NaCl Space Holder
NaCl Space Holder
NaCl Space Holder
7, 37–49, 2011 37
Abstract: In the present work, aluminium foam has been fabricated by sintering an
aluminium and NaCl powder mixture followed by a dissolution process. The aim of this
research was to study the effect of NaCl space holder content on the morphology and
compression properties of aluminium foam. Aluminium foam with porosity in the range of
20–70% and an average pore size of between 400 and 500 µm was produced. Foam
produced using 60 wt% NaCl exhibits the highest energy absorption because the foam
structure collapsed at higher strain during compression loading. However, 80 wt% NaCl
resulted in the foam with the lowest compressive properties and energy absorption
because residual NaCl particles caused brittleness.
1. INTRODUCTION
temperatures that is five times larger than that of polymer foams, which have a
maximum temperature limit of approximately 100ºC.4
Zhihua et al.10 reported that the elastic modulus and compressive strength
of foams depend on the relative density and cell size. Densification strain is
sensitive to the relative density; the value decreases with the increase in relative
density. Consistent with the findings of Zhihua et al.,10 Yu et al.11 observed that
the effect of cell size on the compressive and energy absorption properties of
aluminium foam can be clearly observed when foams with large cell sizes exhibit
an extended plateau in their stress-strain curves, which indicates a higher energy
absorption capability. From these studies, it is clear that the compressive
properties are influenced by the cell size as well as density of foams.
One of the most difficult tasks in fabricating metallic foams using the
SDP method is to obtain a good distribution of pores in the foam structure. The
distribution of pores is important because the properties of foam materials depend
on their pore structure. Another problem faced during aluminium foam
fabrication using SDP is the inhomogeneity of pore shapes because of the strong
relationship between morphology and mechanical properties. Jiang et al.9 claimed
that aluminium foams made by SDP may have weaker mechanical properties
compared with those fabricated using other techniques, such as infiltration or
casting methods. Generally, pore shape is reflected by the shape of the space
holder. For example, Mu et al.,12 who investigated the compressive deformation
and failure process in aluminium foams, concluded that pore shape influences the
mechanism pore deformation.
Many researchers have investigated the effect of pore shape and seem
more interested in rounded space holders to avoid stress formation between the
space holder and metallic powder. The amount of space holder used will affect
the morphology of foam structures when interconnected pores are formed, which
make the pore size become larger. To obtain a foam structure with a tailored
morphology distribution, an appropriate space holder must be selected to control
Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 7, 37–49, 2011 39
the shapes of pores. Jiang et al.9 fabricated open-cell aluminium foams with
porosities between 50% and 80% using carbamide. They found that the pore
shape obtained depended on the shape and size distribution of carbamide.
Michailidis and Stegioudi5 also applied the same method using crystalline raw
cane sugar to produce open-cell metal foams with porosities in range of 40–70%.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
The density and porosity of the produced foams were calculated from
Equations 1 and 2.5,6 The structure of the aluminium foams, including cell
morphology and microstructure, was examined using a Stereo Zoom optical
microscope and Supra 35VP field-emission scanning electron microscope
(VPFESEM).
Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Foam 40
wa
Foam density, ρ foam = × ρ liquid (1)
wc − wb
pf
Foam porosity, ρ foam = 1- × 100% (2)
PAl
PAl = 2.7g / cm3 , Pf = foam density, ρliquid = 1g / cm3
s (3)
W= ∫ σ dε
0
where W is the energy absorption capability, and σ and ε are the compression
stress and strain, respectively.
Figure 1 shows the density and porosity of foams with different NaCl
contents. It can be observed that solid aluminium has a higher density compared
with aluminium foam. It is clear that the addition of NaCl particles during
fabrication reduces the density of aluminium foam. With the dissolution process
done in hot water after sintering, the solid aluminium turned into foam through
the removal of NaCl particles, as NaCl dissolves in water. The spaces that are
created by the NaCl particles become pores, which make the material become
lighter. The Al-80NaCl foam exhibited the lowest density and highest porosity
compared with other foams. The reduction in density was caused by the presence
of a high volume of pores.
Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 7, 37–49, 2011 41
Figure 1: Density and porosity of aluminum foam prepared using different content
of NaCl.
It can be seen from Figures 2 and 3 that the foam microstructures vary in
pore size and shape. The pore shape replicated the initial cubic shape of the NaCl
particles. The following sequence of foam compositions was observed to reflect
the pore size in ascending order: Al-20NaCl, Al-40NaCl, Al-60NaCl and Al-
80NaCl. From these findings, it is reasonable to infer that by increasing the
percentage of NaCl particles, aluminium foams with larger sizes and higher
quantities of pores can be obtained. The isolated pores are the most obvious in
the Al-20NaCl foam compared with the other foams. As the amount of NaCl
increased, interconnected pores were clearly observed, especially in the 20Al-
80NaCl foam. This observation indicates that higher space holder contents
generate interconnected pores because of the formation of numerous channels
between cells, which make foams suitable for absorption applications and
components.15
Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Foam 42
The relationship between pore size, cell walls and foam density is
important to explain the properties of the foams. The characteristics of pores
measured from the SEM micrograph shown in Figure 3 are listed in Table 2.
Thinner cell walls and larger pore sizes lead to lower foam densities. Thin cell
walls developed when large amounts of space holder were used, which led to the
formation of closely spaced pores. It has been shown that the Al-80NaCl foam,
which had the highest percentage of space holder, had the largest pore size and
the smallest wall thickness. As a result, the foam with the lowest density was
obtained.
Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 7, 37–49, 2011 43
Figure 3: Pore micrograph observation of aluminum foam: (a) Al-20NaCl; (b) Al-
40NaCl; (c) Al-60NaCl; (d) Al-80NaCl.
with the increasing porosity of the foam. This decrease in results is because high
porosity elastic deformation may easily occur and results in a reduction in the
elastic modulus. Solid aluminium has a higher modulus compared to aluminium
foam.
Stress (MPa)
Strain
Strain
Table 3: Stress-strain curve properties of solid aluminum and aluminum foam with
various compositions.
Foam Solid Al Al-20NaCl Al-40NaCl Al-60NaCl Al-80NaCl
Compressive Strength 370.968 271.107 245.692 222.524 19.718
(MPa)
Offset Yield Stress 299.056 176.085 144.421 144.455 134.952
(MPa)
Yield Strain 0.004 0.113 0.199 0.354 0.203
Modulus (GPa) 161.262 1.587 0.732 0.410 0.080
However, the stress-strain curve of the Al-80NaCl foam does not show
the typical compression behaviour of foam. The Al-80NaCl foam had the lowest
stress-strain curves and failed at lower strain. Foams with high porosity have
larger pore sizes and thinner cell walls. Because of this, the Al-80NaCl foam had
a weak structure. Thus, the Al-80NaCl foam may have failed because of its thin
cell walls. These thin walls could not afford to support the load and caused the
structure to collapse, which resulted in failure at low stress. This behaviour is
related to the presence of the high density of interconnected pores in the Al-
80NaCl foam, which acted as initial cracks in its structure and easily propagated
throughout the framework. The plateau stress in this type of foam declines
sharply, corresponding to brittle foam behaviour as explained by Bafti and
Habibolahzadeh.6
with increasing strain, though this trend was not observed for the Al-80NaCl
foam. This phenomenon shows that the cell structures in the Al-20NaCl, Al-
40NaCl and Al-60NaCl foams could support higher stress during mechanical
loading before they fractured.
Although the height of the stress-strain curve of the Al-20NaCl foam was
the highest, as shown in Figure 4, Figure 6 shows that the cell structures of the
Al-20NaCl foam could not support higher loads than those of the Al-40NaCl and
Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 7, 37–49, 2011 47
4. CONCLUSION
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by the Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term
Grant 6035290 and Research University Postgraduate Research Student Grant
Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Foam 48
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