Electric Machinery On SCILAB

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electric Machinery And Transformers

by B. S. Guru And H. R. Hiziroglu1
Created by
Rishabh Narayan
B.tech
Electrical Engineering
College Of Engineering Roorkee
College Teacher
Akhilendra Singh Yadav
Cross-Checked by
Madhu Belur
May 20, 2016
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electric Machinery And Transformers
Author: B. S. Guru And H. R. Hiziroglu
Publisher: Oxford University Press, New York
Edition: 3
Year: 2004
ISBN: 9780195138900
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
1 Review of electric circuit theory 6
2 Review of basic laws of electromagnetism 15
3 Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 22
4 Transformers 30
5 Direct Current Generators 43
6 Direct Current Motors 51
7 Synchronous Generators 60
8 Synchronous motors 69
9 Polyphase Induction Motor 76
10 Analysis of a single phase induction Motor 86
11 Synchronous Generator Dynamics 94
12 Permanent magnet motors 97
3
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 1.1 finding the max power delivered . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Exa 1.2 Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and
I vs T curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.3 Finding the value of capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.4 Determine the line current and phase currents and power
absorbed by the load and power dessipated by transmis-
sion line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.6 Determine load current load voltage load power and
power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 1.7 Determine the reading of two wattmeters total power
and power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.1 Find the induced emf in coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 2.6 Find the magnetic flux density . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 2.10 Find the percentage of flux setup by coil 1 links coil 2 16
Exa 2.11 Find the Inductance of each coil mutual inductance and
coefficient of coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 2.12 Find effective inductance when connected in parallel
aiding and parallel opposing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 2.13 Find hysteresis loss and eddy current loss . . . . . . . 19
Exa 2.14 Find the minimum length of magnet for maintaining
max energy in air gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 3.1 Find the mass of object and energy stored in the feild 22
Exa 3.3 Find the energy stored in the magnetic feild . . . . . . 23
Exa 3.4 Find the current in the coil and energy stored in the
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 3.5 Find the current in the coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4
Exa 3.6 Find the frequency of induced emf max value of induced
emf rms value of induced emf average value of induced
emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 3.7 Find the synchronous speed and percent slip of the motor 27
Exa 3.8 Find the rotor speed and average torque developed by
motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 3.9 Find the restraining force of the spring . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 4.2 Find the a ratio and current in primary and the power
supplied to load and the flux in the core . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 4.3 Find the efficiency of transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 4.4 Find the efficiency of transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 4.6 Find efficiency and voltage regulation of transformer . 33
Exa 4.7 Find the KVA rating at max efficiency . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 4.9 Find the generator voltage generator current and effi-
ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 4.10 Find the primary winding voltage secondary winding
voltage ratio of transformation and nominal rating of
transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 4.11 Find the efficiency and voltage regulation . . . . . . . 39
Exa 4.13 Find the line voltages and line currents and efficiency of
the transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 4.14 Find the line current line voltage and power . . . . . . 42
Exa 5.1 Find the coil pitch for 2 pole winding and 4 pole winding 43
Exa 5.3 Find the induced emf in the armature winding induced
emf per coil induced emf per turn induced emf per con-
ductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 5.4 Find the current in each conductor the torque developed
the power developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 5.5 Find induced emf at full load power developed torque
developed applied torque efficiency external resistance
in feild winding voltage regulation . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 5.6 Find Rfx and terminal voltage voltage regulation Effi-
ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 5.7 Find the voltage between far end of feeder and bus bar 49
Exa 5.9 Find maximum efficiency of generator . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 6.1 Find armature current at rated load efficiency at full
load no of turns per pole new speed of motor and driving
torque when armature current reduces . . . . . . . . . 51
5
Exa 6.3 Find power developed and speed for cumulative com-
pound motor differential compound motor . . . . . . . 52
Exa 6.4 Find the motor speed power loss in external resistance
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 6.5 Find the new motor speed power loss in external resis-
tance efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 6.6 Find the value of external resistance when motor devel-
ops torque of 30 Nm at 2000rpm torque of 30Nm at 715
rpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 6.7 Find the torque and efficiency of the motor . . . . . . 57
Exa 6.8 Find the reading on the scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 6.9 Find the external resistance breaking torque at the in-
stant of plugging when the speed of motor approaches
zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 7.2 Find the pitch factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 7.3 Find the distribution factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 7.5 Find the frequency of induced voltage phase voltage line
voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 7.6 Find the voltage regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 7.7 Find the voltage regulation efficiency torque developed 63
Exa 7.8 Find synchronous reactance per phase and voltage reg-
ulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 7.9 Find the voltage regulation and power developed by the
generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 7.10 Find per phase terminal voltage armature current power
supplied total power output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 8.1 Find the generated voltage and efficiency of motor . . 69
Exa 8.2 Find the excitation voltage and power developed . . . 70
Exa 8.3 Find power factor power angle line to line excitation
voltage torque developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 8.4 Find the excitation voltage and other parameters . . . 72
Exa 8.6 Find the new armature current and new power factor . 73
Exa 8.7 Find the overall power factor and power factor of motor
to improve overall power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 9.1 Find the synchronous speed and slip and rotor frequency 76
Exa 9.2 Find the efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 9.3 Find the efficiency of the motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6
Exa 9.4 Find the max power developed and slip and the torque
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 9.5 Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque and
power developed by the motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exa 9.6 Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque and
starting torque and the value of external resistance . . 81
Exa 9.7 Find the torque range and current range . . . . . . . . 82
Exa 9.8 Find Eqv circuit parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 9.10 Find the equivalent rotor impedance as reffered to stator 84
Exa 10.1 Find the per unit slip in the direction of rotation and in
opposite direction and effective rotor resistance in each
branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 10.2 Find the shaft torque and the efficiency of the motor . 87
Exa 10.3 Find the line current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 10.4 Find the equivalent circuit parameters . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 10.5 Find the induced emf in the armature . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 11.7 Find the rms value of symmetric subtransient and tran-
sient currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exa 11.8 Find per unit power and critical fault clearing time . . 95
Exa 12.1 Find the speed of motor and torque under blocked rotor
condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Exa 12.2 Find the magnetic flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 12.3 Find the developed power and copper loss in the sec-
ondary side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7
List of Figures
1.1 Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and I vs T

curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8
Chapter 1
Review of electric circuit

theory
Scilab code Exa 1.1 finding the max power delivered
1 // C a p t i o n : f i n d i n g t h e max power d e l i v e r e d
2 // Exa : 1 . 1
3 close ;
4 clc ;
5 clear ;
6 // on a p p l y i n g KVL we g e t
7 i =75/50; // i n Amperes
8 v_th =(30* i ) +25; // E q u i v a l e n t T h e v e n i n v o l t a g e ( i n
Volts )
9 r_th =(20*30) /(20+30) ; // E q u i v a l e n t t h e v e n i n
r e s i s t a n c e ( i n Ohms )
10 R_load = r_th ; // Load r e s i s t a n c e =t h e v e n i n r e s i s t a n c e (
i n Ohms )
11 disp ( R_load , ’ l o a d r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) // i n ohms
12 i_load = v_th /( r_th + R_load ) ; // i n Amperes
9
Figure 1.1: Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and I vs T
curve
13 p_max =( i_load ^2) * r_th ; // i n Watts

14 disp ( p_max , ’ max power ( i n w a t t s )= ’ ) //maximum power
dissipiated
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T
and I vs T curve
1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t and
p l o t V v s T and I v s T c u r v e
2 // Exa : 1 . 2
3 clc ;
10
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // R e f e r t o f i g u r e 1 . 5 a
7 L =1*10^ -3; // h e n e r y
8 R =3; // ohms
9 C =200*10^ -6; // f a r a d a y
10 disp ( ” v ( t ) = 1 4 . 1 4 2 c o s 1 0 0 0 t ” )
11 V_m =14.142; // Peak v a l u e o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s
)
12 V = V_m / sqrt (2) ; //RMS v a l u e o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( i n
Volts )
13 //On c o m p a r i n g w i t h s t a n d a r d e q u a t i o n v ( t )=a c o s w t
14 w =1000; // i n r a d i a n / s e c o n d
15 // I n d u c t i v e i m p e d a n c e=jwL
16 Z_L = %i * w * L ; // i n ohms
17 // c a p a c i t i v e i m p e d a n c e=−j /wC
18 Z_c = - %i /( w * C ) ; // i n ohms
19 // Impedance o f t h e c i r c u i t i s g i v e n by
20 Z = Z_L + Z_c + R ; // i n ohms
21 I = V / Z // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t // i n Amperes
22 r = real ( I ) ;
23 i = imag ( I ) ;
24 magn_I = sqrt (( r ^2) +( i ^2) ) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
25 phase_I = atand ( i / r ) ; // p h a s e o f c u r r e n t ( i n d e g r e e )
26 disp ( magn_I , ’ m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes ) ’ ) ;
27 disp ( phase_I , ’ p h a s e o f c u r r e n t ( i n D e g r e e s ) ’ ) ;
28 xset ( ’ window ’ ,1) ;
29 xtitle ( ” c u r r e n t −t i m e p l o t ” ,” t i m e ( i n S e c o n d s ) ” ,”
c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes ) ” ) ;
30 z = linspace (0 ,20 ,10) ;
31 x = linspace (0 , %pi ,100) ;
32 z =2.828* cos ((1000* x ) +( atan ( i / r ) ) ) ;
33 plot (x , z ) ;
34 xset ( ’ window ’ ,2) ;
35 xtitle ( ” v o l t a g e −t i m e p l o t ” ,” t i m e ( i n S e c o n d s ) ” ,”
v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s ) ”);
36 x = linspace (0 , %pi ,100) ;
11
37 y = linspace (0 ,20 ,10) ;
38 y =14.142* cos (1000* x ) ;
39 plot (x , y ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Finding the value of capacitor
1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e v a l u e o f c a p a c i t o r
2 // Ex no . 1 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 I =10; // C u r r e n t drawn by t h e l o a d ( i n Amperes )
7 pf1 =0.5; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
8 pf2 =0.8;
9 Q1 = acosd ( pf1 ) ;
10 Q2 = acosd ( pf2 ) ;
11 I_L =10*( cosd ( - Q1 ) + %i * sind ( - Q1 ) ) ; // i n Amperes
12 V =120; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
13 f =60; // f r e q u e n c y o f s o u r c e ( i n H e r t z )
14 // R e f e r t o f i g 1 . 6 ( b )
15 // I L c=I L+ I c
16 S = V * conj ( I_L ) ; // c o m p l e x power a b s o r b e d by l o a d ( i n
Watts )
17 //On c o n n e c t i n g c a p a c i t o r a c r o s s l o a d c u r r e n t ( I )
have 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g
18 I_Lco = real ( S ) /( V * pf2 ) ; // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d by l o a d
a f t e r c o n n e c t i n g c a p a c i t o r ( i n Amperes )
19 I_Lc = I_Lco *( cosd ( - Q2 ) + %i *( sind ( - Q2 ) ) ) ; // i n Amperes
20 I_c = I_Lc - I_L ; // i n Amperes
21 Z_c = V / I_c ; // c a p a c i t i v e i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
22 // Z c=−j X c
12
23 X_c = Z_c /( - %i ) ; // C a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e
24 C =1/(2* %pi * f * X_c ) ;
25 disp ( real ( C ) , ’ V a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e ( i n Farad ) i s= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Determine the line current and phase currents and
power absorbed by the load and power dessipated by transmission line
1 // C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t and p h a s e
c u r r e n t s , power a b s o r b e d by t h e l o a d and power
d e s s i p a t e d by t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
2 // Ex no : 1 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // Make d e l t a − s t a r c o n v e r s i o n o f l o a d
7 Z_L =1+ %i *2; // Impedance o f e a c h w i r e ( i n Ohms )
8 Z_p =(177 - %i *246) ; // per −p h a s e i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
9 Z_pY =(177 - %i *246) /3; // per −p h a s e i m p e d a n c e i n Y−
c o n n e c t i o n ( i n Ohms )
10 Z = Z_L + Z_pY ; // T o t a l p e r p h a s e i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
11 V =866/ sqrt (3) ; // Per−p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
12 V_phase =0;
13 I = V / Z ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t ( i n Ampere )
14 r = real ( I ) ;
15 i = imag ( I ) ;
16 I_mag = sqrt (( r ^2) +( i ^2) ) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
17 I_phase = atand ( i / r ) ; // p h a s e o f c u r r e n t ( i n D e g r e e s )
18 pf = cosd ( I_phase ) ; // power f a c t o r
19 // R e f e r t o f i g : 1 . 1 3 ( b )
20 // S o u r c e a r e c o n n e c t e d i n s t a r , s o p h a s e c u r r e n t s =
13
line currents
21 I_na_mag = I_mag ; // Magnitude o f S o u r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
n−a ( i n Amperes )
22 I_nb_mag = I_mag ; // Magnitude o f S o u r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
n−b ( i n Amperes )
23 I_nc_mag = I_mag ; // Magnitude o f S o u r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
n−c ( i n Amperes )
24 I_na_phase = I_phase +(0) ; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h n−a ( i n D e g r e e )
25 I_nb_phase = I_phase +( -120) ; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h n−b ( i n D e g r e e )
26 I_nc_phase = I_phase +(120) ; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h n−c ( i n D e g r e e )
27 disp ( I_na_mag , ’ I n a m a g ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
28 disp ( I_na_phase , ’ I n a p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
29 disp ( I_nb_mag , ’ I n b m a g ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
30 disp ( I_nb_phase , ’ I n b p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
31 disp ( I_nc_mag , ’ I n c m a g ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
32 disp ( I_nc_phase , ’ I n c p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
33 // Load i s c o n n e c t e d i n d e l t a n e t w o r k
34 I_AB_mag = I_mag / sqrt (3) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h AB ( i n Amperes )
35 I_BC_mag = I_mag / sqrt (3) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h BC ( i n Amperes )
36 I_CA_mag = I_mag / sqrt (3) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h CA ( i n Amperes )
37 I_AB_phase = I_na_phase +30; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h AB ( i n D e g r e e s )
38 I_BC_phase = I_nb_phase +30; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h BC ( i n D e g r e e s )
39 I_CA_phase = I_nb_phase -90; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h CA ( i n D e g r e e s )
40 disp ( I_AB_mag , ’ I AB mag ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
41 disp ( I_AB_phase , ’ I A B p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
42 disp ( I_BC_mag , ’ I BC mag ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
43 disp ( I_BC_phase , ’ I B C p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
44 disp ( I_CA_mag , ’ I CA mag ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
45 disp ( I_CA_phase , ’ I C A p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ’ ) ;
14
46 I_AB = I_AB_mag *( cosd ( I_AB_phase ) + %i * sind ( I_AB_phase ) )
; // ( i n Amperes )
47 P_load =3* I_AB_mag ^2* real ( Z_p ) ; // i n w a t t s
48 disp ( real ( P_load ) , ’ Power d i s s i p a t e d ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
49 P_line =3* I_mag ^2* real ( Z_L ) ; // i n w a t t s
50 disp ( P_line , ’ Power d i s s i p a t e d by t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e (
i n Watts )= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Determine load current load voltage load power and
power factor
1 // C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n e l o a d c u r r e n t , l o a d v o l t a g e , l o a d
power and power f a c t o r
2 // Exa : 1 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // R e f e r t o t h e f i g : 1 . 1 6
7 R =40; // i n ohms
8 L = %i *30; // i n ohms
9 V =117*(( cosd (0) + %i * sind (0) ) ) ; // i n V o l t s
10 // E q u i v a l e n t l o a d i m p e d a n c e i s o b t a i n e d by p a r a l l e l
c o m b i n a t i o n o f R e s i s t a n c e R and I n d u c t a n c e L
11 Z_L =( R * L ) /( R + L ) ; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
12 Z1 =0.6+ %i *16.8; // i n Ohms
13 Z = Z_L + Z1 ; // E q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e o f c i r c u i t ( i n Ohms )
14 I = V / Z ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o a d ( i n Amperes )
15 r1 = real ( I ) ;
16 i1 = imag ( I ) ;
17 I_mag = sqrt ( r1 ^2+ i1 ^2) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t f l o w i n g
t h r o u g h l o a d ( i n Amperes )
15
18 disp ( I_mag , ’ R e a d i n g o f ammeter ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
19 V_L = I * Z_L ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d ( i n V o l t s )
20 r2 = real ( V_L ) ;
21 i2 = imag ( V_L ) ;
22 V_L_mag = sqrt ( r2 ^2+ i2 ^2) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f v o l t a g e
across load ( in Volts )
23 disp ( V_L_mag , ’ R e a d i n g o f v o l t m e t e r ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
24 P = real ( V_L * conj ( I ) ) ; // Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
25 disp (P , ’ R e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
26 pf = P /( V_L_mag * I_mag ) ; // Power f a c t o r
27 disp ( pf , ’ power f a c t o r = ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Determine the reading of two wattmeters total power
and power factor
1 // C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n e t h e r e a d i n g o f two w a t t m e t e r s ,
t o t a l power and power f a c t o r
2 // Exa : 1 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // t r a n s f o r m i n g d e l t a c o n n e c t e d s o u r c e i n t o an
e q u i v a l e n t S t a r −c o n n e c t e d s o u r c e
7 V_s =1351; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
8 V =1351/ sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
9 V_phase =0;
10 Z =360+ %i *150; // per −p h a s e i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
11 I = V / Z ; // c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t ( i n Amperes )
12 r = real ( I ) ;
13 i = imag ( I ) ;
14 I_mag = sqrt ( r ^2+ i ^2) ; // i n ampere
16
15 I_phase = atand ( i / r ) ; // d e g r e e
16 // R e f e r t o f i g 1 . 1 9 ( a )
17 V_ab =1351*( cosd ( -30) + %i * sind ( -30) ) ; // i n V o l t s
18 I_aA =2*( cosd ( I_phase ) + %i * sind ( I_phase ) ) ; // i n Amperes
19 V_cb =1351*( cosd ( -90) + %i * sind ( -90) ) ; // i n V o l t s
20 I_cC =2*( cosd ( I_phase -120) + %i * sind ( I_phase -120) ) ; // i n
Amperes
21 P1 = real ( V_ab * conj ( I_aA ) ) ; // r e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r 1 (
i n Watts )
22 disp ( P1 , ’ R e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r W1 ( i n Watts ) = ’ ) ;
23 P2 = real ( V_cb * conj ( I_cC ) ) ; // r e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r 2 (
i n Watts )
24 disp ( P2 , ’ R e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r W2 ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
25 P = P1 + P2 ; // t o t a l power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
26 disp (P , ’ T o t a l power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
27 pf = cosd ( I_phase ) ; // power f a c t o r
28 disp ( pf , ’ power f a c t o r = ’ )
17
Chapter 2
Review of basic laws of

