Harcourt - Solutions - Advanced Functions and Introductory Calculus

Contents
Chapter 1 • Solutions ..............1 Chapter 4 • Solutions .............73

Review of Prerequisite Skills 1 Review of Prerequisite Skills 73
Section 1.1: Investigation 1 1 Exercise 4.1 73
Investigation 2 2 Exercise 4.2 76
Investigation 3 2 Exercise 4.3 82
Exercise 1.1 2 Exercise 4.4 85
Exercise 4.5 86
Section 1.2: Investigation 3
Exercise 4.6 88
Exercise 1.2 3
Review Exercise 91
Exercise 1.3 8
Chapter 4 Test 94
Exercise 1.4 10
Review Exercise 12 Cumulative Review
Chapter 1 Test 15 Chapters 1–4 ..........................97
Chapter 2 • Solutions .............17 Chapter 5 • Solutions ...........101

Section 2.4: Investigation 30 Section 5.4: Investigation 120
Review Exercise 42 Review Exercise 133
Chapter 2 Test 48 Chapter 5 Test 142
Chapter 3 • Solutions .............51 Chapter 6 • Solutions ...........147

Exercise 3.2 56
Exercise 3.3 59
Exercise 3.4 59 Section 6.3: Investigation 153
Exercise 6.3 153
Exercise 6.4 154
Exercise 3.5 65
Exercise 6.5 156
Review Exercise 66
Review Exercise 157
Chapter 3 Test 70
Chapter 6 Test 160
Contents iii
Chapter 7 • Solutions ...........163 Appendix A • Solutions ........259
Review of Prerequisite Skills 163 Exercise 259
Exercise 7.1 163 Exercise A1 260
Exercise A2 264
Exercise A3 266
Exercise 7.2 165
Exercise 7.3 170
Exercise 7.4 173
Appendix B • Solutions ........271
Exercise 7.5 175
Review Exercise 177 Exercise B1 271
Chapter 7 Test 179 Exercise B2 272
Exercise B3 276
Cumulative Review
Chapters 5–7 ........................181
Student Text Answer Key ......279
Chapter 8 • Solutions ...........186

Review of Prerequisite Skills 186
Exercise 8.1 186
Exercise 8.2 189
Exercise 8.3 191
Exercise 8.4 194
Exercise 8.5 198
Review Exercise 200
Chapter 8 Test 204
Cumulative Review
Chapters 4–8 131
Chapter 9 • Solutions ...........207

Review of Prerequisite Skills 207
Exercise 9.1 207
Exercise 9.2 209
Exercise 9.3 214
Exercise 9.4 219
Exercise 9.5 225
Review Exercise 234
Chapter 9 Test 243
Cumulative Review
Chapters 3–9 ........................247
iv Contents
Chapter 1 • Polynomial Functions
Review of Prerequisite Skills c. y 5 – y 4 + y 3 – y 2 + y – 1
= y 4 ( y –1) + y 2 ( y –1) + ( y –1)
2. g. ( x + n) 2 – 9 = ( y –1) ( y 4 + y 2 +1)
= ( x + n + 3)( x + n – 3)
h. 49u 2 – ( x – y )
2
= ( 7u + x – y )( 7u – x + y ) e. 9 ( x + 2y + z ) 2 – 16 ( x – 2y + z ) 2
= [3 ( x + 2y + z ) – 4( x – 2y + z ) ] [3 ( x + 2y + z ) + 4( x – 2y + z
i. 4
x – 16 = [3x + 6y + 3z – 4x + 8y – 4z ] [3x + 6y + 3z + 4x – 8y + 4z ]
= ( x 2 + 4)( x 2 – 4) = [– x + 14y – z ] [7x – 2y + 7z ]
= ( x 2 + 4)( x + 2)( x – 2)
g. p 2 – 2 p + 1 – y 2 – 2 yz – z 2
= ( p – 1) – ( y + z )
2 2
3. c. h 3 + h 2 + h + 1
= h 2 ( h + 1) + ( h + 1) = ( p – 1 + y + z )( p – 1 – y – z )
= ( h + 1)( h 2 + 1)
Section 1.1
e. 4 y + 4 yz + z – 1
2 2
Investigation 1: Cubic Functions

= (2 y + z) – 1
2
2. There can be 1, or 3 real roots of a cubic equation.

= ( 2 y + z – 1)( 2 y + z + 1)
3. a. Find the x-intercepts, i.e., the zeros of the function
x = 2, x = 3, x = 4, y = 24, and the y-intercepts.
f. x 2 – y 2 + z 2 – 2 xz Since the cubic term has a positive coefficient,
= x 2 – 2 xz + z 2 – y 2 start at the lower left, i.e., the third quadrant, crossing
the x-axis at –3, then again at 2 and at 4, ending
= ( x – z) – y 2
2
in the upper right of the first quadrant.

= ( x – z – y )( x – z + y )
b. y
3 2 24
4. f. y + y – 5y – 5
= y2 ( y + 1) – 5 (y + 1)
= (y + 1) (y2 – 5)
x
g. 60y2 + 10y – 120 –3 2 4
= 10 ( 6y2 – y + 12)
= 10 ( 3y + 4) ( 2y – 3)
36 (2x – y ) – 25 (u – 2y )
2 2
5. a.
4. y
= [6 (2x – y ) ] – [ 5 (u – 2y )]
2 2 y
= [6 (2x – y ) –5 (u – 2y ) ] [6 (2x – y ) +5 (u – 2y )]
= [12x – 6y – 5u +10y ] [12x – 6y + 5u –10y ]
x
= (12x + 4y – 5u) (12x –16y + 5u)
x
Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 1

y
5. When the coefficient of x3 is negative, the graph 2.
moves from the second quadrant to the fourth.
Investigation 2: Quartic Functions

2. There can be 0, 2, or 4 real roots for a quartic equation.
x
–1 1
3. a. Find the x-intercepts at the function, i.e., x – 3,
2, – 1, – 4. Find the y-intercept, i.e., y = –24.
Begin in the second quadrant crossing the x-axis
at – 4, – 3, – 1, and 2 and end in the first y = ( x + 1)( x – 1)
3
quadrant; draw a smooth curve through intercepts.
b. y
Exercise 1.1
3. a. y
y y
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2
x x x
–24
4. y b.
y y y
x x
x x
y y
5. If the coefficient of x4 is negative, the quartic function is a

reflection of quartic with a positive coefficient of x4, i.e. the x x
graph moves from the second to the fourth quadrant, passing
through the x-axis a maximum of four times.
Investigation 3 y
1. y
x Also includes the reflections of

all these graphs in the x-axis.
x
–2 1
y
4. a. y
y = ( x + 2)( x – 1) x x
2
2 Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions

b. y y
x x
Section 1.2
Investigation 1: Cubic Functions
2. x f (x) ∆ f (x) ∆2 f (x) ∆2 f (x)
1 1 8 –1 = 7 19 – 7 = 12 18 – 12 = 6
2 8 27 – 8 = 19 37 – 19 = 18 24 – 18 = 6
3 27 64 – 27 = 37 61 – 37 = 24 30 – 24 = 6
m–2 ( m – 2) 3
( m – 1) – ( m – 2) = 3m – 9m + 7
3 3 2
( 3m 2
– 3m + 1) – ( 3m – 9m + 7) = 6m – 6
2
6m – ( 6m – 6) = 6
m –1 ( m – 1) 3 m 3 – ( m – 1) = 3m 2 – 3m + 1
3
( 3m 2
+ 3m + 1) – ( 3m 2 – 3m + 1) = 6m ( 6m + 6) – ( 6m) = 6
m m3 ( m + 1) 3 – m 3 = 3m 2 + 3m + 1 ( 3m 2
+ 9m + 7) – ( 3m 2 + 3m + 1) = 6m + 6 ( 6m + 12) – ( 6m + 6) = 6
m +1 ( m + 1) 3 ( m + 2) 3 – ( m + 1) 3 = 3m 2 + 9m + 7 ( 3m 2
+ 15m + 19) – ( 3m 2 + 9m + 7) = 6m + 12 ( 6m + 18) – ( 6m + 12) = 6
m+2 ( m + 2) 3 ( m + 3) 3 – ( m + 2) 3 = 3m 2 + 15m + 19 ( 3m 2
+ 21m + 17) – ( 3m 2 + 15m + 19) = 6m + 18 ( 6m + 24) – ( 6m + 18) = 6
For quadratic functions, the second finite differences are constant.

