REPORT ON BASIC OPERATION OF

VINDHYACHAL SUPER THERMAL POWER

STATION

BASED ON SUMMER TRAINING UNDERTAKEN IN

NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITED

VINDHYACHAL

SUBMITTED BY:
A. B. M. Omar Maruf

Electrical Engineering

6th Semester

National Institute of Technology, Silchar

DURATION:
MAY 29TH to JUNE 25TH, 2010
 Acknowledgement

At the outset I would like to convey my regards towards training department of NTPC,
Vindhyachal for giving me such a great opportunity to observe and learn operation of
this Superthermal Plant.

My heartfelt thanks goes to Mr. ANIL SHRIVASTAVA, DGM (EMD), NTPC

VINDHYACHAL who led the entire team of VSTPS for proper functioning of each
department in a modernized and techno-commercial atmosphere to make the project
touch such peaking performance. I also express my gratitude towards Mr. S.D.P.
PANDEY (Senior Engineer, FES), without his assistance I would not be here. He has
provided me the best moral support which I was in need for.

I would give my special thanks to Mr SANJAY SHARMA (HR-EDC), for giving his very
kind permission to undergo the training programme under the able guidance of NTPC
engineers. I would like to appreciate Mr Pankaj Kumar (Sr. Engineer., EMD DEPT), Mr
.Vikas Gupta (Engineer, EMD.) & Mr. Ajit Singh( Engineer, EMD) under whose able
guidance I completed the training. All these people were of immense importance
regarding the knowledge and supports for the well furnished equipments.

At last I would like to convey my appreciation to all the members of the Electrical and
Maintenance Dept. and members of various stages whose valuable guidance and
suggestions helped me accomplishing this report.
INTRODUCTION
NTPC (National thermal power corporation) is India’s largest power generation
company. It was set up in the year 1975 to accelerate power development in India. It
has an installed capacity of 37,104 MW and planned to grow up to 75000 MW till year
2017.There are 15 coals based and 7 gas based plant in India located across the
country. NTPC is the sixth largest thermal power generator in the world and the second
most efficient utility in terms of capacity utilization based on data of 1998.

NTPC HEADQUARTERS:

Sl no Headquarter City
1 NCRHQ Noida
2 ER-1,HQ Patna
3 ER-2,HQ Bhubaneshwar
4 NER Lucknow
5 SR,HQ Hyderabad
6 WR,HQ Mumbai

NTPC PLANTS:

Coal based:

Sl no City State Capacity

(MW)
1 Singrauli U.P. 2000
2 Korba Chattisgarh 2100
3 Ramagundam Andhra Pradesh 2600
4 Farakka W.B. 1600
5 Vindhyachal M.P. 3260
6 Rihand U.P. 2000
7 Kahalgaon Bihar 2340
8 NCTPP,Dadri U.P. 1330
9 Talcher,Kaniha Orissa 3000
10 Unchahar U.P. 1050
11 Talcher Thermal Orissa 2460
12 Simhadri Andhra Pradesh 1000
13 Tanda U.P. 440
14 Badarpur Delhi 705
15 Sipat-II Chattisgarh 1000
Total 24885

Gas based:

Sl no City State Capacity(MW)

1 Anta Rajasthan 413.2
2 Kawas Gujarat 645.4
3 Dadri UP 817.5
4 Jhanor Gujarat 648.6
5 Rajiv Gandhi Kerala 350.7
6 Faridabad Haryana 430
Total 3955
Hydel based:

The company has also stepped up its hydel projects implementation. Currently the
company is mainly interested in Northeast India wherein the ministry of power in India
has projected a hydel power feasibility of 3000 MW.

There are few run of the river hydro projects are under construction on tributary of
Ganga. In which three are being made by NTPC limited. These are:

1. Lohariang Pala Hydro Power project(600 MW)

2. TapovanVishnugad Hydro power project

3. LataTapovan Hydro Power Project

4.

As a public sector company, it was incorporated in the year 1975 to accelerate power
development in the country as a wholly owned enterprise of the Government of India. At
present, Government of India holds 89.5% of the total equity shares of the company and
the balance 10.5% is owned by FIIs, Domestic Banks, public and others. Within a span
of 31 years, NTPC has emerged as a truly national power company, with power
generating facilities in all the major regions of the country.

NTPC-VINDHYACHAL SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT is one of the most

prestigious flagships of NTPC striving ahead to bridge the country generation gap
especially in the western region. It is the largest power station in India. Vindhyachal
super thermal power station was conceived as a pit head coal based super thermal
plantfor which land was acquired during stage I of the project. The total land area
acquired is 5378 acres of land.

The station is located in Singrauli district in Madhya Pradesh in the north western side
of the country. , having a latitude and longitude of 24⁰6’ N and 82⁰40’ E respectively.

It has secured ISO 14001 and ISO 9002 certificate in the field of environment and
power generation but also in various other fields. On November 2009, it made glorious
achievement by ensuring production up to 3260 MW. By next few months, it adds 1000
MW more to its capacity (i.e. 4260 MW). A proposal has also been made to add another
500 MW in Stage V for which field study is going on.

IMPORTANT DATA

Address- P.O. Vindhyanagar 486 885, SIdhi, Madhyapradesh

Approved Capacity- 3260 MW

Stages:-

Stage1—6×210 =1260 MW

Stage2---2×500=1000 MW

Stage3---2×500=1000MW

Stage4---2×500=1000MW (Under construction)

Stage5---1×500=1000MW (Proposed)

Coal source- Nigahi Hills

Water source- Discharge canal of Singrauli (Shaktinagar) Super Thermal Power Station

Beneficiary States- Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa, Daman

& Diu and Dadar Nagar Haveli.

Units Commissioned

Stage1

Unit 1- 210 MW October 1987

Unit 2- 210 MW July 1988

Unit 3- 210 MW February 1989

Unit 4- 210 MW December 1989

Unit 5- 210 MW March 1990`

Unit 6- 210 MW February 1991

Stage2

Unit 7- 500 MW March 1999

Unit 8-500 MW February 2000

Stage3

Unit 9- 500 MW July 2006

Unit 10- 500 MW March 2007

 Coal
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY:
Handlin Turbines Switch
g & Gear &
Generat Switch
Plant, Boiler
given b ors Yard
CHP

Electrostati
c
Precipitato
r, ESP

Transmissio
n

chimney

Coal to Electricity

The means and steps involved in the production of electricity in a coal-fired power
station are described below.