electromagnetism
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Find the induced emf in coil
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e i n d u c e d emf i n c o i l
2 // Exa : 2 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N =1000; // Number o f t u r n s
7 phy_1 =100*10^ -3; // i n i t i a l m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n w e b e r s )
8 phy_2 =20*10^ -3; // f i n a l m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n w e b e r s )
9 phy = phy_2 - phy_1 ; // c h a n g e i n m a g n e t i c f l u x
10 t =5; // ( i n s e c o n d s )
11 e =( -1) * N *( phy / t ) ; // i n d u c e d emf ( i n v o l t s )
12 disp (e , ’ I n d u c e d emf ( i n v o l t s )= ’ )
18
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Find the magnetic flux density
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y
2 // Exa : 2 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 u_o =4* %pi *10^ -7; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f a i r
7 u_r =1200; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
8 N =1500; //No . o f t u r n s
9 I =4; // c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l ( i n Amperes )
10 r_i =10*10^ -2; // i n n e r r a d i i o f m a g n e t i c c o r e ( i n
meters )
11 r_o =12*10^ -2; // o u t e r r a d i i o f m a g n e t i c c o r e ( i n
meters )
12 r_m =( r_i + r_o ) /2; // mean r a d i i o f m a g n e t i c c o r e ( i n
meters )
13 l_g =1*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap ( i n m e t e r s )
14 l_m =2* %pi *( r_m - l_g ) ; // i n m e t e r s
15 // R e f e r t o f i g : − 2 . 1 4
16 A_m =( r_o - r_i ) ^2; // c r o s s − s e c t i o n a l area of magnetic
path ( i n meter ˆ2)
17 R_m = l_m /( u_o * u_r * A_m ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f m a g n e t i c
material
18 R_g = l_g /( u_o * A_m ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
19 //R m and R g i n s e r e i s
20 R = R_m + R_g ;
21 B_m = N * I /( R * A_m ) ; // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T e s l a )
22 disp ( B_m , ’ m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T e s l a )= ’ )
19
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Find the percentage of flux setup by coil 1 links coil
2
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f f l u x s e t u p by c o i l
−1 l i n k s c o i l −2
2 // Exa : 2 . 1 0
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // R e f e r t o eqn 2 . 2 6
7 e_21 =20; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n c o i l −2 ( i n v o l t s )
8 I1 =2000; // r a t e o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t i n c o i l −1 ( i n
Amperes / s e c o n d )
9 M = e_21 / I1 ; // i n h e n r y
10 L1 =25*10^ -3; // i n h e n r y
11 L2 =25*10^ -3; // i n h e n r y
12 // R e f e r t o eqn 2 . 3 2
13 k =( M / L1 ) *100; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o u p l i n g
14 disp (k , ’ p e r c e n t a g e (%)= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Find the Inductance of each coil mutual inductance
and coefficient of coupling
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) I n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h c o i l ( b ) mutual
inductance ( c ) c o e f f i c i e n t of coupling
2 // Exa : 2 . 1 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // L1 , L2=i n d u c t a n c e s o f c o i l 1&2
7 //M=mutual i n d u c t a n c e b /w c o i l 1&2
20
8 L_aid =2.38; // e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d i n
sereis aiding
9 L_opp =1.02; // e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d i n
s e r e i s opposing
10 // L1+L2+2M=L a i d
11 // L1+L2−2M=L opp
12 M =( L_aid - L_opp ) /4; // i n h e n r y
13 disp (M , ’ mutual i n d u c t a n c e ( i n h e n r y )= ’ )
14 // L1=16∗L2
15 L1 =( L_aid -2* M ) /17; // i n h e n r y
16 disp ( L1 , ’ i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l −1 ( i n h e n r y )= ’ )
17 L2 = L_aid -(2* M ) - L1 ; // i n h e n r y
18 disp ( L2 , ’ i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l −2 ( i n h e n r y )= ’ )
19 k = M /( sqrt ( L1 * L2 ) ) ;
20 disp (k , ’ c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o u p l i n g= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Find effective inductance when connected in parallel
aiding and parallel opposing
1 // C a p t i o n : Find e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d
in ( a ) p a r a l l e l aiding (b) p a r a l l e l opposing
2 // Exa : 2 . 1 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 L1 =1.6; // s e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l 1 ( i n Henry )
7 L2 =0.1; // s e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l 2 ( i n Henry )
8 M =0.34; // mutual i n d u c t a n c e ( i n Henry )
9 // R e f e r t o eqn −2.45
10 L_aid =(( L1 * L2 ) -M ^2) *10^3/( L1 + L2 -(2* M ) ) ; // i n m i l i −
Henry
21
11 disp ( L_aid , ’ e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e i n p a r a l l e l a i d i n g
( i n m i l i −Henry )= ’ )
12 // R e f e r t o eqn −2.46
13 L_opp =(( L1 * L2 ) -M ^2) *10^3/( L1 + L2 +(2* M ) ) ; // i n m i l i −
henry
14 disp ( L_opp , ’ e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e i n p a r a l l e l
o p p o s i n g ( i n mini −Henry )= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Find hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
1 // C a p t i o n : Find h y s t e r e s i s l o s s and eddy−c u r r e n t l o s s

2 // Exa : 2 . 1 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // r e f e r t o eqn −2.50
7 // eqn : − 2 . 5 1 , 2 . 5 2 & 2 . 5 3 a r e o b t a i n e d
8 f =[25 25 60]; // i n h e r t z
9 disp (f , ’ f r e q u e n c y ( i n h e r t z )= ’ ) ;
10 B_m =[1.1 1.5 1.1];
11 P_m =[0.4 0.8 1.2];
12 //On s o l v i n g eqn : − 2 . 5 1 & eqn : − 2 . 5 3
13 k_e =(0.016 -0.02) /(30.25 -72.6) ;
14 // on s o l v i n g eqn : − 2 . 5 1 & eqn : − 2 . 5 2
15 n =( log ((0.016 -(30.25* k_e ) ) /(0.032 -(56.25* k_e ) ) ) ) /(
log (1.1/1.5) ) ;
16 k_h =(0.016 -(30.25* k_e ) ) /1.1^ n ;
17 P_h = k_h * f .* B_m ^ n // h y s t e r e s i s l o s s
18 disp ( P_h , ’ H y s t e r e s i s l o s s ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
19 P_eddy = k_e *( f ^2) .* B_m ^2 // eddy c u r r e n t l o s s
20 disp ( P_eddy , ’ eddy c u r r e n t l o s s ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
22
Scilab code Exa 2.14 Find the minimum length of magnet for maintaining
max energy in air gap
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e minimum l e n g t h o f magnet f o r

m a i n t a i n i n g max e n e r g y i n a i r gap
2 // Exa : 2 . 1 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
7 u_r =500; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f s t e e l
8 l_g =1*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap s e c t i o n ( i n m e t e r )
9 A_g =10*10^ -4; // c r o s s − s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f a i r gap
s e c t i o n ( i n meter ˆ2)
10 A_m =10*10^ -4; // c r o s s − s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f magnet
s e c t i o n ( i n meter ˆ2)
11 A_s =10*10^ -4; // c r o s s − s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f s t e e l
s e c t i o n s ( i n meter ˆ2)
12 l_s =50*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f s t e e l s e c t i o n ( i n m e t e r )
13 // R e f e r t o f i g : − 2 . 2 9 ( D e m a g n e t i z a t i o n and e n e r g y −
p r o d u c t c u r v e s o f a magnet )
14 H_m = -144*10^3; // ( i n Ampere / m e t e r )
15 B_m =0.23; // M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T e s l a )
16 // r e f e r t o eqn : − 2 . 5 5
17 l_m =( -1*100) *((( l_g * A_m ) /( u_o * A_g ) ) +((2* l_s * A_m ) /(
u_o * u_r * A_s ) ) ) *( B_m / H_m ) ; // ( i n c e n t i m e t e r )
18 disp ( l_m , ’ minimum l e n g t h o f magnet ( i n c e n t i m e t e r )= ’
)
23
24
Chapter 3
Principles of Electromechanical
Energy Conversion
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Find the mass of object and energy stored in the feild
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e mass o f o b j e c t and e n e r g y s t o r e d

