident Global Effective irradiation and the MPP running conditions are determined, the grid system has
to take the inverter behaviour into account, that is:
- If EArrMPP doesn't reach the inverter input threshold, the array is considered as open circuit (I=0 and U=Voc).
- If the inverter output power exceeds it's nominal power, it behaves according to the definitions of the inverter
characteristics, that is:
Limitation: the inverter searches, on the array I/V curve, the running point corresponding to it's output
nominal power, by decreasing the operating current.
Simulation simultaneously manages Array production, Battery, eventually Back-up production, and the user
consumption. At the meeting point (battery terminals), all voltages are the same and simulation has to perform a
current balance.
For each component, the current is a complex function of the voltage:
- PV-array: search the operating point on the I/V array characteristics, (irradiation and temperature already
known), paying attention that ohmic, module quality and mismatch losses have an action on the actual
current, for a given voltage
- Battery: voltage characteristics of the battery model depends on state of charge (SOC), temperature and
current,
- Load: Given energy, states current as function of the voltage,
- Back-up generator: Given energy, states current as function of the voltage,
so that balance has to be achieved by successive iterations.
Once the currents are determined, SOC and battery voltage are calculated for the end of the time interval.
Moreover, the system behaviour depends on the regulation state. They could be:
- PV-array disconnected when full battery,
- Load disconnected in case of deep battery discharge,
- Back-up generator eventually running (if defined in the system) according to battery voltage.
Due to battery voltage evolution, these operating conditions may change during the time step. In this case the
program determines the exact time when a regulator threshold condition is met, evaluates the energies for this
hour fraction, and starts again a balance loop according to the new operating conditions.
Several variables 97 are computed during and after this process: array running characteristics, battery storage
and ageing, load an used energies, etc.
Simulation process: DC-grid system
Simulation Export file allows for writing chosen daily, hourly or monthly values on an ASCII file in order to be used
in another software. It should be defined before the simulation, as the output file is generated during the
simulation process.
Procedure
- Define the output file name, which will be placed, by default, in the PVSYST \ DATA \ UserData directory.
- Choose the fields format (separated or fixed fields), and the separator.
- The date and hour format (including Microsoft EXCEL-compatible dates),
- The type of values (Hourly, Daily or Monthly),
- The parameters to be accumulated.
Models
The user has the opportunity of saving these definitions in a library, to reuse it in other projects.
Note
Although your file parameter definitions will be kept over different simulation runs, you may choose if you want to
effectively produce the file or not. By default, after producing the first output it will turn on "No Output", and you will
have to explicitely ask for an ASCII output before running the next simulation.
Tip: for monthly values, you will have a very fast way of exporting data by using direct export of the monthly result
tables, either through a file or by "Copy"/"Paste" in the clipboard.
Graphs of hourly and daily values have to be defined before the simulation process. You can define up to 30
different plots (including about ten already defined by default).
Procedure
Four kinds of plots are proposed:
- For each of them, you have to chose Daily or Hourly values, and the units.
- Time evolution, you will define the parameter to be accumulated, and the time interval (which may be different
of the simulation period).
- Scatterplot allows to show the dependence of one parameter on another one (for example: Input/Output
diagram). You must define the parameter for each axis, as well as the analysis period.
- Values distribution will plot values as an histogram. Apart from the physical parameter to be used, you have
to define the starting, the width and the number of classes ("bins"). In the first class, you may impose a
threshold to eliminate, for example, null values at night.
These definitions depend on the range of values taken by the parameter, which has to be known à priori. In
case of doubt, you can confidently ask for a larger range (up to 400 bins) as the programme will automatically
truncate the empty classes below and above.
The accumulation can take place either in time (number of hourly or daily occurrences), or in energy.
- Ordered values are histograms in which each class accumulates all lower values, and therefore give the
distribution of values lower than a given value. The necessary definitions are the same as those for
histograms.
- Please also give a name, which will be the plot title in outputs. You can use the button at the right to produce
an automatic plot name.
Models
The user has the opportunity of saving definition of each plot in a library, to reuse it in other projects.
Please note that the definitions of histograms will have to be updated according to the size of each system.
Nevertheless the default graphs histograms are automatically updated.
Simulation and comparison
When all parameters are acceptable (LED's all green), the program gives access to the hourly simulation.
Simulation dates are based on the Measured data file dates, and can be restricted to a limited period.
Besides the "Online graphs" and "Output files" decribed for the usual simulation 88 , you should also define the
"Comparison" 168 requirements, i.e. which simulation variable has to be associated to each measured data, and
under which constraints.
Then the simulation process, beyond accumulating graphs as for pure simulation, will also accumulate couples
of comparable data in hourly or daily values.
After completion, the simulation/comparison allows to open the "Results" 92 dialog.
Simulation results for a particular "variant" can be stored, with all involved parameters, in a file named as the
project's file, with the extension .CMi (i = 0..9, A..Z).
Results
The simulation results are summarised in a printable "Report", which holds an exhaustive table of all parameters
used during the simulation, as well as a short description of the main results.
But many other results may be visualised and printed:
The simulation involves several dozens of variables 94 , which are all stored in monthly values in the "Simulation
variant" file.
These monthly results are available as:
- Pre-defined tables: several tables, grouped by parameter themes, are immediately available.
- Custom table: you can build your own monthly table by choosing eight among any of the calculated variables.
The Result dialog offers the opportunity of recalling other "variants" of the project, in order to perform quick
comparisons.
Loss diagram
The loss diagram provides a quick and insight look on the quality of a PV system design, by identifying the main
sources of losses.
Little buttons enable to group the losses into general topics (meteo and optical, PV array, system, energy use) or
to expand any topic to detailed losses.
The loss diagram is available for the whole year, or for each month in order to evaluate seasonal effects of
particular losses.
Please refer to Array losses, general considerations 82 for a general explanation of the losses in PVsyst.
The array losses start from the rough evaluation of the nominal energy, using the global effective irradiance and
the array MPP nominal efficiency at STC. Then it gives the detail of the PV model behaviour according to the
environmental variables.
In stand-alone systems, the diagram gives a detail of the battery use, that is which part of the energy effectively
transits by the battery. Minimizing the battery use is of some importance for the lifetime (number of charge/
discharge cycles).
NB: Each loss is defined as percentage of the previous energy quantity. Therefore the percent values are of
course not additive: when grouping the losses, the overall percentage is not the sum of the detailed values!
NB: The accounting of the individual losses is far from being trivial problem! The simulation process and some
variable definitions had to be deeply reformulated for obtaining a coherent figure.
And some contributions are impossible to evaluate rigorously. For example in stand-alone systems, the
ohmic losses are evaluated using the usual relation Ploss=R * I². But in reality the array resistance
modifies the PV operating point and the whole circuit equilibrium, so that a more accurate calculation would
probably be simulating the complete system with and without this resistance, and evaluate the differences.
But even with this method, some loss contributions will be transferred to other ones.
By the way, even if some individual losses are not quite well determined, the Energy values at each main step of
the simulation are in principle correctly calculated.
You can refer to the following pages for a detailed description of the individual variables:
In order to facilitate comparisons between several PV installations, JRC (European Joint Research Center)
introduced the following Performance Index.
These indicators are related to the incident energy in the collector plane, and are normalised by the Pnom =
Array nominal installed power at STC 190 , as given by the PV-module manufacturer [kWp].
Therefore they are independent of the array size, the geographic situation and the field orientation.
In these definitions the yield energies are expressed as [kWh / KWp / day]. In other words, these quantities are
numerically equal to the Equivalent operating time under a constant irradiance of 1 kW/m², that is, they can also
be expressed as [Hours/day] when running at 1 kW/m², or [kWh/m²/day] (see the remark below).
We define the following quantities:
- Yr = Reference system Yield is the ideal array Yield according to Pnom as defined by manufacturer, without
any loss. It can be understood as each incident kWh should ideally produce the Array Nominal Power Pnom
during one hour. Yr is numerically equal to the incident energy in the array plane, expressed in [kWh/m²/day].
- Ya = Array Yield is the array daily output energy, referred to the nominal power [kWh / KWp / day].
- Yf = System Yield is the system daily useful energy, referred to the nominal power [kWh / KWp / day].
- Lc = Collection Loss = Yr - Ya, is the array losses 82 , including thermal, wiring, module quality, mismatch
and IAM losses, shading, dirt, MPP, regulation losses, as well as all other inefficiencies.
- Ls = System Loss = Ya - Yf, include inverter loss in grid-connected systems, or battery inefficiencies in stand-
alone.
- PR = Performance Ratio = YF / YR, is the global system efficiency by respect to the nominal installed power.
For stand-alone systems (or every system with limited load), we also introduce:
- Lu = Unused energy, the potentially available energy at the array output, which can't be used because the
system is "saturated" (full battery, or limited load in DC-grid system).
This should be determined during the simulation, and we have: Ya = Yr - Lu - Lc.
In this case Lc is the collection loss, only when the system is able to use the produced energy.
The following variables are calculated during the simulation process 88 , and available as results:
Meteorological data:
GlobHor Horizontal global irradiation,
as read on the meteo file.
DiffHor Horizontal diffuse irradiation,
read on the meteo file
BeamHor Horizontal beam irradiation, =
GlobHor-DiffHor.
Tamb Ambient temperature,
The following variables are calculated during the simulation process 88 , and available as results:
Meteo and irradiation variables 94 : see previous page.
PV array and inverter behaviour
Earray Effective energy at the array output (taking inverter behaviour into account)
Iarray Array current (taking inverter behaviour into account)
Uarray Array voltage (taking inverter behaviour into account)
InvLoss Global inverter loss
IL Oper Inverter Loss during operation (efficiency curve)
IL Pmin Inverter Loss due to power threshold'
IL Pmax Inverter Loss due to power overcharging
IL Vmin Inverter Loss due to low voltage MPP window
IL Vmax Inverter Loss due to upper voltage MPP window
Syst ON System operating duration
Energy output and use
EOutInv Available Energy at Inverter Output
E Load Energy need of the user if load is defined
E User Energy supplied to the user if load is defined
The following variables are calculated during the simulation process 88 , and available as results:
Meteo and irradiation variables 94 : see previous page.
PV array behaviour
EArrMPP Array virtual energy at MPP (after wiring, module quality
and mismatch losses),
Virtual calculation independent of the system running and
voltage operation
EArUfix Array virtual energy at fixed voltage
Voltage as calculated b y the b alance loop (real b attery
voltage),
or Battery reference voltage when PV-array
disconnected.
EUnused Unused energy (full battery) loss (EArUFix when Charging OFF)
MPPLoss Loss by respect to the MPP operation
(when charging ON)
Earray Effective energy at the output of the array (when charging ON)
IArray Array Current (accumulated in Ah)
UArray Array Voltage (average when Charging ON)
ArrayON State / Duration of the PV production of the array
If converter present: converter losses
CL Oper Converter loss during operation (efficiency curve)
CL Pmin Converter Loss due to power threshold'
CL Pmax Converter Loss due to power overcharging
CL Vmin Converter Loss due to low voltage MPP window
CL Vmax Converter Loss due to upper voltage MPP window
CnvLoss Global converter losses
OutConv Energy at converter output
Battery operation: storage, losses and ageing
EBatCh Battery Charging Energy
U Batt Average battery voltage, any conditions,
UBatCh Battery Voltage during charging operation
The following variables are calculated during the simulation process 91 of the pumping system, and are
available as results.
The Irradiance and PV-Array variable 94 topic describes all the preceding simulation variables, which lead to the
last quantity really independent of the system running conditions, the Array virtual energy at MPP.
The set of variables involved in the pumping system simulation, as well as their signification and order, is
dependent on the System Configuration 73 . The energies (in blue) at different levels of the system are visualised
on the Loss diagram.
Direct coupling configuration
With Direct coupling 74 configurations, including improved solutions with booster, pump cascading or Array
reconfiguration, the set of main variables is defined as:
EArrMpp Virtual available energy at the maximum power point.
MPPLoss Loss by respect to the MPP running (EArrMpp - EArray)
EArray Effective energy at the output of the array, according to the real Voltage operating point.
This contribution is also accounted for when the pump is stopped due to full tank conditions,
assuming normal voltage of the pump, as if it were running.
IArray Corresponding current, instantaneous [A] or cumulated [Ah].
UArray Corresponding voltage, instantaneous or averaged [V].
Cascading or array reconfiguration configurations:
1_PmpON Operation duration with one pump / low voltage array
2_PmpON Operation duration with two pumps / high voltage
A_PmpON Operation duration with all pumps
EPStart Energy loss under the starting current threshold (EArray when pump not started)
(only for positive displacement pumps, without booster).
EPmpThr Energy loss under pump producing threshold (EArray when FlowR = 0)
(for centrifugal pumps, which should attain a given speed before reaching the useful
head).
EPmpOvr Pump overload energy (EArray in excess of the pump's maximum power)
EPmpAv Available useful energy at pump when running (EArray - EPStart - EPmpThr - EPmpOvr)
(before taking the Pump stopping due to hydraulic constraints into account).
MPPT converter configuration
EArray Effective energy at the output of the array (normally = EArrMpp)
(may be slightly different with step-down converter 163 voltage limitations.
A lot of further (secondary) variables are available for results, which are not described here.
Simulation variables: DC-grid systems
The following variables are calculated during the simulation process 88 , and available as results:
Meteo and irradiation variables 94 : see previous page.
PV array behaviour
EArrMPP Array virtual energy at MPP (after wiring, module quality
and mismatch losses),
Virtual calculation independent of the system state
EArUfix Array virtual energy at fixed voltage
Voltage as calculated b y the b alance loop (real load
voltage),
or line reference voltage when PV-array disconnected.
MPPLoss Loss by respect to the MPP operation
EUnused Unused energy loss (over the user's demand)
Earray Effective energy at the output of the array
IArray Array Current
UArray Array Voltage
ArrayON State / Duration of the PV production of the array
System operating conditions
Esupply Energy from Conventional Power Supply
The net investment - for the owner - is derived from the gross investment by substracting eventual
subsidies and adding a tax percentage (VAT). Choosing a loan duration and interest rate, the program
computes the annual financial cost, supposing a loan pay back as constant annuities. The loan duration
The total annual cost is the sum of the annuities and the running costs. Divided by the effectively
produced and used energy, it gives an evaluation of the energy cost (price of the used kWh). This is of
course depending on the above hypothesis, especially the loan duration and rate, as well as the effective
system production.
For grid-connected systems, the long term profitability 103 may be estimated according to different
consumption or feed-in tariffs conditions ("Financial Balance" button)
Long term financial balance
In the Economic Evaluation part 102 , the investment and annual costs (including loan refund) are evaluated
according to the PV system financing.
Now for a grid-connected system, the produced electricity may be either consumed by the owner, or (more
likely) sold to the grid utility. In both cases the produced electricity has a financial value to be compared to
the annual costs in order to evaluate the system profitability.
This part performs an annual balance between costs and revenues, according to several possible sale
dispositions.
Simple feed-in tariff
A now common procedure, especially in several European countries, is the purchase, by the grid utility, of
the total energy produced. The feed-in tariff is set by a long-term contract (usually 20 years), at a level
determined at the system commissioning time, and fixed for the whole contract period.