For cubic functions, the third finite differences are constant.
It appears that for a polynomial function, a constant finite difference occurs at that difference that is the same as the degree of the
polynomial.
Exercise 1.2
1. (1, 0), (2, –2), (3, –2), ( 4, 0), (5, 4 ), (6, 10 ) Since ∆2f (x) for any x, then the polynomial function
is a quadratic of the form f ( x ) = ax + bx + c.
2
x f (x) ∆ f (x) ∆2 f (x)

Substituting the given ordered pairs, we get
–2 – 0 = –2 0 – ( –2) = 2
1 0 f (1) = a + b + c = 0 …(1)
2 –2 –2 – ( –2) = 0 2–0=2 f ( 2) = 4 a + 2b + c = –2 …(2)
3 –2 0 – ( –2) = 2 4–2=2 f ( 3) = 9a + 3b + c = –2 …(3)
4 0 4–0=4 6–4 =2 Solving these equations, we have

( 2) – (1) 3a + b = –2 …(4)
5 4 10 – 4 = 6
( 3) – ( 2) 5a + b = 0 …(5)
6 10 ( 5) – ( 4) 2a = 2
a =1

Substituting into (4), 3 (1) + b = –2 Since ∆2 f (x) is constant, the function is of the form
b = –5. f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c.
Substituting the given ordered pairs,
Substituting into (1), (1) + (–5) + c = 0
f (1) = a + b + c = 4 K (1)
c = 4.
f (2) = 4 a + 2 b + c = 15 K (2)
Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = x 2 – 5x + 4. f (3) = 9a + 3b + c = 30 K (3).
Solving these equations, we have
2. (1, – 1), (2, 2), (3, 5), ( 4, 8), (5, 11), (6, 14) (2) – (1) 3a + b = 11 K ( 4)
(3) – (2) 5a + b = 15 K (5)
x f (x) ∆ f (x) (5) – ( 4) 2a = 4
a = 2.
1 –1 2 – ( –1) = 3
Substituting into (5) 5 (2) + b = 15
2 2 5– 2 = 3 b = 5.
3 5 8–5=3 Substituting into (1) 2+5+c =4
c = –3.
4 8 11 – 8 = 3
Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5x – 3.
5 11 14 – 11 = 3
4. (1, –9), (2, –10), (3, –7), (4, 0), (5, 11), (6, 26)
6 14
Since ∆ f (x) = 3 for any x, then the function is linear x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x)
of the form y = mx + b.
1 –9 – 10 – (– 9) = 1 3 – (– 1) = 4
Substituting the given ordered pairs, we get 2 – 10 – 7 – (– 10) = 3 7–3=4
f (1) = m + b = –1 …(1)
3 –7 0 – (– 7) = 7 11 – 7 = 4
f ( 2) = 2m + b = 2 …(2).
4 0 11 – 0 = 11 15 – 11 = 4
Solving these equations, we get
5 11 26 – 11 = 15
(2) – (1) m = 3.
6 26
Substituting into …(1)
3 + b = –1 Since ∆2f (x) is constant, the function is of the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
b = –4.
Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = 3x – 4.
f (1) = a + b + c = 0 …(1)
3. (1, 4), (2, 15), (3, 30), (4, 49), (5, 72), (6, 99) f ( 2) = 4 a + 2b + c = –2 …(2)
f ( 3) = 9a + 3b + c = –2 …(3).
x f (x) ∆ f(x) ∆2 f(x) Solving these equations,
(2) – (1) 3a + b = –2 …(4)
1 4 15 – 4 = 11 15 – 11 = 4
(3) – (2) 5a + b = 0 …(5)
2 15 30 – 15 = 15 19 – 15 = 4 (5) – (4) 2a = 2
a = 1.
3 30 49 – 30 = 19 23 – 19 = 4
4 49 72 – 49 = 23 27 – 23 = 4 Substituting into (4), 3 (1) + b = –2

b = –5.
5 72 99 – 72 = 27
6 99

Substituting into (1), (1) + (–5) + c = 0 6. (1,–34), (2, – 42), (3, – 38), (4, – 16), (5, 30), (6, 106)
c = 4. Using differences we obtain the following.
Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = x – 5x + 4.

2
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x)
5. (1, 12), (2, – 10), (3, – 18), ( 4 , 0), (5, 56), (6, 162) 1 –34 –8 12 6
2 –42 4 18 6
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x)
3 –38 22 24 6
1 12 ( –10) – ( –12) = –22 –8 – ( –22) = 14 26 – 14 = 12
4 –16 46 30
2 –10 ( –18) – ( –10) = –8 18 – ( –8) = 26 38 – 26 = 12
5 30 76
3 –18 0 – ( –18) = 18 56 – 18 = 38 50 – 38 = 12
6 106
4 0 56 – 0 = 56 106 – 56 = 50
Since is ∆3f(x) is constant, the function is of the form
5 56 162 – 56 = 106 f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d.
6 162 Substituting the given ordered pairs,
f (1) = a + b + c + d = –34 …(1)
Since ∆f(x) is constant, the function is of the f ( 2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = –42 …(2)
form f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. f ( 3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + d = –38 …(3)
Substituting the given ordered pairs, f ( 4) = 64 a + 16b + 4c + d = –16 …(4).
f (1) = a + b + c + d = 12 …(1)
f ( 2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = –10 …(2) Solving the equations,
f ( 3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + d = –18 …(3) ( 2) – (1) 7a + 3b + c = –8 …(5)
f ( 4) = 64 a + 16b + 4c + d = 0 …(4). ( 3) – ( 2) 19a + 5b + c = 4 …(6)
Solving the equations, ( 4) – ( 3) 37a + 7b + c = 22 …(7)
( 2) – (1) 7a + 3b + c = –22 …(5) ( 6) – ( 5) 12a + 2b = 12 …(8)
( 3) – ( 2) 19a + 5b + c = –8 …(6) ( 7) – ( 6) 18a + 2b = 18 …(9)
( 4) – ( 3) 37a + 7b + c = 18 …(7) (9) – (8) 6a = 6
( 6) – ( 5) 12a + 2b = 14 …(8) a = 1.
( 7) – ( 6) 18a + 2b = 26 …(9)
Substituting into (8), 12(1) + 2b = 12
(9) – (8) 6a = 12 b = 0.
a = 2.
Substituting into (5), 7(1) + 3(0) + c = –18
Substituting into (8), 12(2) + 2b = 14 c = –15.
b = –5.
Substituting into (1), 1 + 0 – 15 + d = –34
Substituting into (5), 7(2) + 3( –5) + c = –23 d = –20.
c = –21.
Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = x – 15x – 20.
3
Substituting into (1), 2 – 5 – 21 + d = 12

d = 36.
Therefore, the function is

f ( x ) = 2 x 3 – 5x 2 – 21x + 36.

7. (1, 10), (2, 0), (3, 0), (4, 16), (5, 54), (6, 120), (7, 220) 8. (1, – 4), (2, 0), (3, 30), (4, 98), (5, 216), (6, 396)
Using differences, we obtain the following. Using differences, we obtain the following.
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x)
1 10 – 10 10 6 1 –4 4 26 12
2 0 0 16 6 2 0 30 38 12
3 0 16 22 6 3 30 68 50 12
4 16 38 28 4 98 118 62
5 54 66 34 5 216 180
6 120 100 6 396
7 220 Since ∆3f(x) is constant, the function is of the form

f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d.
Since ∆3f(x) is constant, the function is of the form
f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx +d. Substituting the given ordered pairs,
f (1) = a + b + c + d = –4 …(1)
f ( 2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 0 …(2)
f (1) = a + b + c + d = 10 …(1)
f ( 3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 30 …(3)
f ( 2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 0 …(2)
f ( 4) = 64 a + 16b + 4c + d = 98 …(4).
f ( 3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0 …(3)
f ( 4) = 64 a + 16b + 4c + d = 16 …(4).
Solving the equations,
Solving the equations, (2) – (1) 7a + 3b + c = 4 K…(5)
(2) – (1) 7a + 3b + c = –10 …(5) (3) – (2) 19a + 5b + c = 30 K…(6)
(3) – (2) 19a + 5b + c = 0 …(6) (4) – (3) 37a + 7b + c = 68 …(7)
(4) – (3) 37a + 7b + c = 16 …(7) (6) – (5) 12a + 2b = 26 …(8)
(6) – (5) 12a + 2b = 10 …(8) (7) – (6) 18a + 2b = 38 …(9)
(7) – (6) 18a + 2b = 16 …(9)

(9) – (8) 6a = 12
a = 2.
(9) – (8) 6a = 6
a = 1. Substituting into (8), 12(2) + 2b = 26
b = 1.
Substituting into (8), 12(1) + 2b = 10
b = –1. Substituting into (5), 7(2) + 3(1) + c = 4
c = –13.
Substituting into (5), 7(1) + 3(–1) + c = –10
c = –14. Substituting into (1), 2 + 1 – 13 + d = –4
d = 6.
Substituting into (1), 1 – 1 – 14 + d = 10
d = 24. Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 – 13x + 6.
Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = x 3 – x 2 – 14 x + 24 .