in the f e i l d
2 // Exa : 3 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 A =20*10^ -4; // s u r f a c e a r e a o f e a c h c a p a c i t o r ’ s p l a t e
7 d =5*10^ -3; // s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s
8 e =(10^ -9) /(36* %pi ) ; // p e r m e t i v i t y o f a i r
9 V =10*10^3; // p o t e n t i a l d i f f . b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s
10 F_e =( e * A * V ^2) /(2* d ^2) ; // e l e c t r i c f o r c e
11 g =9.81; // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y ( i n m e t e r /
second ˆ2)
12 // For c o n d t o f b a l a n c i n g e l e c t r i c f o r c e =w e i g h t o f
object
25
13 // F e=m∗ g
14 m = F_e / g ;
15 disp ( m *1000 , ’ mass o f o b j e c t ( i n grams )= ’ ) ;
16 W_f =( e * A * V ^2) /(2* d ) ;
17 disp ( W_f *1000000 , ’ e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e f e i l d ( in
micro − j o u l e s )= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Find the energy stored in the magnetic feild
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c
feild
2 // Exa : 3 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // i =c u r r e n t i n t h e c k t ( i n Amperes )
7 // x= t o t a l f l u x l i n k a g e
8 function i = f ( x ) ,i = x /(6 -(2* x ) ) , endfunction ;
9 // R e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 1 8
10 W_m = intg (0 ,2 , f ) ; // Energy s t o r e d i n m a g n e t i c f e i l d
11 disp ( W_m , ’ Energy s t o r e d i n m a g n e t i c f e i l d ( i n J o u l e s
)= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Find the current in the coil and energy stored in the
system
26
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l and e n e r g y
s t o r e d in the system
2 // Exa : 3 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N =100; // no . o f t u r n s o f c o i l
7 A =10^ -4; // a r e a
8 x =1*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
10 u_r =2000; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
11 D =7.85*10^3; // d e n s i t y o f m a t e r i a l ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
12 V =11*10^ -6; // volume o f m a t e r i a l
13 m = D * V ; // mass o f m a t e r i a l
14 g =9.81; // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
15 // R e f e r t o f i g : 3 . 7
16 R_o =(15.5*10^ -2) /( u_o * u_r * A ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f o u t e r
legs
17 R_c =(5.5*10^ -2) /( u_o * u_r * A ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f c e n t r a l
leg
18 function y = L ( x ) ; // i n d u c t a n c e
19 y = ( N ^2) / R ( x ) ;
20 endfunction ;
21 function y = R ( x ) ; // t o t a l r e l u c t a n c e
22 y = R_c + R_g ( x ) +(0.5*( R_o + R_g ( x ) ) ) ;
23 endfunction ;
24 function y = R_g ( x ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
25 y = x /( u_o * A ) ;
26 endfunction ;
27 x = [0.01 ] ’; // P o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t
28 t =[ diag ( derivative (L , x ) ) ]; // t=dL/ dx ( a t x =0.01m)
29 // s i n c e t<o , i . e , F m i s a c t i n g i n opp d i r e c t i o n t h a t
of weight
30 // f o r e q u i l i b r i u m F m=m∗ g
31 I = sqrt (( m * g ) /(0.5* t *( -1) ) ) ; // R e f e r t o eqn3 . 2 3
32 disp (I , ’ c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
33 L_o = L (.01) ;
34 W_f =0.5* L_o * I ^2;
27
35 disp ( W_f *10^3 , ’ e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c f e i l d
( i n m i l i −J o u l e s )= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Find the current in the coil
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l
2 // Exa : 3 . 5
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 T =20; // t o r q u e e x e r t e d by s p r i n g ( i n Newton−m e t e r )
6 r =0.2; // r a d i u s o f s p r i n g ( i n m e t e r )
7 F_s = T / r ; // f o r c e e x e r t e d by s p r i n g on m a g n e t i c p l a t e
8 N =1000; // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
9 u_o =4* %pi *10^ -7; // p e r m a b l i t y o f a i r
10 A =9*10^ -4; // a r e a ( i n m e t e r ˆ 2 )
11 function y = L ( x ) ; // i n d u c t a n c e
12 y = ( N ^2) / R ( x ) ;
13 endfunction ;
14 function y = R ( x ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
15 y = (2* x ) /( u_o * A ) ;
16 endfunction ;
17 x = [0.001 ] ’; // P o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t
18 t =[ diag ( derivative (L , x ) ) ]; // t=dL/ dx ( a t x = 0 . 0 0 1m)
19 // s i n c e t<o i . e , F m i s a c t i n g i n opp d i r e c t i o n t h a t
of weight
20 // f o r e q u i l i b r i u m F m=F s
21 I = sqrt ((2* F_s ) /( t *( -1) ) ) ; // R e f e r t o eqn3 . 2 3
22 disp (I , ’ c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l ( i n Amperes )= ’ )
28
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Find the frequency of induced emf max value of in-
duced emf rms value of induced emf average value of induced emf
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d emf ( b )
max v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf ( c ) rms v a l u e o f i n d u c e d
emf ( d ) a v e r a g e v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf
2 // Exa : 3 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N =100; // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
7 P =4; // number o f p o l e s
8 N_m =1800; // r o t o r s p e e d ( i n rpm )
9 flux_p =4.5*10^ -3; // f l u x p e r p o l e ( i n Wb)
10 f =( P * N_m ) /120; // R e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 3 0 a
11 disp (f , ’ ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d emf ( i n H e r t z )= ’ ) ;
12 // r e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 3 1
13 E_m =(2* %pi * P * flux_p * N_m ) /120; //max v a l u e o f i n d u c e d
emf p e r t u r n
14 E_mc = N * E_m ;
15 disp ( E_mc , ’ ( b ) max v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf i n c o i l ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
16 E_rms = E_mc / sqrt (2) ;
17 disp ( E_rms , ’ ( c ) rms v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf ( i n V o l t s )=
’ );
18 E_avg =(2* E_mc ) / %pi ;
19 disp ( E_avg , ’ ( d ) a v e r a g e v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ )
29
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Find the synchronous speed and percent slip of the
motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d and p e r c e n t
s l i p o f t h e motor
2 // Exa : 3 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P =4; // no . o f p o l e
7 f =50; // f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 N_r =1200; // s p e e d o f r o t o r ( i n rpm )
9 N_s =(120* f ) / P ;
10 disp ( N_s , ’ s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
11 s =( N_s - N_r ) / N_s ; // s l i p
12 s_p = s *100;
13 disp ( s_p , ’ p e r c e n t s l i p o f t h e motor (%)= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Find the rotor speed and average torque developed
by motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e r o t o r s p e e d and a v e r a g e t o r q u e
d e v e l o p e d by motor
2 // Exa : 3 . 8
30
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N =2; // no . o f p o l e s
7 f =60; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 I_rms =10; // c u r r e n t i n t a k e
9 L_q =1; // min i n d u c t a n c e ( i n H)
10 L_d =2; //max i n d u c t a n c e ( inH )
11 w =2* %pi * f ;
12 disp (w , ’ r o t o r s p e e d ( i n r a d / s e c )= ’ ) ;
13 // R e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 5 2
14 T_avg =( -1) *0.125*( L_d - L_q ) *(( I_rms * sqrt (2) ) ^2) * sind
(2*45) ;
15 if ( T_avg <0 ) then ;
16 disp (( T_avg *( -1) ) , ” a v e r a g e t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by
motor ( i n Newton−m e t e r )=” ) ;
17 else ;
18 disp ( T_avg , ” a v e r a g e t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n
Newton−m e t e r )=” ) ;
19 end
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Find the restraining force of the spring
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e r e s t r a i n i n g f o r c e o f t h e s p r i n g
2 // Exa : 3 . 9
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N =500; // no . o f t u r n s
7 u_o =4* %pi *10^ -7; // P e r m e a b l i t y o f a i r
8 I =4.2; // main w i n d i n g c u r r e n t ( i n A)
31
9 A =2.25*10^ -4; // a r e a o f a i r gap ( i n mˆ 2 )
10 x =0.002; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap ( i n m)
11 i = I *1.50; // min c u r r e n t n e e d e d f o r a c t i v a t i n g r e l a y
12 F_m = u_o * A *0.5*(( N * i ) / x ) ^2; // R e f e r t o eqn 3 . 5 3
13 disp ( F_m , ’ r e s t r a i n i n g f o r c e o f t h e s p r i n g ( i n Newton )
=’)
32
Chapter 4
Transformers
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Find the a ratio and current in primary and the power
supplied to load and the flux in the core
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) a−r a t i o ( b ) c u r r e n t i n
p r i m a r y ( c ) t h e power s u p p l i e d t o l o a d ( d ) and
the f l u x in the core
2 // Exa : 4 . 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N_p =150; // no . o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
7 N_s =750; // no . o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
8 f =50; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9 I_2 =4; // l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
10 V_1 =240; // v o l t a g e on p r i m a r y s i d e ( i n V o l t s )
11 pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
12 a = N_p / N_s ;
13 disp (a , ’ ( a ) a−r a t i o = ’ ) ;
14 I_1 = I_2 / a ;
33
15 disp ( I_1 , ’ ( b ) c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
16 V_2 = V_1 / a ;
17 disp ( V_2 , ’ ( c ) v o l t a g e on s e c o n d a r y s i d e ( i n V o l t s )= ’
);
18 P_L = V_2 * I_2 * pf ;
19 disp ( P_L , ’ ( d ) power s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d ( i n Watts )=
’ );
20 flux = V_1 /(4.44* f * N_p ) ;
21 disp ( flux *10^3 , ’ ( e ) f l u x i n t h e c o r e ( i n m i l i −Weber )
= ’ );
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Find the efficiency of transformer
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r
2 // Exa : 4 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_1 =4; // i n ohms
7 R_2 =0.04; // i n ohms
8 X_1 =12; // i n ohms
9 X_2 =0.12; // i n ohms
10 pf =0.866; // power f a c t o r
11 V_p =2300; // p r i m a r y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
12 V_s =230; // S e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
13 S =23000; //VA
14 theta = acosd ( pf ) ;
15 I_2 =( S *0.75/ V_s ) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; //
s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
16 Z_2 = R_2 + %i * X_2 ; // s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g i m p e d a n c e ( i n
ohms )
34
17 E_2 = V_s + I_2 * Z_2 ; // i n d u c e d emf i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g (
in Volts )
18 a = V_p / V_s ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
19 E_1 = a * E_2 ; // i n d u c e d emf i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g ( i n V o l t s
)
20 I_1 = I_2 / a ; // c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
21 Z_1 = R_1 + %i * X_1 ; // p r i m a r y w i n d i n g i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
22 V_1 = E_1 + I_1 * Z_1 ; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e
23 P_o = real ( V_s * conj ( I_2 ) ) ; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
24 P_in = real ( V_1 * conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // i n p u t power
25 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
26 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Find the efficiency of transformer
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 4 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // From Exa : 4 . 3
7 V_2 =230; // i n V o l t s
8 Z_1 =4+ %i *12;
9 I_s =75*( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // i n Amperes
10 a =10; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
11 E_1 =2282.87*( cosd (2.33) + %i * sind (2.33) ) ; // i n V o l t s
12 E_2 =228.287*( cosd (2.33) + %i * sind (2.33) ) ; // i n V o l t s
13 I_p =7.5*( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // i n Amperes
14 P_o =14938.94; // i n Watts
15 R_c1 =20000; // c o r e l o s s r e s i s t a n c e on p r i m a r y s i d e
16 X_m1 =15000; // m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e on p r i m a r y s i d e
35
17 I_c = E_1 / R_c1 ; // i n Amperes
18 I_m = E_1 /( %i * X_m1 ) ; // i n Amperes
19 I_phy = I_c + I_m ; // i n Amperes
20 I_1 = I_p + I_phy ; // i n Amperes
21 V_1 = E_1 + Z_1 * I_1 ; // i n V o l t s
22 P_in = real ( V_1 * conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // i n Watts
23 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
24 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Find efficiency and voltage regulation of transformer
1 // C a p t i o n : Find e f f i c i e n c y and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n o f
transformer
2 // Exa : 4 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 S =2200; // Volt −Ampere
7 V_s =220; // s e c o n d a r y s i d e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
8 V_2 = V_s ;
9 V_p =440; // p r i m a r y s i d e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
10 R_e1 =3; // i n ohms
11 X_e1 =4; // i n ohms
12 R_c1 =2.5*1000; // i n ohms
13 X_m1 =2000; // i n ohms
14 a = V_p / V_2 ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
15 pf =0.707; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
16 theta = - acosd ( pf ) ;
17 I_2 =( S / V_2 ) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; // ( i n
Amperes )
18 // R e f e r t o e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t ( f i g : 4 . 1 6 )
36
19 I_p = I_2 / a ; // i n Amperes
20 V_2p = a * V_2 ;
21 V_1 = V_2p + I_p *( R_e1 + %i * X_e1 ) ;
22 I_c = V_1 / R_c1 ; // c o r e l o s s c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
23 I_m = V_1 /( %i * X_m1 ) ;
24 I_1 = I_p + I_c + I_m ; // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d by s o u r c e ( i n
Amperes )
25 P_o = real ( V_p * conj ( I_p ) ) ; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
26 P_in = real ( V_1 * conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // i n p u t power ( i n Watts )
27 Eff = P_o / P_in ; // E f f i c i e n c y
29 VR =( abs ( V_1 ) - abs ( V_p ) ) / V_p ;
30 disp ( VR *100 , ’ v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ’ )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Find the KVA rating at max efficiency
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a )KVA r a t i n g a t max e f f i c i e n c y ( b )