Therefore the first (and simplest) option in PVsyst is to define a single feed-in tariff over a given contract
period. It is also possible to define a connexion annual tax, as well as a progressive decrease of the
system production (and also of the feeding tariff itself if necessary). Finally the residual feed-in tariff at the
end of the contract period should be defined. As usually the contract period will correspond to the loan
refund period, the annual balance after this period (even with lower tariff) will dramatically increase until the
end of life of the system!
Modulated feed-in tariffs
In other cases (for example in the USA) the tariff is dependent on the hour of the day, or even on the
season. PVsyst allows to define "Night" and "Day" - and even "Peak"- tariff levels, for specified hours of
the day. These tariffs may be different in summer and winter (with specified months).
In this case the final tariffs after the preferential contract period are all decreased by a same factor.
Net-metering
The Net-Metering concept is defined here with a consumption tariff when the owner is able to use the
produced energy for himself (economy on the electricity bill), and another tariff for selling the overproduction
to the utility.
NB: In this part, when annual evolutions are specified in %/year, these are % of the initial value, not the
preceding one.
This third part of PVSYST gives access to the following topics:
- Meteo Database: 111
- Geographic sites: 111 geographic parameters of about 200 sites in the world, including monthly
meteo data (horizontal global and temperature).
- Synthetic hourly data generation: 182 to generate meteo hourly synthetic data from any
above monthly data.
- Importing Meteo data from external Databases 113 : allows the use of meteo data from the
most popular databases.
- Import ASCII meteo files: 127 allows to import meteo hourly or daily data in almost any ASCII
format.
- Meteo Tables and Graphs: 110 powerful visualising and analysing tool for hourly meteo data
files.
- PV component Database:
- PV modules 130 ,
- Grid inverters 146 ,
- Batteries 150 ,
- Pumps 154 ,
- Regulators 162 , for stand-alone systems
- Regulators (Controllers) 165 for pumping systems
- Back-up generators 154 (Gensets),
- Seller list 130 .
- Solar tool box:
- Graph/Tables of solar parameters: displays solar geometry and Clear Sky irradiation on
planes.
- Electrical behaviour of PV arrays: 36 reverse characteristics of PV modules, mismatch,
array with shaded cell, heterogeneous array.
- Monthly meteo computation: 180 quick meteo evaluation using geographical site database,
with horizon, tilt, sheds and sun-shields, IAM effects.
- Transposition factor: field orientation optimisation and evaluation tool.
- Operating Voltage optimizationsation 166 .
Monthly meteo
The geographic site 111 definitions (*.SIT files) holds the site and country names, the geographical coordinates,
and should include monthly meteorologigal data, at least Horizontal global irradiation and ambient
temperature (12 monthly values each). They can also hold diffuse irradiation and average wind velocity when
available. These monthly data are easily introduced or modified manually, and there are tools for importing them
from several sources.
Hourly meteo
The hourly meteo 110 files (.MET files) include an associated geographical site as defined above. They hold
Horizontal global and ambient temperature, in hourly values. Diffuse irradiance and Wind velocity are optional.
When not available in the original data:
- the diffuse irradiance is calculated during the building of the internal file.
When another irradiance (beam horizontal or normal beam) is available in the original data, this is of course
used. Otherwise the program uses a model (Liu and Jordan correlation) for diffuse estimation in hourly
values.
- the wind velocity - only used for the calculation of the PV modules temperature 85 during operation, and
therefore of weak importance in PVSYST processes - is taken as a default value, or from the associated site
monthly data if specified. Due to the poor reliability of primary data, the use of wind velocity is not
recommended for the array thermal loss evaluation.
When not available for a given site, an Hourly Meteo Data set can be generated 182 (with synthetic hourly values
obtained by a random process) from any monthly data "site".
NB: By convention in PVsyst, generic years 186 like synthetic hourly data are always labelled as 1990.
Meteorological data - Tutorial
The meteorological data are the starting point of the evaluation of a project. But also the main source of
uncertainty 115 .
PVsyst holds a limited meteo internal database of about 300 sites in the world, but gives an easy access to
several public sources directly available from the Web. Data of other providers like national meteorological offices
may also be imported using a flexible importing tool.
This tutorial will guide you in different options, for discovering the management and organization of
meteorological data in PVsyst, and the import from external sources.
All meteo manipulations and visualizations are performed in "Tools".
The "Montly meteo" page holds the monthly meteorological data. Values for Global irradiance and Temperature
are mandatory (for use by the simulation). Global diffuse and wind velocity are optional. They will be evaluated by
models when necessary.
- You can choose the units for the edition (you will find many kinds of units in other data sources).
- If you define a new site (by its geographical coordinates), you can always obtain default Global horizontal and
Temperature from the Nasa-SSE data, which are available for any point on the earth, by steps of 1°x1° lat x long.
- If data are given as lines or columns in a spreadsheet, you can "paste" entire columns at a time.
- As for any database element you are advised to always mention the source of your data.
After defining or modifying a site, the program will ask whether you want to keep your modifications, and if so it will
modify or create a new site in the database (i.e. a new file in the \Sites\ directory).
As meteo hourly basis, the programme uses binary files with a special format for PVSYST, and characterised by
the extension ".MET".
The meteo file includes a complete geographical site 111 object, followed by hourly values of the meteo
parameter, that is horizontal global and diffuse irradiations, ambient temperature, and, if available, wind
velocity.
The data are recorded for whole days (0H .. 23H). Step labels are referred to the beginning of the interval (i.e. the
12 h label corresponds to the 12-13 h interval). A complete file for one year occupies about 70 kOctets (53 kOctets
without wind-velocity).
The characteristics and the contents of the hourly meteo files can be visualised and analysed thanks to the
meteo tables and graphs 110 tool.
Geographical locations / monthly meteo data
Horizon
It is to be noted that in PVSYST, the basic irradiation values are usually defined for a free horizon. Taking
the shading of the horizon 38 into account is worked out during the simulation, by cancelling the beam
component when the sun is hidden below the horizon. If one is to use specific data recorded in the
presence of a horizon, the correction is obviously not to be applied.
Meteo database in PVsyst
Meteo database in PVsyst
Monthly meteo (Geographical site) database
The PVSYST library includes the Geographic Site's definitions (latitude, longitude, altitude and time zone), as well
NB: All these monthly data are imported as geographic site 111 files, and will require the construction of
Synthetic Generated hourly data files for being used in the simulation.
NB: Monthly values are often given as averages over several years.
But due to the variability, it doesn't make sense to average meteorological data in Daily or Hourly values.
Such data are always issued from real measurements at a given site (or eventually from satellite
photographies).
In the same way, it is also not reliable to interpolate hourly values between different sites.
Meteonorm Worldwide Monthly 1'700 Terr. stations 1960-1991 GlobH Software Direct
averages Temp. by file
Interpolations V 6.0: Wind (300 stations
1995-2005 Others in PVsyst DB)
(optional)
Meteonorm Worldwide Hourly Synthetic idem GH, DH, TA Software Direct
generation VindVel by file
US TMY2/3 USA Hourly NREL, 1020 stations 1991-2005 GH, DH, TA Web Direct
Typical Meteo Years (samples) WindVel free by file
EPW Canada Hourly CWEC, 72 stations 1953-1995 GH, DH, TA Web Direct
Typical Meteo Years (samples) WindVel free by file
PVGIS-ESRA Europe Monthly Europe: 566 stations 1981-1990 GlobH Web Direct
Africa Interp. 1x1 km² averages Temp. free by copy/paste
S-W Asia Africa: Meteosat 1985-2004 Linke turbidity
(Helioclim-1 database)
Web
Helioclim - 1 Europe Monthly Meteosat 1985-2005 GlobH restricted Direct
(SoDa) Africa 50x50 km² (each year) no temper. 1985-89 free by copy/paste
PVsyst now gives access to many popular meteorological data sources 113 .
These show that the available meteorological data are far from being an exact science! There are big
discrepancies between these databases, and it is very difficult to estimate which one is the best suited for
a given project or location, and what is the probable error.
We have performed a comparison between these sources, for several locations from north to south of
Europe.
Comparisons cannot be made rigorously, because of the variety of conditions:
- All sources are not available everywhere. Some of them are for given locations, other ones perform
interpolations or are for discrete grids of variable sizes.
- Climate variability: the sources apply for measurements of given years, or averaged periods which differ
from one source to another one (or even for one location to another one, depending on historical
measurements availability).
- Measurements: ground stations or satellite image data interpretations (involving sophisticated models).
- Available parameter: many sources don’t provide temperature measurements (or not reliable).
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
-15%
Ham burg Berlin Caen Paris Geneva Lyon Toulouse Marseille Rom a Barcelona Madrid Sevilla
Climate evolution
We avail of a homogeneous sample of continuous measurements from the same source (ISM - Swiss
Institute for Meteorology) for Geneva, from 1981 to 2007.
This shows that at Geneva, the annual dispersion stayed far below 5% with only 3-4 exceptions during 20
10%
5%
kWh/m2)
0%
-5%
-10%
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Comparison with other sources
These ISM data, which we consider as reliable due to the fact that they are meteo standard
measurements, performed using calibrated pyranometers and corroborated with our own “scientific”
measurements in Geneva since 25 years [P. Ineichen], are compared with the Satellight 121 (satellite)
and Helioclim 125 (from terrestrial measurements) data.
We can observe that the Satellight data overestimate the ISM data by around 5%, while the Helioclim
results are more chaotic (over-estimate the good years and underestimate the bad ones). The Helioclim-2
2005 values are 7.5% over the ISM measurements.
Geneva meteo data evolution and comparisons
15%
ISM measurements
By respect to Meteonorm 81-90 (1212
5%
kWh/m2)
0%
-5%
-10%
-15%
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Satellight data
For other sites in Europe, the Satellight data are always far over the Meteonorm ones, with one exception in Berlin.
This exception is not attributable to the Meteonorm value; as we can see on the global comparison plot above, the
Satellight data for Berlin are significantly below the other Satellight data. We don’t have any explanation for that.
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
-15%
Ham burg Berlin Caen Paris Geneva Lyon Toulouse Marseille Rom a Barcelona Madrid Sevilla
A meteorological hourly database of 22 stations in Switzerland is delivered with the package. These data
proceed from 10 years of measurements in the frame of the ANETZ meteorological stations grid of the ISM
(Swiss Institut for Meteorology). The DRY format were prepared by the EMPA (Eidgenössische
Materialprüfung- und Forschungsanstalt, 8600 Dübendorf).
By contract, their use is reserved for building's physics and energy computations. The user should commit
himself not to yield these data to a third person.
These Design Reference Years 112 (DRY) were constructed according to a procedure elaborated by the
International Energy Agency (IEA), task 9, sub-task E. These data are based on 10 years of
measurements (1981-1990). The DRY is a juxtaposition of selected months, chosen among these 10 years
as function of several statistical criteria, and approaching average values.
The DRYs files of the ISM-EMPA are made up of the hourly values required for the simulation of PVSYST:
horizontal global and diffuse irradiances, temperature and wind velocity. Temperature data are slightly
corrected: their dynamics is enlarged in order that it includes the extreme values observed over the 10
years. But these corrections preserve the internal coherence between irradiance and temperature, and
should not introduce mistakes on the predictive (average) values of the PVSYST results. Diffuse irradiance
is not measured in the ANETZ grid: it is calculated according to the Perez-Ineichen model.
Importing data from Meteonorm
The Meteonorm software (version 3.0, 1997, version 4.0, 2000, version 5.0, 2003, Version 6.0, June 2007,
6.1, 2009) provides basically monthly meteorological data for any location on the earth. These are based
on more than 7700 well-established meteo station data, from which about 1'500 (named "stations") avail of
Irradiance measurements.
Data are monthly values, averaged over the period 1961-1990 (when available). A second period (1981-2000
for irradiations, 1995-2005 for temperatures) may be chosen in the new version 6.0.
Data for any location on the earth, specified by its geographic coordinates, may be obtained by
interpolation between measuring stations, taking altitude and region typology into account. For regions with
poor terrestrial measurements covering, help of satellites data may be used.
In this software:
- "Stations" design the meteorological stations which avail of irradiance measurements.
- 'WMO/OMM" are the meteorological stations recording many parameters, but which don't avail of
irradiance data.
Restrictions:
With Meteonorm V 5,.0 and 5.1 the format of the monthly output file is erroneous. The "*MON.Dat" files
don't include the site name nor the geographic coordinates. With these versions you should use the import
in hourly values, which works quite well.
With Meteonorm V 4.0, the same problem arises when you ask the construction of hourly values. Please
save the Monthly values before constructing the hourly ones.
With Meteonorm V 6.0, the hourly files generated for PVsyst were erroneous at beginning. If your
Meteonorm was installed before September 2007, you should import and install the "Patch version
6.0.1.4" (or upper) from www.meteonorm.com for importing hourly data properly.
Importing PVGIS data
Several data sources of different kinds have been used to develop this database, which are listed on http://
re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/info/faq.htm#data You will also find here an estimation of the global accuracy of
the results.
Owing to their continuous structure, the main results and parameters of this project are often presented as
coloured maps at regional or continental level.
Come back to PVsyst, choose "Tools" / "Import Meteo Data" / "PVGIS", and follow the instructions in
red.
How to import US TMY2 / TMY3 data
Data files of Typical Meteorological Year (TMY 112 ) are available on the web for 1020 stations in the USA,
at the address http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/ . They can also be obtained as
a single zip file or on a CD-ROM. These data sets are derived from the National Solar Radiation Database
(NSRDB) and produced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL). A complete User's manual
is available on the web site.
Formerly available as TMY2 (239 stations, 1961-1990 data), since 2008 this database has been extended
to TMY3 (1020 stations, 1991-2005 data). These new TMY3 are base on more recent and accurate data.
TMY 112 s are data sets of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements. They are
These data files of Typical Meteorological Year (TMY 112 ) are available free on the web for 72 stations in
Canada, at the address http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data3.cfm/
region=4_north_and_central_america_wmo_region_4/country=3_canada/cname=CANADA
Produced by Numerical Logics in collaboration with Environment Canada and the National Research
Council of Canada, these Canadian Weather for Energy Calculations (CWEC) data were derived using a
methodology similar to the TMY2. CWEC hourly files represent weather conditions that result in
approximately average heating and cooling loads in buildings. Because they represent typical rather than
extreme conditions, they are not suited for designing systems to meet the worst-case conditions occurring
at a location. They are especially suited for the EnergyPlus program.
The CWEC - EPW data are derived from the Canadian Energy and Engineering Data Sets (CWEEDS) of
hourly weather information for Canada from the 1953-1995 period of record.
How to import Canadian EPW data
Canadian EPW data can be directly and very easily imported into PVSYST:
- First download the desired file from the web site referenced above. After choosing the desired EPW file,
you can simply download it by choosing "File" / "Save As" it in your web browser.
- Then come back to PVsyst, option "Tools"/"Import Meteo Data"/”Canadian EPW”, and follow the
instructions on the screen (i.e. simply "Choose" the file and press "Import").
NB: If the file downloaded by this mean is not suited for PVsyst (gives errors), this may be due to a
transformation of the format by your browser. In this case you should download the ZIP file and extract the
*.epw file.
The import of EPW data will create a Geographic site (*.sit file) and an Hourly Meteo data file (*.met file)
with Global, Diffuse, Temperature and Wind speed values.