9. (1, – 2), (2, – 4), (3, – 6), ( 4, – 8), (5, 14), (6, 108), ( 7, 346) 10. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 4), ( 4, 8), (5, 16), (6, 32), ( 7, 64)
Using differences, we obtain the following: Using differences, we obtain the following:
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4 f(x) x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x) ∆4 f(x) ∆5 f(x)
1 –2 –2 0 0 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 –4 –2 0 24 24 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 –6 –2 24 48 24 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 –8 22 72 72 4 8 8 8 8 8
5 14 94 144 5 16 16 16 16
6 108 238 6 32 32 32
7 346 7 64
Since ∆4f(x) is constant, the function is of the form As there is no constant difference, this will not be
f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + dx + e. defined as a polynomial function. This is f(x) = 2n-1 ,
by inspection.
f (1) = a + b + c + d + e = –2 …(1) 11. a. Using the STAT function, the function is
f ( 2) = 16a + 8b + 4c + 2d + e = –4 …(2) V = – 0.0374x 3 + 0.1522x 2 + 0.1729x .
f ( 3) = 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d + e = –6 …(3) b. The maximum volume of air during the cycle is
f ( 4) = 256a + 64b + 16c + 4 d + e = –8 …(4). 0.8863 and occurs after 3.2.
Solving the equations, 12. a.

(2) – (1) 15a + 7b + 3c + d = –2 …(6)
(3) – (2) 65a + 19b + 5c + d = –2 …(7) t f(t) ∆f(t) ∆2 f(t) ∆3 f(t)
(4) – (3) 175a + 37b + 7c + d = –2 …(8)
1 4031 –23 –48 6
(5) – (4) 369a + 61b + 9c + d = 22 …(9)
(7) – (6) 50a + 12b + 2c = 0 …(10) 2 4008 –71 –42 6
(8) – (7) 110a + 18b + 2c = 0 …(11)
3 3937 –113 –36
(9) – (8) 194a + 24b + 2c = 24 …(12)
4 3824 –149
(11) – (10) 60a + 6b = 0 …(13)
(12) – (11) 84a + 6b = 24 …(14) 5 3675 –179
(14) – (13) 24a = 24 6 3496
a = 1.
Substituting into (13), 60(1) + 6b = 0 Since the third differences are constant, it forms a
b = –10. cubic function. Using the STAT mode on the
graphing calculator, f (t ) = t 3 – 30t 2 + 60t + 4000.
Substituting into (10), 50(1) + 12(–10) + 2c = 0
c = 35. b. From the graph of f(t), it seems that the
population began to increase 9 years ago, in
Substituting into (6), 15 (1) + 7(–10) + 3(35) + d = –2
1971.
d = –52.
Substituting into (1), 1 – 10 + 35 – 52 + e = –2
e = 24.
Therefore, the function is
f ( x ) = x 4 – 10 x 3 + 35x 2 – 52 x + 24.

c. For the year 2030, t = 50. g. 2x 2 – 3
f ( 50) = 50 3 – 30( 50) + 60( 50) + 4000
2
)
2x + 3 4 x + 6x – 6x – 9
3 2
= 57 000 4 x 3 + 6x 2
So, if the function continues to describe the – 6x – 9
population after 2002, in the year 2030, it will be –6 x – 9
about 57 000. 0
Since the remainder is 0, 2x + 3 is a factor of

Exercise 1.3 4 x 3 + 6x 2 – 6x – 9. Therefore,
4 x 3 + 6x 2 – 6x – 9 = (2 x + 3)(2 x 2 – 3).
7. b. x 2 + 5x + 2
)
x – 1 x + 4 x 2 – 3x – 2
3
x3 – x2
5x 2 – 3x h. x 2 – 3x + 5
5x 2 – 5x )
3x – 2 3x 3 – 11x 2 + 21x – 7
2x – 2 3x 3 – 2 x 2
2x – 2 – 9 x 2 + 21x
0 – 9x 2 + 6x
15x – 7
Since the remainder is 0, x – 1 is a factor of 15x – 10
x 3 + 4 x 2 – 3 x – 2 . The other factor is x 2 + 5 x + 2 .
+3
x 3 + 4 x 2 – 3 x – 2 = ( x – 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 2)
Since the remainder, r ( x ) = 3 is of a degree less
than that of the divisor, the division is complete. So,
3x 3 – 11x 2 + 21x – 7 = (3x – 2)( x 2 – 3x + 5) + 3.
c. 2x 2 + 2x + 3
)
x – 3 2 x – 4 x 2 – 3x + 5
3
2 x 3 – 6x 2 9. b. 2x3 – 2x2 – x + 1
2 x 2 – 3x
2 x 2 – 6x
)
x + 1 2 x 4 + 0 x – 3x 2 + 1
3x + 5 2x4 + 2x3
3x – 9 – 2 x 3 – 3x 2
2
14 –2 x 3 – 2 x
– x2
Since the remainder r ( x ) = 14 is of a degree less –x2 – x
than that of the divisor, the division is complete. So,
x +1
2 x 3 – 4 x 2 – 3x + 5 = ( x – 3)(2 x 2 + 2 x + 3) + 14.
x +1
0

c. 4 x 2 – 8 x + 16 17. a. x 2 + 6x + 7
)
x + 2 4 x + 0 x + 0 x + 32 + 32
3 2
)
x – 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 – 5x – 9
4 x + 8x
3 2
x 3 – 2x 2
– 8x 2 6 x 2 – 5x
–8 x 2 – 16 x 6 x 2 – 12 x
16 x + 32 7x – 9
16 x + 32 7 x – 14
0 5
So, x + 4 x – 5x – 9 = ( x – 2)( x + 6 x + 7) + 5
3 2 2
d. x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
where q ( x ) = x 2 + 6x + 7 and r = 5.
)
x – 1 x 5 + 0 x 4 + 0 x 3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x1 + 0 x – 1
x5 – x4
x+5
x4 )
x + 1 x + 6x + 7
2
x4 – x3
x2 + x
3
x 5x + 7
x3 – x2 5x + 5
x2 2
x2 – x
x –1 So, x 2 + 6x + 7 = ( x + 1)( x + 5) + 2, where
Q( x ) = x + 5 and r2 = 2 .
x –1
0 b. If f ( x ) is divided by ( x – 2)( x + 1), the quotient
is the Q( x ) obtained in a. Since
x 3 + 4 x 2 – 5x – 9 = ( x – 2)( x 2 + 6x + 7) = 5,
12. Dividing f(x) by d(x).
by substituting,
x2 – x
= ( x – 2)[( x + 1)( x + 5) + 2] + 5
2
)
x + 2x + 1 x + x – x 2 – x
4 3
x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 = ( x – 2)[( x + 1)( x + 5) ] + ( x – 2)[( 2) ] + 5
– x 3 – 2x 2 – x and simplifying,
– x 3 – 2x 2 – x = ( x – 2)( x + 1)( x + 5) + 2( x – 2) + 5
0 = ( x – 2)( x + 1)( x + 5) + 2 x + 1.
Therefore, when f (x) is divided by ( x – 2)( x + 1),
16. x = yq + r where y ≤ x and x , y ∈ N the quotient is ( x + 5) and the remainder is
a. If y is a factor of x, it will divide into x without 2 ( x – 2) + 5 or 2 x + 1 .
leaving a remainder. So, r = 0.
b. The value of the remainder must be less than that
of the divisor if the division is complete, and y is
not a factor of 9x, so if y = 5, the values of r are
1, 2, 3, or 4. If y = 7, r = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and if
r = n, r = 1, 2, 3, …, n – 1.

Exercise 1.4 4. f. The remainder is
 1
r= f 
2. b. When f ( x ) is divided by x + 1, the remainder  2
is f ( –1).
3
 1  1
= 4   + 9   – 10
r = f ( –1)  2  2
= –5.
= ( –1) – 4( –1) + 2( –1) – 6
3 2
= –13 5. a. Since the remainder is 1 when the divisor is

x + 2, then f ( –2) = 1 by the Remainder Theorem.
 1
c. When f (x) is divided by 2 x – 1 , the remainder is f   .
( –2) + k ( –2) + 2( –2) – 3 = 1
3 2
 2
 1
r= f  –8 + 4 k – 4 – 3 = 1
 2
 1 3  1 2  1 4 k = 16
=   – 4  + 2  – 6
 2  2  2
47 b. Since the remainder is 16 when the divisor is
=– or – 5.875
8 x – 3 , then f ( 3) = 16 by the Remainder Theorem.
(3) – k (3) – 2(3) + (3) + 4 = 16

4 3 2
d. When f(x) is divided by 2x + 3, the remainder is –27k = –54

 3 k =2
f – .
 2
c. Since the remainder is 1 when the divisor
 3 is 2x – 1, then
r = f – 
 2  1
 3
3
 3
2
 3 f   = 1 by the Remainder Theorem.
= –  – 4–  + 2–  – 6  2
 2  2  2
3 2
171  1  1  1
=– or – 21.375 2   – 3  + k   – 1 = 1
8  2  2  2
1 3 1
– + k –1 =1
4 4 2
c. Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 4 x – 1.
3
3. 1 5
k=
The remainder when is divided by x + 2 is 2 2
r = f ( –2) k =5
= 2 ( –2 ) + 4 ( – 2 ) – 1
3
6. f ( x ) = mx 3 + gx 2 – x + 3
= –25.
When the divisor is x + 1 , the remainder is 3.
By the Remainder Theorem, f ( –1) = 3
f. Let f ( x ) = –2 x + 3x – x + 2.
4 2
When f(x) is divided by x + 2 , the remainder is m ( –1) + g( –1) – ( –1) + 3 = 3

3 2
r = f ( –2) – m + g = –1. (1)

= –2 ( –2) + 3 ( –2) – ( –2) + 2
4 2
When the divisor is x + 2 , the remainder is –7.