max e f f i c i e n c y ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d and
0.8 pf lagging (d) equivalent core r e s i s t a n c e
2 // Exa : 4 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 S =120000; // Volt −Ampere
7 V_p =2400; // i n v o l t s
8 V_s =240; // i n v o l t s
9 R_1 =0.75; // i n ohms
10 R_2 =0.01; // i n ohms
11 X_1 =0.8; // i n ohms
12 X_2 =0.02; // i n ohms
13 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
37
15 a = V_p / V_s ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
16 I_p = S / V_p ; // r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
17 I_p_eta =0.7* I_p ; // l o a d c u r r e n t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
18 KVA = I_p_eta * V_p /1000;
19 disp ( KVA , ’ ( a ) KVA r a t i n g a t max e f f i c i e n c y = ’ ) ;
20 P_cu_eta = I_p_eta ^2*( R_1 + a ^2* R_2 ) ; // c o p p e r l o s s ( i n
Watts )
21 P_m = P_cu_eta ; // c o r e l o s s
22 P_o = V_p * I_p_eta * pf ; // power o u t p u t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
23 P_in = P_o + P_m + P_cu_eta ; // power i n p u t a t max
efficiency
24 eta = P_o / P_in ;
25 disp ( eta *100 , ’ ( b ) max e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
26 P_o_FL = V_p * I_p * pf ; // power o u t p u t a t f u l l l o a d
27 P_cu_FL = I_p ^2*( R_1 + a ^2* R_2 ) ; // c o p p e r l o s s a t f u l l
load
28 P_in_FL = P_cu_FL + P_o_FL + P_m ;
29 Eff = P_o_FL / P_in_FL ;
30 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d (%)= ’ ) ;
31 R_c1 = V_p ^2/ P_cu_eta ;
32 disp ( R_c1 , ’ ( d ) e q u i v a l e n t c o r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )=
’ );
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Find the generator voltage generator current and ef-
ficiency
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e ( b )
generator current ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 4 . 9
3 clc ;
38
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 2 9
7 // For r e g i o n A
8 V_bA =230; // i n V o l t s
9 S_bA =.46000; // Volt −Ampere
10 I_bA = S_bA / V_bA ; // i n Amperes
11 Z_bA = V_bA / I_bA ; // i n ohms
12 Z_g_pu =(0.023+ %i *0.092) / Z_bA ;
13 R_L_pu =0.023/ Z_bA ;
14 X_L_pu =0.069/ Z_bA ;
15 // For r e g i o n B
16 // Per u n i t p a r a m e t e r s on h i g h −v o l t a g e s i d e o f t h e
s t e p −up t r a n s f o r m e r
17 V_bB =2300; // i n V o l t s
18 S_bB =46000; // Volt −Ampere
19 I_bB = S_bB / V_bB ; // i n Amperes
20 Z_bB = V_bB / I_bB ; // i n ohms
21 R_H_pu =2.3/ Z_bB ;
22 X_H_pu =6.9/ Z_bB ;
23 R_cH_pu1 =13800/ Z_bB ;
24 X_mH_pu1 =6900/ Z_bB ;
25 Z_l_pu =(2.07+ %i *4.14) / Z_bB ; // Per−u n i t i m p e d a n c e o f
transmission line
26 // Per u n i t p a r a m e t e r s on h i g h −v o l t a g e s i d e o f t h e
s t e p −down t r a n s f o r m e r
27 X_mH_pu2 =9200/ Z_bB ;
28 R_cH_pu2 =11500/ Z_bB ;
29 // For r e g i o n C
30 V_bC =115; // i n V o l t s
31 S_bC =46000; // Volt −Ampere
32 I_bC = S_bC / V_bC ; // i n Amperes
33 Z_bC = V_bC / I_bC ; // i n ohms
34 R_L_pu =0.00575/ Z_bC ;
35 X_L_pu =0.01725/ Z_bC ;
36 V_L_pu =1*( cosd (0) + %i * sind (0) ) ;
37 I_L_pu =1*( cosd ( -30) + %i * sind ( -30) ) ;
38 E_l_pu = V_L_pu +( R_L_pu + %i * X_L_pu ) * I_L_pu ;
39
39 I_l_pu = I_L_pu + E_l_pu *(0.01 - %i *(1/80) ) ;
40 E_g_pu = E_l_pu + I_l_pu *(0.02+ %i *0.06+0.018+ %i
*0.036+0.02+ %i *0.06) ;
41 I_g_pu = I_l_pu + E_g_pu *((1/120) - %i *(1/60) ) ;
42 V_g_pu = E_g_pu + I_g_pu *(0.02+0.02+ %i *0.08+ %i *0.06) ;
43 V_g = V_bA * V_g_pu ;
44 disp ( abs ( V_g ) , ’ ( a ) G e n e r a t o r V o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
45 disp ( atand ( imag ( V_g ) / real ( V_g ) ) , ’ Phase o f g e n e r a t e d
v o l t a g e ( i n d e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
46 I_g = I_bA * I_g_pu ;
47 disp ( abs ( I_g ) , ’ ( b ) G e n e r a t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ )
;
48 disp ( atand ( imag ( I_g ) / real ( I_g ) ) , ’ Phase o f g e n e r a t o r
c u r r e n t ( i n d e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
49 P_o_pu =0.866; // r a t e d power o u t p u t a t p f = 0 . 8 6 6
lagging
50 P_in_pu = real ( V_g_pu * conj ( I_g_pu ) ) ;
51 Eff = P_o_pu / P_in_pu ;
52 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Find the primary winding voltage secondary wind-
ing voltage ratio of transformation and nominal rating of transformer
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p r i m a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( b )
secondary winding v o l t a g e ( c ) r a t i o of
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( d ) nominal r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
2 // Exa : 4 . 1 0
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_1 =2400; // i n V o l t s
40
7 V_2 =240; // i n V o l t s
8 S_o =24*1000; // Volt −Ampere
9 I_1 =10; // i n Amperes
10 I_2 =100; // i n Amperes
11 // R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 ( a )
12 V_1a = V_1 + V_2 ;
13 V_2a = V_2 ;
14 a_T1 = V_1a / V_2a ;
15 a_T2 = V_2a / V_1a ;
16 a_T3 = V_1a / V_1 ;
17 a_T4 = V_1 / V_1a ;
18 S_oa_1 = V_1a * I_1 ;
19 S_oa_2 = V_1a * I_1 ;
20 S_oa_3 = V_1a * I_2 ;
21 S_oa_4 = V_1a * I_2 ;
22 disp ( ” R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 a ” ) ;
23 disp ( V_1a , ’ ( a ) p r i m a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ )
;
24 disp ( V_2a , ’ ( b ) s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )=
’ );
25 disp ( a_T1 , ’ ( c ) r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n= ’ ) ;
26 disp ( S_oa_1 /1000 , ’ ( d ) n o m i n a l r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
(KVA)= ’ ) ;
27 disp ( ” R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 b ” ) ;
;
’ );
(KVA)= ’ ) ;
32 disp ( ” R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 c ” ) ;
;
34 disp ( V_1 , ’ ( b ) s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’
);
41
(KVA)= ’ ) ;
37 disp ( ” R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 d ” ) ;
38 disp ( V_1 , ’ ( a ) p r i m a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
’ );
(KVA)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Find the efficiency and voltage regulation
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
2 // Exa : 4 . 1 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_2a =480; // i n v o l t s
7 pf =0.707; // l e a d i n g
9 a_T =120/480; // r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f s t e p −up
transformer
10 a =360/120; // r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f two−w i n d i n g
transformer
11 R_cH =8.64*1000; // i n ohms
12 R_H =18.9; // i n ohms
13 X_H =21.6; // i n ohms
14 X_L =2.4; // i n ohms
15 R_L =2.1; // i n ohms
16 X_mH =6.84*1000; // i n ohms
17 R_cL = R_cH / a ^2; // e q u i v a l e n t c o r e l o s s r e s i s t a n c e i n
ohms
42
18 X_mL = X_mH / a ^2; // m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e
19 I_2a =(720/360) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ;
20 I_H = I_2a ;
21 I_pa = I_2a / a_T ;
22 I_com = I_pa - I_2a ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h common w i n d i n g ( i n
Amperes )
23 // on a p p l y i n g KVL t o t h e o u t p u t l o o p
24 E_L =( I_2a *( R_H + %i * X_H ) + V_2a - I_com *( R_L + %i * X_L ) ) /4;
25 V_1a = E_L + I_com *( R_L + %i * X_L ) ;
26 I_ca = V_1a / R_cL ; // c o r e l o s s c u r r e n t i n Amperes
27 I_ma = - %i * V_1a / X_mL ; // m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t i n Amperes
28 I_phy_a = I_ca + I_ma ; // e x c i t a t i o n c u r r e n t
29 I_1a = I_pa + I_phy_a ;
30 P_o = real ( V_2a * conj ( I_2a ) ) ;
31 P_in = real ( V_1a * conj ( I_1a ) ) ;
32 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
34 V_2anL = V_1a / a_T ; // no l o a d v o l t a g e
35 VR =( abs ( V_2anL ) - V_2a ) / V_2a ;
36 disp ( VR *100 , ’ V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Find the line voltages and line currents and effi-
ciency of the transformer
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e l i n e v o l t a g e s , t h e l i n e c u r r e n t s
and e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
2 // Exa : 4 . 1 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_H =133.5*10^ -3; // i n ohms
43
7 X_H =201*10^ -3; // i n ohms
8 R_L =39.5*10^ -3; // i n ohms
9 X_L =61.5*10^ -3; // i n ohms
10 R_cL =240; // i n ohms
11 X_mL =290; // i n ohms
12 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
14 V_2n =138.564*( cosd (0) + %i * sind (0) ) ; // r a t e d l o a d
v o l t a g e f o r Y/Y c o n n e c t i o n
15 I_2A =86.6*( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; // l o a d
current
16 a =120/138.564; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
17 I_pA =( I_2A / a ) *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // p e r p h a s e
c u r r e n t in primary winding
18 E_2n = V_2n + I_2A *(0.0445+ %i *0.067) ; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d
in secondary winding
19 E_2L = sqrt (3) * E_2n *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ;
20 E_1n = a * E_2n *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d
in primary winding
21 I_1A = I_pA + E_1n *((1/240) - %i *(1/290) ) ;
22 disp ( abs ( I_2A ) , ’ L i n e c u r r e n t i n s e c o n d a r y s i d e ( i n
Amperes )= ’ ) ;
23 disp ( atand ( imag ( I_2A ) / real ( I_2A ) ) , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f
i n d u c e d l i n e c u r r e n t i n s e c o n d a r y ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
24 disp ( abs ( I_1A ) , ’ L i n e c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y s i d e ( i n
Amperes )= ’ ) ;
25 disp ( atand ( imag ( I_1A ) / real ( I_1A ) ) , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f
induced l i n e c u r r e n t i n primary ( i n Degree ) = ’ );
26 disp ( abs ( E_2L ) , ’ L i n e v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n s e c o n d a r y
s i d e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
27 disp ( atand ( imag ( E_2L ) / real ( E_2L ) ) , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f
i n d u c e d l i n e v o l t a g e i n s e c o n d a r y ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
28 V_1n = E_1n + I_1A *( R_L + %i * X_L ) ;
29 V_1L = sqrt (3) * V_1n *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ;
30 disp ( abs ( V_1L ) , ’ L i n e v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n p r i m a r y
s i d e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
31 disp ( atand ( imag ( V_1L ) / real ( V_1L ) ) , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f
induced l i n e voltage i n p r i m a r y ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
44
32 P_o =3* real (138.564* conj ( I_2A ) ) ;
33 P_in =3* real ( V_1n * conj ( I_1A ) ) ;
34 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
Scilab code Exa 4.14 Find the line current line voltage and power
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e l i n e c u r r e n t , l i n e v o l t a g e and
power
2 // Exa : 4 . 1 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 I_L =4*80/5;
7 disp ( I_L , ’ L i n e c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
8 V_L =110*100/1;
9 disp ( V_L , ’ L i n e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
10 P =(100/1) *(80/5) *352;
11 disp (P , ’ Power on t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ( i n Watts )= ’ )
;
45
Chapter 5
Direct Current Generators
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Find the coil pitch for 2 pole winding and 4 pole
winding
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e c o i l p i t c h f o r ( a ) 2− p o l e w i n d i n g
( b ) 4− p o l e w i n d i n g
2 // Exa : 5 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P1 =2;
7 P2 =4;
8 S =10; // no . o f s l o t s
9 S_p1 = S / P1 ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
10 y1 = int ( S_p1 ) ; // c o i l p i t c h i n s l o t s
11 S_s1 =180/ S_p1 ; // s l o t s p a n
12 C_p1 = S_s1 * y1 ; // c o i l p i t c h ( e l e c t r i c a l )
13 disp ( C_p1 , ’ c o i l p i t c h f o r 2− p o l e w i n d i n g ( e l e c t r i c a l
)= ’ ) ;
14 S_p2 = S / P2 ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
46
15 S_s2 =180/ S_p2 ; // s l o t s p a n
16 y2 = int ( S_p2 ) ; // c o i l p i t c h i n s l o t s
17 C_p2 = S_s2 * y2 ; // c o i l p i t c h ( e l e c t r i c a l )
18 disp ( C_p2 , ’ c o i l p i t c h f o r 4− p o l e w i n d i n g ( e l e c t r i c a l )
= ’ );
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Find the induced emf in the armature winding in-
duced emf per coil induced emf per turn induced emf per conductor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e
w i n d i n g ( b ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o i l ( c ) i n d u c e d emf
p e r t u r n ( d ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o n d u c t o r
2 // Ex : 5 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 C =24; // no . o f c o i l s
7 N_c =18; // no . o f t u r n s p e r c o i l
8 P =2; // no . o f p o l e
9 W_m =183.2; // a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y ( i n r a d / s e c )
10 Z =2* C * N_c ; // t o t a l a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r s
11 a =2; // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
12 L =0.2; // e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f machine ( i n m e t e r )
13 r =0.1; // r a d i u s o f a r m a t u r e ( i n m e t e r )
14 A_p =(2* %pi * r * L ) / P ; // a c t u a l p o l e a r e a
15 A_e = A_p *0.8; // e f f e c t i v e p o l e a r e a
16 B =1; // f l u x d e n s i t y p e r p o l e ( i n T e s l a )
17 Phy = B * A_e ; // e f f e c t i v e f l u x p e r p o l e
18 K_a =( Z * P ) /(2* %pi * a ) ; // machine c o n s t a n t
19 E_a = K_a * Phy * W_m ;
20 disp ( E_a , ’ ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g ( i n
47
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
21 E_coil = E_a /( C / a ) ;
22 disp ( E_coil , ’ ( b ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o i l ( i n V o l t s )= ’ )
;
23 E_turn = E_coil / N_c ;
24 disp ( E_turn , ’ ( c ) i n d u c e d emf p e r t u r n ( i n V o l t s )= ’ )
;
25 E_cond = E_turn /2;
26 disp ( E_cond , ’ ( d ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o n d u c t o r ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Find the current in each conductor the torque devel-
oped the power developed
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) c u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( b )
t h e t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( c ) t h e power d e v e l o p e d
2 // Exa : 5 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 K_a =137.51; // R e f e r t o e x a : 5 . 3
7 Phy =0.05; // f l u x p e r p o l e ( R e f e r t o e x a : 5 . 3 )
8 E_a =1259.6; // i n d u c e d emf ( R e f e r t o e x a : 5 . 3 )
9 I =25; // c u r r e n t i n t h e machine ( i n Amperes )
10 a =2; // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
11 I_cond = I / a ;
12 disp ( I_cond , ’ ( a ) c u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( i n
Amperes )= ’ ) ;
13 T_d = K_a * Phy * I ;
14 disp ( T_d , ’ ( b ) t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by machine ( i n Newton
−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
48
15 P_d = E_a * I ;
16 disp ( P_d , ’ ( c ) Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Find induced emf at full load power developed torque
developed applied torque efficiency external resistance in feild winding volt-
age regulation
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) i n d u c e d emf a t f u l l l o a d ( b ) power

developed ( c ) torque developed (d) applied torque (
e ) e f f i c i e n c y ( f ) external r e s i s t a n c e in f e i l d
winding ( g ) v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
2 // Exa : 5 . 5
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 N_m =600; // s p e e d o f r o t o r ( i n rpm )
7 R_a =0.01; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
8 R_fw =30; // f e i l d w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
9 V_f =120; // v o l t a g e o f e x t e r n a l s o u r c e ( i n v o l t s )
10 N_f =500; // no . o f t u r n s p e r p o l e
11 P_r =10000; // i n w a t t s
12 V_t =240; // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
13 P_o =240*10^3; // r a t e d power ( i n w a t t s )
14 I_L = P_o / V_t ; // l o a d c u r r e n t
15 I_a = I_L ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
16 E_afl = V_t +( I_a * R_a ) ; // r e f e r t o eqn : 5 . 2 7
17 disp ( E_afl , ’ ( a ) i n d u c e d emf a t f u l l l o a d ( i n V o l t s )=
’ );
18 P_d = E_afl * I_a ;
19 disp ( P_d , ’ ( b ) power d e v e l o p e d ( i n w a t t s )= ’ ) ;
20 W_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60; // a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y ( R e f e r t o Eqn
49
:5.5&5.6)
21 T_d = P_d / W_m ;
22 disp ( T_d , ’ ( c ) t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
23 P_inm = P_d + P_r ; // m e c h a n i c a l power i n p u t
24 T_s = P_inm / W_m ;
25 disp ( T_s , ’ ( d ) A p p l i e d t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
26 // R e f e r f i g : 5 . 2 1 ( m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e )
27 I_f =2.5; // e f f e c t i v e f e i l d c u r r e n t
28 mmf =(2.5* N_f ) +(0.25* I_a ) ; // t o t a l mmf
29 I_fa = mmf / N_f ; // a c t u a l f e i l d c u r r e n t
30 P_in = P_inm +( V_f * I_fa ) ; // t o t a l power i n p u t
31 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
32 disp ( Eff , ’ ( e ) e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
33 R_f = V_f / I_fa ;
34 R_fx = R_f - R_fw ;
35 disp ( R_fx , ’ ( f ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n f e i l d w i n d i n g
( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
36 VR =((266 - V_t ) / V_t ) *100; // R e f e r t o f i g : 5 . 2 1
37 disp ( VR , ’ ( g ) v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Find Rfx and terminal voltage voltage regulation Ef-
ficiency
1 // C a p t i o n : Find R f x and ( a ) t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( b )
voltage regulation ( c ) Efficiency
2 // Exa : 5 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_fw =30; // i n ohms
7 R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
50
8 N_f =200; // t u r n s / p o l e
9 P_r =1200; // i n Watts
10 I_L =100;
11 D_mmf =0.5* I_L ; // d e m a g n e t i z i n g mmf
12 V_nL =170; // no l o a d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
13 // R e f e r t o f i g : 5 . 2 6 ( m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e )
14 I_f =3.5; // f i e l d c u r r e n t i n Amperes
15 R_f = V_nL / I_f ;
16 R_fx = R_f - R_fw ;
17 disp ( R_fx , ’ R f x ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
18 // F i r s t i t e r a t i o n :
19 // Assume
20 E_a =170;
21 V_t1 = E_a -103.5* R_a ;
22 // S e c o n d i t e r a t i o n :
23 I_f2 = V_t1 / R_f ; // a c t u a l f i e l d c u r r e n t
24 I_fe2 =( N_f * I_f2 - D_mmf ) / N_f ;
25 // R e f e r t o f i g : 5 . 2 6
26 E_a2 =165;
27 V_t2 = E_a2 -103.07* R_a ;
28 // t h i r d i t e r a t i o n
29 I_f3 = V_t2 / R_f ; // a c t u a l f i e l d c u r r e n t
30 I_fe =( N_f * I_f - D_mmf ) / N_f ;
31 // R e f e r t o f i g :
32 E_a3 =163;
33 V_t3 = E_a3 -102.97* R_a ;
34 V_t = V_t3 ;
35 disp ( V_t , ’ ( a ) T e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
36 I_f = V_t / R_f ;
37 E_a = E_a3 ;
38 VR =( V_nL - V_t ) *100/ V_t ;
39 disp ( VR , ’ ( b ) V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n (%)= ’ ) ;
40 P_o = V_t * I_L ; // power o u t p u t
41 P_cu = R_a *( I_L + I_f ) ^2+ R_f * I_f ^2; // c o p p e r l o s s
42 P_d = P_o + P_cu ; // power d e v e l o p e d
43 P_in = P_d + P_r ; // power i n p u t
44 Eff = P_o *100/ P_in ;
45 disp ( Eff , ’ ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
51
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Find the voltage between far end of feeder and bus
bar
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e b e t w e e n f a r end o f f e e d e r
and bus b a r
2 // Exa : 5 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_o =240; // bus b a r v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
7 I_d =0;
8 I_s =300; // c u r r e n t i n s e r i e s w i n d i n g ( i n Amperes )
9 R_s =0.03; // r e s i s t a n c e o f s e r i e s f e i l d w i n d i n g ( i n
ohms )
10 R_a =0.02; // r e s i s t a n c e o f a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g ( i n ohms )
11 R_fe =0.25; // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e e d e r ( i n ohms )
12 // R e f e r t o eqn : 5 . 3 3
13 I_a = I_s ;
14 E_a =0.4* I_s ; // i n d u c e d emf
15 V_d = I_s *( R_s + R_a + R_fe ) ; // v o l t a g e d r o p ( i n V o l t s )
16 V_t = V_o + E_a - V_d ;
17 disp ( V_t , ’ v o l t a g e b e t w e e n f a r end o f f e e d e r and bus
b a r ( i n V o l t s )= ’ )
52
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Find maximum efficiency of generator
1 // C a p t i o n : Find maximum e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r
2 // Exa : 5 . 9
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_a =50*10^ -3; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
7 R_s =20*10^ -3; // s e r i e s f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
8 R_sh =40; // s h u n t f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
9 P_rot =2000; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s ( i n w a t t s )
10 V =120; // v o l t a g e ( i n v o l l t s )
11 I_f = V / R_sh ; // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
12 // R e f e r t o e q n 5 . 4 9
13 I_Lm = sqrt (( P_rot +( R_a + R_s + R_sh ) *( I_f ^2) ) /( R_a + R_s ) ) ;
14 P_o = I_Lm * V ; // power o u t p u t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
15 P_cu =((( I_Lm ^2) *( R_a + R_s ) ) +(( I_f ^2) * R_sh ) ) ; // t o t a l
copper l o s s
16 P_d = P_o + P_cu ; // Power d e v e l o p e d a t max e f f i c i e n c y
17 P_in = P_d + P_rot ;
18 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
19 disp ( Eff , ’ Max e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r (%)= ’ ) ;
53
Chapter 6
Direct Current Motors
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Find armature current at rated load efficiency at full
load no of turns per pole new speed of motor and driving torque when ar-
mature current reduces
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t r a t e d l o a d ( b )
e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d ( c ) no . o f t u r n s p e r p o l e
( d ) new s p e e d o f motor and d r i v i n g t o r q u e when
a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t r e d u c e s t o 1 6 . 6 7A
2 // Exa : 6 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P_o =10*746; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
7 V_s =220;
8 P_rot =1040; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s ( i n Watts )
10 R_s =0.25; // s e r i e s w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
11 N_m = 1200; // ( i n rpm )
12 P_d = P_o + P_rot ;
54
13 function y = root (a ,b , c ) ;
14 y =(( - b ) - sqrt (( b ^2) -(4* a * c ) ) ) /(2* a ) ;
15 endfunction ;
16 I_a = root (1 , -220 ,8500) ;
17 disp ( I_a , ’ ( a ) a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t r a t e d l o a d ( i n
Amperes )= ’ ) ;
18 P_in = V_s * I_a ;
19 disp (( P_o / P_in ) *100 , ’ ( b ) E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d (%)
= ’ );
20 N_s =150/ I_a ;
21 disp ( N_s , ’ ( c ) no . o f t u r n s p e r p o l e= ’ ) ;
22 I_an =16.67;
23 E_an = V_s -( I_an *( R_a + R_s ) ) ;
24 N_mn =( E_an * N_m ) /90;
25 disp ( int ( N_mn ) , ’ ( d ) new s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
26 T_dn =( E_an * I_an ) /283.9;
27 disp ( T_dn , ’ d r i v i n g t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Find power developed and speed for cumulative com-
pound motor differential compound motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find power d e v e l o p e d and s p e e d f o r ( a )