The coal, brought to the station by train or other means, travels from the coal
handling plant by conveyer belt to the coal bunkers, from where it is fed to the
pulverizing mills which grinds it as fine as face powder. The finely powdered coal
mixed with pre-heated air is then blown into the boiler by fan called Primary Air Fan,
with additional amount of air called secondary air supplied by Forced Draft Fan. As the
coal has been grounded so finely the resultant ash is also a fine powder. Some of this
ash binds together to form lumps which fall into the ash pits at the bottom of the
furnace. The water quenched ash from the bottom of the furnace is conveyed to pits for
subsequent disposal or sale. Most of ash, still in fine particles form is carried out of the
boiler to the precipitators as dust, where it is trapped by electrodes charged with high
voltage electricity. The dust is th en conveyed by water to disposal areas or to bunkers
for sale while the cleaned flue gases pass on through ID Fan to be discharged up the
chimney.

Meanwhile the heat released from the coal has been absorbed by the many kilometres
of tubing which line the boiler walls. Inside the tubes is the boiler feed water which is
transformed by the heat into the steam at high pressure and temperature. The steam
super-heated in further tubes (Super Heater) passes to the turbine where it is
discharged through the nozzles on the turbine blades. Just the energy of the wind turns
the sail of the wind-mill, so the energy of the steam, striking the blades, makes the
turbine rotate.

Coupled to the end of the turbine is the rotor of the generator – a large cylindrical
magnet, so that when the turbine rotates the rotor turns with it. The rotor is housed
inside the stator having heavy coils of copper bars in which electricity is produced
through the movement of the magnetic field created by the rotor. The electricity passes
from the stator winding to the step-up transformer which increases its voltage so that it
can be transmitted efficiently over the power lines of the grid.

The steam which has given up its heat energy is changed back into water in the
condenser so that it is ready for re-use. The condenser contains many kilometres of
tubing through which the colder is constantly pumped. The steam passing around the
tubes looses the heat and is rapidly changed back to water. But the two lots of water
(i.e. boiler feed water & cooling water) must never mix. The cooling water is drawn from
the river, but the boiler feed water must be absolutely pure, so as not to damage the
boiler tubes. Chemistry at the power station is largely the chemistry of water.

To condense the large quantities of steam, huge and continuous volume of cooling
water is essential. In most of the power stations the same water is to be used over and
over again. So the heat which the water extracts from the steam in the condenser is
removed by pumping the water out to the cooling towers and then the cooled water is
recirculated again through the condenser.

Steps Involved In Power Generation In VSTPS

The conversion of coal into electricity consists of various intermediate stages. This are
described below –

1.Coal handling Plant-

CHP is the first stage of any Thermal Power Plant .The coal from the mines is brought
to the plant by use of Coal wagons. . Merry-Go-Round rail system of transport is adopted
for transportation of coal from the mines to plant site. NTPC has its own MGR system
which results in an annual profit of 45 crores. Coals are unloaded by track hoppers. As
the coal from mines contain particles of different sizes, so water is sprinkled on the coal
so as to stop flow of coal with air and to stop the loss. Coal in the track hopper is then
send to crusher house for crushing it to size no less than 20mm. Crushed coal is sent to
bunkers through conveyer belt system. Afterwards according to requirement coals are
taken into mills through gravimetric feeder to pulverize it to a size of 200 mesh. Primary
air mixed with pulverized coal is fed to the centre of boiler burning zone. Pre heated
secondary air enters boiler, surrounds the pulverized coal and helps in combustion.

Capacity of each crusher 600MT/Hour

Maximum coal inlet size 200mm
Maximum coal outlet size 20mm
Motor Rating 375KW
Motor Speed 740 Rpm

Capacity of conveyer belt 1200 T/Hour

Belt Speed 2.6 m/s
Belt width 1.4 m
Belt Type Nylon-Nylon Caracus
2.Air Draft System:

Primary air system:

- Ambient air is drawn into the primary air ducting by two 50% duty, motor
driven axial reaction fans.

- Air discharging from each fan is divided into two parts, one passes first
through a air pre-heater then through a gate into the P.A bus duct. The
second goes to the cold air duct. The mix of both is used to carry the
pulverized coal to the boiler.

Secondary air system:

- Ambient air is drawn into the secondary air system by two 50% duty, motor
driven axial reaction forced draft fans with variable pitch control.

- Air discharging from each fan passes first through a air preheater then
through a isolating damper into the secondary air bust duct.

- The cross over duct extends around to each side of the boiler furnace to form
two secondary air to burner ducts.

- At the sides of the furnace, the ducts split to supply air to two corners. Then
split again to supply air to each of nineteen burner/air nozzle elevations in the
burner box

Primary and Secondary air System in the Boiler:

Air Preheater:

Air preheater is heat transfer surface where temperature of air is raised by flue gas. It
gives:

-Improved boiler efficiency

- Improved combustion

- Hot primary air for drying coal

AIR PREHEATER
HOT SA
WIND BOX

FD FAN
SA
SECTION FLUE GAS
SECTION
PA
SECTION
PA FAN
HOT PA

MILLS

Induced draft system:

It sucks flue gas from boiler and releases it to atmosphere through chimney. The flue
gas contains fly ash particles, deposited in ESP hoppers and SO x, NOx etc. The flue gas
path is shown below
/
S
L
A
T
N
IZ
R
O
H
R
IS
M
N
O
C
E
N
E
T
A
L
P
/H
S
T
A
H
E
R
E
C
A
N
R
U
F

IN
F
/H
S
L
A

S
N
A
F
ID
A
H
P
P
S
E

1126˚C 1008˚C 744˚C 656˚C 476˚C 362˚C 146˚C

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP):

It is a device which captures the dust particles from the flue gas thereby reducing the
chimney emission. Precipitators function by electrostatically charging the dust particles
in the gas stream. The charged particles are then attracted to and deposited on plates or
other collection devices. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken
to dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The
dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling.

Theory of Precipitation:

Here six activities typically takes place.

 Ionization - Charging of particles.

 Migration - Transporting the charged particles to the collecting surfaces.

 Collection - Precipitation of the charged particles onto the collecting surfaces.

 Charge Dissipation - Neutralizing the charged particles on the collecting

surfaces.

 Particle Dislodging - Removing the particles from the collecting surface to the
hopper by rapping mechanism.

 Particle Removal - Conveying the particles from the hopper to a disposal point
governed by fly ash disposal system.