= −2 (16) + 3 ( 4) + 2 + 2
Therefore, f ( –2) = –7
= –16.
m ( –2) + g( –2) – ( –2) + 3 = –7
3 2
–8 m + 4 g = –12
or 2 m – g = 3. (2)

Solving the resulting linear equations, Therefore, –5 A + B = – 47. ( 4)
(2) + (1) m = 2.
Solving (3) and (4),
Substituting into (1) , g = 1.
(3) – ( 4) 2 A = 48
7. f ( x ) = mx + gx – x + 3
3 2
A = 24.
When the divisor is x – 1 , the remainder is 3. Substituting in (4), B = 73.
By the Remainder Theorem, f (1) = 3. Since r ( x ) = Ax + B
m + g – 1+ 3 = 3 = 24 x + 73.
m+ g =1 (1) The remainder is 24 + 73.
When the divisor is x +3, the remainder is –1.
So, f ( –3) = –1. Solution 2: Using Long Division
m ( –3) + g( –3) – ( –3) + 3 = –1
3 2
–27m + 9g = –7 (2) Expanding ( x + 3)( x + 5) = x 2 + 8 x + 15

x–5
9 × (1) 9m + 9g = 9 )
x 2 + 8 x + 15 x 3 + 3x 2 – x – 2
– 36m = –16 x 3 + 8 x + 15x
4
m= – 5x 2 – 16 x – 2
9
–5x 2 – 40 x – 75
5 24 x + 73
Substituting into (1) , g= .
9
The remainder is 24 x + 73.
8. Solution 1: Using the Remainder Theorem

9. Solution 1: Using Long Division
Let f ( x ) = x + 3x – x – 2.
3 2
(1) Expanding the divisor ( x – 1)( x + 2) = x 2 + x – 2
Then, f ( x ) = ( x + 3)( x + 5) q( x ) + r ( x ) 3x 3 – 3x 2 + 9x – 20
where x is a linear expression.
Let r ( x ) = Ax + B.
)
x + x – 2 3x 5 – 5x 2 + 4 x + 1
2
3x 5 + 3x 4 – 6x 3
So, f ( x ) = ( x + 3)( x + 5) q( x ) + ( Ax + B) . (2) – 3x 4 + 6x 3 – 5x 2
–3x 4 – 3x 3 + 6x 2
From (2) , f ( –3) = ( 0)(2) q( x ) + ( –3 A + B)
9x 3 – 11x 2 + 4 x
= –3 A + B.
9x 3 + 9x 2 – 18x
From (1) , f ( –3) = ( –3) + 3( –3) – ( –3) – 2
3 2
– 20 x 2 + 22 x + 1
= 1. –20 x 2 – 20 x + 40
Therefore, –3 A + B = 1. (3) 42 x – 39
Similarly, f ( –5) = ( –2)( 0) q( x ) + ( –5 A + B)

The remainder is 42x –39.
= –5 A + B
f ( –5) = ( –5) + 3( –5) – ( –5) – 2
3 2
and
= –47.

[ f ( x) ]
2
Solution 2: Using the Remainder Theorem e. If is divided by x + 2, the division
Let f ( x ) = 3x – 5x + 4 x + 1.
5 2
(1) statement becomes f ( x ) f ( x ) = ( x + 2) q( x ) + r .
So, f ( x ) = ( x – 1)( x + 2) q( x ) + Ax + B ( 2) Let x = –2 , then f ( –2) f ( –2) = 0 q( x ) + r

since r ( x ) is at most a linear expression. (3)(3) = r
9 = r.
Since f (1) = 0( 3) q( x ) + A + B from (1)
The remainder is 9.
and f (1) = 3(1) – 5(1) + 4(1) + 1 from (2)
5 2
= 3. 11. In order to have a multiple of (x + 5), there must be

no remainder after division by x + 5. The remainder
So A + B = 3. (3)
for f (x) is x + 3. The first multiple for the remainder
Similarly, f ( –2) = ( –3)( 0) q ( x ) + A( –2) + B from (1) is x + 5, or (x + 3) + 2. So, the first multiple greater
than f (x) is f(x) + 2.
and f ( –2) = 3 ( –2) – 5 ( –2) + 4( –2) + 1
5 2
from (2)
So –2 A + B = –123. 12. Factoring by completing a square:
Solving (3) and (4) by subtracting,
and 3 A = 126 a. x4 5x + 9
x4 6x2 9 – x2
A = 42 (x2 3)2 – x2
B = –39. (x2 3 x)(x2 3 – x)
The remainder is 42 x – 39. (x2 x 3)(x2 – x – 3)
10. If the remainder is 3 when x + 2 is divided into f (x), b. 9y4 8y2 4

then f(–2) = 3. 9y4 12y2 4 – 4y2
(3y2 2)2 – 4y2
a. Since the remainder is a constant, adding 1 to f (x), (3y2 2y 2) (3y2 – 2y 2)
increases the remainder by 1. So, the remainder is
3 + 1 = 4. c. x4 6x2 25
x4 10x2 25 – 4x2
b. Since (x + 2) is divisible exactly by the divisor
(x2 5)2 – 4x2
x + 2, there is no remainder for that division. So,
(x2 2x 5)(x2 – 2x 5)
the remainder for f(x) + x + 2 is the same as that
for f(x), i.e., the remainder is 3.
d. 4x4 8x 2 9
c. The remainder of f(x) divided by x + 2 is 3. By the 4x 4 12x 2 9 – 4x 2
Remainder Theorem, the remainder of ( 4 x + 7) (2x 2 3) 2 – 4x 2
(2x 2 2x 3)(2x 2 – 2x 3).
divided by x + 2 is 4(–2)+7=–1.
Therefore, the remainder of f ( x ) + 4 x + 7 is the
remainder of f(x) plus the remainder of 4 x + 7, Review Exercise
that is, 3 – 1 = 2.
2. a.
d. The remainder of f(x) divided by x + 2 is 3. Hence,
the remainder of 2 f(x) divided by x + 2 is
2(3) = 6. The remainder of –7 divided by x + 2 is x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x)
–7. So, the remainder of 2 f ( x ) – 7 is 6 – 7 = –1 . –1 –27 16 – 10 6
0 –11 6 –4 6
1 –5 2 2 6
2 –3 4 8
3 1 12
4 13

Since ∆3 f ( x ) is constant, f (x) is of the form f ( 2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + 4 = 32
f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 = cx + d. 8a + 4b + 2c = 28
Substituting the given ordered pairs, 4 a + 2b + c = 14 ( 2)
f (0) = d = –11 f ( 3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + 4 = 67
f(1) = a + b + c + d = –5. 27a + 9b + 3c = 63
Substituting for d, a + b + c = 6 (1) 9a + 3b + c = 21 ( 3)

Solving
f (2) = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = –3
( 2) – (1) 3a + b = 3 (4)
8a + 4b + 2c = 8
( 3) – ( 2) 5a + b = 7 (5)
4a + 2b + c = 4 (2)
( 5) – ( 4) 2a = 4
f (3) = 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 1
a=2
27a + 9b + 3c = 12
Substituting into (5), b = –3.
9a + 3b + c = 4 (3) Substituting into (1), c = 12.
Solving, Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = 2 x 3 – 3x 2 + 12 x + 4 .
(2) – (1) 3a + b = –2 (4)
c.
(3) – (2) 5a + b = 0 (5)
(5) – (4) –2a = –2
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x) ∆4 f(x)
a = 1.
1 –9 – 22 22 60 24
Substituting into (5), b = –5.
Substituting into (1), c = 10. 2 – 31 0 82 84 24
Therefore, the function is 3 – 31 82 166 108

f ( x ) = x 3 – 5x 2 + 10 x – 11.
4 51 248 274
b. 5 299 522
6 821
x f(x) ∆ f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x)
0 4 11 6 12 Since ∆4f(x) is constant,

f(x) = ax 4 + bx 3 +cx 2 + dx + e.
1 15 17 18 12
2 32 35 30 12 f (1) = a + b +c + d + e = –9 (1)
f(2) = 16a + 8b + 4c + 2d + 2 = –31 (2)
3 67 65 42
f(3) = 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d + e = –31 (3)
4 132 107 f (4) = 256a + 64b + 16c + 4d + e = 51 (4)
f (5) = 625a + 125b + 25c + 5d + e = 299 (5)
5 239
Since is ∆3f(x) constant, f ( x ) is of the form

f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d.
f ( 0) = d = 4
f (1) = a + b + c + 4 = 15
a + b + c = 11 (1)

Solving the equations, 3. c. 2 x 2 + 3x – 2
(2) – (1) 15a + 7b + 3c + d = –22 (6) )
2x + 1 4 x + 8x 2 – x + 1
3
(3) – (2) 65a + 19b + 5c + d = 0 (7) 4 x 3 + 2x 2