c u m u l a t i v e compound motor ( b ) d i f f e r e n t i a l
compound motor
2 // Exa : 6 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 disp ( ” ( a ) For C u m u l a t i v e compound motor ” ) ;
7 V =240; // i n v o l t s ( R e f e r t o e x a : 6 . 2 )
8 R_a =0.4; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( R e f e r t o e x a : 6 . 2 )
55
9 T =20.68; // t o r q u e ( R e f e r t o e x a : 6 . 2 )
10 R_x =0.1; // i n ohms
11 I_a =22.5; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f s h u n t motor ( R e f e r t o
exa : 6 . 2 )
12 I_ac = I_a /(1+0.125) ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f c u m m u l a t i v e
compound motor
13 E_ac =V -( I_ac *( R_a + R_x ) ) ;
14 P_dc = E_ac * I_ac ;
15 disp ( P_dc , ’ Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
16 N_mc =( P_dc *60) /( T *2* %pi ) ;
17 disp ( int ( N_mc ) , ’ s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
18 disp ( ” ( b ) For d i f f e r e n t i a l compound motor ” ) ;
19 I_ad = I_a /(1 -0.125) ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f c u m m u l a t i v e
compound motor
20 E_ad =V -( I_ad *( R_a + R_x ) ) ;
21 P_dd = E_ad * I_ad ;
22 disp ( P_dd , ’ Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
23 N_md =( P_dd *60) /( T *2* %pi ) ;
24 disp ( int ( N_md ) , ’ s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Find the motor speed power loss in external resis-
tance efficiency
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power l o s s

in external r e s i s t a n c e ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 6 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =120
7 N_mfL =2400; // f u l l l o a d s p e e d o f motor
56
9 R_sh =160; // s h u n t f i e l d w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
10 I_fL =14.75; // c u r r e n t drawn a t f u l l l o a d ( i n Amperes )
11 I_nL =2; // c u r r e n t drawn a t no l o a d ( i n Amperes )
12 R_x =3.6; // e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e
13 I_f = V / R_sh ; // f e i l d c u r r e n t
14 I_anL = I_nL - I_f ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t no l o a d
15 E_anL =V -( I_anL * R_a ) ; // no l o a d back emf
16 P_dnL = E_anL * I_anL ; // power d e v e l o p e d a t no l o a d
17 I_afL = I_fL - I_f ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t f u l l l o a d
18 E_afL =V -( I_afL * R_a ) ; // f u l l l o a d back emf
19 P_dfL = E_afL * I_afL ; // power d e v e l o p e d a t f u l l l o a d
20 N_mnL =( E_anL / E_afL ) * N_mfL ; // no l o a d s p e e d
21 P_in_fL = V * I_fL ; // power i n p u t a t f u l l l o a d
22 E_a_n =V -( I_afL *( R_a + R_x ) ) ; // new back emf
23 P_d_n = E_a_n * I_afL ; // new power d e v e l o p e d
24 N_m_n = ceil (( E_a_n / E_afL ) * N_mfL ) ;
25 disp ( ” A f t e r i n s e r t i o n o f e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e
armature ckt ”);
26 disp ( N_m_n , ’ ( a ) motor s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
27 P_rot_n =( N_m_n / N_mnL ) * P_dnL ;
28 P_o_n = P_d_n - P_rot_n ;
29 P_x =( I_afL ^2) * R_x ;
30 disp ( P_x , ’ ( b ) power l o s s i n e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n
Watts )= ’ ) ;
31 Eff = P_o_n / P_in_fL ;
32 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Find the new motor speed power loss in external re-
sistance efficiency
57
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e new ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power
l o s s in external r e s i s t a n c e ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 6 . 5
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_x =80; // e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e
7 // R e f e r t o Exa 6 . 4
8 R_sh =160; // s h u n t r e s i s t a n c e
9 V =120; // i n v o l t s
10 E_a =114.4; // back emf a t f u l l l o a d
11 N_m =2400; // s p e e d o f motor
12 P_rot =143; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s e s
13 I_fn = V /( R_x + R_sh ) ; // new f i e l d −w i n d i n g c u r r e n t
14 I_f =0.75; // f i e l d c u r r e n t a t f u l l l o a d
15 c = sqrt ( I_f / I_fn ) ; // r a t i o o f new f l u x t o o l d f l u x
16 R_a =0.4; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
17 I_a =14; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
18 I_an = I_a * c ;
19 E_an =V -( I_an * R_a ) ;
20 N_mn = c *( E_an / E_a ) * N_m ;
21 disp ( int ( N_mn ) , ’ ( a ) new motor s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
22 P_x =( I_fn ^2) * R_x ;
23 disp ( P_x , ’ ( b ) Power l o s s i n e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n
Watts )= ’ ) ;
24 P_in = V *( I_fn + I_an ) ;
25 P_dn = E_an * I_an ;
26 P_o = P_dn - P_rot ;
27 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
28 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
58
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Find the value of external resistance when motor de-
velops torque of 30 Nm at 2000rpm torque of 30Nm at 715 rpm
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e v a l u e o f e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e when
motor d e v e l o p s ( a ) t o r q u e o f 30 N−m a t 2 0 0 0 rpm (
b ) t o r q u e o f 30N−m a t 715 rpm
2 // Exa : 6 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_s =120; // i n V o l t s
7 R_fe =30; // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e i l d w i n d i n g
8 I_a =50; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
9 R_ag =0.2; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r ( i n ohms
)
10 R_am =0.3; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f motor ( i n ohms )
11 N_m1 =2000;
12 N_m2 =715;
13 T =30; // t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )
14 w_m =( N_m1 *2* %pi ) /60;
15 P_d = T * w_m ; // power d e v e l o p e d
16 E_am = P_d / I_a ; // back emf o f motor
17 E_amn = E_am * N_m2 / N_m1 ; // new back emf
18 V_t = E_am +( I_a * R_am ) ;
19 V_tn = E_amn +( I_a * R_am ) ;
20 E_ag = V_t +( I_a * R_ag ) ; // i n d u c e d emf o f g e n e r a t o r
21 E_agn = V_tn +( I_a * R_ag ) ; // new i n d u c e d emf o f g e n e r a t o r
22 I_f =1.75; // R e f e r t o m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e
23 I_fn =0.4; // R e f e r t o m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e
24 R_f = V_s / I_f ;
25 R_fn = V_s / I_fn ;
26 R_x = R_f - R_fe ;
27 R_xn = R_fn - R_fe ;
28 disp ( R_x , ’ ( a ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
29 disp ( R_xn , ’ ( b ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
59
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Find the torque and efficiency of the motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e t o r q u e and e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
motor
2 // Exa : 6 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_s =120; // i n v o l t s
7 N_m =2400; // s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )
8 I_in =7; // i n p u t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
9 L =0.5; // arm l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
10 F_d =4.57; // d e f l e c t i o n f o r c e ( i n Newton )
11 W =0.03; // w e i g h t ( i n Newton )
12 F = F_d - W ;
13 T_s = F * L ;
14 disp ( T_s , ’ s h a f t t o r q u e o f motor ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ )
;
15 w_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60;
16 P_o = T_s * w_m ;
17 P_in = V_s * I_in ;
18 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
19 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ E f f i c i e n c y o f motor (%)= ’ ) ;
60
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Find the reading on the scale
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e r e a d i n g on t h e s c a l e
2 // Exa : 6 . 8
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P_o =5*746; // power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )
8 L =0.4; // arm l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
9 w_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60;
10 T_s = P_o / w_m ;
11 F = T_s / L ; // f o r c e r e a d i n g on t h e s c a l e ( i n Newton )
12 disp ( F /9.81 , ’ R e a d i n g on t h e s c a l e ( i n Kg )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Find the external resistance breaking torque at the
instant of plugging when the speed of motor approaches zero
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( 1 ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( 2 )
breaking torque ( a ) at the i n s t a n t of plugging (b
) when t h e s p e e d o f motor a p p r o a c h e s z e r o
2 // Exa : 6 . 9
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_s =400; // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d
7 R_f =200; // r e s i s t a n c e o f f i e l d w i n d i n g
8 I_L =30; // i n Amperes
9 w_m =100; // ( r a d / s e c )
10 I_f = V_s / R_f ;
11 R_a =1; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
61
12 I_a = I_L - I_f ;
13 E_a = V_s -( I_a * R_a ) ; // back emf ( i n V o l t s )
14 V_t = E_a + V_s ; // t o t a l v o l t a g e i n a r m a t u r e c k t
15 I_t =1.5* I_a ;
16 R =( V_t / I_t ) - R_a ;
17 disp (R , ’ ( 1 ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
18 K_3 =( E_a * V_s ) /(( R + R_a ) * w_m ) ;
19 K_4 =(( E_a / w_m ) ^2) /( R + R_a ) ;
20 T_b = K_3 +( w_m * K_4 ) ;
21 disp ( T_b , ’ ( 2 a ) b r e a k i n g t o r q u e a t t h e i n s t a n t o f
p l u g g i n g ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
22 disp ( K_3 , ’ ( 2 b ) b r e a k i n g t o r q u e when s p e e d o f motor
a p p r o a c h e s z e r o ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
62
Chapter 7
Synchronous Generators
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Find the pitch factor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e p i t c h f a c t o r
2 // / Exa : 7 . 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
7 S =48; // no . o f s l o t s
8 S_p = S / P ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
9 S_span =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n
10 n = S /(3* P ) ; // no . o f c o i l s i n p h a s e g r o u p
11 C_span =9* S_span ; // c o i l s p a n
12 K_p = sind ( C_span /2) ;
13 disp ( K_p , ’ p i t c h f a c t o r = ’ ) ;
63
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Find the distribution factor
1 // / C a p t i o n : Find t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r
2 // Exa : 7 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P =12; // no . o f p o l e s
7 S =108; // no . o f s l o t s
8 n = S /(3* P ) ; // no . o f c o i l s i n a p h a s e g r o u p
9 S_p = S / P ;
10 Y =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n ( i n e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e )
11 K_d =( sind (3*( Y /2) ) ) /(3* sind ( Y /2) ) ;
12 disp ( K_d , ’ d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r = ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Find the frequency of induced voltage phase voltage
line voltage
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d v o l t a g e (
b ) phase v o l t a g e ( c ) l i n e v o l t a g e
2 // Exa : 7 . 5
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
64
7 N =10; // no o f t u r n s
8 P =16; // no . o f p o l e s
9 S =144; // no . o f s l o t s
10 Phy =0.025; // f l u x ( i n Weber )
11 S_p = S / P ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
12 Y =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n
13 C_p = Y *7; // c o i l p i t c h
14 K_p = sind ( C_p /2) ; // p i t c h f a c t o r
15 K_d =( sind (3*( Y /2) ) ) /(3* sind ( Y /2) ) ; // d i s t r i b u t i o n
factor
16 K_w = K_p * K_d ; // w i n d i n g f a c t o r
17 N_e = P *3* N * K_w /2; // e f f e c t i v e no . o f t u r n s
18 f = N_m * P /120;
19 disp (f , ’ ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d v o l t a g e ( i n H e r t z )=
’ );
20 E_a =4.44* f * N_e * Phy ;
21 disp ( E_a , ’ ( b ) Rms v a l u e o f Phase v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )=
’ );
22 E_L = E_a * sqrt (3) ;
23 disp ( E_L , ’ ( c ) l i n e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Find the voltage regulation
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n when power