Major Fans in Boiler Draft System:

• PA Fans

• FD Fans

• ID Fans

PRIMARY AIR FAN: It serves two main purposes:

a) Transportation of coal from mill to furnace

b) Coal moisture removal

• NO OF FANS PER BOILER : TWO

• TYPE : RADIAL

• INDUCTION MOTOR RATING : 1480 KW

• SPEED : 1480 RPM

• CONTROL: INLET VANE CONTROL

FORCED DRAFT FAN: It provides air for combustion.

• NO : TWO

• TYPE : AXIAL REACTION

 • MOTOR RATING : 800 KW

• SPEED :1480 RPM

• CONTROL: BLADE PITCH CONTROL

INDUCED DRAFT FAN: It maintains furnace draft.

• NO OF FANS PER BOILER : TWO

• TYPE : AXIAL IMPULSE

• MOTOR RATING : 1300 KW

• SPEED : 740 RPM

• CONTROL: INLET VANE CONTROL

Steam cycle:-

The demineralised water, which is used to produce steam, passes through various
intermediate stages. The DM water passes through a series of water heaters namely LP
heaters, Gland Steam Cooler(GSC),HP heaters and afterwards passes through
Deaerator, Boiler feed pump, economizer and then goes to boiler drum. In LP heater and
HP heater ,heat is transferred from steam (coming from turbine) to water which
increases the temperature of the water. The direct mixing of steam with water is not
allowed. In Deaerator, steam comes in direct contact of water. Deaerator is used to
remove the air of feed water to prevent corrosion of boiler tubes and turbine blades. The
presence of air also reduces the efficiency of cycle. The boiler feed pump is used to
pump water to boiler drum through economizer. Boiler Economizer are feed-water
heaters in which the heat from waste gases is recovered to raise the temperature of
feed-water supplied to the boiler. In the midst of HPH and Economizer, a three element
feed flow regulating system has been incorporated which regulates the steam flow from
the boiler, the feed water flow to the boiler and the water level in the boiler drum.

The boiler drum serves two purposes:-

1. Separating steam from mixture of water and steam

2. It houses all the equipments for purification of steam.

In VSTPS the boiler used is water tube boiler. Here the heat source is outside the tubes
and the water to be heated is inside. Most high-pressure and large boilers are of this
type. In the water-tube boiler, gases flow over water-filled tubes. These water-filled
tubes are in turn connected to boiler drums.

In stage I natural circulation takes place. Natural circulation is the ability of water to
circulate continuously, with gravity and changes in temperature being the only driving
force known as "thermal head“.
 The down comer contain relatively cold water, whereas the riser tube contain steam
water mixture ,whose density is comparatively less .this density difference is the driving
force ,for the mixture. (thermo-siphon principle).Circulation takes place at such a high
rate that the driving force and frictional resistance in water wall are balanced. Natural
circulation is limited to boiler with drum operating pressure around 175
Kg/cm2.However, when the pressure in the water-tube boiler is increased, the difference
between the densities of the water and saturated steam falls, consequently less
circulation occurs. To keep the same level of steam output at higher design pressures,
the distance between the Bottom ring header and the steam drum must be increased, or
some means of forced circulation must be introduced. Beyond 180 Kg/cm2 of pressure,
circulation is to be assisted with mechanical pumps, to overcome frictional losses. This is
known as forced circulation which is employed in stage II and stage III.

The water coming from boiler drum on its passage through down comer and riser tube
is converted into a mixture of water and steam and goes back to boiler drum. The steam
from boiler drum passes through a series of super heaters like LTSH (Low temperature
Super Heater), Platen super heater, convective super heater. Super heater heats the
high-pressure steam from its saturation temperature to a higher specified temperature.
The steam at super heater outlet gains a temperature of 5400C. It is then passed to HPT
(High Pressure turbine) and the temperature of the steam goes down. The steam is sent
back to reheater to gain back the temperature. The reheated steam is sent to IPT
(Intermediate Pressure Turbine), then from IPT to LPT(Low pressure turbine). The HP,
IP, LP turbines and the rotor of the turbo generator are connected on the same shaft. As
the high pressurized steam drives the turbine blades, so rotor of the generator also
rotates. The steam after losing its pressure begins to condense in condenser by
exchanging heat with circulating cooling water. The condensate is then move to hot well.
Then from hot well the condensate is pumped by CEP (condensate extraction pump) to
LP heater. The cycle continues which is termed as steam cycle.

Steam Turbine:

The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in
thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam.
High pressure steam flows through the turbine blades and turns the turbine shaft. Steam
turbines extract heat from steam and convert it into mechanical work by expanding the
steam from high pressure to low pressure. Steam turbine shaft is connected to a
synchronous generator for producing electricity.
Circulating Water System:

Bulk requirement of water is used in thermal plants for the purpose of cooling the
steam in condensers. The requirement of water for this purpose is of the order of 1.5-
to2.0 cusecs/MW of installation. In VSTPS closed loop cooling system with cooling towers
is used for this purpose. The heat which the water extracts from the steam in the
condenser is removed by pumping the water out to the cooling towers. The cooling
towers are simply concrete shells acting as huge chimneys creating a draught
(natural/mechanically assisted by fans) of air. The water is sprayed out at the top of
towers and as it falls into the pond beneath it is cooled by the upward draught of air. The
cold water in the pond is then circulated by pumps to the condensers. Inevitably,
however, some of the water is drawn upwards as vapours by the draught and it is this
which forms the familiar white clouds which emerge from the towers seen sometimes.

Water Treatment plant:

Different water qualities are in use in VSTPS. For condenser cooling, ash handling plant
and other auxiliaries cooling raw water (clarified and post-chlorinated) is used. Again
conditioned Demineralised water is used for boiler feed water and H2 generation plant.
For drinking purpose also filtered & post-chlorinated water is provided.

a) Cooling water Management:

In the pre-treatment process, chemicals are added in raw water for bacteria removal
and for sedimentation of suspended particles. Then it is pumped through
clariflocculators. The clarified water from these clariflocculators flows to the cooling
water basin by gravity. A clarified pump is present which pumps the clarified water to
the DM plant. The outlets from the cooling water tower basins are connected to the
common tunnel which takes the water back to the power house. From this tunnel water
is drawn through the following pumps to the various equipments as follows:

1) CW Pumps for circulating cooling water through turbine, condenser and

discharging the same to the op of the respective cooling towers.