Importing Satellight data
Satellight results from a European Project Team (cf www.satellight.com ), which has used data from the
METEOSAT Geostationary Satellite, and provides (free of charge) detailed Irradiance (and also
Illuminance - useful for natural lighting studies) time series in half-hourly values for 5 complete years (1996
The Satellight Meteo data may be obtained free from the web site www.satellight.com. Nevertheless you
should register on this site.
First, make sure that your browser accepts cookies, unless several features of the site will not operate
correctly, and you will not be able to choose your site.
Then you are required to register, or give your Identifier and Password. Press "Login" button.
Then press "Site" in the main menu, and follow the Satellight procedure for choosing your site or
location:
1. - Select the Region on the map
2. - Select your site.
If available, you are advised to choose your site in the Database, so that its name will appear in the file and
be directly set in PVsyst. The available countries are grouped according to the previous "Region" choice.
Pressing "Next" leads to the "Site selection" panel. If you are blocked for more than 20-30 sec here, please
check that you are accepting cookies…
If not found in the database, you can also specify any location by its coordinates (latitude and longitude).
NB: GoogleEarth provides an easy mean for the determination of the geographical coordinates of your
system.
4. - Time Period: choose
- From Sunrise to Sunset
- Clock time - The tool in PVsyst is designed for using legal time, not solar time data.
- All years or only specified ones (PVsyst will create files for one year at a time, but you will be able to
choose any of the present years in this file when importing).
- Always choose All months.
5. - Outdoor Solar Informations:
1. - Solar information Nothing to define
2. - Irradiances
2.1 - Surface type: Horizontal
2.2 - Parameters: Global and Diffuse
2.3 - Informations: Useful for printed outputs only.
You have to choose at least one of these possibilities.
6. - Outdoor Daylight Informations:
- Nothing to choose, concerns Illuminance data for natural lighting studies.
7 - Submit
The site will perform the calculations, and send you an e-mail within a few minutes for downloading your
results, as a zipped file "SiteName.tsv" file, or "Lat_Long_.tsv"). After Unzipping, this file can be readily
imported in PVsyst 121 .
Importing WRDC Data
World Radiation Data Center provides monthly global radiation data for 1195 ground sites from a 30-year
(1964 - 1993) data set. Unfortunately this database does not include temperature values, which should be
obtained by another mean (for example a near similar site from the internal database, or Meteonorm 118 ,
Retscreen 127 or PVGIS 119 values).
The WRDC database is maintained for the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) by the Russian
Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring in St. Petersburg. The basic data are
available as daily irradiation values (or eventually hourly) in a special unpractical format not readily readable
in PVsyst ( http://wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/ ).
You can find a list of available sites, with their geographical coordinates, on the NREL web site http://
wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/html/sites.html. But several of these sites hold only partial data (sometimes only a few
months or even no irradiance at all).
The NASA and NREL provide an interface for getting either daily values for given "real" months (not useful
here), or monthly averages over the whole available measurements of the concerned site.
NASA SSE (Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy programme) are monthly data, average of 1983-1993
satellite measurements, provided for any cell in a grid of 1°x1° over the world (111km x 111km·cos(Lat)).
See http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/ for further information.
Also available from this database, but direct import not implemented in PVsyst: irradiances or
temperatures in daily values for any period in the 1983-1993 range.
In contrast to ground measurements, the SSE data set is a continuous and consistent 10-year global
climatology of insolation and meteorology data. It is derived from several databases, including "Goddard E
arth Observing Systems (GEOS-1), the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP D-1), from
data of the Geostationary and Polar Satellites for Environmental Observation (GOES and POES), the
Alternatively, you can also find the data directly on the NASA site:
- Go to the NASA site http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/
- Click Data Retrieval: Meteorology and Solar Energy
- Enter Latitude and Longitude of your system (or choose on the map)
NB: in the data the conventions are the same as in PVsyst: positive longitudes from Greenwich, toward
east.
- Choose: Parameters for sizing Insolation (average, Min and Max)
Meteorology: Air temperature (at 10m)
Eventually: Wind speed at 50m
NB: we do not recommend to use these wind data for estimating Module temperatures 85 in the
simulation.
Then you can print these data, and you should enter them manually as a new Geographic location 111 .
Importing SoDa-Helioclim Data
The RETScreen International Clean Energy Decision Support Centre (www.retscreen.net ) seeks to build
the capacity of planners, decision-makers and industry to implement renewable energy and energy
efficiency projects. This objective is achieved by: developing decision-making tools (e.g. RETScreen
Software), and by training people to better analyse the technical and financial viability of possible projects.
RETScreen International is managed under the leadership and ongoing financial support of Natural
Resources Canada's (NRCan) CANMET Energy Technology Centre - Varennes (CETC-Varennes).
For Renewable Energy Studies, the RetScreen software includes a climatic database including average
measurements for 4'700 ground stations, compiled from over 20 different sources, and covering the period
1961-1990. These data are presented as a unique coherent database, and present numerous parameters
including Irradiation, air temperature and wind velocities.
Several sources are for one only country (CERES for Canada, SAMSON for USA). The main source
elsewhere in the world are WMO/OMM, WRDC 123 when more than 5 years. The irradiance are completed
by the NASA 124 Data data when ground measurements are not available or reliable.
PVSYST offers a very general programmable interpreter for importing ASCII files (either meteo or
measured data files).
Conversion procedure 129 .
The format of the source-file may be very varied; however it has to fulfil the following minimal criteria:
- Include the values of one time step (hourly or sub-hourly) per ASCII line. Each ASCII line ends with the
characters CR,LF, or only LF. Sub-hourly records are gathered in order to give PVSYST hourly internal
records.
- Comment lines at the beginning of the file, or of each day or month, can be skipped.
- Data are organised in fields, with a chosen separator (semi-colon, comma, TAB, blank, etc. ) or fixed
widths. PVSYST accepts a great variety of date formats, and adjusts the source data physical units.
- The available parameters should include the minimal data which allow the calculation of the
horizontal global and the ambient temperature. Since simulation also requires the horizontal diffuse
irradiation, this is calculated, for example, from the normal global and beam data (usual measurements
in the USA), or from the horizontal global and beam data. If not available, the diffuse irradiation is
reconstituted using the Liu and Jordan correlation.
- With measured data, if only the irradiation in the collector plane is available, the program calculates
the corresponding horizontal global and diffuse (inverse of the transposition). Nevertheless, due to edge
The format protocole defines all characteristics governing the ASCII source file reading (Meteo or Measured
data files).
The ASCII file is assumed to hold one record (line) per time step.
Time steps should be hours or fractions of hours.
The Protocol defines Skipped lines, Separator, Variables to be read, Variables reading format.
It performs physical unit conversions to match the PVSYST internal standard format [MJ, MJ/m², °C, m/s].
Dates may be sequencial (read or not on the file), or can have "holes".
Possibility of automatically chaining daily or monthly files with coded filenames.
Conversion protocol
The "Model parameters" include the following subsheets (see Parameter summary 132 ) :
- Rshunt - RSerie define these two basic parameters for the establishment of the model,
- Rshunt Expon describe the experimentally observed exponential behaviour of the Rshunt value,
- Recombination losses special modification of the model for amorphous and CdTe technologies
(see modified "one-diode" model for thin films 138
- Spectral correction to be applied to amorphous technologies, but not CdTe,
- Temper. coeff. allows to fix a required value for the muPmpp temperature coefficient.
- Size and Technology 131 , with physical and secondary characteristics,
- Commercial data 132 ,
Module identifiers:
- Model and Manufacturer will appear in the module choice lists.
- Data source usually refers to the main parameter measurement source (most often Manufacturer, may
be an independent institute or your own measurements).
- File name should have the extension '.PAN'.
- Nominal power is the rated power specified by the manufacturer at STC 190 . It could be different from
the MPP model result. It will be used to determine the "installed power" of systems, which is involved
namely in the normalised performance coefficients 94 .
- Tolerance is the rated limits of the Nominal power dispersion, given by the manufacturer. The lower
tolerance limit could be used in the Module Quality Loss specification 188 .
- Technology gives choice for the main technologies available on the market. Except for Crystalline cells
- for which the standard "One-diode" model is suitable - the "Advanced" button allow for correcting this
model in order to match the "Thin films" and other special behaviours. The technology namely
determines the value of the energy gap in the model (for example 1.12 eV for crystalline silicon, 1.7 eV
for a:Si).
Manufacturer Specifications or Other measurements
These parameters are the main electrical module characteristics, available in any manufacturer data
sheets. They are usually given for STC 190 , but the program accepts measurements performed under other
conditions to establish it's model, allowing for on-site measurements in external conditions.
These parameters therefore include:
- Gref and Tref: the reference irradiation and module temperature conditions during measurements.
- Isc and Voc: module short circuit current and open circuit voltage at these given conditions.
- Impp and Vmpp: any operating point in the region of the maximum power point at these given
conditions.
- uIsc : current temperature coefficient. This has only weak influence on the module behaviour. When not
known, it can be taken as about 0.05%/°C.
Internal model result tool
After defining these basic parameters, the program still needs the definition of additional parameters - i.e.
Shunt and Series resistance, as well as the number of cells in series - to establish the One-diode model
134 parameters.
This special tool displays the module operating parameters calculated by the PVSYST model, for any
given irradiation or temperature conditions.
See also the PV module parameter summary 132 for a complete description of all parameters.
Important parameters:
Module size should be defined properly, as it determines the module area and efficiency.
The number of cells in series is also important for the model calculation. A very erroneous definition will
give rise to a warning and prevent establishing the model. The number of cells in parallel has no influence
on the model.
The commercial data - especially the retailers and prices – of the PV-components cannot of course be
defined in the database, as they can vary from country to country. They are only meant to serve as a
memo for the engineer.
Nevertheless, you have the opportunity of defining the price of the components you are using, and to store
the date when it was fixed.
These component prices may be fed directly in the economic evaluation 102 of the "project design" part.
When using the "economic evaluation" tool, you can link the component price defined in your database,
using the "default" checkbox. You also have a shortcut for defining or modifying the component price
directly in the database. During this process, the currency in the database may be different of the actual
working currency of the economic evaluation tool.
Phovoltaic modules - Parameters summary
We give here an exhaustive list of all parameters involved in the PV module definition, and their use.
To describe the operating of a PV module, we use the Shockley's simple "one diode" model (primarily
designed for a single cell), described, for example, in Beckman and al. This model is based on the
following equivalent circuit for decribing a PV cvell:
I
Rs
Iph Rsh V RL
The model was primarily developed for a single cell. Its generalization to the whole module implies that all
cells are considered as rigorously identical.
A more sophisticated model, implying 2 different diodes, is sometimes proposed for the very accurate
modelling of a single cell. But in PVsyst, we think that small discrepancies in the cell parameters, inducing
internal mismatch, as well as the moderate accuracy of our basic input parameters (usually from
manufacturer), make no sense to use it. In the one-diode model the two diodes are considered identical,
and the Gamma factor - ranging theoretically from 1 to 2 - defines the mix between them.
This model is well-suited for the description of the Si-crystalline modules, but needs some adaptations for
reproducing the thin film technologie module behaviour 138 . We observed that the CIS technology
obeys quite well to this standard model.
The main expression describing the general "one-diode" model is written as:
with :
The diode's reverse saturation current is supposed to vary with the temperature according to the
expression:
where EGap = Gap's energy of the material (1.12 eV for cristalline Si, 1.03 eV for CIS, 1.7 eV for
amorphous silicon, 1.5 eV for CdTe).
Besides the basic electrical Isc, Voc, Impp and Vmpp data, the PV-module One-diode model 134
implemented in PVSYST, involves the following additional parameters, which usually are not given in data
sheets:
- Module shunt resistanceModule_ShuntResistance Rsh,
- Module series resistanceModule_SeriesResistance Rs
- Io ref, inverse saturation current of the diode model,
- Gamma factor, "diode quality Factor",
It also implies that you have correctly defined the number of cells in series, as the model basically
applies to a single cell, which is "multiplied" according to the module wiring structure.
Model determination
According to a method proposed by Beckman and al., the known parameters (measured under given
reference conditions, usually STC 190 ) allow to construct a system of 4 equations:
- The values of the I/V characteristics in 3 distinct operating points (Isc , 0), (0, Voc ) and (Impp, Vmpp),
- A fourth equation is provided by the temperature behaviour of the voltage Voc ,, ie., muVoc [mV/°C],
which can be measured relatively easily.
with the four unknowns Rs, Io ref, Gamma and muVco.
This is illustrated by the I/V curve shown on the screen: it has to pass through the 3 reference points
mentioned above.
The fourth equation should determine which curve is to be chosen between the two displayed limits, and
therefore give the values for the 4 bound unknowns.
But in practice the resolution of this system often leads to a set of not physical, or even very erroneous
values for these parameters.
Alternative method
So that we preferred to offer the user a more "visual" method, allowing him to choose a parametrisation
which corresponds better to the supposed physical reality. The programme traces the I/V characteristics
corresponding to the 3 first equations (that is, passing through the 3 experimental points), for different
values of Rs comprised between 0 and the maximum Rsmax value compatible with these 3 points.
Then, by default, the program automatically chooses the Rs value corresponding to a reasonable
Gamma factor 146 . Please note that the gamma factor, related to the dominant modes of recombination,
should have a physical value between 1 and 2. Fixing it's value is a priori arbitrary, but it has been chosen
as it seems to be the more stable of our four unknown parameters among several PV-modules. By the way
it's exact value gives rise to very little differences on the final I/V curve behaviour.
See also the PV module parameter summary 132 for a complete description of all parameters.
In the standard one-diode model 134 , the temperature behaviour is essentially determined by the expression of
diode saturation current Io, which is exponentially dependent on the Egap and the Gamma parameters. This
expression fixes the muVco and muPmax temperature coefficient values, which are therefore a result of the
model.
Remember that the Gamma value is determined (supposed) in correlation with the Rserie choice, which can vary
from 0 to Rsmax. But some manufacturers specify temperature coefficients muVco, which are not always
compatible with this Rserie allowed range.
It is the reason why PVsyst allows for modifying the temperature behaviour by introducing a linear variation of
Gamma with operating Temperature:
Gamma = Gamma0 + muGamma * (Tmod - Tref)
The user specifies a required muPmpp, and PVsyst determines the suited "mugamma" correction factor:
The tool shows a graph of the induced variations on muVoc, muVmpp and muPmpp.
NB: This tool is made available for all modules, but it is not recommended (or only as a weak correction).
Especially with the amorphous technology, the temperature coefficient is very sensitive to the D2MuTau
parameter (see the specific sheet "Recombination loss"). According to our detailed measurements, cumulating
this correction with the recombination leads to degraded performances of the model (that is, its ability to
reproduce the data in any conditions).
PV Module shunt resistance
The shunt resistance Rsh is the inverse of the slope of the I/V characteristic in the neighbourhood of the short-
circuit point. When a measured I/V curve is available, it is easy to find it by fitting the data around V=0.
But it is not possible to extract it from the usual manufacturer's data. Therefore PVsyst has to choose a default
value. This is determined by calculating the virtual MPP conductance ( (Isc-Imp)/Vmp ), corresponding to the
absolute minimum value for Rsh, and taking a given fraction if this quantity.