f a c t o r o f l o a d i s ( a ) 80% l a g g i n g ( b ) u n i t y ( c ) 80
%leading
2 // Exa : 7 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
65
6 V =208; // i n v o l t s
7 P_o =9000;
8 R =0.1+( %i *5.6) ;
9 V_a = int ( V / sqrt (3) ) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
10 I_a = P_o /(3* V_a ) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e c u r r e n t
11 disp ( ” ( a ) For 80% l a g g i n g power f a c t o r o f l o a d ” ) ;
12 theta =( -1) * acosd (0.8) ;
13 I_a_L =( I_a ) *( cosd ( theta ) +(( %i ) * sind ( theta ) ) ) ;
14 E_a = V_a + I_a_L * R ; // i n v o l t s
15 VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
16 disp ( VR , ’ v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ’ ) ;
17 disp ( ” ( b ) For U n i t y power f a c t o r o f l o a d ” ) ;
18 theta = acosd (1) ;
21 VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
23 disp ( ” ( c ) For 80% l e a d i n g power f a c t o r o f l o a d ” ) ;
24 theta = acosd (0.8) ;
27 VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Find the voltage regulation efficiency torque devel-
oped
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ( b )
e f f i c i e n c y ( c ) torque developed
2 // Exa : 7 . 7
3 clc ;
66
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =208; // i n v o l t s
7 N_m =1200; // s p e e d o f g e n e r a t o r ( i n rpm )
8 P_r =9000; // r a t e d power i n ( Volt −Amperes )
9 Z_a =0.3+( %i *5) ; // a r m a t u r e i m p e d a n c e ( ohm/ p h a s e )
10 R_f =4.5; // f e i l d w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
12 I_f =5; // f e i l d w i n d i n g c u r r e n t
13 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
14 V_a = int ( V / sqrt (3) ) ;
15 theta =( -1) * acosd ( pf ) ;
16 I_a_o = P_r /(3* V_a ) ; // p e r p h a s e a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t (
magnitude )
17 I_a = I_a_o *( cosd ( theta ) +( %i * sind ( theta ) ) ) ;
18 E_a = V_a +( I_a * Z_a ) ; // p e r p h a s e g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e
19 VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
20 disp ( VR , ’ ( a ) V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n (%)= ’ ) ;
21 P_o =3* V_a * abs ( I_a ) * pf ; // power o u t p u t
22 P_cu =3*(( abs ( I_a ) ) ^2) *0.3; // c o p p e r l o s s
23 P_d = P_o + P_cu ; // power d e v e l o p e d
24 P_c = P_rot +( I_f ^2) * R_f ; // c o n s t a n t l o s s
25 P_in = P_d + P_c ; // power i n p u t
26 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
27 disp ( ceil ( Eff ) , ’ ( b ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
28 w_s =2* %pi * N_m /60;
29 T =( P_d + P_rot ) / w_s ;
30 disp (T , ’ ( c ) Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Find synchronous reactance per phase and voltage
regulation
67
1 // C a p t i o n : Find s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e and
voltage regulation
2 // Exa : 7 . 8
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_r =2300; // r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
7 P_r =500*10^3; // r a t e d power ( i n Volt −Amperes )
8 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
9 theta = -1*( acosd (0.8) ) ;
10 I_sc =150; // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
11 V_anL = V_r / sqrt (3) ; // open− c i r c u i t p h a s e v o l t a g e
12 Z_sc = V_anL / I_sc ; // ( i n ohms )
13 X_s = sqrt (( Z_sc ^2) -0.5^2) ;
14 disp ( X_s , ’ s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e ( i n ohms )=
’ );
15 I_ao = P_r /(3* V_anL ) ; // f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t ( m a g n i t u d e )
16 I_a = I_ao *( cosd ( theta ) +( %i * sind ( theta ) ) ) ;
17 V_b = V_anL ; // b a s e v a l u e o f v o l t a g e
18 I_b = I_ao ; // b a s e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
19 Z_b = V_b / I_b ; // b a s e v a l u e o f i m p e d a n c e
20 I_apu = I_a / I_b ; // p e r u n i t a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
21 V_pu = V_anL / V_b ; // p e r u n i t v o l t a g e
22 Z_spu =(0.5+( %i * X_s ) ) / Z_b ; // p e r u n i t i m p e d a n c e
23 E_apu = V_pu +( I_apu * Z_spu ) ;
24 VR =( abs ( E_apu ) -1) *100;
Scilab code Exa 7.9 Find the voltage regulation and power developed by
the generator
68
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and power
d e v e l o p e d by t h e g e n e r a t o r
2 // Exa : 7 . 9
3 clc ;
4 close ;
5 clear ;
6 V_r =13.8*10^3; // i n v o l t s
7 R_a =0;
8 X_d =1.83; // i n ohms
9 X_q =1.21; // i n ohms
10 P_r =70*10^6; // i n Volt −Ampere
11 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
12 theta =( -1) * acosd ( pf ) ;
13 V_a = V_r /( sqrt (3) ) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
14 I_ao = P_r /(3* V_a ) ;
15 tan_delta =(( I_ao * X_q * cosd ( theta ) ) -( I_ao * R_a * sind (
theta ) ) ) /( V_a +( I_ao *(( R_a * cosd ( theta ) ) -( X_q * sind (
theta ) ) ) ) ) ;
16 delta = atand ( tan_delta ) ;
17 alpha = delta + acosd ( pf ) ;
18 I_d = I_ao * sind ( alpha ) *(( cosd ( delta -90) ) +( %i *( sind (
delta -90) ) ) ) ;
19 I_q = I_ao * cosd ( alpha ) *(( cosd ( delta ) ) +( %i *( sind ( delta )
)));
20 E_a = abs ( V_a +( I_q *( %i ) * X_q ) +( I_d *( %i ) * X_d ) ) ;
21 VR =(( E_a - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
23 P_d =3* V_a * I_ao * pf ;
24 disp ( P_d /(10^6) , ’ Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Mega−Watts )= ’ )
69
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Find per phase terminal voltage armature current
power supplied total power output
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p e r p h a s e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( b )
a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( c ) power s u p p l i e d ( d ) t o t a l power
output
2 // Exa : 7 . 1 0
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 Z_s1 =( %i ) *5; //ohm/ p h a s e
7 Z_s2 =( %i ) *8; //ohm/ p h a s e
8 Z_L =4+(( %i ) *3) ; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohm/ p h a s e )
9 function y = phasor ( theta ) ;
10 y = cosd ( theta ) +(( %i ) * sind ( theta ) ) ;
11 endfunction ;
12 function z = angle (x , y ) ;
13 z = atand ( y / x ) ;
14 endfunction ;
15 E_a1 =120* phasor (10) ;
16 E_a2 =120* phasor (20) ;
17 V_a =((( E_a1 * Z_s2 ) +( E_a2 * Z_s1 ) ) /(( Z_L *( Z_s1 + Z_s2 ) ) +(
Z_s1 * Z_s2 ) ) ) * Z_L ;
18 disp ( polar ( V_a ) , ’ ( a ) m a g n i t u d e o f p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
19 a1 = angle ( real ( V_a ) , imag ( V_a ) ) ;
20 disp ( a1 , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f v o l t a g e ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
21 I_a1 =( E_a1 - V_a ) / Z_s1 ;
22 disp ( polar ( I_a1 ) , ’ ( b ) m a g n i t u d e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
o f g e n e r a t o r 1 ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
23 a2 = angle ( real ( I_a1 ) , imag ( I_a1 ) ) ;
24 disp ( a2 , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f
g e n e r a t o r 1 ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
25 I_a2 =( E_a2 - V_a ) / Z_s2 ;
26 disp ( polar ( I_a2 ) , ’ m a g n i t u d e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f
g e n e r a t o r 2 ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
27 a3 = angle ( real ( I_a2 ) , imag ( I_a2 ) ) ;
28 disp ( a3 , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f
70
g e n e r a t o r 2 ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
29 P_o1 =3* real ( V_a * conj ( I_a1 ) ) ;
30 P_o2 =3* real ( V_a * conj ( I_a2 ) ) ;
31 disp ( polar ( P_o1 ) , ’ ( c ) Power d e v e l o p e d o f g e n e r a t o r
1 ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
32 disp ( polar ( P_o2 ) , ’ Power d e v e l o p e d o f g e n e r a t o r 2 (
i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
33 P_o = P_o1 + P_o2 ;
34 disp ( P_o , ’ ( d ) t o t a l power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
71
Chapter 8
Synchronous motors
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Find the generated voltage and efficiency of motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e and e f f i c i e n c y
o f motor
2 // Exa : 8 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_s =( %i ) *5; // s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e o f motor
7 P_o =10*746; // power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )
9 P_d = P_o + P_rot ; // power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
10 V =230; // i n v o l t s
11 V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
12 P_fw =70; // f e i l d w i n d i n g l o s s
13 pf =0.707; // power f a c t o r ( l e a d i n g )
15 I_ao = P_d /( pf * V * sqrt (3) ) ;
16 P_in = P_d + P_fw ;
72
17 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
18 disp ( Eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
19 I_a = I_ao *( cosd ( theta ) +( %i ) * sind ( theta ) ) ;
20 E_a = V_a -( I_a * R_s ) ;
21 disp ( abs ( E_a ) , ’ m a g n i t u d e o f g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
22 disp ( atand ( imag ( E_a ) / real ( E_a ) ) , ’ Phase a n g l e o f
g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Find the excitation voltage and power developed
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e and power

developed
2 // Exa : 8 . 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =480; // i n v o l t s
7 V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // p e r p h a s e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
8 I_a =50; // i n Amperes
9 R_a =0.5; // a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
10 X_d =( %i ) *3.5; // d−a x i s r e a c t a n c e
11 X_q =( %i ) *2.5; // q−a x i s r e a c t a n c e
12 E_ao = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) -( I_a * X_q ) ;
13 delta = atand ( imag ( E_ao ) / real ( E_ao ) ) ;
14 I_d = I_a * sind ( abs ( delta ) ) *( cosd (90+ delta ) +( %i ) * sind
(90+ delta ) ) ; // d−a x i s c u r r e n t
15 E_a = E_ao -( I_d *( X_d - X_q ) ) ;
16 E_L = E_a * sqrt (3) ;
17 disp ( abs ( E_L ) , ’ rms v a l u e o f e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
73
18 P_d =3* real ( E_ao * conj ( I_a ) ) ;
19 disp ( P_d /1000 , ’ power d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n K i l o −
Watts )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Find power factor power angle line to line excitation
voltage torque developed
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) power f a c t o r ( b ) power a n g l e ( c )

l i n e to l i n e e x c i t a t i o n voltage (d) torque
developed
2 // Exa : 8 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =440; // i n v o l t s
7 V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
8 w_m =188.5; // r a d / s e c
9 X_s =( %i ) *(36/3) ; // p e r p h a s e r e a c t a n c e
10 E_ao =560/ sqrt (3) ; // per −p h a s e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e
11 P_d =9000; // power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
12 delta = asind ( - P_d *12/(3* V_a * E_ao ) ) ;
13 E_a = E_ao *( cosd ( delta ) +( %i ) * sind ( delta ) ) ;
14 I_a =( V_a - E_a ) / X_s ;
15 alpha = atand ( imag ( I_a ) / real ( I_a ) ) ;
16 disp ( cosd ( alpha ) , ’ ( a ) Power f a c t o r = ’ ) ;
17 disp ( delta , ’ ( b ) power a n g l e ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
18 E_L =( sqrt (3) ) * E_a *( cosd (30) +(( %i ) * sind (30) ) ) ;
19 disp ( abs ( E_L ) , ’ ( c ) l i n e t o l i n e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e (
i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
20 disp ( atand ( imag ( E_L ) / real ( E_L ) ) , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f l i n e
to l i n e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n Degree ) ’ );
74
21 T_d = P_d / w_m ;
22 disp ( T_d , ’ ( d ) Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Find the excitation voltage and other parameters
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( b ) power
d e v e l o p e d due t o f e i l d e x c i t a t i o n ( c ) power
d e v e l o p e d due t o s a l i e n c y o f motor ( d ) t o t a l power
d e v e l o p e d ( e ) e f f i c i e n c y ( f ) max power
2 // Exa : 8 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
8 V_a =120; // i n V
9 X_d =2.7; // d−a x i s r e a c t a n c e ( i n ohms / p h a s e )
10 X_q =1.7; // q−a x i s r e a c t a n c e s ( i n ohms / p h a s e )
11 I_a =40*( cosd ( -36.87) + %i * sind ( -36.87) ) ; // i n Amperes
12 E_a_dash = V_a - %i *( I_a * X_q ) ; // i n V o l t s
13 delta = atand ( imag ( E_a_dash ) / real ( E_a_dash ) ) ; // i n
degree
14 alpha = polar ( theta - delta ) ; // i n d e g r e e
15 I_d = abs ( I_a ) * sind ( alpha ) *( cosd ( -34.48 -90) + %i * sind
( -34.48 -90) ) ;
16 E_a = E_a_dash - %i * I_d *( X_d - X_q ) ;
17 disp ( abs ( E_a ) , ’ ( a ) per −p h a s e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
18 disp ( atand ( imag ( E_a ) / real ( E_a ) ) , ’ p h a s e a n g l e o f
e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n d e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
19 P_df =(3* V_a * abs ( E_a ) * sind (34.48) ) / X_d ;
75
20 disp ( P_df , ’ ( b ) power d e v e l o p e d due t o f e i l d
e x c i t a t i o n ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
21 P_ds =(( X_d - X_q ) * sind (2*34.48) *3* V_a ^2) /(2* X_d * X_q ) ;
22 disp ( P_ds , ’ ( c ) power d e v e l o p e d due t o s a l i e n c y o f
motor ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
23 P_d = P_df + P_ds ;
24 disp ( P_d , ’ ( d ) t o t a l power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
25 P_r =0.05* P_d ; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s ( i n Watts )
26 P_in =3* real ( V_a * conj ( I_a ) ) ; // power i n p u t ( i n Watts )
27 P_o = P_in - P_r ; // power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )
28 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
29 disp ( Eff , ’ ( e ) E f f i c i e n c y ( i n %)= ’ ) ;
30 // r e f e r t o eqn 8 . 2 4
31 A =(3*120* abs ( E_a ) ) / X_d ;
32 B =3*( X_d - X_q ) *120^2/(2* X_d * X_q ) ;
33 P_dm = A * sind (63.4) + B * sind (2*63.4) ;
34 disp ( P_dm , ’ ( f ) maximum power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ’ )
;
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Find the new armature current and new power factor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) new a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( b ) new

power f a c t o r
2 // Exa : 8 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =208; // i n V o l t s
7 V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
8 P =7200; // i n Watts
9 X_a =4; // s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e
76
10 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
12 I_a =( P /(3* V_a * pf ) ) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; //
Armature c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
13 E_a = V_a -( I_a * %i * X_a ) ; // i n V o l t s
14 E_an =1.5* abs ( E_a ) ; // new e x c i t a t i o n voltage ( in Volts
)
15 delta_n = - asind ( P * X_a /(3* E_an * V_a ) ) ; // new t o r q u e
angle
16 I_an =( V_a - E_an *( cosd ( delta_n ) + %i * sind ( delta_n ) ) ) /( %i
*4) ;
17 disp ( abs ( I_an ) , ’ ( a ) New a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
= ’ );
18 disp ( atand ( imag ( I_an ) / real ( I_an ) ) , ’ Phase a n g l e o f
new a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
19 pf_n = cosd ( atand ( imag ( I_an ) / real ( I_an ) ) ) ;
20 disp ( pf_n , ’ ( b ) New Power f a c t o r = ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Find the overall power factor and power factor of
motor to improve overall power factor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e o v e r a l l power f a c t o r and power