2) Auxiliary Cooling Water Pumps for supplying cooling water to various

auxiliary equipment for their cooling . This water after circulation through
various bearings and heat exchangers leads to the CW discharge pipe from
the condenser for cooling through the cooling tower.

3) Ash water pumps for supplying water for ash handling.

b) Demineralised water Plant:

A demineralising plant is provided for supplying feed water for the heat cycle. . Clarified
water is pumped from the clarified water storage pit which passes through pressure
filter, activated carbon filter, cation-exchanger, degasser, anion-exchanger and mixed
bed exchanger. Adequate facilities are provided for unloading, handling and storage of
chemicals. The layout of operation is shown below.

ACF: Activated Carbon Filter

WAC: Weak Acid Cation

SAC: Strong Acid Cation

WBA: Weak Base Anion

SBA: Strong Base Anion

MB: Mixed Bed

CST: Condensate Storage Tank

Hydrogen Generation Plant:

This process involves electrolysis of water in an electrochemical cell. The electrolyte

used is KOH (30%)+H2O in presence of K2Cr2O7 (1%)catalyst. The water used is D.M.
water with temperature kept very low. 60 volts D.C. supply is applied to the electrolyte
solution. Gas production is directly proportional to Direct Current passing through the
solution of caustic potash and D.M. water.

The hydrogen generated is processed in the following way.

H2 Separator Pressurize Steam Cooler

generated r heater

(a) Cooling of H2 to regulate gas pressure to vaporise moisture

(b) H2, O2 separation

Receiver Tank(20 Drier( Silica

M3 ) Gel- to
absorb
(Pressure moisture)

Hydrogen Bottling Plant:

 In hydrogen bottling plant the bottle pressure is maintained at 135 kg/cm2. 3
compressors are used to create the required pressure. Bottled H2 is 99.9% pure.

Ash Handling Plant:

Ash is the residue remaining after the coal has been incinerated to constant weight
under standard conditions. It is oxidized form of the mineral matters present in coal.

Typical ash composition: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO etc.

Ash content of Indian coal used in power station is about 30 to 40 %. A typical 2000
MW station produces around 9000T to 12000T of ash per day. This huge amount of ash
needs to be disposed off continuously for avoiding pollution.

(a) Bottom Ash: 20 % Of the ash falls at the bottom of the furnace known as
Bottom Ash (BA). BA can form slag and clinker depending on the temperature of
the combustion zone and environment inside. Bottom ash is disposed of through
bottom ash disposal system.

Bottom ash handling system: Bottom ash can be collected at furnace bottom as Wet
or Dry form. Wet bottom ash system consists of i)Trough seal, ii)BA gate, iii)Hopper,
iv)Scrapper Conveyer, v)Clinker grinder,vi)BA trench, vii)BA tank, viii)BA pump, ix)BA
pond.

Dry bottom ash system consists of i)Trough seal, ii)BA gate, iii)Hopper, iv)Scrapper
Conveyer, v)Clinker grinder, vi)Silo.

(b) Fly Ash: 80 % of the ash is carried away with flue gas known as Fly Ash. Fly ash
is collected through ESP and disposed through fly ash disposal system.

Fly ash handling system: Fly ash is collected from Air heater hopper, Economiser
hopper and ESP hopper either through flushing apparatus or hydrobacter system. In
Flushing apparatus system ash is allowed to fall in flushing apparatus under gravitation.
Water jet in flushing apparatus carries away the ash to FA trench. High pressure jets
further carries it to FA sump. Series pumping carries the ash slurry to FA pond.
Hydrobacter is a vacuum device to collect ash from the hopper. Water jet ejectors are
used for creating vacuum. Dry ash thus collected is sent to silo through belt conveyor.
Dry ash is disposed through road transport to a dry ash disposal system. Part of it is sold
for commercial purpose.
Overburden Surge Pile

Coal Seam Pulverize (-150)

Electrostatic Precipitator Boiler

Flue Gas Flue Gas
Fly Ash
Fly Ash Bottom Ash

Bottom
Fly Ash
Ash
Smoke
Stack
Ash Utilization:

Major usages of ash are:

• Fly ash bricks / blocks

• Concrete and mortar

• In manufacture of cement

• In manufacture of asbestos products

• Road construction

• Embankment/back fills/land development

• In agriculture

• Mine filling

• Manufacture of fertilizer

• Manufacture of distemper
 • Floor and wall tiles

• Refractory bricks

• Manufacture of ceramics

• Manufacture of alum

• Domestic cleaning powder

• In synthetic wood

Fuel oil System:

The purpose of fuel oil is:

1) To establish initial boiler light up.

2) To support the furnace flame during low load operation.

Fuel oil system consists of fuel oil pumps, oil heaters, filters and steam tracing lines.
The objective is to get filtered oil at correct pressure and temperature.

Types of fuel oil:

a) Light diesel oil (LDO)

b) High speed diesel oil (HSD)

c) Heavy furnace oil (HFO)

d) Low sulphur heavy stock (LSHS)

Atomization procedure is used to break the fuel into fine particles that readily mixes
with the air for combustion.

Seal and Lube Oil system:

Seals are employed to prevent leakage of hydrogen from the stator at the point of rotor
exit. A continuous film between the rotor collar and the seal liner is maintained by
means of oil at a pressure which is about 0.5 atmosphere above the casing hydrogen gas
pressure. The thrust pad is held against the collar of rotor by means of thrust oil
pressure, which is regulated in relation to the hydrogen pressure and provide a positive
maintenance of the oil film thickness.

Lube oil system is provided for bearings upon which the generator shaft is mounted.

SPECIFICATION OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS:

Steam Generator:

The steam generator is a natural circulation pulverized coal fired, radiant furnace, dry
bottom, balanced draft type using direct firing system.

The parameters of the steam generator at 100% MCR will be as follows:

For stage I (6×210 MW):

1) Maximum continuous rating 670 T/hr

2) Superheater outlet temperature 5400C

3) Superheater outlet pressure 140 kg/cm2

4) Cold reheat pressure at boiler inlet 27.5-27.9 kg/cm2

5) Hot reheat outlet temperature 5400C

6) Reheat steam flow 590 T/hr

7) Feed water temperature at Economiser 2480C

Inlet

For stage II and stage III (each 2×500 MW):

1) Main steam flow at superheater outlet 1590 T/hr

2) Pressure at superheater outlet 179 kg/cm2

3) Temperature at SH outlet 5400C

4) RH steam flow 1353 T/hr

5) Steam temperature at reheater outlet 5680C

6) Feed water temperature at Economiser 255+-50C

Inlet

The steam generator is a natural circulation pulverized coal fired, radiant furnace, dry
bottom, balanced draft type using direct firing system. The boiler furnace is with a steam
drum. The drum supplies water wall system through adequate sized six (6) down comers
so as to permit unrestricted circulation.