With Si-crystalline cells (as well as CIS), the Rsh value is high, and its exact value has rather little effect on the
general module behaviour (low shunt current loss). But with amorphous or other thin film technologies, it
becomes significant, and should be ideally be specified by the manufacturer in the future.
For a very accurate modelling of all modules, and especially for amorphous, the Rsh should be corrected
according to the Irradiance 143 .
Reverse characteristic of a cell
Reverse Characteristics of a cell (i.e current behaviour when a reverse voltage is applied on it) is involved in all
situations where the currents are not well balanced in a module array. This is the case namely in "mismatch"
situations (of cells in a module, or modules in an array), partial shadings, or heterogeneous arrays (with different
orientations, i.e different irradiances).
Severe consequences of the Reverse Bias in arrays can result in so-called "hot spot" phenomena. These are the
overheating of unbalanced (bad or shaded) cells, which can lead to their destruction. Bypass diodes mounted in
the PV modules are intended to protect them against these dangers.
PVsyst offers a specific tool 138 for visualising and understanding these special array behaviours. But they are not
implied in the simulation process of PVsyst, which doesn't calculate the electrical array behaviour in detail at each
hour. Therefore the reverse bias model exact determination is not crucial in PVsyst, as it is only used in the
phenomenological array behaviour tools.
Empirically, the behaviour of the cell's characteristic under reverse polarisation is quadratic with the applied
This expression could be valid till the avalanche zone (Zener), situated around V= -30V. But in reality, under
irradiation (high photocurrent Iph), the dissipation, which varies with the cube of the reverse voltage, reaches a
destructive limit well before this elbow. For example, the cells constituting the Arco M55 modules, dissipate about
18 W at a reverse voltage of -18V, and 25W at -20V, corresponding to a rise in temperature of the order of 100°C.
This is even more dangerous as the temperature's rise sharply increases the parameter bRev , and therefore the
reverse current, leading to an unstable situation.
PV Module reverse behaviour
This tool presents the operating of a PV module when it is polarised towards negative voltages, as it can happen
in the framework of an array or a module, when the cells are different, or if the irradiation is not homogeneous.
The tool show three typical situations:
"One single PV cell": we see that under bright irradiance, reverse bias of the cell rapidly involves high powers to
be dissipated, as the current is already at least at the cell Photocurrent level. (See the reverse cell characteristics
model 137 ).
The relevant coefficient brev, defined along with the other parameters of the PV module in the "Components" part,
can vary strongly from one cell to the other, and is highly dependent on temperature. But this behaviour is not
critical in the qualitative evaluations of the PV array behaviour tools. If it is not precisely known, we can usually use
the default value proposed by the programme.
"PV module without by-pass diode": the solid line represents the whole module characteristics, that is, all cells
in series. With identical cells, the total dissipated power is equally distributed on every cell. The blue dotted line
shows an arbitrary operating reverse current (identical current in all cells in series).
If one cell has a lower photocurrent - due to its quality or shading – or a better BRev (flatter curve), then its voltage
will follow its own reverse curve, and at the imposed common current it can produce a much higher power than
for the other cells, therefore giving a rise of temperature (see the "Hot spot" phenomenon in the tool for one
shaded cell 37 ).
"PV module with by-pass diode": shows the resulting module characteristics when the module is protected with
one or more by-pass diode, mounted in reverse bias. In this case the whole module reverse voltage is limited to
the "forward" voltage of the diode (about 0.7V for one diode, 1.4V for 2 diodes, etc). The excess current is drawn by
the diode, and cannot give rise to excess powers in the diode since the voltage stays very low.
Model for Thin film and other new technologies
Commercially technologies available on the market are now mainly a-Si:H (amorphous, including tandem and
triple junction), CiS and CdTe modules.
There is no consensus up to now in the PV community about the general modeling of these new modules.
Several experimental works have observed significantly different behaviours of amorphous by respect to standard
Crystalline cells. Mertens & al propose taking recombinations in the i-layer into account , resulting in a
modification of the equivalent circuit, and a related modified "One-diode" analytical expression. Gottschalg et al
1998, Holley et al 2000 and Mertens et al 2000 report experimental analysis of model parameter dependencies
as function of temperature and spectral irradiance contents in amorphous simple and double junctions. Betts &al
have studied the spectral contents if the irradiance according to weather in central UK (Loughborough) and
propose a correlation for correcting the response of amorphous modules.
Modelling in PVsyst: Research project at CUEPE
In order to clarify these observations and to establish an approached model useable in PVsyst - including the
necessary proposal of default parameters - we have performed an experimental research at the University of
Geneva, with the financial support of the SIG-NER fund (SIG - Services Industriels de Genève - is the Electricity
and Gas Utility of Geneva). Details of this project may be found in the Final Report of this project, unfortunately
only available in French at the moment.
The study is based on detailed outdoor I/V measurements of 6 PV modules, every 10 minutes over a period of 3
NB: PVsyst doesn't take into account the the well-known initial degradation, due to Staebler-Wronski effects.
PVsyst results are supposed to apply to stabilised module performances after 2-3 months of exposition to
the sun.
The "Average Photon Energy" is aiming to the characterisation of the energetic distribution in an irradiance
spectrum. It is obtained by dividing the irradiance [W/m² or eV/m²/sec] by the photon flux density [number of
photons/m²/sec].
From detailed spectral measurements over one year performed at Loughborough, the CREST has deduced a
parametrization of this quantity according to:
- The relative air mass, which, in its simpler form is expressed as AM = 1/cos z, with z = zenithal angle.
- The atmosphere transmission according to the weather, usually expressed with the clearness index Kt, ratio
between the horizontal global and the irradiance outside the atmosphere. But as the clearness index is not
independent of the air mass (depends on the sun height), CREST has chosen to use a clearness index
normalised to clear sky conditions Ktcs .
But while CREST determines the "clear sky" conditions by adjusting an exponential on the higher global values
observed as function of air mass, in PVsyst we can use the "Clear Sky Model".
This parametrization looks like the following:
1.40
1.35
1.30
0 1
0.2 2
0.4 3
0.6 4
0.8 5
KTc 1 6 Air Mass
The "standard" spectrum AM 1.5 corresponds to APE = 1.6 eV. In the English climate, the annual distribution of
APE is a bell-shaped curve, centered on 1.65 eV and with a half-height width of about +/-0.08 eV.
By clear days, the APE diminishes (shift to the red) when the sun height decreases. Cloudy spectrums are rather
characterized by spectrums shifted to the blues (more favourable for amorphous modules).
The reference irradiance used for the simulation (the meteo values) includes the whole spectrum from 305 nm
(UV) to 2800 nm (IR). It is usually measured with pyranometers, which have a practical flat response over this
whole interval.
But each PV technology is characterised by a spectral sensitivity curve. When the SI-crystalline can use photons
below 1'100 nm, corresponding to Egap = 1.12 eV, the photons should have a minimum energy of Egap = 1.7 eV
(730 nm) for creating a pair in the amorphous silicium. Therefore, the photocurrent should be evaluated using a
convolution integral between the incident spectrum and the spectral sensitivity. We will call "Utilisation
Factor" (UF) the value of this integral, which represents the fraction of the spectrum effectively useable for
generating photocurrent.
Nevertheless, the spectral content of the solar radiation varies with the meteorological conditions and the
humidity/aerosols of the atmosphere, etc. And of course we don't avail of spectral measurements in PVsyst.
In order to estimate the Isc current at any instant, the CREST at the University of Loughborough proposes a
procedure in two phases: first, characterising the spectrum using a suited parameter, which could be evaluated
from available environmental parameters, and then determine a correlation between this parameter and the
spectral sensitivity of the concerned technology.
The chosen parameter is called "Average Photon Energy" (APE) 140 , and is obtained by dividing the irradiance [W/
m² or eV/m²/sec] by the photon flux density [numbre of photons/m²/sec]. From detailed spectral measurements
over one year, CREST has deduced a parametrization of this quantity according to air mass and "clear day"
clearness index. Waiting for new measurements elsewhere, we can reasonably admit that this parametrization is
valid at least for European climates.
The second phase is to determine a correlation between the UF, calculated for each measured spectrum for a
given technology, and the APE. It is found that they are quite well correlated, and lead to a simple quadratic
expression. The final amorphous spectral correction UF is shown on the figure.
0.64 0.520-0.550
0.490-0.520
0.61
UF a-Si
0.460-0.490
0.58
0.55
0.52
0.49
0.46
0 0.2 1
2
0.4 3
0.6 4
0.8 5
KTc 1 6
Air Mass
It varies between about 0.5 (APE=1.45) to 0.065 (APE=1.70), i.e. a range of the order of 30%. It can be seen that
the response of amorphous modules, by clear weather, decreases significantly when air mass increases (winter,
morning and evening). But it remains rather good by cloudy conditions (lower Ktc).
Finally it should be noted that the final spectral correction used in PVsyst has to be renormalized to the UF of the
reference conditions when establishing the model (STC: AM 1.5 spectrum, corresponding to APE = 1.6 eV). This
is the reason why the program will ask for the conditions in case of specifications based on outdoor measured
data.
1.15
1.10
Relative UF
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0 200 400 600 800 1000
GlobP [W/m²]
where we clearly identify the clear sky conditions, and the sensitivity enhancement for cloudy conditions (but
acting on low-power hours!).
NB: In the same conditions for crystalline modules, the UF varies between about 0.81 and 0.91 indicating a better
use of the whole spectrum. But applying this correction to the measured data doesn't improve the results of
the model.
When it fits well the behaviour of Vco in Crystalline and CIS modules, the standard model fails to reproduce the
amorphous modules voltage in any irradiance and temperature conditions.
Amorphous junctions differ from other junctions by the presence of an "intrinsic" layer (p-i-n junction). J. Mertens
1 al. propose to take the recombination losses in this I layer into account, by adding a term in the general I/V
equation. This term is equivalent to adding an element to the equivalent circuit, representing a current leak
depending on the photocurrent and the voltage.
I
Rs
Photo- Recom-
current bination Diode User
Rsh V RL
Modelling of this phenomenon leads, under some hypotheses, to the following expression for the recombination
current:
where di = Thickness of the intrinsic i-layer (of the order of 0.3 m),
Vbi = Intrinsic voltage ("built-in voltage) of the junction. Its value may be considered as constant, and is
about 0.9V for an amorphous junction.
With this new term the general one-diode model I/V expression becomes
I = Iph - Iph · di² / eff · 1 / (Vbi - (V + I Rs ))
- Io [ exp (q · (V+I·Rs) / ( Ncs ·Gamma·k·Tc) ) - 1 ] - (V + I·Rs ) / Rsh
In our phenomenological study of 4 amorphous modules, we considered the quantity di² / eff as one only
parameter, and we sought the value which optimized the Vco response of the model. For all our modules we
found that a value (di² / eff) around 1.4 V gives excellent results and corrects quite well the Vco distribution, with
a simultaneous improvement of the Pmax response.
For example on our SHR-17 tripple-junction, the RMSE on Vco drops from 3.3% to 0.7%, and the MBE from 4% to
0.2% with this correction. Simultaneously, the RMSE on Pmax is improved from 5.8% to 4.1%.
It should be noted that this new term doesn't modify significantly the procedure used for getting the model
parameters. Simply the photocurrent value is now affected by a voltage-dependent correction in the equations.
Nevertheless the resolution of the model gives a quite different gamma value, compatible with it "physical" limits.
This little tool allows for adjusting the exponential parameters, according to some known Rshunt values at
different irradiances.
The Rshunt value can be obtained on the basis of measured I/U characteristics of the module. Rshunt is the
inverse of the slope around V=0 (i.e. the short-circuit point at Isc).
If you avail of such data or measurements at different irradiances, you can put them on the plot. You can use the
right button of the mouse for creating a new point, and then slide it to obtain the desired value. For deleting a point
simply click on it with the right button.
The "Fit" button will then give the adjusted exponential parameter.
The shunt resistance Rsh - corresponding to the inverse of the slope of the I/V curve around V=0 - is considered
as a constant parameter in the standard one-diode model. But it is easy to observe on amorphous I/V curve
families that this slope decreases with the irradiance.
The next figure shows the measured Rsh behaviour over our measured sample:
Measurements
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Irradiance [W/m²]
The PVSYST database contains references to more than 6000 PV modules available on the European
market. These earlier data came from a compilation of manufacturer's specifications, gathered by the TISO
(Centrale di prova per componenti PV, Ticino, Switzerland). Some modules were really measured in real
conditions and on a long period by this institution.
Now the database is periodically updated using data published by the German Journal PHOTON
Magazine.
This PVSYST database has been limited to modules of power greater than about 35 Wp for Si-crystalline
modules, best suited for grid-connected systems. Some new models submitted by the manufacturers are
also used.
Manufacturer's specifications, as well as these source databases contain the main necessary parameters
for the introduction of new modules in the PVSYST library. Nevertheless, for definitive simulations, the user
is advised to carefully verify the library data with the latest manufacturer's specifications; some technical
data may be modified (especially care must be taken about geometrical dimensions!).
We drop out any responsibility about the integrity and the exactness of the data and
The user has now the opportunity of exchanging all the parameter Module with an EXCEL file (or an ASCII
text file), in tabular form (one line per module).
The Microsoft EXCEL sheet "Components.xls" has been specially formatted for a good interpretation of
the parameters (Required, Optional, Defined by PVsyst, etc.)
When editing the PV module, the button "Export to Table" will store the data of the module in the
This sheet includes the general data which are usually available in the manufacturer data sheets, as well as in
some Inverter products databases (our main source is the Inverter surveys published every year by "Photon
Magazine").
Inverter identifiers:
- Model and Manufacturer will appear in the inverter choice lists.
- Data source: For most devices the PHOTON magazine yearly survey. But we have also many information
coming directly from the Manufacturer.
- File name should have the extension '.OND'.
Input side (DC, PV array)
- Minimum and Maximum MPP voltages is the voltage window in which the inverter is able to search for the
MPP. When sizing the array voltage (number of modules in series), this should be taken at operating
conditions (around 50°C or 60°C).
- Absolute Maximum PV voltage is the absolute allowable maximum under any operating conditions. When
sizing the array, it should be compared to 1000 W/m² conditions, at the lower temperature (higher voltage)
possible. This is fixed at -10°C for middle Europe. This temperature condition may be adjusted in the "Hidden
parameters" for other regions.
- Minimum voltage for PNom. Some inverters cannot deliver the full nominal voltage when the input voltage is
too low (but still over the minimum MPP voltage). This corresponds in fact to an input current limitation. PVsyst
takes this limit into account during the simulation, by displacing the operating point along the I/V curve, in
order to respect this current limit.
- Nominal MPP voltage is sometimes specified by the manufacturer. In this case this may be an indication for
the optimal number of modules in series. Not explicitly used in the sizing tool in the present time.
- Power threshold is the minimum input power needed to operate. It is admitted to be the own inverter power
operating consumption. Sometimes referred to as "Starting production at ..." in the datasheets. If not known,
you can take it at around 1% of the nominal power. This means that your inverter will begin to produce AC
electricity from an irradiance threshold of 10 W/m²...
The following parameters are often given by manufacturers, and sometime with a contractual constraint. But they
don't have a real physical meaning as they depend namely on the plane orientation (please see the sizing tool).
They normally don't present any danger for the inverter at running time as by overload, this device adjusts the
power drawn from the PV array by displacing the operating point along the I/V curve.