f a c t o r o f motor t o i m p r o v e o v e r a l l power f a c t o r
2 // Exa : 8 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // f o r l o a d :
7 theta_L = acosd (0.6) ; // l a g ( i n d e g r e e )
8 S_L =100*( cosd (53.13) + %i * sind (53.13) ) ; // i n KVA
9 // f o r s y n c h r o n o u s motor :
77
10 theta_m = acosd (0.5) ; // l e a d ( i n d e g r e e )
11 S_m =(10/0.5) * conj ( cosd ( theta_m ) + %i * sind ( theta_m ) ) ; //
i n Watts
12 S_t = S_L + S_m ; // o v e r a l l power ( i n Watts )
13 pf = cosd ( atand ( imag ( S_t ) / real ( S_t ) ) ) ;
14 disp ( pf , ’ o v e r a l l power f a c t o r = ’ ) ;
15 // f o r power f a c t o r =0.9
16 theta_t =25.84;
17 S_tn =( real ( S_t ) /0.9) *( cosd ( theta_t ) + %i * sind ( theta_t )
) ; // i n KVA
18 S_mn = S_tn - S_L ; // i n KVA
19 pf_n = cosd ( atand ( imag ( S_mn ) / real ( S_mn ) ) ) ;
20 disp ( pf_n , ’ power f a c t o r o f motor t o i m p r o v e o v e r a l l
power f a c t o r t o 0.9= ’ ) ;
78
Chapter 9
Polyphase Induction Motor
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Find the synchronous speed and slip and rotor fre-
quency
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( b ) s l i p
and ( c ) r o t o r f r e q u e n c y
2 // Exa : 9 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 f =60; // i n H e r t z s
7 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
8 N_fL =1755; // i n rpm
9 N_s =120* f / P ;
10 disp ( N_s , ’ ( a ) s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f i n d u c t i o n motor (
i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
11 s =( N_s - N_fL ) / N_s ;
12 disp (s , ’ ( b ) S l i p a t f u l l l o a d = ’ ) ;
13 f_r = s * f ;
14 disp ( f_r , ’ ( c ) r o t o r f r e q u e n c y a t f u l l l o a d ( i n
79
H e r t z s )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Find the efficiency
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 9 . 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =230; // i n v o l t s
7 f =60; // i n H e r t z
8 P =6; // no . o f p o l e s
9 N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
10 V_1 = V / sqrt (3) ; // p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
11 R_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
12 R_1 =0.5; // i n ohms
13 X_1 =0.75; // i n ohms
14 X_2 =0.5; // i n ohms
15 X_m =100; // i n ohms
16 R_c =500; // i n ohms
17 s =0.025; // s l i p
18 Z_1 = R_1 + %i * X_1 ; // i n ohms
19 Z_2 =( R_2 / s ) + %i * X_2 ; // i n ohms
20 Z =(0.002 -( %i *.01) +(0.10025 - %i *0.0050125) ) ;
21 Z_e =(1/ Z ) ; // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
22 Z_in = Z_1 + Z_e ; // i n p u t i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
23 I_1 = V_1 / Z_in ; // i n Amperes
24 theta = atand ( imag ( I_1 ) / real ( I_1 ) ) ;
25 P_in =3* V_1 * real ( I_1 ) ;
26 P_scl =3*( abs ( I_1 ) ) ^2* R_1 ;
27 E_1 = V_1 - I_1 * Z_1 ;
80
28 I_c = E_1 / R_c ; // c o r e l o s s c u r r e n t
29 I_m = - %i * E_1 / X_m ;
30 I_phy = I_c + I_m ; // e x c i t a t i o n c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
31 I_2 = I_1 - I_phy ; // r o t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
32 P_m =3* abs ( I_c ) * abs ( I_c ) * R_c ; // c o r e l o s s ( i n Watts )
33 P_ag = P_in - P_scl - P_m ; // a i r gap power ( i n Watts )
34 P_rcl =3* abs ( I_2 ) * abs ( I_2 ) * R_2 ; // r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s (
i n Watts )
35 P_d = P_ag - P_rcl ; // power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
36 P_o = P_d -150; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
37 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Find the efficiency of the motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e motor
2 // Exa : 9 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // R e f e r t o d a t a o f Exa : 9 . 2
7 R_1 =0.5; // i n ohms
8 R_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
9 X_1 =0.75; // i n ohms
10 X_2 =0.5; // i n ohms
11 R_c =500; // i n ohms
12 s =0.025; // s l i p
13 I_c =132.791/500; // Core− l o s s c u r r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
14 I_m = - %i *132.791/100; // M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
15 Z_e = R_1 +( R_2 / s ) + %i *( X_1 + X_2 ) ; // i n ohms
81
16 I_2 =132.791/ Z_e ; // r o t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
17 I_1 = I_2 + I_c + I_m ; // i n Amperes
18 P_in =3* real (132.791* conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // power i n p u t ( i n
Watts )
19 P_scl =3*( abs ( I_2 ) ) ^2* R_1 ; // s t a t o r c o p p e r l o s s ( i n
Watts )
20 P_rcl =3*( abs ( I_2 ) ) ^2* R_2 ; // r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s ( i n
Watts )
21 P_m =3*( abs ( I_c ) ) ^2* R_c ; // c o r e l o s s ( i n Watts )
22 P_o = P_in - P_scl - P_rcl - P_m -150; // power o u t p u t ( i n
Watts )
23 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Find the max power developed and slip and the torque
developed
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e max power d e v e l o p e d and s l i p and

the torque developed
2 // Exa : 9 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =120; // i n v o l t s
7 f =60; // i n H e r t z s
8 R_1 =0.1; // i n ohms
9 X_1 =0.15; // i n ohms
10 R_2 =0.2; // i n ohms
11 X_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
12 Z_e = R_1 + R_2 + %i *( X_1 + X_2 ) ; // Eqv i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
13 s_p = R_2 /( R_2 + polar ( Z_e ) ) ;
82
14 disp ( s_p , ’ S l i p= ’ ) ;
15 P_dm =(3* V ^2) /(2*( R_1 + R_2 + abs ( Z_e ) ) ) ;
16 disp ( P_dm /1000 , ’ max power d e v e l o p e d ( i n K i l o −Watts )=
’ );
17 N_s =120* f /6; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
18 w_s =( N_s *2* %pi ) /60; // i n r a d / s e c
19 w_m =(1 - s_p ) * w_s ;
20 T_d = P_dm / w_m ;
21 disp ( T_d , ’ Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque
and power developed by the motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e breakdown s l i p ( b ) t h e
breakdown t o r q u e ( c ) power d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor
2 // Exa : 9 . 5
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 // R e f e r t o d a t a o f Exa9 . 4
7 R_1 =0.1; // i n ohms
8 R_2 =0.2; // i n ohms
9 X_1 =0.15; // i n ohms
10 X_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
11 w_s =125.66; // r a d / s e c
12 V_1 =120; // i n V o l t s
13 s_b = R_2 / sqrt ( R_1 ^2+( X_1 + X_2 ) ^2) ;
14 disp ( s_b , ’ ( a ) Breakdown s l i p = ’ ) ;
15 T_dm =(3* V_1 ^2) /(2* w_s *( R_1 + sqrt ( R_1 ^2+( X_1 + X_2 ) ^2) ) )
;
16 disp ( T_dm , ’ ( b ) Breakdown Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ )
83
;
17 P_d = T_dm *(1 - s_b ) * w_s ;
18 disp ( P_d /1000 , ’ ( c ) power d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor ( i n
K i l o −Watts )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque
and starting torque and the value of external resistance
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e breakdown s l i p and t h e

breakdown t o r q u e ( b ) s t a r t i n g t o r q u e and t h e
value of external r e s i s t a n c e
2 // Exa : 9 . 6
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 f =60; // i n H e r t z s
7 P =8; // no . o f p o l e s
8 R_2 =0.02; // i n ohms
9 X_2 =0.08; // i n ohms
10 s_b = R_2 / X_2 ; // breakdown s l i p
11 disp ( s_b , ’ ( a ) breakdown s l i p = ’ ) ;
12 N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
13 w_s = N_s *2* %pi /60;
14 N_m =(1 - s_b ) * N_s ; // motor s p e e d ( i n rpm )
15 V_1 =120; // i n V
16 T_dm =(3* V_1 ^2) * s_b /(2* w_s ) * R_2 ;
17 disp ( T_dm , ’ Breakdown t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
18 T_s =2*1* s_b * T_dm /(1+ s_b ^2) ;
19 disp ( T_s , ’ ( b ) S t a r t i n g Torque ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
20 disp ( T_s / T_dm , ’ S t a r t i n g t o r q u e i s = ’ ) ;
21 disp ( ” t i m e s t h e max t o r q u e ” ) ;
84
22 s_bn =( -( -2.5) - sqrt (( -2.5) ^2 -4*1*1) ) /2; // new
breakdown s l i p
23 R_2n = s_bn * X_2 ;
24 disp ( R_2n , ’ r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Find the torque range and current range
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e t o r q u e r a n g e ( b ) c u r r e n t
range
2 // Exa : 9 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 f =60; // i n H e r t z s
7 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
8 V_1 =230; // i n v o l t s
9 I_2 =4.5; // r o t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
10 P_d =2*746; // i n w a t t s
11 N_m =1710; // s p e e d o f motor i n ( rpm )
12 N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
13 s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ; // s l i p
14 w_m =2* %pi * N_m /60; // i n r a d / s e c
15 T_d = P_d / w_m ; // t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newton−m e t e r )
16 T_dL = T_d *(0.9*230/230) ^2; // i n Newton−m e t e r
17 I_2L = I_2 *(0.9*230/230) ; // i n Amperes
18 T_dH =8.33*1.1^2; // i n Newton−m e t e r
19 I_2H = I_2 *1.1; // i n Amperes
20 disp ( ” ( a ) Torque r a n g e ( i n Newton−m e t e r ) i s :− ” ) ;
21 disp ( T_dL , ’ minimum v a l u e= ’ ) ;
22 disp ( T_dH , ’ maximum v a l u e= ’ ) ;
23 disp ( ” ( b ) C u r r e n t r a n g e ( i n Amperes ) i s :− ” ) ;
85
24 disp ( I_2L , ’ minimum v a l u e= ’ ) ;
25 disp ( I_2H , ’ maximum v a l u e= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.8 Find Eqv circuit parameters
1 // C a p t i o n : Find Eqv c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s
2 // Exa : 9 . 8
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_1 =208; // i n V o l t s
7 f =60; // i n H e r t z s
8 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
9 N_m =1710; // i n rpm
10 R_1 =2.4/2; // i n ohms
11 disp ( R_1 , ’ R 1 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
12 W_oc =450/3; // i n Watts
13 P_fw_phy =18/3; // i n Watts
14 P_oc = W_oc - P_fw_phy ; // i n Watts
15 V_oc = V_1 / sqrt (3) ; // i n V o l t s
16 I_oc =1.562; // i n Amperes
17 R_c = V_oc ^2/ P_oc ;
18 disp ( R_c , ’ R c=c o r e l o s s r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
19 S_oc = V_oc * I_oc ; // i n Volt −Ampere
20 theta_oc = acosd ( W_oc / S_oc ) ;
21 I_m = I_oc * sind ( theta_oc ) ;
22 X_m = V_oc / I_m ;
23 disp ( X_m , ’ X m=M a g n e t i z a t i o n r e a c t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
24 V_br =27/ sqrt (3) ; // i n V o l t s
25 P_br =59.4/3; // i n Watts
26 I_br =2.77; // I n Amperes
86
27 R_e = P_br / I_br ^2;
28 R_2 = R_e - R_1 ;
29 disp ( R_2 , ’ R 2 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
30 Z_e = V_br / I_br ;
31 X_e = sqrt ( Z_e ^2 - R_e ^2) ;
32 X_1 = X_e /2;
33 X_2 = X_1 ;
34 disp ( X_1 , ’ X 1 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
35 disp ( X_2 , ’ X 2 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.10 Find the equivalent rotor impedance as reffered to
stator
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e q u i v a l e n t r o t o r i m p e d a n c e a s
r e f f e r e d to s t a t o r
2 // Exa : 9 . 1 0
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R =20*10^ -6; // i n ohms
7 X =2*10^ -3; // i n ohms
8 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
9 Q =48; // no . o f b a r s
10 S =36; // no . o f s l o t s
11 // For S t a t o r :
12 m_1 =3; // no . o f p h a s e s
13 n =3*( S /( P *3) ) ; // c o i l s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
14 S_p = S / P ; // p o l e s p a n
15 S_s =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n ( i n e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e )
16 k_p1 = sind (140/2) ; // p i t c h f a c t o r
17 k_d1 = sind (3* S_s /2) /(3* sind ( S_s /2) ) ; // d i s t r i b u t i o n
87
factor
18 k_w1 = k_p1 * k_d1 ; // w i n d i n g f a c t o r
19 N_1 =10* S /3; // t u r n s p e r p h a s e
20 // For R o t o r :
21 k_w2 =1;
22 m_2 = Q / P ; // no . o f p h a s e s
23 N_2 = P /2; // t u r n s p e r p h a s e
24 a = int (( k_w1 * N_1 /( k_w2 * N_2 ) ) * sqrt ( m_1 / m_2 ) ) ;
25 R_2 = a ^2* R ;
26 disp ( ” R o t o r P a r a m e t e r s a s r e f f e r e d t o s t a t o r : ” ) ;
27 disp ( R_2 *1000 , ’ R 2 ( i n m i l i ohms )= ’ ) ;
28 X_2 = a ^2* X ;
29 disp ( X_2 , ’ X 2 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
88
Chapter 10
Analysis of a single phase