(4) – (3) 175a + 37b + 7c + d = 82 (8)
6x 2 – x
(5) – (4) 369a + 61b + 9c + d = 228 (9)
6 x 2 + 3x
(7) – (6) 50a + 12b + 2c = 22 (10)
(8) – (7) 110a + 18b + 2c = 0 (11) – 4x +1
(9) – (8) 194a + 24b + 2c = 166 (12) – 4x – 2
(11) – (10) 60a + 6b = 60 (13) 3
(12) – (11) 84a + 6b = 84 (14) 4 x + 8 x – x + 1 = ( 2 x + 1)( 2 x + 3 – 2) + 3
3 2 2
(14) – (13) 24a = 24

a = 1.
Substituting, b = 0
c = –14 d. x 2 – 5x + 10
d=5 )
x 2 + x – 2 x 4 – 4 x 3 + 3x 2 – 3
e = –1. x 4 + x 3 – 2x 2
– 5x 3 + 5x 2
Therefore, f(x) = x 4 – 14x 2 + 5x – 1.
– 5x 3 – 5x 2 + 10 x
d. 10 x 2 – 10 x – 3
10 x 2 + 10 x – 20
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x) – 20 x + 17
1 1 1 2 6 x – 4 x + 3x – 3 = ( x + x – 2)( x – 5x + 10) – 20 x + 17
4 3 2 2 2
2 2 3 8 4. c. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 5x 2 + 2 x – 1 .
3 5 11 The remainder is
f ( –2) = ( –2) – 5( –2) + 2( –2) – 1
3 2
4 16
= –8 – 20 – 4 – 1
There is not enough information to find a constant = –33.
finite difference.
e. Let f ( x ) = 3x 3 + x + 2.
e. 3
 1  1 1
The remainder is f   = 3  + + 2
 3  3 3
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x) ∆3 f(x) 22
= .
–2 75 –86 76 –72 9
–1 –11 –10 4 24 5. a. x 2 + 3x + 2
0 –21 –6 –20
)
x – 1 x + 2x 2 – x – 2
3
x3 – x2
1 –27 –26
3x 2 – x
2 –53 3x 2 – 3x
2x – 2
There is not enough information to establish the function.
2x – 2
0
x 3 + 2 x 2 – x – 2 = ( x – 1)( x 2 + 3x + 2)
= ( x – 1)( x + 1)( x + 2)

c. 3x 2 + 11x – 4 Chapter 1 Test
)
2 x + 3 6x + 31x 2 + 25x – 12
3
1. a. 18 x 2 – 50 y 2
6x 3 + 9x 2
= 2( 9 x 2 – 25y 2 )
22 x + 25x
22 x + 33x = 2( 3x – 5y )( 3x + 5y )
– 8x – 12
–8x – 12 b. pm 3 + m 2 + pm + 1
0 = m 2 ( pm + 1) + ( pm + 1)
= ( pm + 1)( m 2 + 1)
6 x 3 + 31x 2 + 25x – 12 = ( 2 x + 3)( 3x 2 + ( x – 4))
c. 12 x 2 – 26 x + 12
= ( 2 x + 3)( 3x – 1)( x + 4)
= 2( 6 x 2 – 13x + 6)
6. a. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 3kx 2 + x + 5. = 2( 3x – 2)( 2 x – 3)

When the divisor is x – 2, the remainder is f(2) = 9.
d. x 2 + 6y – y 2 – 9
( 2) – 3k( 2) + 2 + 5 = 9
3 2
= x 2 – ( y 2 – 6 y + 9)
8 – 12k + 2 + 5 = 9
= x 2 – ( y – 3)
2
1
k=
2
or 0.5 = ( x + y – 3)( x – y + 3)
b. Let f ( x ) = rx 3 + gx 2 + 4 x + 1. 2. a. y = ( x + 2)( x – 1)( x – 3)

When the divisor is x – 1, the remainder is f (1) = 12. The x-intercepts are –2, 1, and 3. The y-intercept is 6.
r (1) + g(1) + 4(1) + 1 = 12
3 2
y
r+g=7 (1) 6
When the divisor is x + 3, the remainder
2
is f(3–) = –20. x
–2 –1 1 2 3
r – 33 + g( –3) + 4( –3) + 1 = –20
2
–27r + 9 g = –9
3r – g = 1 ( 2)
Solving (1) + (2) , 4r = 8 b. y = x 2 ( x – 2)
The x-intercepts are 0 and 2.
r = 2.
The y-intercept is 0.
Substituting into (1) , g = 5.
y

3. a. x 2 – 7 x + 20 7. a.
)
x + 2 x – 5x 2 + 6 x – 4
3
x 3 + 2x 2 x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2 f(x)

– 7x 2 + 6x 1 –1 0 2
–7 x 2 – 14 x
2 –1 2 2
20 x – 4
20 x + 40 3 1 4
– 44 4 5
The quotient is q ( x ) = x – 7x + 20.

2
Since the second differences are constant, the
points lie on a graph of a quadratic function.
The remainder is r ( x ) = –44.
b. Using the graphing calculator, the cubic function is
given as f ( x ) = 2 x 3 – 3x 2 = 5x – 8. Since for the
b. x 2 + 3x + 3
)
x – 3 x 3 – 6x + 2 function f (1) = –4, f ( 2) = 6, f ( 3) = 34 , and
f(4) = 92, it is the simplest polynomial function.
x 3 – 3x 2
3x 2 – 6x
3x 2 – 9x 8. Let f ( x ) = x 3 + cx + d.
3x + 2
When f (x) is divided by x – 1, the remainder is 3.
3x – 9
f ( –1) = 3
11
( –1) + c ( –1) + d = 3
3
–c + d = 4 (1)
The quotient is q ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + 3.
The remainder is 11.
When f (x) is divided by x – 2, the remainder is –3.
4. Since when f (x) is divided by (x – 1), f(1) is the f ( –2) = –3
( −2) + c ( −2) + d = –3
3
remainder and f(1) = 0, then the remainder is 0.
When the remainder is 0, the divisor (x – 1) is a −2 c + d = 5 (2)
factor.
Solving the resulting equation,
5. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 6x 2 + 5x + 2. When dividing by
(2) – (1) c = 1
( x + 2) , the remainder is f ( –2). d = 3.
r = f ( –2)
= ( –2) – 6 ( –2) + 5 ( –2) + 2
3 2
9. By dividing x 3 – 2 x 2 – 9x + 18 = ( x – 2)( x 2 – 9).
= –40
So, the other factors are ( x – 3) and ( x + 3). .
6. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 3x 2 + 4 x + k.
When f(x) is divided by (x – 2), the remainder is
f(2).
f (2) = 7
(2) – 3 (2) + 4(2) + k = 7
3 2
k =3

Chapter 2 • Polynomial Equations and Inequalities
Review of Prerequisite Skills 5. d. 3x 3 – 75x
= 3x ( x 2 – 25)
1. b. 3 ( x – 2) + 7 = 3 ( x – 7) = 3x ( x – 5)( x + 5)
3x – 6 + 7 = 3x – 21
3x + 1 = 3x – 21 f. x 3 + x 2 – 56 x
0 x = – 22 = x ( x 2 + x – 56)
There is no solution. = x ( x + 8)( x – 7)
2. c. 4 x – 5 ≤ 2( x – 7) h. 3x 3 – 12 x
4 x – 5 ≤ 2 x – 14
= 3x( x 2 – 4)
2 x ≤ –9
= 3x ( x – 2)( x + 2)
9
x≤–
2
or x ≤ –4.5 6. e. x 2 – 2 x – 15 = 0
( x – 5)( x + 3) = 0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
x–5=0 or x+3=0
d. 4 x + 7 < 9 x + 17 x =5 or x = –3
– 5x < 10
x > –2 f. 7 x 2 + 3x – 4 = 0
( 7 x – 4)( x + 1) = 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 7x – 4 = 0 or x +1 = 0
4
x= or x = –1
3. f ( x) = 2 x 2 – 3x + 1 7
h. x 3 – 9x = 0
b. f ( –2) = 2( –2) – 3( –2) + 1 x ( x 2 – 9) = 0
2
= 15 x ( x – 3)( x + 3) = 0
d.  1  1  1
2
x=0 or x – 3 = 0 or x+3=0
f   = 2   – 3  + 1 x=0 or x =3 or x = –3
 2  2  2
=0
7. b. 3y 2 – 5y – 4 = 0
4. f ( x) = x 3 – 2 x 2 + 4 x + 5 5± ( –5) – 4(3)( –4)
2
y=
2(3)
c. f ( –3) = ( –3) – 2( –3) + 4( –3) + 5
3 2
5 ± 73
= –52 =
6
=
˙ 2.3 or – 0.6
3 2
d. f  1  =  1  – 2  1  + 4  1  + 5
       
 2  2  2  2
53
=
8
Chapter 2: Polynomial Equations and Inequalities 17

c. 3x + x + 3 = 0 Exercise 2.1
2
5± ( –5) – 4(1)( –4)

2
x=
2(1) 2. b. The other factors can be found by dividing x – 5
5 ± 41 into f(x) then checking factors for the quotient,

=
2 either by inspection or using the Factor Theorem.
=˙ 5.7 or – 0.7
3. If f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 – 5x – 6
e. 2 x – 5x – 3 = 0 and f ( –1) = f (2) = f ( –3) = 0.
2
then the factors are ( x + 1), ( x – 2) , and ( x + 3) .