- Nominal PV power is a usually specified parameter for inverters. It may be understood as the recommended
nominal STC power of the PV array.
- Maximum PV power is sometimes specified by the manufacturers. It may be understood as the absolute
maximal STC power of the PV array. If this is a contractual condition you have to check the "Required"
checkbox, so that the sizing tool will warn you in red in case of excess.
- Maximum PV current is the absolute maximal current admissible at the input of the inverter, usually the ISC
current of the PV array at STC. If this is a contractual condition you have to check the "Required" checkbox, so
that the sizing tool will warn you in red in case of excess.
Output side (AC)
Although fundamental features of the inverter, the AC output parameters are not involved in the simulation results
nor the system performance evaluation, which is only given in terms of Output Power (Exception: the Voltage/
Current characteristics at the AC side influence the eventual ohmic or transformator losses after the inverter).
- The mono or triphased mode: usually Mono- for inverters smaller than about 8 kWac, and Tri-phased for
greater ones. Most grid distributors impose a limit on the phase unbalance, of the order of 3-5 kW. But of
course you can distribute mono-phased inverters on each phase.
- The grid frequency is usually 50 Hz, and 60 Hz for the US zone. Many inverters are designed for accepting
both frequencies, making them useable on all world markets. When choosing an inverter in PVsyst, you can
ask for a selection of only 50Hz or 60Hz suited devices.
- The Grid Voltage parameter is also indicative in PVsyst. In the reality, the output voltage of the inverter will
follow the grid voltage 63 at any time. The device is usually equipped with securities which will disconnect
If you avail of hourly measured data, and, in these data, of the the Inverter Output energy as well as the Array
Energy parameters (measured with good accuracy) , this tool allows to compare the Inverter efficiency 149 defined
for your device, with the experimental data.
Moreover you can adjust your Inverter Device Specifications in two ways:
- either you can perform an automatic best fit on the data,
- or you can drag the reference points with the mouse in order to "visually" obtain the desired characteristics.
You are advised to save the inverter data with another name for your specific measured project, and you will then
be able to use it when performing the comparison simulations.
Grid inverter database
The library includes about thirty inverters available on the Swiss and European market, in the range of 0.8 to 100
kW. Most of them have been measured by independent institutes (ISB - Ingenieurschule Burgdorf, Be,
Switzerland, or GENEC, Groupement Energétique de Cadarache, France).
The greatest inverters are often modular, or made to measure. It is not possible to propose current models, and
we don't avail of measurements independent of the manufacturers. But these data will be easily introduced in the
PVSYST's library with the help of the technical data from the manufacturers.
There are several Inverter databases recently available. But these usually don't give an explicit efficiency curve
behaviour, which is a necessary data for the PVSYST simulation process.
Batteries
We have given up to use the classical models (for example Shepherd's model), where a number of parameters
are involved, which require practically a detailed measurement for each battery model used.
We have tried to develop a two-level phenomenological model 151 , whose basic behaviour is simple and may be
reproduced using the fundamental data furnished by all constructors, but to which specific disturbances are
added; these being generally described by some manufacturers or battery specialists.
For these secondary behaviours, when unknown, the user can do with the default values, specific to each type of
technology, and proposed by the software.
Therefore the PV-module dialog includes several definition sheets:
- Basic data 150 , the identificators and the fundamental properties of a specific battery type,
- Detailed Model parameters 151 , which gather the secondary behaviours given by default,
- Commercial data 132 ,
- Graphs, a tool visualising the usual charge/discharge curves of the Battery Model electrical behaviour.
The Battery database 154 is unfortunately limited to a very few manufacturers on the European market.
Batteries - Basic data
Battery identifiers:
- Model and Manufacturer will appear in the batteries choice lists.
- Data source usually refers to the main parameter measurement source (most often Manufacturer, may be an
independent institute or your own measurements).
Allows to act on the secondary parameters used by the battery model 151 , which you should in principle not pay
any attention to, except if you have specific data at disposal. The default values can be restored at any time by
clicking on the "Default" checkbox.
Open circuit voltage
These parameters concern the modelling of the open circuit voltage, assumed to be linear up to the "gassing"
region and down to the deep discharge beginning. These values, characteristic of the electrochemical Pb-H2SO4
couple, are drawn from a manufacturer's catalogue.
Miscellaneous parameters
- Self-discharge current at 20°C: behaves approximately as an exponential with temperature, doubling every
10°C. The general temperature behaviour is specified as a dimensionless profile.
- Capacity vs discharge current, usually increases by a factor 25 to 35% by respect to the rated C10 capacity in
solar use.
- Capacity correction vs temperature, increases by about 5% to 10% with temperature increases of ten
degrees.
- Saturation charge current, charging saturation voltage at the reference temperature, i.e. limit for which the
whole charge current is used for electrolyte dissociation.
- Gassing overvoltage profile, as a function of the state-of-charge. Phenomenological curve, not to be changed
!
- Lifetime vs depth of discharge, often given by manufacturers for solar batteries. The product of the depth of
discharge by the number of cycles gives the total stored current during the battery life.
- Static lifetime at 20°C, usually given by manufacturers for solar batteries.
Batteries - Model description
This model is then completed by a series of disturbances, whose values are predefined in the programme
(modulated especially by the chosen technology), but which can of course be adjusted by the user if he has more
specific data for his own battery at disposal.
Over-charging and deep discharge
The first two disturbances to be taken into account are the behaviours at the end of the charging and the
discharging processes, which mainly affect voltage, and therefore regulation.
When the battery approaches complete discharge, the voltage falls progressively, whatever be the current. We
have fixed a fall of a quadratic shape starting from a SOC of 30%, which gives realistic results for most of the
batteries. But this exact shape is of little importance for the behaviour of the system as a whole.
At the end of charge, the problem is more delicate because of the apparition of the electrolyte dissociation (
"gassing"). This phenomenon is rarely treated explicitly in the usual models, but it is still fundamental as it
consumes a part of the charging current, and therefore affects the global operating of the system, in particular the
real efficiency of the battery. We suppose that this phenomenon induces an excess voltage with respect to the
linear behaviour depending on the SOC. The shape of this excess voltage is a predetermined "S"-curve, (ref.[22]).
The "gassing" current increases exponentially with the excess voltage, and substitutes itself progressively for
charge current. The "Delta" coefficient of the exponential has been measured by a German team for various
The database is constituted of some battery models, available on the Swiss or European market, for different
types and different technologies.
Notice that though often used in small solar installations in holiday's houses, the car batteries (often called
"starting" batteries), are not best suited to a solar installation running conditions. Built to stay charged most of the
time, and to produce a big starting current, they are not able to be cycled, have an important self-discharge, and
their lifetime is limited to about 4-5 years. Their use is economically justified in low-used installations (holiday
houses or caravans).
For industrial or professional uses, the special solar batteries (with grids or tubular, open or sealed without
maintenance), are more expensive at buying time. But due to their lifetime the real stored energy cost is often
lower.
In the warm countries, where the overcharging and evaporation risks are important, the open batteries will be
preferred to the sealed maintenance free models, thus the user can always complete the electrolyte by distilled
water.
Back-up generator
In PVSYST, the back-up generator is only considered as an alternator+rectifier element, ensuring the
recharging of batteries when the solar energy is insufficient to satisfy the user's needs.
It is supposed to work only at nominal power. Its parameters are no more than the definition of the nominal power
supplied, as well as a specific fuel-consumption (in volume per hour) to evaluate the back-up consumption.
Provision is made for defining commercial available devices (sizes, weight, etc), but no one is proposed in the
database.
Pump definition
General frame
The pump device is considered as a black-box, with Current and Voltage inputs on the electric side, and Head
and Flowrate values at the hydraulic side (cf Pump model 158 ). Technical features of the motor-pump aggregate
are not needed in detail.
In PVsyst, many Pump are associated with a power converter, which have to be included in the pump device
definition. In these cases the input electrical variables are those of the converter.
All parameters related to a given Pump, as well as graphs of its behaviour, are available in the Pump definition
dialog which is composed of several definition sheets:
- General data 156 , which holds the pump identificators, and main electrical and hydraulic characteristics,
- Detailed parameters 157 , specifies some additional electrical parameters, and the choice of a model
Pump technologies
Pump technologies
There are two classes of pump technologies:
Centrifugal Pumps
The water is moved with a rapid-rotating impeller. The pump should rotate at a sufficient speed for reaching the
head required by the external system. The efficiency is mainly related to the flowrate. It shows an increasing curve
(from zero efficiency at zero flowrate) until a maximum, which usually doesn't depend much on the Head. After this
maximum the efficiency decrease is more marked for lower heads.
The flowrate has a quadratic behaviour as a function of the power, with a power threshold depending on the
Head; this corresponds to the minimum speed before reaching the external head.
Centrifugal pumps are suited for systems with rather low heads and high flowrates.
For extending the head range, many pumps use a multistage technique, that is implementing several impellers
in series on the same motor axis, each ensuring a part of the required head.
Positive displacement pumps
In a positive displacement pump, the (uncompressible!) water is shut in an impervious moving volume, either
with valves or with moving pieces with special geometric shape. Therefore some water is pumped as soon as
the pump is rotating, and the flowrate is directly proportional to the pump speed. Power threshold is due to
electrical losses in the motor before reaching a sufficient force for overcoming the torque.
In many pumps, this starting torque is higher than the running torque (the friction losses are higher when the
pump is stopped), requiring a starting over-current.
There are several technologies:
- Piston pumps, where an alternating piston in a cylinder draws up the water from the inlet or pushes it out of the
chamber to the outlet, using non-return valves.
- Membrane pumps act in a similar way, except than the piston's imperviousness is replaced by a moving
membrane.
- Progressive cavity pumps use a special vis-shaped rotor in a cylinder, which imprisons a volume of water in the
input chamber and pushes it along the tube to the output.
- Rotating displacement pumps are made of rotor resembling to a paddle-wheel rotating in a cylinder with inlet
and outlet openings.
Positive displacement pumps are well-suited for high head systems. Their efficiency is usually rather constant for
different flowrates.
Surface and deep well
"Normal" surface pumps are made of a motor and a pump aggregate, which are not necessarily integrated in a
single case, giving the opportunity of coupling different motor types with different pump devices. The pump should
be placed not too far from the water source (and at a maximum of about 5 mWater height for avoiding cavitation
problems). There are no problems of accessibility for maintenance. But in many cases the fact of being placed
above the water level requires a priming procedure, and some precautions for avoiding air entries.
For deep wells, submersible pumps have to be placed at the bottom of the well. These should have of course a
cylindric shape adapted to the well diameter, and the electrical part should be perfectly waterproof all over the life
time. The technical constraints are more severe, and their quality should be much higher as the maintenance is
not easy. Therefore the price of such pumps is usually much higher than for surface pumps.
You may first choose the units of Head and Flowrate, according to your original data.
Then for each curve you should choose the Parameter (Voltage or Head). Curve modifications act on the
highlighted curve chosen by the "Set curve" box (red points).
For constructing a curve, you are advised to put the data points at their approximate position using right-clicks of
the mouse, and then specify their exact values in the editing boxes.
As the curves are rather linear (and due to cubic interpolations), multiplying the data points doesn't bring more
accuracy. Usually 4 or 5 points/curve and 3 or 4 curves are quite sufficient.
NB: After this definition, please have a look on the graphs for checking the general model behaviour. If
irregularities or inconsistencies are observed, it is possible that one or another points is not well defined. We
have sometimes observed that original data are not well defined (aligned) in the datasheets.
Pump data: detailed parameter
These are a complementary set of parameters.
Electric side:
- Motor type: reminds the choice of the preceding sheet
- MPPT ou DC Converter (if any): asks for the model name (only informative, this doesn' refer to a device in the
database).
- Nominal Voltage: reminder of the preceding sheet. With DC converter: input voltage. In other cases: the most
relevant operating voltage, often mentioned by the data sheets, even when the Voltage characteristics is not
given.
Other variables depend on the configuration:
- Min/Max MPPT Voltage: the voltage windows for MPPT converter
- Abs. Max Voltage, Abs. Max Current, Abs. Max Power: absolute maximum ratings at the input of the device
(pump or converter), which should never be exceeded during the simulation. Corresponding protections should
be specified in the Control Unit (either in the simulation, and in the reality !!!).
- Maximum- and EURO-efficiencies, from which an efficiency profile will be constructed.
Hydraulic side:
Choice of the Data Set available in the data sheets.
This will determine the model-type 73 used by PVsyst for simulating the pump behaviour, and makes available
the corresponding sheet(s) for input of the data.
Pump data: current thresholds
With Positive displacement pumps, and in absence of an integrated power converter, the motor will require an
over-current before starting rotating.
This panel asks for defining these over-currents for Head Min, Head Max, and an intermediate HeadMed at half
distance between them. The final function at any Head in the model will result of a linear interpolation.
Also the threshold voltage should be defined. This is the voltage at which the pump (i.e. Flow production) will
stop. It usually corresponds to the elbow of the measured Current/Voltage curve.
This elbow is not always well defined (not given in the data sheets). The model chooses it below the lowest
specified running point. The I = f(U) behaviour between the last significant point and the origin (U=0, I=0) is
approximated by a quadratic curve for completude of the model, but its exact values don't have a great importance
during the simulation process.
Pump: integrated power converter
Head = 41 m
Current [A]
6
4 Max.
Head = 11 m Voltage
2
Threshold (Limit FlowR = 0)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Voltage [V]
The equation =0 implies that only 3 of the 4 variables are independent. Therefore the model will provide
relations allowing to calculate any one of the above variables, as functions of two others. The basic relations are:
- Ip = f (Up, HT), the fundamental relationship which will be used for determining the operating point when
directly coupled to a PV array.
- FR = f (Pp, HT), completing the preceding relation for determining the corresponding flowrate.
- Pp = f (FR, HT) will be used for example for sizing the PV array power, or for determining the efficiency.
The other relations may be obtained by numerically inverting these 3 fundamental ones.
As a complement, the model also provides functions for determining the Power, Voltage or Current threshold (i.e.
the boundary where the flowrate drops to zero) as function of the Head.
The Phenomenological Model
The problem is now to determine this function . We would like to avoid references to technology-specific
parameters, that is to physical models describing the motor or pump. Therefore our model is mainly based on
the known performances, i.e. the operating points either specified by the manufacturer, or measured by other
sources.
If these points are sufficiently well distributed over the operating domain, they will completely define the pump
behaviour. The informatic model has to interpolate between the given points; in practice, it will perform cubic
interpolations between points, and linearly extrapolate the data up to the boundaries. Therefore this model is just
a phenomenological one, without any physical contents.
Physical assumptions will be necessary only if the data set is not sufficiently well distributed for allowing
extrapolations within the entire operating domain. These very general assumptions will be established according
to general behaviours observed when measuring a great number of pump technologies. These could probably
be refined during our future works. Of course this lack of primary information in the basic data will result in lower
accuracies of the model's predictions.
In practice the manufacturers use to specify the performances of their products by giving different kinds of data
sets. We identified 5 of them, which may be input directly in the PVsyst model. Each one has to be treated
specifically in the model; that is, the algorithms of the basic functions mentioned above will be different for each
kind:
- Given Ip and FlowRateas f(Head) for fixed Voltage 162 , usually for Positive Displacement Pumps.