Each steam generators equipped with three (two working and one standby) of axial
type ID fans and two, of centrifuge type FD fans. Six PA fans on the hot air side of air
heaters is provided to supply hot air to the mills. There is two regenerative rotary air
heaters. There are electrostatic precipitators having an efficiency of 99.5% for collecting
fly ash. Each steam generator is provided with six medium speed of direct firing type
with provision of one standby.
 Main steam from the boiler is supplied to HP turbine (HPT) through two pipes. Cold
reheat (HPT exhaust) will be returned to the boiler reheater through two numbers of
pipes. Hot reheat steam from boiler will be supplied to IP turbine through four pipes.

The turbine is provided with an automatic governing system and protection devices
which ensure turbine operation and tripping under emergency conditions. The governing
control system includes speed governor, emergency governor, speed changer, load
limiting device, and initial pressure regulator.

Coal for the thermal power station is transported from Nigahi open cast mines. Merry-
Go-Round rail system of transport is adopted for transportation of coal from the mines to
plant site.

There is an ash handling system of continuous hydro sluicing type.

There is a bottom ash handling system to extract and handle bottom ash.

The fly ash system employs flushing equipments to remove the ash from electrostatic
precipitator hoppers and gas ducts low points after regenerative air heater on continuous
basis. From the main pump the ash slurry is continuously transported to the disposal
area by means of ash slurry pumps and disposal pipes.

For the circulating water scheme a closed circuit cooling system using cooling towers is
used. Six numbers induced draft type cooling towers is provided for stage I of the power
plant. The C.W. system has C.W. pumps, travelling water screen, butterfly valve and
actuator and cooling towers.

There is a water treatment plant which meets up the following requirements.

(i) DM water for boiler make up

(ii) Portable water for colony and plant

(iii)Clarified water for CW system and auxiliary cooling make up along with other
requirements such as coal dust suppression, water services, ash handling etc.

Removal of suspended colloidal matter in the raw water is removed in the pre-
treatment plant. The chemical dosing system is there for unloading, handling, solution
preparation and dosing of alum, lime and coagulant aid solution.

The demineralising plant consists of four streams of 110 m 3/hr capacity each comprises
of active carbon filter, weak and strong acidic cation exchanger, degasser system and
weak and strong base anion exchangers followed by mixed bed polishing unit.

For fire protection H.P.W. spray system is provided to generating transformer, station
transformer, tie transformer, unit aux. transformer, turbine oil storage tanks, oil cooler
and seal oil system.

The hydrogen generating plant is provided with two electrolysers, each of nominal
capacity of 10 m3/hr for meeting the makeup requirements of the plant. Very high purity
for hydrogen (99.9%) is achieved by the electrolysis process.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS:

Turbo Generator:

Each turbo generator unit is a 3 phases, 2 pole, and cylindrical rotor type machine
directly connected to the steam turbine rotating at 3000rpm.

Generator Parameters:

Rated Output: 247 MVA

Rated Voltage: 15.75KV

Rated Power Factor: 0.85

Rated Frequency: 50 Hz

Stator current: 9060A

Short Circuit Ratio: 0.48

Rated Efficiency: 98.50%

Rated Hydrogen Pressure:

4 kg/cm2

Cooling System:

The generator cooling system is of hydrogen water type. A closed loop water system is
provided for the cooling of the stator winding and thyristor converters of the excitation
system. Demineralized water is used for cooling purpose. Hydrogen is provided for
cooling rotor winding and active steel of the stator.

Rotor Cooling:

The rotor is cooled by means of gap pick up cooling. The hydrogen gas in the air gap is
sucked through the scoops on the rotor wedges and is directed to flow along the
ventilating canals milled on the other side of the rotor, a positive suction and discharge
is created due to which a certain quantity of the gas flows and cools the rotor. This
method of cooling gives uniform distribution of temperature.

Hydrogen Cooling System:

Hydrogen is used as a cooling medium in large capacity generators for its high heat
carrying capacity and low density. Proper arrangements are made for filling, purging as
it forms explosive mixture if mixed in certain quantities with oxygen. In order to prevent
escaping of hydrogen shaft sealing system and generator casing is done.

Hydrogen cooling system mainly comprises of:

a) Gas control stand

b) Drier

c) Liquid level indicator

d) Hydrogen control panel

e) Gas purity measuring

f) Indicating instruments and valves

The system is capable of performing the following functions:

a) Filling in and purging of hydrogen safely without bringing in with air contact.

b) Maintaining gas pressure inside the machine.

c) Provide indication about gas condition i.e. pressure, temperature, purity etc

d) Circulation of gas through a drier in order to remove any water vapor.

e) Indication of liquid in the generator.

Stator Cooling System:

The stator winding is cooled by distillate, which is fed from one end of the machine by
Teflon tube and flows through the upper bar and returns back through the lower bar of
another slot. The stator winding is cooled in the system by circulating demineralized
water through hollow conductors. DM water of specific resistance is selected for cooling
purpose. The system is designed to maintain a constant rate of cooling water flow to
stator winding at a nominal inlet water temperature of 40⁰C
 As it is a closed loop working, the cooling water is again cooled. The secondary DM
cooling water is in turn cooled by clarifies water taken from clarified water header.

Excitation System:

The purpose of excitation system is to provide necessary current in the field coil to
produce magnetic flux.The excitation may be of three types:

a) Static Excitation: In static excitation power supply is given through battery at

first. After proper voltage build up, an output from generator is taken and step
down to required voltage and is given as input to the generator field winding

b) Semi-static Excitation: Here first DC supply is given to the exciter from battery
which produces ac. Then using thyristor DC is fed back to exciter. When voltage
build up to 70% of generator output voltage then voltage supply is given to
generator field winding after rectification process.

c) Brushless Excitation: In brushless excitation there is a pilot exciter and a main

exciter. The rotor of the pilot exciter is permanent magnet type. It produces ac in
stator winding. This ac is given to stator of main exciter after rectification. All
these are mounted on same shaft. As diode rectification is also mounted on shaft
so no slip ring brush configuration is required and hence called brushless
excitation system.