induction Motor
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Find the per unit slip in the direction of rotation
and in opposite direction and effective rotor resistance in each branch
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e per −u n i t s l i p ( a ) i n t h e
direction of rotation (b) in opposite direction
and e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n e a c h b r a n c h
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
7 f =60; // f r e q u e n c y i n H e r t z s
8 R2 =12.5; // r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
9 N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )
10 N_m =1710; // s p e e d o f motor i n c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o n ( i n
rpm )
11 s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ;
89
12 disp (s , ’ ( a ) s l i p i n f o r w a r d d i r e c t i o n = ’ ) ;
13 s_b =2 - s ;
14 disp ( s_b , ’ ( b ) s l i p i n backward d i r e c t i o n = ’ ) ;
15 // e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e
16 R_f =0.5* R2 / s ; // ( i n f o r w a r d b r a n c h )
17 disp ( R_f , ’ e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n f o r w a r d
b r a n c h ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
18 R_b =0.5* R2 / s_b ; // ( i n backward d i r e c t i o n )
19 disp ( R_b , ’ e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n backward
b r a n c h ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Find the shaft torque and the efficiency of the motor
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e s h a f t t o r q u e and t h e e f f i c i e n c y
o f t h e motor
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V =120; // i n v o l t s
7 f =60; // f r e q u e n c y i n H e r t z s
8 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
9 R1 =2.5; // i n ohms
10 X1 =( %i ) *1.25;
11 R2 =3.75;
12 X2 =( %i ) *1.25;
13 X_m =( %i ) *65;
15 P_c =25; // c o r e l o s s v ( i n Watts )
16 P_fw =2; // f r i c t i o n and w i n d a g e l o s s ( i n Watts )
17 N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor
90
18 s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ; // s l i p
19 Z_f =( X_m *(( R2 / s ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 / s ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ; //
forward impedance
20 Z_b =( X_m *(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ;
// backward i m p e d a n c e
21 Z_in = R1 + X1 + Z_f + Z_b ;
22 I_1 = V / Z_in ;
23 P_in = real ( V * conj ( I_1 ) ) ;
24 I_2f = X_m * I_1 /(( R2 / s ) +( X1 + X_m ) ) ; // f o r w a r d c u r r e n t
25 I_2b = X_m * I_1 /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X1 + X_m ) ) ; // backward
current
26 P_agf =0.5*( R2 / s ) *( abs ( I_2f ) ) ^2; // a i r gap power i n
forward path
27 P_agb =0.5*( R2 /(2 - s ) ) *( abs ( I_2b ) ) ^2; // a i r gap power
i n backward p a t h
28 P_ag = P_agf - P_agb ; // n e t a i r gap power
29 P_d =(1 - s ) * P_ag ; // g r o s s power d e v e l o p e d
30 P_o = P_d - P_c - P_fw ; // n e t power o u t p u t
31 w_m =2*( %pi ) * N_m /60;
32 T_s = P_o / w_m ;
33 disp ( T_s , ’ s h a f t t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
34 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
35 disp ( Eff *100 , ’ E f f i c i e n c y o f motor (%)= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Find the line current
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) l i n e c u r r e n t ( b ) power i n p u t ( c
) e f f i c i e n c y ( d ) s h a f t t o r q u e ( e ) v o l t a g e drop
across capacitor ( f ) s t a r t i n g torque
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 3
3 clc ;
91
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V1 =230; // i n v o l t s
7 f =50; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 P =6; // no . o f p o l e s
9 R1 =34.14; // i n ohms
10 X1 =( %i ) *35.9;
11 R_a =149.78;
12 X2 =( %i ) *29.32;
13 X_m =( %i ) *248.59;
14 R2 =23.25;
15 a =1.73;
16 C =4*10^ -6; // i n Farad
17 P_c =19.88; // c o r e l o s s
18 P_fw =1.9; // f r i c t i o n and w i n d a g e l o s s
19 N_m =940; // s p e e d o f motor i n rpm
20 N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor
21 s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ; // s l i p
22 w_m =2* %pi * N_m /60; // i n r a d / s e c
23 X_c = - %i /(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // r e a c t a n c e o f c a p a c i t a n c e
24 Z_f =( X_m *(( R2 / s ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 / s ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ; //
forward impedance
25 Z_b =( X_m *(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ;
26 Z_11 = R1 + X1 + Z_f + Z_b ; // i n ohms
27 Z_12 = - %i * a *( Z_f - Z_b ) ; // i n ohms
28 Z_21 = - Z_12 ; // i n ohms
29 Z_22 = a * a *( Z_f + Z_b + X1 ) + R_a + X_c ; // i n ohms
30 I_1 = V1 *( Z_22 - Z_12 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
i n main w i n d i n g
31 I_2 = V1 *( Z_11 - Z_21 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
in a u x i l a r y winding
32 I_L = I_1 + I_2 ;
33 disp ( abs ( I_L ) , ’ ( a ) m a g n i t u d e o f l i n e c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )= ’ ) ;
34 disp ( atand ( imag ( I_L ) / real ( I_L ) ) , ’ p h a s e o f l i n e
c u r r e n t ( i n Degree ) ’ );
35 P_in = real ( V1 * conj ( I_L ) ) ;
92
36 disp ( P_in , ’ ( b ) power i n p u t ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
37 P_agf = real (( I_1 * Z_f - %i * I_2 * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_1 ) +( I_2 * a * a
* Z_f + %i * I_1 * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_2 ) ) ; // a i r gap power
d e v e l o p e d by f o r w a r d f i e l d
38 P_agb = real (( I_1 * Z_b + %i * I_2 * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_1 ) +( I_2 * a * a
* Z_b - %i * I_1 * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_2 ) ) ; // a i r gap power
d e v e l o p e d by backward f i e l d
39 P_ag = P_agf - P_agb ;
40 P_d =(1 - s ) * P_ag ; // power d e v e l o p e d
41 P_o = P_d - P_c - P_fw ; // o u t p u t power
42 disp ( P_o *100/ P_in , ’ ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y o f motor (%)= ’ ) ;
43 T_s = P_o / w_m ;
44 disp ( T_s , ’ ( d ) s h a f t t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
45 V_c = I_2 * X_c ;
46 disp ( abs ( V_c ) , ’ ( e ) m a g n i t u d e o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s
c a p a c i t o r ( i n V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
47 disp ( atand ( imag ( V_c ) / real ( V_c ) ) , ’ phase o f
v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t o r ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
48 // f o r s t a r t i n g t o r q u e
49 s =1;
50 s_b =1;
51 w_s =2* %pi * N_s /60;
52 Z_f =( X_m *(( R2 / s ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 / s ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ; //
forward impedance
53 Z_b =( X_m *(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ;
54 Z_11 = R1 + X1 + Z_f + Z_b ; // i n ohms
55 Z_12 = - %i * a *( Z_f - Z_b ) ; // i n ohms
56 Z_21 = - Z_12 ; // i n ohms
57 Z_22 = a * a *( Z_f + Z_b + X1 ) + R_a + X_c ; // i n ohms
58 I_1s = V1 *( Z_22 - Z_12 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
i n main w i n d i n g
59 I_2s = V1 *( Z_11 - Z_21 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
in a u x i l a r y winding
60 I_Ls = I_1s + I_2s ;
61 P_in = real ( V1 * conj ( I_Ls ) ) ;
62 P_agf = real (( I_1s * Z_f - %i * I_2s * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_1s ) +( I_2s
* a * a * Z_f + %i * I_1s * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_2s ) ) ; // a i r gap
93
power d e v e l o p e d by f o r w a r d f i e l d
63 P_agb = real (( I_1s * Z_b + %i * I_2s * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_1s ) +( I_2s
* a * a * Z_b - %i * I_1s * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_2s ) ) ; // a i r gap
power d e v e l o p e d by backward f i e l d
64 P_ag = P_agf - P_agb ;
65 T_s = P_ag / w_s ;
66 disp ( T_s , ’ ( f ) s t a r t i n g t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Find the equivalent circuit parameters
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_m =2.5; // main w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
7 R_a =100; // a u x i l a r y w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
8 // b l o c k e d −r o t o r t e s t
9 V_bm =25; // v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
10 I_bm =3.72; // c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
11 P_bm =86.23; // power ( i n Watts )
12 // w i t h a u x i l a r y w i n d i n g open no l o a d t e s t
13 V_nL =115; // v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
14 I_nL =3.2; // c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
15 P_nL =55.17; // power ( i n Watts )
16 // w i t h main w i n d i n g open b l o c k e d r o t o r t e s t
17 V_ba =121; // v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
18 I_ba =1.2; // c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
19 P_ba =145.35; // power ( i n Watts )
20 Z_bm = V_bm / I_bm ;
21 R_bm = P_bm / I_bm ^2;
94
22 X_bm = sqrt ( Z_bm ^2 - R_bm ^2) ;
23 X1 =0.5* X_bm ;
24 X2 = X1 ;
25 R2 = R_bm - R_m ;
26 disp ( X1 , ’ X1 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
27 disp ( X2 , ’ X2 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
28 disp ( R2 , ’ R2 ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
29 Z_nL = V_nL / I_nL ;
30 R_nL = P_nL / I_nL ^2;
31 X_nL = sqrt ( Z_nL ^2 - R_nL ^2) ;
32 X_m =2* X_nL -0.75* X_bm ;
33 P_r = P_nL - I_nL ^2*( R_m +0.25* R2 ) ;
34 disp ( int ( P_r ) , ’ P r ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
35 disp ( X_m , ’ X m ( i n ohms )= ’ ) ;
36 Z_ba = V_ba / I_ba ;
37 R_ba = P_ba / I_ba ^2;
38 R_2a = R_ba - R_a ;
39 alpha = sqrt ( R_2a / R2 ) ;
40 disp ( alpha , ’ a l p h a= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Find the induced emf in the armature
1 // Find t h e ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( b ) power

output ( c ) s h a f t torque ( d ) e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 5
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_s =120; // i n V o l t s
95
9 pf =0.912; // l a g g i n g
11 I_a =17.58*( cosd ( theta ) +( %i * sind ( theta ) ) ) ; // i n
Amperes
12 Z_s =0.65+ %i *1.2; // s e r i e s f i e l d winding impedance ( i n
ohms )
13 Z_a =1.36+ %i *1.6; // a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g i m p e d a n c e ( i n
ohms )
14 E_a = V_s - I_a *( Z_s + Z_a ) ; // i n d u c e d emf ( i n V o l t s )
15 disp ( abs ( E_a ) , ’ ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( i n
V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
16 disp ( atand ( imag ( E_a ) / real ( E_a ) ) , ’ p h a s e o f i n d u c e d
emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( i n D e g r e e )= ’ ) ;
17 P_d = real ( E_a * conj ( I_a ) ) ;
18 P_o = P_d - P_rot ;
19 disp ( P_o , ’ ( b ) power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
20 w_m =2* %pi * N_m /60; // r a t e d s p e e d o f motor ( i n r a d / s e c )
21 T_s = P_o / w_m ;
22 disp ( T_s , ’ ( c ) s h a f t t o r q u e ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
23 P_in = V_s * abs ( I_a ) * pf ;
24 Eff = P_o *100/ P_in ;
25 disp ( Eff , ’ ( d ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ’ ) ;
96
Chapter 11
Synchronous Generator
Dynamics
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Find the rms value of symmetric subtransient and
transient currents
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e rms v a l u e o f s y m m e t r i c
s u b t r a n s i e n t and t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t s
2 // Exa : 1 1 . 7
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 KVA =71500; // K i l o Volt −Ampere
7 V_r =13800; // i n V o l t s
8 X_af =0.57; // i n p e r u n i t
9 X_la =0.125; // i n p e r u n i t
10 X_lf =0.239; // i n p e r u n i t
11 X_ld =0.172; // i n p e r u n i t
12 X_ds = X_la +(( X_af * X_lf * X_ld ) /( X_lf * X_ld + X_af * X_ld +
X_af * X_lf ) ) ; // s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e ( i n p e r u n i t )
97
13 E_phy =1; // g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n p e r u n i t )
14 I_ds = E_phy / X_ds ; // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n p e r u n i t
)
15 X_d = X_la +(( X_af * X_lf ) /( X_af + X_lf ) ) ; // t r a n s i e n t
reactance ( in per unit )
16 I_d = E_phy / X_d ; // t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n p e r u n i t )
17 I_rated = KVA *1000/( sqrt (3) * V_r ) ; // i n Amperes
18 I_dsa = I_ds * I_rated ; // sub t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
19 disp ( I_dsa , ’ sub−t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
20 I_da = I_d * I_rated ; // t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
21 disp ( I_da , ’ t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.8 Find per unit power and critical fault clearing time
1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p e r u n i t power ( b ) c r i t i c a l fault

c l e a r i n g time
2 // Exa : 1 1 . 8
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 f =60; // i n H e r t z s
7 P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
8 P_m =0.9;
9 H =10; // i n J o u l e / Volt −Amperee
10 N_s = f *120/ P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n ( rpm )
11 w_s =2* %pi * N_s / f ; // ( i n r a d / s e c )
12 P_dm = P_m / sind (18) ;
13 t_c = P / f ; // f a u l t c l e a r i n g t i m e ( i n s e c )
14 delta_o =18*2* %pi /360; // i n r a d
15 delta_m = delta_o +(( w_s /( P * H ) ) * P_m * t_c ^2) ;
98
16 P_d = P_dm * sin ( delta_m ) ;
17 disp ( P_d , ’ ( a ) power g e n e r a t e d ( i n p e r u n i t )= ’ ) ;
18 delta_2 = %pi - delta_o ;
19 delta_c = acos ((( P_m / P_dm ) *( delta_2 - delta_o ) ) + cos (
delta_2 ) ) ;
20 t_cn = sqrt (( delta_c - delta_o ) *4* H /( w_s * P_m ) ) ;
21 disp ( t_cn , ’ ( b ) c r i t i c a l f a u l t c l e a r i n g t i m e ( i n s e c )
= ’ );
99
Chapter 12
Permanent magnet motors
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Find the speed of motor and torque under blocked
rotor condition
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e s p e e d o f motor and t o r q u e u n d e r

blocked rotor condition
2 // Exa : 1 2 . 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 flux =0.004; // ( i n Weber )
7 R_a =0.8; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohm )
8 V_s =40; // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
9 T_d =1.2; // i n Newton−m e t e r
10 K_a =95; // motor c o n s t a n t
11 w_m =( V_s /( K_a * flux ) ) -(( R_a * T_d ) /( K_a * flux ) ^2) ;
12 N_m = w_m *60/(2* %pi ) ;
13 disp ( ceil ( N_m ) , ’ s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )= ’ ) ;
14 w_mb =0; // f o r b l o c k e d r o t o r c o n d i t i o n
15 T_db =( V_s * K_a * flux ) / R_a ;
100
16 disp ( T_db , ’ t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d u n d e r b l o c k e d r o t o r
c o n d i t i o n ( i n Newton−m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Find the magnetic flux
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e m a g n e t i c f l u x
2 // Exa : 1 2 . 2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
7 R_a =2; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
8 V_s =100;
9 P_o =200; // r a t e d power
10 K_a =85; // machine c o n s t a n t
11 P_rot =15; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s
12 w_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60;
13 P_d = P_o + P_rot ; // power d e v e l o p e d
14 T_d = P_d / w_m ; // t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
15 function y = root (a ,b , c ) ;
16 y =(( - b ) + sqrt (( b ^2) -(4* a * c ) ) ) /(2* a ) ;
17 endfunction ;
18 disp ( root (1 , -0.0075 ,(2.41*10^ -6) ) , ’ m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n
Weber )= ’ ) ;
101
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Find the developed power and copper loss in the
secondary side
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e d e v e l o p e d power and c o p p e r l o s s

in the secondary s i d e
2 // Exa : 1 2 . 3
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 f =60; // f r e q u e n c y ( i n H e r t z s )
7 P_pi =0.5; // p o l e p i t c h
8 F_d =100000; // d e v e l o p e d t h r u s t ( i n Newton )
9 V_m =200000/3600; // s p e e d o f motor ( i n m e t e r / s e c )
10 P_d = F_d * V_m ;
11 disp ( int ( P_d /1000) , ’ d e v e l o p e d power ( i n K i l o −Watts ) ’
);
12 V_s =2* P_pi * f ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f t h e motor ( i n
meter / s e c )
13 s =( V_s - V_m ) / V_s ; // s l i p
14 P_cu = F_d * s * V_s ;
15 disp ( int ( P_cu /1000) , ’ Copper l o s s ( i n K i l o −Watts )= ’ ) ;
102

Electric Machinery On SCILAB

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electric Machinery On SCILAB

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electric Machinery On SCILAB

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electric Machinery And Transformers

May 20, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Electric Machinery And Transformers

Author: B. S. Guru And H. R. Hiziroglu

Publisher: Oxford University Press, New York

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Review of electric circuit theory 6

2 Review of basic laws of electromagnetism 15

3 Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 22

5 Direct Current Generators 43

6 Direct Current Motors 51

9 Polyphase Induction Motor 76

10 Analysis of a single phase induction Motor 86

11 Synchronous Generator Dynamics 94

12 Permanent magnet motors 97

Exa 1.1 finding the max power delivered . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1 Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and I vs T

Review of electric circuit

Scilab code Exa 1.1 finding the max power delivered

13 p_max =( i_load ^2) * r_th ; // i n Watts

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Finding the value of capacitor

Review of basic laws of

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Find the induced emf in coil

1 // C a p t i o n : Find h y s t e r e s i s l o s s and eddy−c u r r e n t l o s s

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e minimum l e n g t h o f magnet f o r

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e mass o f o b j e c t and e n e r g y s t o r e d

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Find the current in the coil

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Find the efficiency of transformer

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Find the efficiency of transformer

1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a )KVA r a t i n g a t max e f f i c i e n c y ( b )

Direct Current Generators

1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) i n d u c e d emf a t f u l l l o a d ( b ) power

Direct Current Motors

1 // C a p t i o n : Find power d e v e l o p e d and s p e e d f o r ( a )

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power l o s s

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Find the pitch factor

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Find the voltage regulation

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n when power

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e and power

1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) power f a c t o r ( b ) power a n g l e ( c )

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) new a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( b ) new

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e o v e r a l l power f a c t o r and power

Polyphase Induction Motor

Scilab code Exa 9.2 Find the efficiency

Scilab code Exa 9.3 Find the efficiency of the motor

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e max power d e v e l o p e d and s l i p and

1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e breakdown s l i p and t h e

Scilab code Exa 9.8 Find Eqv circuit parameters

Analysis of a single phase

Scilab code Exa 10.3 Find the line current

Scilab code Exa 10.4 Find the equivalent circuit parameters

1 // Find t h e ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( b ) power

1 // C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p e r u n i t power ( b ) c r i t i c a l fault