- Given Power and FlowRateas f(Head) for fixed Voltage 162 , equivalent set, as U is defined for each point.
- Given FlowRate as f(Power) for fixed Heads 161 , usual for solar centrifugal pumps, but doesn't include
Current/Voltage specification, therefore only suited for configurations with converter.
- Given Head and Poweras f(FR), fixed voltage or speed 160 is the usual way of defining standard centrigugal
pumps for grid operation. This definition leads to the "Similarity Laws" model.
- Given Head and Efficiencyas f(FR), fixed voltage or speed 160 is equivalent to the preceding, the power being
easily deduced for each operating point.
70 Head = 32 m
Head = 22 m
FlowRate Model [l/min]
60
Head = 12 m
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
FlowRate Measurements [l/min]
Efficiency vs Voltage
50
45 Head = 41 m
Head = 32 m
40
Head = 22 m
35 Head = 12 m
Efficiency
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pump Voltage
If we avail of 2 voltage curves the efficiency figure is a linear interpolation, which improves the model's accuracy.
Given Pp and FR as f(Head) for fixed Voltage
This is equivalent to the preceding scheme, as for each data point the current may be easily determined from
power, using the fixed voltage parameter of the curve.
Regulators for stand-alone systems
The regulator is at the heart of the working of a stand-alone system. It must ensure the protection of the batteries
from overload (from the solar generator) and from deep discharge (by cutting off supply to the users). It can also
control the starting of a back-up generator.
Even though sophisticated regulation modes can be used in some photovoltaic systems (proportional regulators,
partial cuts in fields, for example), the type of regulator currently available in PVSYST will only act on an "On/Off"
basis.
Its decisions are based on the modelled battery voltage. Each action is characterised by two thresholds -
starting and stopping - which can be given either in specific values by element, or for the whole battery.
Regulator parameters
Besides identification as in other components (model, manufacturer, etc), the regulator parameters include:
- Technology and Data display specification. These are only indicative parameters, except that MPPT or DC-DC
converters are specified by the "Technology" choice.
- Charging thresholds, for which default values proposed by the program are slightly dependent on the battery
technology.
- Discharging thresholds are the regulator settings controlling the load disconnecting, ensuring the battery
deep discharge safety.
- Temperature compensation (linear) is available with some regulators, especially recommended for use in
warm countries. Some regulators have an internal sensor (they measure their own temperature), other have
external sensor to measure the battery temperature.
- Maximum Input and Output currents are one of the most important real device characteristics. Before
simulation the program will check the consistency of the regulator choice with the system characteristics.
NB: With converters, the user may want to perform the simulation according to different converter efficiencies.
With DC-DC converter, the user may also perform the simulation with several Input voltage values.
Therefore the "Max efficiency" and "Euro efficiency" parameters, as well as the "Fixed input voltage" of the
default regulator will be editable, and stored along with the "Simulation version" parameters.
Regulator for Pumping: parameters
Regulator for Pumping: parameters
See also general considerations about Control device for pumping systems 165 .
The Regulator dialog includes several pages, which are only available when pertinent.
General Tab
Reminds the main characteristics of any Pumping System Control Device, namely for system control and pump
(s) operating safety.
The parameter mentioned here are not all useful for simulation; but they will characterize the capabilities of each
commercial device.
- Main switch and Tank Full level sensor are in principle present in any control device. Pump inlet level sensor is
required in deep well systems.
- Electric safety limitations (Abs. maximum Power, Voltage, Current) will be set according to the pump(s) in the
Default regulators.
- If a Power conditioning Unit is used, you should decide whether it is part of the pump definition or defined in
this component. This choice is automatic with Default regulators.
- Some operational parameter for special configurations are defined here:
Pumps cascading 76 : The irradiance threshold for switching the second (or third) pump ON. The program
also gives the opportunity of defining pump Power thresholds for this purpose, but it is probably more
difficult to implement in the reality.
Array Reconfiguration 77 : The irradiance threshold for commuting from parallel to series configuration.
Battery Buffered system 79 : The irradiance threshold for turning the pump ON.
MPPT and DC-DC Converter
Define the usual parameter for power converter units, that is:
- MPPT: Minimum and Maximum MPPT voltage, the voltage range for tracking.
- DC-DC: Fixed input voltage, which may be adjustable on most devices. The dialog gives access to the Voltage
Optimizing tool 166 for choosing the convenient value, according to the array definition.
- Behaviour at Maximal Power, and Voltage tracking limits.
In the Default Regulator definition, the above parameter are adjustable, but all other ones are fixed according to
the system before the simulation process.
- Maximum Array Voltage and Input Current,
- Output (pump driving): nominal output voltage and power, maximal power.
NB: When the converter is specified within the pump definition, the converter parameters of the pump are
transferred into the Regulator device just before the simulation, overwriting the own regulator's definitions.
The main difference is that the original Meteo file of the project is replaced by the measured data file 167 , which is
attached to each variant (so that the Project can treat several measured data files, for example for different
periods).
Therefore the measured data file should contain the meteorological data necessary to carry out the detailed
hourly simulations.
Regarding other aspects, the Project and parameter definitions organisation is exactly the same.
Procedure:
After choosing "Project Design" and the system type in the main window, the procedure is the following:
- First define the Project 28 through the "Project/Variant" button. You can also retrieve an existing project
through the "File" menu.
- For each variant, define the plane orientation 30 .
- Define the System 29 properties.
- The program verifies the consistency of all parameters, and produces "Warnings" as Orange (acceptable for
simulation) or Red (preventing simulation) LED's.
- When the simulation is completed, you will enter the "Results 92 " dialog.
The objective of this section is to closely compare on-site measured data with simulated values, either in hourly
or in daily values. It has a two-sided function:
On the one hand, it has helped us for the validation the software by comparing its results with carefully
measured data in 7 installations.
On the other hand, it constitutes a powerful tool for the analysis of the operation of PV systems in use, allowing
for the detection and identification of even the smallest misfunctioning.
Procedure
This involves a much more complex process than the simple system simulation, which includes the following
steps:
1. Importing the measured data: 129 . this is done by a programmable data interpreter, which accepts almost
any ASCII file, provided that it holds records of hourly or sub-hourly steps, each one on a single ASCII line. It
allows to choose, among the measured variables, those which suit the simulation variables.
2. Checking the imported data: 167 In order to verify the validity of the imported data file, a number of tables and
graphs in hourly, daily or monthly values, may be drawn. Further, some specific graphs often used in PV data
analysis (inverter efficiency, input/output diagrams, normalised performances parameters, etc.) are also
available, allowing, at this stage, for using PVSYST as a complete tool for the presentation of measured data.
3. Defining the system parameters: 22 You have to define a project and variant parameters, exactly in the
same way as for usual simulation. At this stage you should carefully introduce the real properties of your
system.
4. Comparisons between measured and simulated values: 166 after performing the simulation, you will obtain
close comparison distributions for any measured variable. According to the observed discrepancies, you
probably will analyse their cause and modify the input parameters accordingly. This offers a powerful way to
exactly determine the real system parameters, as well as temporarily misrunnings.
5. Elimination of break-down events: 169 most of time measured data hold undesired records (break-down of
the system or the measurement equipment), easily identifiable on the graphs. These can be selectively
eliminated in order to obtain clean statistical indicators - mean bias and standard deviation - corresponding
to normal running of the system.
Checking the measured data files
To check generated files in detail, you can use scrolling tables of monthly / daily / hourly values, as well as a set
of control graphs for each parameter (time evolutions, histograms, etc.).
Time interval definition check:
The synchronisation of your data with the solar time is of great importance for solar geometry calculations,
especially for the transposition model. Time definition checking 110 is performed through the same tool as for
Meteo files.
System data and running checks
On the other hand, some specific graphs, usual when analysing measured data, are also available, which allow
to use PVSYST as a complete tool for the presentation of data. These are:
- Input/output diagrams, which shows the system production as a function of the input irradiation, immediately
gives indications about the misrunning days.
As in the case of hourly or daily on-line graphs, the parameters to be compared should be defined before the
execution of the simulation. So that during the simulation, the output file can store the couples of asked values
(measured and simulated).
For each comparison set, please choose:
- the parameter to be compared from the measured parameter's list
- the time interval and types of values to be accumulated (hourly, daily or monthly)
- you can impose some conditions for the accumulation: several conditions can simultaneously be specified:
- Horizontal or Incident global irradiation > 20W/m ², in order to be limited to day-time values.
- Cuts of one, two or three hours after sunrise and before sunset.
- Selection of hours (mid-day).
- Eliminations of marked data (break-downs), explicitly eliminated 169 in the comparison graphs or the
tables.
- Running of inverter for grid system, or production of PV-field in case of stand-alone system.
- Cuts according to the values of another measured variable, or a simulated variable chosen from among
the 70 parameters calculated by the simulation.
- For example, this last option allows for the selection of the measurement points with a strong beam or
pure diffuse irradiation (by asking "Diff/Glob Ratio"<25%, resp. >70%).
- Then give a name to the accumulation (you can use the speed button on the right for pre-defined name).
After having defined as many comparisons as necessary, the simulation is started exactly in the same way as for
the usual simulation. It follows the same process, on the basis of the meteorological data of the measurements
file instead of those of the meteo of the project. At each time-step, and according to the specified conditions, it
accumulates comparison data asked for above.
Transformations of data-files
The data files produced by PVSYST are not ASCII files, and have internal coherence constraints which imply that
they should never be modified in a text-editor. But the programme proposes some useful transformations such
as:
- Linking two files of same data structure over different periods. Linking is performed at a given fixed date,
allowing to manage transitory differences in the accumulation format.
For example: passing from summer time to winter time, which should be specified in the parameters of the
site during the accumulation, and therefore giving rise to two distinct files during the conversion process.
Be aware that PVSYST data files cannot run over 12 months !
- Merging data, that is introducing one or several parameter data belonging to another internal data file.
Example of use: introduction of meteorological data simultaneously measured by another acquisition system
on a very near site.
- Cut of data according to dates. You can eliminate some given period (integer number of days) from a data file.
Tip : You can also use the data elimination 169 tools for hiding faulty data in a file without definitively removing
them.
Data elimination in Tables
You can mark (eliminate) break-down data 169 in the tables by clicking on the desired line:
- With the left button : elimination,
- With the right button : to restore data.
NB. If you modify the data eliminations, the program will ask you for saving theses modifications on the data file.
Cuts of erroneous data
During a real data acquisition, the measured data often include erroneous measurements which correspond
either to deficiencies in the measurement equipment, or to break-downs or disturbances in the PV-system itself.
These non-significant values should be eliminated from the calculation of the comparison estimators, from the
monthly accumulations, or even eliminated from graphs.
PVSYST offers several means aiming to "mark" data for elimination:
- General criteria can be applied to hourly or daily comparison graphs: limits on the measured value, on the
simulated value, on their difference or their ratio. Whenever possible, the graph explicitly traces the limits of
the criterion.
- On comparison graphs, isolated aberrant points can be individually eliminated by a simple click of the left
button of the mouse (or, contrarily, restored by a right click).
- On measured data tables 168 , single hourly or daily data can be eliminated with the mouse.
The eliminations performed on a comparison graph are carried over to all the other graphs of the calculated
version. The eliminations of values in an hourly graph will therefore cause the elimination of the whole
corresponding day on a daily graph.
The eliminations performed on graphs can be saved on the file of the calculated variant (".CMi"), to be
automatically displayed again in a later session.
Further, the indications of eliminations of a calculated version can also be carried over to the original file of
measured data (.DAM file). This allows, during another simulation, to reuse these break-down indicators as
conditions for accumulation of new comparisons. This proves to be particularly useful for the elaboration of
monthly comparisons graphs, where the elimination of break-down days is primordial.
This chapter describes all technical aspects when using the software.
Languages
NB: If some user has competencies for proposing a translation in his own language, please contact the
author. The job consists of filling a list of about 4000 words or pieces of text in an EXCEL-like sheet
(see "Texts.CSV" in the \DataRO\ directory), and carefully checking the effect on the printed outputs.
Nevertheless the present version is limited to languages which only involve a standard ANSI character
set.
Special characters problems
PVsyst uses a standard "ANSI" character set for showing texts. This is quite standard for usual
characters. But for some special characters, the conversion table provided by Windows depends on the
international settings. This is especially the case for Asiatic users.
Now PVsyst uses only a very restricted set of special characters within the Ansi set. These are essentially
As stated above, there are no additional files nor registry keys left elsewhere on your machine.
NB: Uninstalling is not urgent. Several versions of PVsyst may coexist on your machine without
interference, as far as they don't share the same \Data\ structure (because some files of new versions
may be incompatible with older versions).
File organisation
Installation
The PVSYST software can be installed in any directory of your choice (defined during the installation). This
directory (the "root" of PVSYST, say \PVSYST5\ by default) contains the main programme and its executing files. It
is usually placed in the \Program Files\ part of your operating system. No other files are put elsewhere in your
system by the installation program (except under Vista or Windows 7, see below). PVsyst doesn't make use of the
Windows Registry.
The various help, image and data files are spread-out into sub-directories (also created during installation)
according to the list defined below.
Please note: the installation, as well as the first execution of the program, should be performed in a windows
session with administrator rights.
New file organization and data positioning since version 5.2
Up to the version 5.13 the working area (`\Data\ directory) was located b y default in your installation location, i.e.
under \PVsyst5\Data\.
But when you don't have administrator rights in your Windows session, Windows forbids writing in the \Program
Files\ area.
- With Windows XP, this was an absolute conditions and when not administrator of your machine, you had to
displace (copy) your working area to your personal working area (see below).
- Now with Vista and Windows 7, when the program is writing in these area, Windows delocalizes these files
175 to a special \VirtualStore\ directory.
c:\Users \ User \ AppData \ Local \ Virtual Store \ Program Files \ PVsyst5 \ Data \
This is the reason why from version 5.2, PVsyst puts, by default, the \Data\ subdirectory in a location always
writable by anybody:
- Under Vista and Windows 7: c: \ ProgramData \PVsyst \ Data \
- Under Windows XP and older: c: \ Documents and Settings \ All Users \ Application Data \ PVsyst \ Data \
Usually, the user will not have to manage or directly memorise the names of the files: each file in PVSYST
includes an explicit head description, which will appear in all the choice-lists in the program, in addition to the file
name. You are advised to carefully define these descriptions when available, in a unique manner, by a significant
comment about the set of parameters concerned.
When the parameters of a component, an element of a project, etc..., are modified, the programme will remind the
user to save the modifications carried out, either in the same file (button "Save"), or in a new file ("Save as") for
creating a new component.
Directories contents
Dir_DataRO
\DataRO\ directory
Texts_5_00.CSV List of all the texts used in PVsyst for multi-language uses.
Params_5_00.DAT : Miscellaneous "hidden" physical parameters. Values can be edited and modified
through the "Preferences"/"Edit hidden parameters" option in the main menu.
\Data\Admin\ directory
PVsyst4.INI : Initialisation file, containing, among other things: current directories, personalised
variables, your user's code, etc... If you encounter any initialisation problem, do not
hesitate to destroy this file as it will be automatically recreated by the programme with
default values.
(do not forget to note your code number before ! )
Params_5_00.DAT : Miscellaneous "hidden" physical parameters. This file is originally stored in the \DataRO\
(read only directory) at installation. It is saved here in case of custom modifications.