Excitation System of Stage

Rotor of
I: Brushless Excitation System
Figure:

The turbo generator excitation is provided by a separate excitation system of thyristor

type. The turbo generator field winding is fed through the thyristor converters from AC
generator exciter mounted on the turbo generator shaft. The auxiliary generator field
winding is supplied from the generator stator terminals through rectifier transformer and

Mechanic
thyristor convertors.

Under all operating conditions of the turbo generator the voltage across the exciter
terminals is maintained automatically at the level corresponding to the turbo generator
ceiling excitation voltage. The excitation current control is affected by changing the firing
angle of the thyristor of the converters, thus changing the average value of the rectified
voltage applied to the turbo generator field winding.

The automatic control of the turbo generator excitation is provided by the automatic
voltage regulator acting on the firing control circuits of the thyristor converters. When
controlling the turbo generator excitation, the automatic voltage regulator responds to
deviations and derivatives of the turbo generator stator terminal voltage and frequency,
and also to the rotor current derivative.

To ensure protection of the turbo generator field winding and thyristor converters
against possible voltage surges, the multiple action arrestors and resistors are used. In
all cases where there is no excitation, the turbo generator field winding is shunted by a
resistor. The excitation system makes it possible to connect the turbo generator to the
power system both at precise synchronizing and self synchronizing. The system provides
for the possibility of change over to a standby exciter without interrupting power supply
to the turbo generator field winding.

Excitation system of Stage II & Stage III

The excitation system employed in Stage II and Stage III is brushless excitation
system. Here the main shaft of prime mover drives pilot exciter, main exciter
and main alternator. Silicon diode rectifiers are also mounted on the main shaft.

Pilot exciter is a permanent magnet alternator with permanent magnet poles on

the rotor and three phase armature winding on the stator. Three phase power
from pilot exciter is fed to thyristor controlled bridge placed on the floor. After
rectification the controlled DC output is supplied to stationary field of main
exciter. The three phase power developed in the rotor of the main exciter is fed
through hollow shaft to the rotating silicon diode rectifier mounted on the hollow
shaft, to the main alternating field without brushes and slip rings.

A signal, picked from alternator terminals through CT and PT controls the firing
angle of the thyristor bridge. This enables the control of field current of the main
exciter which eventually governs the alternator output voltage.

Ratings:

Excitation voltage- 107 V

Speed- 300 RPM

Insulation Class- F

Excitation ampere- 142 A DC

Coolant- AIR

Volt- 500

Amp- 3780

VINDHYACHAL SWITCHYARD-
 The main purpose of Switchyard is to protect the system and transmit power to the
consumer premises. The switchyard in VSTPS is of 400/132 KV switchyard and it consists
of following equipments. The 400 kV switchyard at VSTPS employs double main and
transfer bus switching scheme. The switchyard employs strung bus layout. The 132 kV
switchyard shall employ sectionalized main and transfer bus scheme. There are 38 spare
bays in switchyard which consists of-

1. 10 generator unit bays

2. 10 transmission lines-(400 KV lines)

4 Jabalpur

4 Satna

2 Korba

3. 3 TBC(Transfer bus coupler)

4. 3 BC(Bus Coupler)

5. 4 BS (Bus sectionaliser)

6. 3 ICT(Inter connecting Transformer)

7. 2 HVDC feeders to Vindhyachal-Singrauli Back to Back station

Two 132 KV feeders are also sent to Waidhan.

Bus coupler-It is used to couple two bus bars at the same voltage level. This coupling is
required when units of one main bus is to be transferred to the other one.

Bus sectionalizer-It is used to divide a bus into two parts, one carrying current and the
other one isolated.

The equipments used in VSTPS power plant are given below--

Generator transformers:

The generator is connected to the Generating Transformer by means of isolated bus

ducts. This transformer is used to step up the generating voltage of 15.75 KV to bus
voltage 4ooKV.This Transformer has elaborate cooling system consisting of number of oil
pumps and cooling fans apart from various accessories. The connection is delta on LV
side and star with neutral grounded on HV side. There are water pipes to fight in case of
fire condition.
Salient features of the generator transformers are as given below:

(i) Power Rating 250 MVA

(ii) Voltage ratio 15.75/400 kV

(iii)Type of cooling OFAF

(iv)Tap changer On load type with ± 10% variation in steps of 1.25%

(v) Type of connection yd11

Unit Auxiliary Transformer

The bus-duct leading from the generator to the GT is tapped off conveniently for
connection to high voltage side of Unit Auxiliary Transformer used for stepping down the
voltage to 6.6kV for supplying power to the unit auxiliary loads of the power station.The
rating of UAT is 40 MVA,3 phase,3 windings system(all delta connected).. The Cooling
type is: ONAN/ONAF

Each unit auxiliary transformers would be provided with following protections

(i) Transformer differential protection

(ii) Back up over current protection

(iii)Back up earth fault protection

In addition each transformer would have a Bucholz relay and winding temperature
indication with alarm and trip contacts.

DC System:

Each unit has its own dc system. DC system is there for 400kV switchyard also. DC
system is required due to:

a) Meet DC power requirement of unit loads like DC motors, emergency lighting

b) Provide power during total AC supply failure

c) Feed common DC loads like coal handling, ash handling systems etc

DC system comprises of:

a) Storage battery-This unit contains 115cells each of 2V potenetial. These cells

are connected in series resulting in a total voltage of 220 V .

b) Battery Charger-This charger is used to charge the DC battery. It consists of a

rectifying unit which converts AC to DC.
 Ratings:

Input AC- 415V±10%

Phase= 3

Cycles- 50 HZ

Specification- Float cum Boost

Float= 240 V dc

Boost= 198-300V

Float= 50 A

Boost= 50A

c) Distribution Board

Emergency Power Supply Scheme:

Diesel Generator Set:

It is provided for meeting the power requirements of essential auxiliaries during total
failure of AC supply in the power stations. Automatic starting facility is provided for
generator set.