Solution 1 This is true since f(a) is the remainder, and in this
case, all remainders are zero, giving division that is
5± ( –5) 2 – 4( 2)( –3) complete. Also, this is the Factor Theorem.
x=
2( 2)
5 ± 49 4. a. x – 1 is a factor of f ( x ) = x 2 – 7 x + 6 only if
=
4 f (1) = 0.
= 3 or – 0.5 Since f (1) = 12 – 7(1) + 6 = 0 , then x – 1 is a factor.
Solution 2 d. f ( x ) = x 3 + 6 x 2 – 2 x + 3
f ( 3) = 33 + 6( 32 ) – 2( 3) + 3
(2 x + 1)(x – 3) = 0 ≠0
2x + 1 = 0 or x–3=0
Therefore, ( x – 3) is not a factor of f(x).
2 x = –1 or x =3
x=–
1
or x =3 f. f ( x) = 4 x 3 – 6x 2 + 8x – 3
2 3 2
 1  1  1  1
f   = 4   – 6  + 8  – 3
g. 2 p 2 – 3 p + 5 = 0  2  2  2  2
1 3
3± ( –3) 2 – 4( 2)( 5) = – +4–3
p= 2 2
2( 2)
=0
3 ± –31
= Therefore, ( 2 x – 1) is a factor of (x).
4
3 ± i 31
=
4
i. 2 x ( x – 5) = ( x + 2)( x – 3)
2 x 2 – 10 x = x 2 − x – 6
x 2 – 9x + 6 = 0
9± ( –9) 2 – 4(1)( 6)
x=
2(1)
9 ± 57
=
2
=˙ 8.3 or 0.7
18 Chapter 2: Polynomial Equations and Inequalities

5. f ( x) = x 3 – 2 x 2 – 2 x – 3 b. Let f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 – x – 2.
f (1) = (1) + 2(1) – (1) – 2
3 2
a. f ( 3) = 33 – 2( 3) – 2( 3) – 3
2
=0
= 27 – 18 – 6 – 3 ∴ (x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
=0
So, x 3 + 2 x 2 – x – 2 = ( x – 1)( x 2 + kx + 1)
b. x – 3 is a linear factor of f (x). = x3 + (k – 1) x2 + …
Comparing coefficients, k = 3
x2 + x + 1
∴ x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( x – 1)( x 2 + 3x + 2)
c.
)
x – 3 x 3 – 2x 2 – 2x – 3
= ( x – 1)( x + 2)( x + 1).
x 3 – 3x 2
x 2 – 2x e. Let f ( y ) = y 3 − y 2 – y – 2
f (2) = (2) – (2) – (2) – 2
2
x – 3x 3 2
x–3 = 0.
∴ ( y – 2) is a factor of f ( y ) .
x–3
0
By dividing, y 3 – y 2 – y – 2 = ( y – 2)( y 2 + y + 1) .
The quadratic factor is x + x + 1. 2
g. f ( x ) = x – 8 x + 3x + 40 x – 12
4 3 2
6. g( x) = x 3 – 2 x 2 – 5x + 6 Because the function is quartic and the constant
a. g( –2) = ( –2) – 2( –2) – 5( –2) + 6 is –12, which presents many possibilities, we use
3 2
=0 the graphing calculator in VALUE mode in the

CALC function to establish f ( –2) = f ( 3) = 0 .
b. x + 2 is the linear factor of f(x).
Therefore, both ( x + 2) and (x – 3) are factors of
c. x 3 – 2 x 2 – 5x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x 2 + kx + 1)
f ( x ).
= x 3 + ( k + 2) x 2 + ( k + 1) x + 2
Using the method of comparing coefficients to
By comparing coefficients, k + 2 = –2 factor,
k = –4. x 4 – 8 x 3 + 3x 2 + 40 x – 12
∴ the quadratic factor is x 2 – 4 x + 1 . = ( x + 2)( x – 3)( x 2 + kx + 2)
= ( x 2 – x – 6)( x 2 + kx + 2)
7. a. Let f ( x ) = x – 4 x + 3.
3
= x 4 + ( k – 1) x 3 + K
f (1) = 13 – 4(1) + 3
=0 Since k – 1 = –8
k = –7.
∴ (x – 1) is a factor of f (x). ∴ x – 8x + 3x 2 + 40 x – 12
4 3
x 3 – 4 x + 3 = ( x – 1)( x 2 + kx – 3) = ( x + 2)( x – 3)( x 2 – 7x + 2).

= x 3 + ( k – 1) x 2 + ( – k – 3) x + 3
Comparing coefficients, k – 1 = 0
k = 1.
∴ x 3 – 4 x + 3 = ( x – 1)( x 2 + x – 3) .

h. Let f ( x ) = x – 6x – 15x – 6x – 16. 11. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 6x 2 + 3x + 10.
4 3 2
Since x – x – 2 = ( x – 2)( x + 1).

2
By graphing, it appears x-intercepts are –2 and 8.
Checking, 2
If f(x) is divisible by x – x – 2 , it must be
f ( –2) = ( –2) – 6( –2) – 15( –2) – 6( –2) – 16 = 0
4 3 2
divisible by both (x – 2) and (x + 1), that is,

and f (8) = (8) – 6(8) – 15(8) – 6(8) – 16 = 0.
4 3 2
f ( 2) = f ( –1) = 0 .
Therefore, both and ( x – 8) are factors of f ( x ). Substituting for x , f (2) = 2 3 – 6 (2) + 3 (2) + 10
2
∴ x – 6 x – 15x – 6 x – 16
4 3 2
= 8 – 24 + 6 + 10 = 0
= ( x + 2)( x – 8)( x 2 + kx + 1) f ( –1) = ( –1) – 6( –1) + 3 ( –1) + 10
3 2
and
= ( x 2 – 6 x – 16)( x 2 + kx + 1) = –1 – 6 – 3 + 10 = 0.
= x4 + (k – 6)x3 + … Therefore, x 3 – 6 x 2 + 3x + 10 is divisible by x 2 – x – 2.
Comparing coefficients, k – 6 = –6
∴ k = 0. 12. a. Let f ( x ) = x 4 y 4
So, x 4 – 6x 3 – 15x 2 – 6x – 16 f ( y) = y 4 – y 4 = 0
= ( x + 2)( x – 8)( x 2 + 1).
∴ ( x – y ) is a factor of x 4 – y 4 .
9. If x 3 + 4 x 2 + kx – 5 is divisible by ( x + 2), b. By division, the other factor is x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 + y 3.

then f ( –2) = 0, x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 + y 3
or ( –2) + 4( –2) + k ( –2) – 5 = 0

3 2 )
x – y x4 – y4
–8 + 16 – 2 k – 5 = 0 x4 – x3y
–2 k = –3 x3y
k = 1.5. x3y – x2y2
x2y2
10. c. 125u – 64 r = ( 5u) – ( 4 r )
3 3 3 3
x 2 y 2 – xy 3
= ( 5u – 4 r )( 25u + 20ur + 16r
2 2
) xy 3 – y 4
xy 3 – y 4
d. 2000w 3 + 2 y 3 = 2(1000w 3 + y 3 )
0
= 2(10w + y )(100w – 10wy + y 2 )
c. From the pattern of 2. b.
x 4 – 81 = x 4 – ( 3)
4
e.
( x + y) 3
– u 3 z 3 = ( x + y ) – ( uz )
3 3
(
= ( x – 3) x 3 + x 2 ( 3) + x ( 3) + ( 3)
2 3
)
[
= ( x + y – uz ) ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) uz + u z
2 2 2
] = ( x – 3)( x + 3x + 9 x + 27)
3 2
= ( x + y – uz )[ x + 2 xy + y + xuz + yuz + u z
2 2 2 2
] 13. a. Let f ( x ) = x 5 – y 5
f ( y) = y 5 – y 5 = 0
f.
∴(x – y) is a factor of x – y .
5 5
5u 3 – 40( x + y )
3
[
= 5 u 3 – 8( x + y )
3
]
= 5 [u – (2( x + y )) ]
3 3
(
= 5 (u – 2[2 x + y ]) u 2 + 2u(2 x + y ) + 4(2 x + y )
2
)
= 5 (u – 4 x – 2 y )(u + 4ux + 2uy + 4( 4 x + 4 xy + y 2 ))
2 2
= 5 (u – 4 x – 2 y )(u 2 + 4ux + 2uy + 16x 2 + 16xy + 4 y 2 )