Currency.DAT : Defined currencies and exchange rates. You can update them in any dialog dealing with
economical data.
yyyymmdd_hhmm.LOG Log files for debugging, created when they are activated in the "Preferences" dialog.
To be sent to the author in case of problem. The program keeps the last five .Log files produced, and some
older ones when an error occurred.
Dir_Sites
\Data\Sites\ directory
Namesite.SIT : Parameters of geographical sites (latitude, longitude, altitude, time-zone), with their general
climatological data in monthly values (global, diffuse irradiation, temperature, wind velocity).
NB: The *.sit files include monthly meteo data, and allow to perform some quick but
approximate meteo calculations. They may also be the source for generating synthetic hourly
data (*.met files), necessary for the detailed simulation.
NB: From version 5.0, the original database for sites is stored in the file "MeteoDB.CSV" in
the directory \DataRO\. This directory will holde the files that you create (or modify) by yourself
Dir_Meteo
\Data\Meteo\ directory
Meteo.MET : Internal file of hourly meteorological data, associated with a measurement site, and
containing Global, Diffuse, and if necessary ambient temperature and wind-speed, in binary
format. A year's complete file occupies about 70 kOctets.
TypeFmt.MEF : Specification of the format of ASCII source files for hourly (or sub-hourly) meteorological data
import. They contain all the necessary indications for the recognition and the transformation
of data when reading various ASCII formats. The main constraint is that the data of one time-
step (hourly or sub-hourly) figure on one ASCII line ending with CR (and/or LF).
FTransp.TFT : Tables of transposition factors, calculated for all orientations (used in the orientation
optimisation tool).
Dir_DataMeas
\Data\Datameas\ directory
TypeFmt.DAF : Specification of the format of source files for hourly ASCII measured data. Same
characteristics as the *.MEF files for Hourly meteo data, but allows the user to choose the
measured variables to be transcribed. They also offer the possibility for automatically
chaining data file reading (daily or monthly files).
DataMes.DAM : Hourly measured data file. Normalised internal file, made up from your ASCII files using the .
DAF interpreter. Even if the source is in sub-hourly steps, the interpreter accumulates the
values in hourly steps.
\Data\ComposPV\ directory
Each component type is stored in its own subdirectory.
\PVModules\ *.PAN : Parameters and characteristics of a PV module.
\Inverters\ *.OND : Inverter for grid connection: operating limits, efficiency profile.
\Batteries\ *.BTR : Characteristics of a batteriy.
\Pumps\ *.PMP : Characteristics of a pump device
\Regulators\ *.RLT : Charge/discharge regulator, and possible back-up, "ON/OFF" operating ,
according to threshold levels of battery voltage.
\RegulPmp\ *.RLP : Pumping system controller, includes the regulation strategy, may include
power converter or battery regulator.
\Gensets\ *.GEN : Back-up generator (Genset) for the battery-recharge.
\Sellers\ *.REV : Addresses of manufacturers or other reseller.
NB: From version 5.0, the original database for PV modules and Inverters is stored in the files "PVModuleDB.
CSV" and "InverterDB.CSV" located in the directory \DataRO\. This directory will hold the files that you create (or
modify) by yourself
Dir_Projects
\Data\Projects\ directory
Pre_Grid.PSG : Preliminary design of grid connected systems.
Pre_SAlone.PSS : Preliminary design of stand-alone systems.
Pre_Pumping.PSP : Preliminary design of pumping systems.
Project.PRJ : Central definitions of a project for full simulation and/or measured data analysis (includes
site, associated meteo file, albedo data, eventually altitude corrections, etc.).
Project.VCi : Variant of a simulation version. Includes all specific parameters for one simulation (plane
orientation, PV module arrangement, inverters, batteries or pumps, etc, loss factors,
shadings, horizon, etc., as well as simulation results.
These files have the same name as the project. The last letter of the extension determines the version
number (running from 0..9 and A..Z).
Project.CMi : Variant of a simulation-measured data comparison, similar to the simulation variant, but
including more the detailed comparison pairs in hourly or daily values.
Dir_Shadings
\Data\Shadings\ directory
Horizon.HOR : Horizon profile definition.
Shading_Scene.SHD : Complete shading scene, may also include the Shading Factor Table.
Buildings.BLD : Buildings templates created in the near shading scene.
Shading_objects.SHO : Collection of shading objects, which can be saved together using multiple selection.
Dir_Models
\Data\Models\ directory
Load.LOD : Load definition or profile, explicitely given as file.
Graph.SPL : On-line graph models which can be used as such, to be called before performing
simulations.
Expfile.SFI : Format models for the creation of export files for the results, with a view to using them in
other software.
With these new versions of Windows, when the program attempts to write in the \Program files\
subdirectory, (or \Program files (i86)\ for 32 bits programs in 64 bits OS), these new versions of Windows
automatically redirect the writing to a virtual location situated at:
c:\Users \ User \ AppData \ Local \ Virtual Store \ Program Files \ PVsyst5 \ Data \
Therefore all data that you have created by yourself (or modified) under PVsyst versions before 5.13 will be
stored in this directory. You will also find here the LOG files or the PVsyst5.ini file. This directory should be
destroyed when completely uninstalling the program.
NB: in the Windows File Explorer, some of these directories are translated into the local language, for
example in French: "Utilisateur" instead of "User".
NB: The AppData subdirectory is often hidden. For visualizing hidden files or directories in the File
Explorer, you should modify the parameters of this tool. For this:
- Choose option "Organize" left under the menu),
- Choose "Options of Directories and Search" / "Display" / "Advanced parameters", and in the box "Hidden
files and directories", check "Show the hidden files, directories and disk s".
NB: Since version 5.2, the working \data\ directory has been displaced in the c:\ProgramData\PVsyst\
directory, avoiding this problem. This is the new location where you should look for your files.
Log_File
The Log file records the main actions of the program, and some error messages. It is stored in the \Data\
Admin\ directory. PVsyst keeps the 5 more recent log files, and some special ones when errors occurred.
Windows will write these file in the following directory:
- on Window 7 or Vista: c: \ Programdata \ PVsyst5 \ Admin \
- on Windows XP and older: c: \ Documents and Settings \ All Users \ Application Data \ PVsyst \ Admin \
where some subdirectoriesnames (i.e. Users and User) may be translated into your language in the File
explorer.
Log files are intended for debugging only. In case of persistent error, please enable the generation of Log
files (default option in the "Preferences") and send them to the author on request.
Managing data files
The data structure 171 in PVsyst is well structured, and this structure should of course be carefully
respected for proper operation. Several tools help managing (import/export) of external data.
- Copy the whole data structure 176 is meant especially for users who don't have the writing rights in
the directory of the main program (usually in "Program Files"), or when you want to place the PVsyst
data in an DATA area which is periodically saved. This tool is available using the "Files" / "Directories"
tool. When choosing an external data location, PVsyst automatically remembers this in the little file
DataPath.ini , which is located in the \Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\PVsyst\
This will copy the whole \Data\ structure (from the \PVsyts4\Data\ location) into the chosen location. The
target location should be in a zone where you have writing rights (typically in your \My Documents\ area)
If the target structure already exists, only newer files are copied.
The target structure in renamed \PVsyst_Data\ for easier identification in your machine. This new location,
associated with your own user Windows session, will be referenced in the little file DataPath.ini, which is
located in the c:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\PVsyst\ directory.
Importing/Dispatching data files
This tool is meant for importing individual PVsyst data files and dispatching them into their subdirectories. For the
transfer of whole projects please choose "Import Projects".
Please choose the "Source" directory using the "Browse" button. The source may be one subdirectory, or a root
with several subdirectories; all PVsyst files in any of these subdirectories will be shown.
The Target is of course the PVsyst data structure.
Colours underline the status of the concerned files. If some file already exists in the PVsyst data, it also appears
in the right panel, with specific colour:
- Green: the file is new, doesn't exist in the PVsyst database.
- Blue: the corresponding file in the PVsyst data is from original database (identified by a file date equal to 12:00),
but the file to be imported is newer: should be copied.
- Red: the file in the PVsyst data is from original database, and the corresponding file to be imported is an older
one: in principle should not be copied.
- Orange: the file in the PVsyst data is not from the original database: it has been modified by the user (for
example defined component's prices).
In the latter case:
One of the main reasons of importing updated database files is when the availability of the component has
changed (i.e. is no more available on the market). Therefore PVsyst gives the opportunity of performing an
"intelligent" copy, which consists of maintaining your modifications and just updating the market availability dates
in the component.
You have choice between this intelligent copy (recommended for database update) or a normal copy which will
overwrite your modifications.
Taking care of these status, you can choose the files which you effectively want to transfer. Or ask for copying all
the eligible files according to the above criteria.
After transfer, the source files become grey (or disappear if "moved"), and the copied files are blue.
Updating database from the WEB
Database updates will be periodically available from the WEB at site www.pvsyst.com. These contain data of
new components established since the latest available version.
Please download the Database Update ZIP file and unzip it in a temporary directory.
A bad file can disturb the normal running of the program and produce unrecoverable errors.
Invalidating it puts a "$" as first file name's character.
You will always be able to rename it when necessary.
Exporting projects
This tool gathers all files involved in a simulation project for export to an archiving place or sending to another
PVsyst user.
The source is of course the local data structure. It shows the Simulation projects (in green) and the Presizing
projects (in maroon). You choose the desired projects to be exported.
You have to choose the target directory (anywhere in a writable area on your machine), which could be named
\PVsyst_ExtData\ by default. If not existing, a data structure analogous to the structure of PVsyst (i.e. 3
subdirectories \Projects\, \Meteo\ and \Components\) will be created.
When clicking on the transfer button, the concerned files are dispatched to their corresponding subdirectories.
The copied structure is reversible and could be re-imported "as such" by another installation of PVsyst (of same
or posterior version). It may also be zipped for sending to another PVsyst user.
Importing projects
This tool dispatches all files related to a project to their proper directories.
Please define the source directory, by choosing a project file among your external data. When available the
program will show all transferable projects (green: simulation, maroon: pre-sizing projects).
The external Project's files source may be either a structure analogous to the PVsyst data, or a "flat" list of all
involved files in the same directory. Only the projects are shown here, not the associated files.
NB: the external source directory may be the data structure of your old version of PVsyst, when Upgrading to a new
version.
The target is of course your present PVsyst data structure.
Please select the projects you want to transfer.
When clicking on the transfer button, the concerned files are dispatched to their corresponding subdirectories.
Only the not-existing files are copied (i.e. the original files of the database are preserved). If you want to overwrite
some files in your local data you should use the "Dispatch Files" option.
Files involved in a project
A project (design project) involves several files, which should be placed in a well-defined directory
structure. They are:
- in \projects\: ProjectName.PRJ,
Variants ProjectName.VCi,
Eventually comparison variants ProjectName.Cmi.
- in \meteo\: MeteoFile.MET, the hourly meteo file associated with the project
- in \DataMeas\: Datameas.DAM, (eventually if comparisons with measured data),
- in \ComposPV\: Components files, each kind in its own subdirectory:
\PVModules\ PVModule.PAN,
\Inverters\ Inverter.OND,
\Batteries\ Battery.BTR,
\Regulators\ Regulator.RLT,
The printed forms always include a frame, with the "PVsyst V4.xx" information in the left corner.
Printing date in the right corner is optional, with or without hour.
The central first line is free for the general label of your choice (company, etc.).
You can specify a second head line if desired (for example for your address/telephone).
Copying whole printer pages is a convenient way to store final PVSYST results in documents, or to send them for
example through e-mail.
Using the "Copy to Clipb oard" button in the "Printer" dialog will store the whole printed page as an image. You
just have to enter another software (for example MS-Word, Paint, etc) and paste the image.
Please note that with MS-Word, you are advised to use "Paste special" and then uncheck the option "Dissociate
from text", as image frames are very difficult to manage in this software.
Memory: resolution options
But be aware that such an image of an entire page takes up quite a lot of memory: That is why the "Options"
provide the opportunity of choosing the resolution. Please note that:
- 200 DPI will give good outputs when printing, but consumes about 3.2 MB of memory.
- 100 DPI will give coarse outputs, but occupies "only" 790 kB for each page.
- 150 DPI give almost as good results as 200 DPI, but for 1.8 MB.
After pasting in MS-Word, this image is compressed, and the resulting MS-Word .DOC file will be about 60 to 70
kB per PVsyst page image at 200 DPI.
Color options
The image may be stored either in Colors, or in Black and White.
Of course, most of the external software accept images in color. But the different colors in graphs will not be
reproduced on Black and White printers, nor will the colors be distinguished.
Therefore when printing, PVSYST looks for the actual printer capabilities, and modifies the graphs accordingly:
with color printers it keeps the colors displayed on the screen. With B&W printers it will adapt the graph lines
(using variable line widths and dotted lines) or the bars fillings with grey levels.
That is the reason why the final graph destination has to be precised at the time when PVSYST b uilds the image.
The options give the opportunity of choosing Color, B&W, or leave PVSYST choose itself according to the actually
connected printer.
Main physical models used in PVSYST calculations :
Meteorology:
PV system Components:
PV modules 130
PV system design:
Simulation process 88
Others:
This simplified computation performs quick meteo evaluations, using geographical site database only (i.e.
monthly irradiation values), and evaluates horizon, tilt, sheds and sun-shields, as well IAM effects.
This method takes advantage of so-called "average months" properties. With real meteo data of a given month,
when constructing an "average day" by averaging separately the irradiances at each hour (i.e. all irradiances at
8:00, 9:00, 10:00, etc), we obtain an average profile which is very close to the "Clear day" model profile, with
amplitude reduced in such a way that the day integral matches the monthly global value. This also holds for the
diffuse component.
Therefore, inversely, for the middle of each month, we construct a "clear day" with amplitude suited to the given
monthly irradiation. We then assume that this "average day" is representative of the month, so that we can apply
all mentioned corrections (transposition, shadings, etc) using the solar geometry of this middle-month day.
Accuracy
This procedure avoids constructing synthetic hourly values, and gives instantaneous evaluations with very
acceptable accuracy.
By respect to an hourly computation, monthly calculations for Geneva show that the transposition on tilted plane
induces a yearly MBE of the order of:
South plane, tilt 0..90°: < 1.3%
SE or SW planes: tilt 45°: < 1.1%, tilt 90° : < 4.1%,
E or W planes: tilt 45°: < 2.7%, tilt 90° : < 11 %,
If only the global monthly values are known, the uncertainty on the monthly diffuse estimation correlation model
(about 5%) may induce 1 to 4 % error more.
Transposition model
Transposition is the calculation of the incident irradiance on a tilted plane, from the horizontal irradiance data.
PVSYST offers two transposition models:
The Diffuse component is supposed to be mainly constituted of an isotropic distribution, and a circum-solar
contribution proportional to Kb
DiffInc = DiffHor * [ (1-Kb) * (1 + cos i) / 2 + Kb * sin HsolI / sin Hsol ]
The Albedo component is the irradiance reflected by the ground "seen" by the plane :
AlbInc = * GlobHor * (1 - cos i) / 2
where
i = Plane tilt
Hsol = Sun height on horizontal plane
Hsoli = Sun height on the plane (= 90° - incidence angle)
Kb = Clearness index of beam = BeamHor / (Io * Sin Hsol)
Io = Solar constant (depends on the day of year)
= Albedo coefficient 183 (usual value 0.2)
When it is not explicitly measured, the diffuse irradiation should be estimated from horizontal global by a
model.