Ratings:

Power Output: 600 KVA,3 phase, quick starting type

Rated Output Voltage: 415 Volts

Frequency: 50 Hz

Various essential auxiliaries are:

a) AC Lube Oil Pump

b) Hydrogen Seal Oil Pump

c) Float Charger for DC battery

d) Emergency Lighting

e) Barring Gear

Interconnecting Bus Transformer(IBT)

IBT/ICT’s stands for interconnecting BUS/COUPLING transformer.They are

autotransformer.They are being utilized for stepping down the 400 kV bus voltage to
132 KV bus voltage for the purpose of supplying the station loads. The specifications of
IBT.s are

(i) Rating 200 MVA,400/132KV

(ii) Type of cooling ONAF/ONAF/OFAF with 2×50% radiator banks

(iii)Tap changers On load type with ± 10% variation in steps of 1.25%

Station Transformer-

This transformer is a step down transformer which transforms 132 KV to 6.6 KV

voltage. This transformer is used to intake power from 132 KV bus for running the
auxiliary equipments of an unit when the unit is being tripped. The station transformer is
a tertiary winding transformer with each winding star connected with neutral grounded.
The specification of this transformer is 80 MVA,132/11.5/6.6 KV.

Current Transformer (CT):

A current transformer is a type of instrument transformer designed to provide a current

in its secondary winding proportional to the alternating current flowing in its primary.
They are single phase oil immersed type. They are commonly used in metering and
protective relaying in the electrical power industry where they facilitate the safe
measurement of large currents, often in the presence of high voltages.In current
transformers different ratios are achieved by secondary taps. Current transformers with
five secondary’s (4 for protection and one for metering) are employed. . Current
transformers provide satisfactory performance for burdens ranging from 25% to 100%
of rated burden over a range of 10% to 100% of rated current in case of metering CTs
and up to accuracy limit factor/knee point voltage in case of relaying CTs
Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-

down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement
or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts:
two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune
the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay as shown in figure below:

The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the
high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C 1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop
across the stack of capacitors. This replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small
voltage drop across the second capacitor C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

Circuit Breaker (CB):

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. There
are two mediums used in CB. Quenching medium absorbs or extinguishes the arc
produced between the contacts while operating medium is the medium by which the
circuit breaks. The circuit breaker can be classified in different ways-

1. On the basis of Quenching medium

-Air blast circuit breaker

 -SF6(sulphur hexa fluoride)circuit breaker

2. On the basis of operating medium

-Spring operated circuit breaker

-Solenoid operated circuit breaker

-Pressure operated circuit breaker

CB’s on the line are provided with pre-insertion resistors of 400 ohms per pole to limit
the switching surges to a value less than 2.5 pu. The tme duration of pre-insertion is less
than 8 ms in each pole. Total break time for any current upto rated breaking time is not
more than 40 ms and the total closing time is not more than 150 ms.

Local breaker back up protection is provided with each 400 kV breaker from both sides.
Each 400 kV breaker would have two sets of trip coils which would be connected to
separately fused DC circuits for greater reliability.

Isolators:

An isolator is an electrical device which can break an electrical circuit when the circuit is
to be switched on no load.The primary difference between an isolator and a circuit
breaker is isolator works only on no load whereas circuit breaker can be made to operate
in both loaded and unloaded condition.In VSTPS, 400 kV switchyard pantograph type bus
isolators are used which connects the line with the buses.. Other isolators are of
horizontal centre break (HCB)type which is a line isolator. An earthing switch is provided
with HCB to discharge the residual charges left in the line.

Lightning Protection System-

LA’s are provided at the terminals of the transformer for protection against lightening
or any surge development in the system. There is a practice to install lightening arrestor
at the incoming terminals of the line. Shielding of the substation from the direct
lightening stroke is provided through earth wires located at structures peak. The purpose
of the earth wire is to intercept direct lightning strokes which would otherwise strike the
phase conductors.All Lightning Arrestor’s of lines & transformers are of gap type.
Lightning arrestors are of heavy duty station class type with nominal discharge current
of 10kA.Suitable galvanized steel earth wire is installed so that it can withstand two
successive lightning strikes of 150 kA. Tension to weight ratio is 20% than the power
conductors, shielding angle is 200.

The following equipments are protected against direct stroke of lightning:

a) Main transformer and all other equipments: Lightning mast is used for protection

b) Power station chimney: Using lightning conductor protection is given.

 c) 400kv switchyard:

1) Lightning mast is used for protection against direct stroke

2) For protection against lightning surges coming from transmission lines a set of
non linear resistance type surge diverters are used.

d) Buildings, power house and boiler: Using lightning conductor protection is given.

Start Up Power Supply System:

Start up power supply is obtained from 132 kv switchyard. This switchyard gets supply
normally from the 400kv switchyard through two 200 MVA, 400/132 kv station
transformer.

PLCC:-

It stands for Power Line Carrier communication. It provide high frequency signal to the
transmitting side of the main line. It can be used for communicating purpose for even
long distance. It is also used for safety purposes. If for any delay in giving command for
relay or any delay in the breaker to break the circuit it gives back up command to circuit
breaker to break the circuit.

Wave trap:-

It is used to restrict the high frequency signal to the input side (generator side)

Corona:-

Air gets ionised when there is a high voltage flow through the conductor and produces
a hissing sound and forms a blue ring which results in corona loss which is maximum at
sharp edges.This is reduced by using corona rings.

Shunt reactors:

Shunt reactors are provided at line terminals for the overvoltage control and reactive
compensation of 400 kV transmission system. Neutral grounding resistors are used for
grounding of the neutral point of shunt reactors in order to minimize the secondary arc
current. The parameters are:

(i) Reactive voltage 420 kV

(ii) Capacity 50 MVAR & 63 MVAR

(iii)Connection star with neutral brought out

(iv) Quality factor 250-350 at rated voltage and

frequency
Station Grounding System:

Equipment Grounding:

a) Generator neutral is connected to earth only through the potential transformer

provided on the neutral side.

b) The 6.6 kV system neutral is unearthed in stage I(Standard Soviet Practice)

c) 415V system neutral is solidly grounded.

Safety Grounding:

a) Power house area, switchyard area and other areas of power station have
efficient grounding system made of mild steel. All these areas have separate
ground grids. The switchyard ground grid is connected to power house ground
grid to maintain equipotential area throughout during phase to ground fault.

b) The size of earthing conductor is such as to carry the maximum earth fault
current for one second without exceeding specified maximum temperature at
joints.

c) The earthing system is designed to keep the touch potential within safe zone. The
overall earthing resistance is maintained within 0.5 ohms.

Below towers, a tower footing resistance is used. The tower footing resistance shall be
kept below 10 ohms.