b. By dividing, 16. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – ( a + b + c ) x 2 + ( ab + bc + ca) x – abc.
x 4 + x 3 y + x 2 y 2 + xy 3 + y 4 f ( a) = a 3 – ( a + b + c ) a 2 + ( ab + bc + ca) a – abc
)
x – y x5 – y5 = a 3 – a 3 – a 2 b – a 2 c + a 2 b + abc + a 2 c – abc
x5 – x4 y =0
( )
∴ x – a is a factor of f(x).
x4 y
x4 y – x3y2
17. If n ∈ N , ( x + y ) will be a factor of f ( x ) = x n + y n
x3y2
if and only if n is an odd number. If n is an odd
x3y2 – x2y3
number, then
x2y3
f ( – y) = ( – y) + y n
n
2 3 4
x y – xy
= yn + yn
xy 4 – y 5
= 0.
xy 4 – y 5
However, if n is an even number, then
0
( f ( – y) = ( – y) + y n
n
x – y = ( x – y )( x + x y + x y + xy + y
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4
)
= yn + yn
c. ≠ 0,
x 5 – 32 = x 5 – 2 5
and in order for ( x + y ) to be a factor, f ( – y ) = 0 .
(
= ( x – 2) x 4 + x 3 ( –2) + x 2 ( –2) + x ( –2) + ( –2)
2 3 4
)
= ( x – 2)( x 4 – 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 – 8 x + 16)
18. Let f ( x ) = x 5 + y 5.
Since f ( y ) = ( – y ) + y 5
5
14. a. Let f ( x ) = x n – y n.
= –y 5 + y 5
Since f ( y ) = y – y = 0, then ( x – y ) is a factor
n n
=0
of x n – yn by the Factor Theorem. then ( x + y ) is a factor of f ( x ).
By dividing,
b. From the factoring pattern developed in questions 2 x 5 + y 5 = ( x + y )( x 4 – x 3 y + x 2 y 2 – xy 3 + y 4 ).
and 3, the other factor is
x n–1 + x n– 2 y + x n– 3 y 2 + L xy n– 2 + y n–1. 19. f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 + 5x + 12
Since f (x) is a cubic function, it could have at least
15. Let f ( x ) = ( x + a) + ( x + c ) + ( a – c )
5 5 5
one factor of the form ( x – p) where p is negative.
f ( – a) = ( a – a) + ( – a + c) + ( a – c)
5 5 5
Possible values for p are ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, and ± 12.
= 0 + [( –1)( a – c ) ] + ( a – c )
5 5
Using the graphing calculator, the function has no value
= ( –1) ( a – c ) + ( a – c )
5 5 5
for p. We cannot find a rational number for p.
= –( a – c) + ( a – c)
5 5
=0 Exercise 2.2
∴ ( x + a) is a factor of f ( x ) .
1. a. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 9 x – 5
For factors with integer coefficients, the first terms
must be either 2x or x. Since the only factors of 5
p
are 5and 1, the possible values of are
q
1 5
± , ± , ± 1, and ± 5.
2 2

b. f ( x ) = 3x 3 – 4 x 2 + 7 + 8  3
2. If f   = 0 , then ( 2 x – 3) is a factor of f (x). Since
For factors, the first terms must be 3x and x, and  2
the second terms must be ±1, ± 2, ± 4, and ± 8 . ( x – 2) is also a factor and f (x) is cubic, then
p f ( x ) = ( x – 2)( 2 x – 3)( ax + b) where a, b ∈ I , a ≠ 0 .
A graph of the function shows k = can be
q
between 0 and –1. Since p divides 3 and But f ( 4) = 50
1 2 ∴ ( 4 – 2)(2( 4) – 3)( 4 a + b) = 50
q divides 8, we try – , and – .
3 3 2(5)( 4 a + b) = 50
4a + b = 5
c. f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 3x 2 – 11x + 2
or b = 5 – 4 a.
The first terms of the possible factors must be
4x, 2x, or x. The second terms must be Since there are many values that satisfy this equation,
±1, ± 2 , ± 3, ± 4 , ± 6, or ± 12. we select one possibility, i.e., a = 1, b = 1. One
p possibility is f ( x ) = ( x – 2)(2 x – 3)( x + 1).
Graphing gives possible values for as between –2
q
and –3. Therefore, there are no possible values for 3. If g( 3) = 0 , then ( x – 3) is a factor of g( x ) .
p
.  3
q If g  –  = 0 , then ( 4 x + 3) is a factor.
 4
d. f ( x ) = 8 x 3 – 7 x 2 + 23x – 4
Since ( x + 2) is a given factor as well, then the
The first terms of the possible factors are
8x , 4 x , 2 x , or x. quartic function is g( x ) = ( x + 2)( x – 3)( 4 x + 3)( ax + b),
where a, b. I a ≠ 0.
The second terms could be ±1, ± 2 , ± 3, or ± 4.
By graphing, we see possible values for k are Since g(1) = −84
between 0 and 1, closer to 0. (1 + 2)(1 – 3)( 4 + 3)( a + b) = –84
p 1 1 3 (3)( –2)( 7)( a + b) = –84
Possible values for are then , , or .
q 8 4 8 a + b = 2.
Let a = 1, then b = 1.
e. f ( x ) = 6x – 7x + 4 x + 3 The function is
3 2
The first terms could be 6 x , 3x , 2 x , or x. (q) g( x ) = ( x + 2)( x – 3)( 4 x + 3)( x + 1).
The second terms could be ±1, ± 2 , ± 3, or ± 6. (p)

By graphing, we see possible values for k are 4. a. f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 + x – 1
between 0 and –1.
p
From the graph and the possibilities for , we see
p 1 1 q
Possible values for are – and – . 1
q 3 2 possible values for k is .
2
1
Using the CALC function, we have x = , y = 0.
2

 1   f. f ( x ) = 18 x – 15x – x + 2
3 2
Therefore, f   = 0 , so  x – 1  or ( 2 x – 1)
 2  2 From the graph, we see that there are three factors, one
is a factor. between –1 and 0, and two between 0 and 1. The first
terms could be 1x , 2 x , 3x , 6x , 9x , and 18x . ( q )
f ( x) = 2 x 3 + x 2 + x – 1 The second terms could be ±1, or ± 2. (p)
( 3x + 1) may be a factor.
= (2 x – 1)( x 2 + kx + 1) , where k ∈ I
= 2 x 3 + (2 k – 1) x 2 + ...  1  1
3
 1  1
2
Testing, f  –  = 18  –  – 15  –  –  –  + 2
Comparing coefficients, 2 k – 1 = 1.  3  3  3  3
18 15 1
2k = 2 =– – + +2
27 9 3
k =1 = 0.
∴ 2 x 3 + x 2 + x – 1 = (2 x – 1)( x 2 + x + 1). ∴ ( 3x + 1) is a factor.
So, 18 x 3 – 15x 2 – x + 2
c. f ( x ) = 6 x 3 – 17 x 2 + 11x – 2
= ( 3x + 1)( 6 x 2 + kx + 2)
From the graph, we see possible values for k are
= 18x 3 + (3k + 6) x 2 + ...
between 0 and 1, and at 2. Checking the
Comparing coefficients, 3k + 6 = –15
CALC and VALUE functions, 3k = –21
k = –7.
 1
f ( 2) = 0 and f   = 0. Therefore, 18x 3 – 15x 3 – x + 2 = (3x + 1)(6x 2 – 7x + 2)
 2
= (3x + 1)(3x – 2)(2 x – 1) .
So, ( x – 2) and (2x – 1) are factors of f (x).
g. f ( x ) = 3x 4 – 5x 3 – x 2 – 4 x + 4
∴ 6x 3 – 17x 2 + 11x – 2 = (2 x – 1)( x – 2)(3x – 1).
p
There are two possible values for k = at 2 and
q
e. f ( x ) = 5x 4 + x 3 – 22 x 2 – 4 x + 8
between 0 and 1. Using the CALC function and
From the graph, we see that there are four factors.
p
Possible values for k = are –2, between –1 2
q testing VALUE of x = 2 and , we find
3
and 0, between 0 and 1, and 2. Testing, f ( –2) = 0
2
and f ( +2) = 0 . So, ( x + 2) and ( x – 2) are f ( 2) = 0 and f   = 0.
 3
factors.
∴ 5x 4 + x 3 – 22 x 2 – 4 x + 8 So, the two factors are (x – 2) and (3x – 2).
= ( x + 2)( x – 2)( 5x 2 + kx – 2) 3x 4 – 5x 3 – x 2 – 4 x + 4
= ( x – 4)( 5x + kx – 2)
2 2
= ( x – 2)(3x – 2)( x 2 + kx + 1)
= 5x 4 + kx3 + … = (3x 2 – 8x + 4)( x 2 + kx + 1)
Comparing coefficients, k = 1. = 3x 4 + (3k – 8) x 3 + ...
∴ 5x 4 + x 3 – 22 x 2 – 4 x + 8 = ( x + 2)( x – 2)(5x 2 + x – 2) . Comparing coefficients, 3k – 8 = –5

3k = 3
k = 1.
∴ 3x 4 – 5x 3 – x 2 – 4 x + 4 = ( x – 2)(3x – 2)( x 2 + x + 1).