We can mention two wide-used such models:
- Liu and Jordan's correlation, which results from an experimental correlation of the D/G ratio by
respect to the clearness index Kt 184 .
- Perez model (Perez, Ineichen et al.), is a more sophisticated model taking hourly data sequence into
account.
In PVSYST the diffuse irradiation uses the "robust" Liu and Jordan's correlation. When applied to our
data from the SIG (the only simultaneous measurement of global and diffuse irradiations we have at our
disposal), this correlation gives good results with an MBE of 1.7% and a RMSE of 27% (with respect to the
value of the diffuse irradiance), or 13% (referred to global irradiance).
Note: The most sophisticated model of Perez-Ineichen has also been tested, but does not give
significantly better results. From the opinion of one of the authors (P. Ineichen in our laboratory, who
has also evaluated the Liu-Jordan correlation) this is especially suited for very well-measured data.
Applying it to synthetic hourly data doesn't make great sense.
This is the reason why we didn't implement it in the current version. Nevertheless we intend to offer it as an
option it in a further version.
Synthetic data generation
Synthetic data generation provides a mean of constructing meteorological hourly data from only monthly
known values.
This is required since numerous simulation processes have to be computed as instantaneous values (or
pseudo-instantaneous as hourly averages). This is the case, for example, with the transposition model
which closely depends on the solar geometry.
Irradiance generation
For global irradiance, we dispose of well-established random algorithms (Aguiar et al), which produce
hourly distributions presenting statistical properties very close to real data.
The algorithm first constructs a random sequence of daily values, using a Library of Markov Transition
Matrices (probability matrices) constructed from real meteo hourly data of several dozen of stations all over
the world. Then it applies a time-dependent, Autoregressive, Gaussian Model for Generating the hourly
sequences for each day.
Temperature generation
For temperature, such a general model doesn't exist. We used procedures adjusted only on Swiss meteo
data (Scartezzini et al.), for which generalisation to any world climate is not proved.
In fact the ambient temperature daily sequence shows only weak correlations to global irradiation. Of
course the temperature should be continuous, therefore this sequence is constructed using essentially
randomly daily slopes, with constraints on the monthly average.
But daily profile can be much more related to the global irradiance. During the day, temperature behaves
rather like a sinusoïd, with amplitude related to the global daily irradiance, and a phase shift of two to three
hours. The corresponding correlation parameters (for amplitude and phase shift) have been quantified from
several Swiss region typologies. One can accept that these can be generalised to analogous typologies for
other places in the world.
Notes: The region typology asked by the program is only used to refine these temperature daily profile
parameters.
The dependence of PV-system behaviour is not very temperature-sensitive (about 0.4%/°C).
NB: When defining a very large autonomy, the global system optimisation process will choose the "minimum" PV
size which just meets the required "LOL". This may lead to a very low average State of Charge value over
large periods of the year, which is quite damaging for the battery.
In these cases, the actual PV-array sizing should be slightly increased by respect to the PVsyst proposal, in
the definitive "Project" study.
Clearness_Index
Clearness Index Kt
The Clearness Index Kt is defined as the ratio of the horizontal global irradiance to the irradiance available out of
the atmosphere (i.e. the extraterrestrial irradiance multiplied by the sinus of the sun height).
The extraterrestrial irradiance is the Solar constant (1367 W/m²) corrected by a yearly
sinus function of amplitude 3.3% accounting for earth orbit ellipticity.
Climatic Distance
Climatic Distance
According to the Meteonorm definition, the "Climatic distance" between two sites is the quadratic
sum of their horizontal distance and the altitude difference weighted by a factor of 100:
The NOCT factor is related to our loss factor U by the thermal balance:
U · (Tcell - Tamb) = Alpha · Ginc · (1 - Effic) where U = Uc + Uv · WindVel.
Now in this definition of the NOCT, the operating state of the module (at open circuit or at MPP) is not clear. The
definition probably concerns open-circuit modules (i.e. modules exposed at sun, but not really in use), in which
case the Effic value will be 0.
But if this definition is suited for working conditions, the electrical energy is drawn from the module, and this
thermal balance is affected by about the efficiency value, of the order of 10%.
In doubt of this definition, PVsyst proposes here both relationships, to the choice of the user.
Ohmic Loss Ratio (PV field)
Ohmic Loss Ratio
The Ohmic Loss ratio is referred here to the PV array at standard conditions (1000 W/m², 25°C),
It is the ratio of the wiring ohmic loss Pwir = Rwir * Isc² compared to the nominal power Pnom(array) = Rarray *
Isc².
Where:
- Rarray = Vmp / Imp at STC
- Rwir = global wiring resistance of the full system.
This is computed for a given sub-array (an inverter MPPT input) as the resistance of all strings wires in parallel, in
series with the cables from the intermediate connexion box on the roof to the inverter input. The global wiring
resistance Rwir is obtained by putting all the sub-array wiring resistances in parallel.
Use in the simulation
The "Global wiring resistance" value finally used during the simulation may be defined here:
- as a Ohmic Loss ratio (the default value is 1.5% at STC)
- or given explicitely in mOhm. The "Detailed computation" tool is only a help for this calculation. When you use
it, its result is reported in the "Global wiring resistance" value by checking the "Calculated" checkbox.
Of course the ohmic losses behave in a quadratic way with the array current (Ploss = R · I²), so that the ratio
diminishes linearly with the output current. Therefore the average wiring losses are much lower during the whole
running year.
We present here validations performed with old versions of PVsyst (1996) on 7 Swiss installations. The
yearly power was predicted with an annual accuracy of the order of +/- 5%, except with an installation
involving amorphous modules (which were not well modelled in this early version).
Recently we analysed very roughly several plants in Geneva, over 2-3 running years, usually designed with
PVsyst using the straightforward simulation (i.e. with all "default" loss values), and renormalising the
results to the real monthly irradiation the yearly results were within +/- 5%.
We also analysed the data of a 10 kWc system of amorphous modules, and closely compared them to the
simulation. The conclusion is that the calculation procedures are relatively reliable (within 1-2% MBE
accuracy over one year). PVsyst tries to use the best models (or the most suited) for simulating each part
of the system, and taking each behavior into account.
But the parameter you put in the simulation are the main source of uncertainty (mainly the meteo data,
usually known at 5-10%, and also the real behaviour of the PV modules by respect to the specifications).
For the modules, PVsyst uses a PV model (experimentally studied by myself) with a very good accuracy,
provided you put the good parameters...
The meteo annual variability is around +/-5%, but the last few years are sometimes considered
exceptional. Therefore any production warranty should always be done under condition of renormalizing the
real results according to actual meteo data (which become more and more available from satellites data,
but often not free).
Validations of old versions of the program
The seven tested grid-connected installations
We have carried out detailed validations of the programme, using the data from 7 grid-connected systems, whose
detailed characteristics appear on table 1. These systems have been chosen, on the one hand for the quality of
gathering data, and on the other hand as an attempt to represent a variety of different situations: sizes of 0.5 to
100 kWc, fields in sheds or integration (roofing, facade), types of collectors (Si-mono, Si-poly, or amorphous),
types of climates (plain, mountain, etc.), possible near shadings.
The validations have to be carried out carefully using measured data, with an hourly or sub-hourly time step, over
sufficient periods (one year). According to the measurement's parameters available, we have tested the various
stages of the simulation, giving special attention to those which involve the most delicate physical models.
Site (Sw itzerland) Domat-Ems Berne Lausanne Genève Sion Lausanne Lausanne
Field: type Anti-noise- Sheds Sheds Sheds Sheds Facade Demosite
Tilt angle w all 35 ° 45 ° 35 ° 45 ° 90° 28°
Azimuth 45 ° 37 ° East South 9 ° East South South South
25 ° East
Installed pow er 104 kWc 25.6 kWc 12 kWc 7.6 kWc 3.2 kWc 3 kWc 0.45 kWc
Fig 4a. - Comparisons for the amorphous collectors of the LESO-USSC, strong beam
Fig 4a. - Comparisons for the amorphous collectors of the LESO-USSC, purely diffuse irradiation
Inverter modelling
Fig 5a. - Inverter response, with standard available inverter specification (Marzili).
Conclusion
With the exception of amorphous collectors, we can assess that the PVSYST software is capable of simulating a
large number of different grid-connected systems with excellent accuracy. By independently testing each of the
algorithms, we have tried to identify the uncertainties related to measurement and parameter's determination,
and those inherent to the modelling. Finally, it can be stated that the accuracy of the global results of the
simulation is of the order of 2 to 3% (MBE).
However, the specificity of the PVSYST programme will rather be the detailed and comparative study of special
disturbing effects, and in this use, the quality of the different models allow us to hope for much higher precision.
Stand-alone systems, and particularly the battery model, have not been validated up to now. We hope to find
properly measured data, recorded in hourly values, to further analyse the software accuracy.
General, system simulation
Frank Kreith, Jan F. Kreider
Principles of Solar Engineering
McGraw-Hill, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1978, ISBN 0-07-035476-6
A. Mermoud, O. Guisan.
Logiciels pour systèmes PV : Analyse des besoins suisses, cahier des charges et proposition de structure.
GAP/CUEPE, Université de Genève / OFEN, 3003 Bern. Octobre 1992..
A. Mermoud, O. Guisan.
Logiciels pour systèmes PV : Recensement et évaluation des logiciels de simulation photovoltaïque
existants.
GAP/CUEPE, Université de Genève / OFEN, 3003 Bern. Juillet 1993.
David Bloom, Sara Dagher, Stuart Frye, Qiumin Hu, Marianne Baldwin, Brett
Gouviea, John Duffy, Bill Berg. William Beckman and Ronald Stewart.
International Solar Irradiation Database, Version 1.0 (Info diskette).
University of Massachusetts, Lowell Photovoltaic program, USA
B. Molineaux, P. Ineichen,
Impact of Pinatubo Aerosols on the seasonal trends of Global, Direct and Diffuse Irradiance in two Northern
Mid-Latitude Sites.
Solar Energy 58, no 1-3, pp 91-101, 1996.
A. Mermoud
Conception et Dimensionnement de Systèmes Photovoltaïques: Introduction des modules PV en couche
minces dans le logiciel PVsyst.
Projet SIG-NER, Rapport Final - www.cuepe.unige.ch (Mai 2005)
Inverters
H. Häberlin, H.R. Röthlisberger : Vergleichsmessungen an Photovoltaik-Wechselrichtern. Schlussbericht des
BEW-Projectes EF-REN(89) 045,
OFEN/BEW, 3003, Bern, 1993.
J.A. Roger:
Theory of the direct coupling between DC Motors and PV solar Arrays.
Solar Energy 23, pp 193-198, 1979.
M. Alonso-Abella (CIEMAT),
Detailed measurements of several pumps, 2004.
Private communication, 2004.
André Mermoud:
Pump behaviour modelling for use in a general PV simulation software.
19th European PVSEC, Paris, France, June 7–11, 2004.
André Mermoud:
Pumping System Sizing and Modelling Tool.
19th European PVSEC, Paris, France, June 7-11, 2004.
Index
A F
Albedo 47, 180, 184 Far shadings 37, 38, 39
Array behaviour 31, 36, 37, 138, 166 Files 170, 171, 175, 176, 177
Array losses 82, 83, 84, 85, 93, 186, 188 Financial balance 103
Autonomy 184
G
B Generator 154
BackTracking 45 Generic default regulator 163
Back-up generator 154 Genset 154
Batteries 150, 151 Geographic site 105, 111, 113, 115
Battery capacity sizing 184 Grid current 186
Building objects 42, 44 Grid inverters 60, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 186
Grid voltage standards 63
Grid-connected system 18, 57, 59, 60, 89
C
Commercial 130, 132
Compatibility and Troubles 14 H
Components 130, 146, 150, 154, 162 Head Units 72
Concentrating 35 Hidden Parameter 170
Concentration 34, 43 Historical evolution of the software 3
Converter 163 Horizon 38, 39
Copy Data 175, 176 Hydraulic energy 72
D I
Data cuts 168, 169 IAM 82, 83
Databases 104, 144, 145, 150, 154 Importing data 127, 128, 167, 176
Meteo Database 111 Importing Meteo 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125,
DC-DC Converter 163 127
DC-grid line resistance 65 Importing Projects 177
DC-grid system 64, 90 Incidence Angle Modifier 82, 83
Deep Well Pumping System 68, 69 Internationalization 169
Design Reference Year 112, 118 Inverters 60, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 186
Detailed simulation 22, 24 Irradiance loss 186
Diffuse 47, 105, 110, 180, 182, 185
Directories 170, 171, 175, 176, 177
L
Languages 169
E License 14, 16, 17
Economic evaluation 22, 102, 103 Load 54, 55, 56, 57
Exporting data 2, 91, 179 Load profile 65
Exporting Projects 177 Losses 82, 84, 85, 93, 186
203
Index
Index
Pumping System Configurations 66, 73, 74, 75, 76,
77, 79, 164, 165
M Pumping Systems 21, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 79, 91, 99, 164, 165
Measured data 92, 166, 167, 168
Measured data analysis 1 PV array behaviour 31, 36, 37, 104, 138, 166
Measurement tool 47 PV components 130, 146, 150, 154, 162
Meteo 104, 105, 110, 111, 113, 115, 127, 180, 182 PV model 134, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143
Meteo Data 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, PV modules 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 141,
124, 125, 127, 186 142, 143, 146
Meteo Database 112, 113, 115, 118 PV plane 30
Meteonorm 118
Mismatch 82, 84
Models 52, 68, 130, 134, 146, 150, 151, 162, 179,
R
180, 182 References 198
Module quality loss 188 Registration 14, 16, 17
Module strings 46 Regulation loss 82
MPPT Converter 163 Regulators for stand-alone systems 162
Results 88, 89, 91, 92, 102, 103
Reverse characteristics 137
N
Near shadings 31, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 52 S
NOCT 85 Satellight 121, 123
Screen 2
Shadings 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
O 46, 47, 48, 49, 52
Ohmic loss 82, 84 Sheds 31, 32, 33, 43
One-diode model 134 Simulation 61, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92
Orientation 30, 189 Simulation variables 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101
Orientation optimisation 33 Solar geometry 104
SolarEdge 61
Special characters 169
P Stand-alone system 19, 20, 63, 90
Partial shadings 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, System design 1, 20, 29, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65
49, 52 System sizing 20, 29, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65
Plane orientation 30, 189
Power Converter 163
Preliminary design 1, 17, 18, 19 T
Presizing 17, 18, 19 Temperature behaviour 82, 85
Printing 2, 178, 179 Thermal loss 82, 85, 188
Project 22, 24, 28, 29 Thin film PV model 138, 141, 142, 143
Project design 1, 20, 22, 24, 29, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 86, Tools 1, 33, 36, 104, 180
88, 89, 90, 91, 92 Tracking 43, 45
Project transfer 175
Projects transfer 177
Pump U
Pump model 154 Uninstall 170
Pump model 155, 158, 160, 161, 162 Updating database 175, 176
Pump 156, 157 User's needs 54, 55, 56, 57
204
Index
Index
V
Validations 191
Voltage optimisation 166
W
Windows Rights 171
Wiring loss 84
205