Bus bar:

The bus bar arrangements used in VSTPS consists of two main buses and one transfer
bus. This is known as TRANSFER BUS scheme. The bus bar supporting structures are
generally of steel lattice type. Recent trend is to adopt RCC structure for supporting the
buses. These are very economical and are finding wide acceptance in the country. There
are two sections of buses-400 KV bus and 132 KV bus. Each 400 kV bus bar section has
a separate three phase high speed high stability circulating current type differential
protection, along with bus wire supervision and hand reset trip relays

Switchgear:

The drives for auxiliary equipment rated 150kW and above are operated at 6.6kV and
drives having a rating below 150kW are operated at 415V, 3-phase, and 4-wire system
having a provision for single phase 230V. For starting up of these motors suitable
switchgears/starters are provided.

• 6.6 kV Switchgears: 6.6 kV power received from either Unit Auxiliary

Transformer or Reserve Transformer are connected to respectively 6.6kV
switchgear bank through suitable breakers for further distribution to motors and
to transformers for further step down to 415V.

•
 • 415 V Switchgear: The 415Vsupply from each 1000kVA transformer are
connected to a suitable 415V bus having its distribution for different motors and
starters. Motors capacity above 90kW are controlled by a 415V breaker from
respective bus and that of lower capacity by magnetic contractors grouped
together in a sheet metal cubicle for a number of motors, termed MCC. Protection
and control for individual motors is provided there in Switch Gear System.

Transmission Line equipments:

Transmission lines are required for transmitting power from generating stations to the
load centres.

The important components of the transmission lines are—

a) Conductor and accessories-The lines maybe single circuit or double circuit

either in vertical or horizontal configurations. A double circuit lines carries double the
power than the single circuit line. The conductor used for the transmission lines are
of ACSR. These conductors are given animal names on basis of their voltage levels.

66KV – ‘DOG’ ACSR (0.1 sq inch copper equivalent)

132 KV-‘PANTHER’ ACSR (0.2 sq inch copper equivalent)

220 KV-‘ZEBRA’ ACSR (0.4 sq inch copper equivalent)

400KV-‘TWIN MOUSE’ (2×0.5 sq inch copper equivalent)

b) Cables-

132kv Cables: single core, standard aluminium conductors unfilled, cross linked
polyethylene, insulated, gas/dry cured, with extruded conductor and insulation shielding,
copper tape screened and overall sheathed with extruded PVC

6.6kv Cables: unearthed 6.6kv grade, stranded aluminium conductor, impregnated

paper insulated cables

415 V Cables: 1100 V grade, stranded aluminium conductor, PVC, HRPVC/ cross linked
polyethylene insulated, PVC sheathed cable

Control Cables: 1100V grade, solid, copper conductor, PVC insulated, PVC sheathed
cables.

c) Supporting structures-

The towers are of self supporting lattice steel type designed to carry the line conductors
with necessary insulators, earthwire and all fittings under all loaded conditions.

d) Insulator and hardware-High strength toughened glass/brown glazed porcelain disc

insulators shall be used. Single suspension strings shall comprise of 23 numbers of discs
of 120 KV Electromechanical strength. The maximum voltage across any disc shall not
exceed 20 KV. This will reduce ageing and also minimise radio interference.
e) Earthwire and accessories- Earthwire is used to protect the power lines from high
lightning strokes.

Protective Relaying:

Generator Transformer System:

The following protections are provided for each unit:

1) Differential Protection for faults between phases of generator stator winding and
on terminals

2) Inter-turn fault protection of generator for faults between single phase coils of
stator winding

3) Differential protection for faults in transformer bushings.

4) Earth fault protection of generator stator winding

5) Gas protection for faults inside transformer oil tank

6) Back up impedence protection for external symmetrical faults and for redundancy
of unit main protections

7) Out of step protection under loss of excitation

8) Over voltage protection under idle run condition

9) Zero phase sequence protection for external earth faults in 400kv system

10)Current protection for rotor overloads

11)Maximum current protection for symmetrical overloads.

12)Earth fault protection in one point of the rotor.

13)Negative phase sequence protection for external asymmetrical faults.

14)Pole slipping protection of generator without loss of excitation.

15)Low forward power interlocks.

16)Generator transformer over fluxing protection.

17)Overall differential protection of generator transformer unit for duplicate of

differential protection of generator and generator transformer.

Generator exciter protection system:

 1) 3 phase longitudinal differential protection

2) 2 phase maximum current protection

3) Protection for forcing drop to avoid prolonged excitation in case the generator
field has not been suppressed incidentally, when the unit is out.

4) Protection for generator rotor winding for current 2 times that of the rated value.

Unit and Station Transformer:

1) Differential current protection

2) Gas protection of transformer and voltage regulator chamber

3) Overload protection for overload of 6.6kv windings

4) Overcurrent protection on HV winding side

5) Distance protection for back up protection of external faults

6) Low oil level protection

6.6KV Switchgear:

Reserve power supply bus bar to 6.6KV section is provided with differential protection to
trip an appropriate sectionalizing breaker.

0.415 KV Sections and Diesel Generator Protection:

1) Over Current Protection for external faults

2) Zero phase sequence protection for earth faults in 0.415kv system.

6.6/0.415kv Transformers Protection:

1) Over current protection against external fault

2) Zero phase sequence protection for earth faults

3) Symmetrical overload current protection

4) Current cut-off on 6.6kv side for multi phase faults in the transformer winding and
bushings.

Motor Protection:
Each 6.6 kv motor is protected by:

1) Fault current cut off for multi phase faults

2) Zero phase sequence protection for earth faults.

3) Overload protection due to start-up or starting condition.

4) Under voltage protection to trip less important motors with time delay.

Automatic switches with over current device are provided for fault protection of 415 V
motors.

CONCLUSION

In this modern era development of a country is measured against its power usage. As
India is rising as a global power its need of electricity is escalating day by day due to
rapid industrialization and urbanization, which in turn is contributing to India’s rapid
economic growth. But to sustain economic growth uninterrupted power supply is must.
The major responsibility of meeting this demand will have to be shouldered by NTPC. Its
contribution towards the country is acknowledged by bestowing with the title of ‘Bharat
Maharatna’. I hope NTPC will continue rendering its reliable service to the people and
government of the country. The training undergone was informative and educative. It
was the nobility of the employees and working staffs to provide required theoretical
background at their continuous job hours. Though the duration was short but I am quite
confident that this experience and knowledge gathered in this period will mark its print
both in my academic future and professional carrier.