5. a. f ( x ) = px 3 + ( p – q) x 2 + ( –2 p – q) x + 2q Exercise 2.3
The first term can be p or 1.
The second term can be ± 2 , ± q , or ± 2 q. 3. a. Since the x-intercepts are –3, 0, and 2, ( x + 3) ,
We try x = –2: x, and ( x – 2) must be factors of the cubic function.
f ( –2) = p( –2) + ( p – q)( –2) + ( –2 p – q)( –2) + 2

3 2
Therefore, f ( x ) = k ( x )( x – 2)( x + 3) , where k is a
= –8 p + 4 p – 4 q + 4 p + 2 q + 2 q constant, represents the family of cubic functions.
= 0.
b. If ( –1, 12) lies on the graph of one member of the family,
So, ( x + 2) is a factor of f ( x ) .
then ( –1, 12) must satisfy the equation.
∴ px + ( p – q) x + ( –2 p – q) x + 2 q
3 2
Substituting, 12 = k ( –1)( –1 – 2)( –1 + 3)
= ( x + 2)( px + kx + q)
2
12 = 6k
= px 3 + ( k + 2 p) x 2 + ... k = 2.
So, the particular member is
By comparing coefficients, we have f ( x ) = 2 x ( x – 2)( x + 3).
k + 2p = p – q
k = – p – q.
4. a. Since the x-intercepts are –2, –1, and 1, then
∴ px 3 + ( p – q) x 2 + ( –2 p – q) x + 2 q
( x + 2) , ( x + 1) , and ( x – 1) are factors of f ( x) .
= ( x + 2)( px 2 – ( p + q) x + q).
∴ f ( x ) = k ( x – 1)( x + 1)( x + 2), where k is a
b. f ( x ) = abx + ( a – 2b – ab) x + ( 2b – a – 2) x + 2
3 2 constant.
If the factors are integer values, the first term
3
can be ax, bx, abx, or x and the second term 6. For roots 1, 2 , and , the factors must be ( x – 1) , ( x – 2) ,
5
can be ±1 or ± 2 . and ( 5x – 3) . A polynomial equation with these
p 1 1 1
So, K = can be ± 1, ± 2, ± , ± , ± , etc.
roots is ( x – 1)( x – 2)( 5x – 3) = 0 .
q a b ab
f (1) = ab + a – 2b – ab + 2b – a – 2 + 2 7. If 2 is a root of the equation, substituting x = 2

=0 will satisfy the equation. Then,
∴ ( x – 1) is a factor. 2(2) – 5k (2) + 7(2) + 10 = 0
3 2
So, abx 3 + ( a – 2 b – ab) x 2 + (2 b – a – 2) x + 2 16 – 20 k + 14 + 10 = 0

= ( x – 1)( abx 2 + kx – 2) –20 k = –40
= abx 3 + ( k – ab) x 2 + ( –2 – k ) x + 2. k = 2.
Comparing coefficients, k – ab = a – 2b – ab
k = a – 2 b.
∴ abx 3 + ( a – 2 b – ab) x 2 + (2 b – a – 2) x + 2
= ( x – 1)( abx 2 + ( a – 2 b) x – 2)
= ( x – 1)( ax – 2)( bx + 1).

8. b. x 2 + 2 x + 10 = 0 i. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 3x 2 – 4 x + 12.
–2 ± 2 2 – 4(1)(10) f (2) = 2 3 – 3 (2) – 4(2) + 12
2
x=
2(1) =0
–2 ± 6i ∴ ( x – 2) is a factor of f ( x ) .
=
2 2
By dividing, the other factor is x – x – 6 .
= –1 ± 3i
x2 – x – 6
)
x – 2 x – 3x – 4 x + 12
3 2
e. x3 = x
x 3 – 2x 2
x3 – x = 0
– x2 – 4x
x ( x 2 – 1) = 0
– x 2 + 2x
x ( x – 1)( x + 1) = 0
– 6 x + 12
x=0 or x –1 = 0 or x +1 = 0
–6 x + 12
x=0 or x =1 or x = –1
0
x 3 – 3x 2 – 4 x + 12 = 0
f. x4 – 1 = 0
( x – 2)( x 2 – x – 6) = 0
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 – 1) = 0
( x – 2)( x – 3)( x + 2) = 0
x2 + 1 = 0 or x2 – 1 = 0
x–2 =0 or x–3=0 or x+2 =0
x 2 = –1 or x2 = 1
x =2 or x =3 or x = –2
x = ±i or x = ±1
j. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 9x 2 + 26x – 24.
f (2) = 2 3 – 9(2) + 26(2) – 24
2
h. 8x 3 – 27 = 0
(2 x) = 8 – 36 + 52 – 24
3
– 33 = 0
(2 x – 3)( 4 x 2 + 6x + 9) = 0 =0
2 x – 3 = 0 or 4 x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0 ∴(x – 2) is a factor of f(x).
–6 ± 36 – 4( 4)(9) So, x 3 – 9x 2 + 26x = 24
2 x = 3 or x=
2( 4) x 3 – 9x 2 + 26x – 24 = 0
x=
3
or x=
–6 ± –108 ( x – 2)( x 2 – 7x + 12) = 0  by comparing coefficients

2 8 ( x – 2)( x – 4)( x – 3) = 0  or by division
–6 ± 6i 3 x – 2 = 0 or x – 4 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
=
8
x = 2 or x = 4 or x =3
–3 ± 3i 3
=
4
l. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 2 x 2 – 15x + 36  To find the zeros, use
 this ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, K
f (3) = 27 – 2(9) – 15(3) + 36
all factors of 36.
= 27 – 18 – 45 + 36
=0
∴ ( x – 3) is a factor of f(x).
x 3 – 2 x 2 – 15x + 36 = 0
( x – 3)( x 2 + x – 12) = 0 by inspection
( x – 3)( x + 4)( x – 3) = 0
x–3=0 or x+4=0 or x–3=0
x =3 or x =–4 or x =3
Then x = 3 or –4.

b. 4 x + 19 x + 11x – 4 = 0
3 2
m. x 3 + 8 x + 10 = 7 x 2 9.
x 3 – 7 x 2 + 8 x + 10 = 0 By graphing f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 19x 2 + 11x – 4,
Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 7x 2 + 8x + 10. it appears that the x-intercepts are –4, –1, and
To find the zeros, we try ±1, ± 2 , ± 5,K all 0.25.
factors of 10.
By using VALUE selection in CALC mode,
f ( 5) = 53 – 7( 5) + 8( 5) + 10
2
we see f ( – 4) = f ( –1) = f ( 0.25) = 0.

=0
∴ ( x – 5) is a factor of f(x). ∴ ( x + 4) and ( x + 1) and ( 4 x + 1) are factors
of f (x).
So, x 3 – 7x + 8x + 10 = 0
( x – 5)( x 2 – 2 x – 2) = 0 by inspection By taking the product, we can verify this.
x–5=0 or x 2 – 2 x – 2 = 0 ( x + 4)( x + 1)( 4 x + 1)
2 ± 2 – 4(1)( –2)
2
= ( x + 5x + 4)( 4 x – 1)
2
x =5 or x=
2(1) = 4 x 2 – x 2 + 20 x 2 – 5x + 16x – 4
2 ± 12 = 4 x 2 + 19x 2 + 11x – 4
=
2 ∴ x = – 4 or – 1 or 0.25.
2±2 3
=
2 d. 4 x 4 – 2 x 3 – 16x 2 + 8x = 0
=1± 3 x( 4 x 3 – 2 x 2 – 16x + 8) = 0
x [2 x 2 (2 x – 1) – 8(2 x – 1)] = 0
n. x 3 – 3x 2 + 16 = 6 x x [(2 x – 1)(2 x 2 – 8) ] = 0
x 3 – 3x 2 – 6 x + 16 = 0 x=0 or 2x – 1 = 0 or 2x 2 – 8 = 0
1
To find x, such that f ( x ) = 0 , we try the factors of or x= or 2x 2 = 8
2
16, i.e., ±1, ± 2, etc.
x2 = 4
f ( 2) = 2 – 3( 2) – 6( 2) + 16
3 2
x = ±2
=0
∴(x – 2) is a factor of f (x).
f. x 4 – 7 = 6x 2
x 3 – 3x 2 – 6x + 16 = 0
x 4 – 6x 2 – 7 = 0
( x – 2)( x 2 – x – 8) = 0 ( x – 7)( x 2 + 1) = 0
2
x–2 =0 or x 2 – x – 8 = 0
x 2 – 7 = 0 or x 2 + 1 = 0
1 ± 1 – 4(1)( –8) x2 = 7 x 2 = –1
x =2 or x=
2(1)
x=± 7 x = ±i
1 ± 33
=
2

h. ( x + 1) ( x + 5) ( x + 3) = –3 c. (x 2
– x ) – 8( x 2 – x ) + 12 = 0
2
( x + 6x + 5) ( x + 3) = –3
2
Let a = x 2 – x.
x + 3x + 6x + 18x + 5x + 15 = –3
3 2 2
Then substituting,
x 3 + 9x 2 + 23x + 18 = 0 a 2 – 8a + 12 = 0
( a – 6)( a – 2) = 0
Let f ( x ) = x 3 + 9x 2 + 23x + 18 K
a – 6 = 0 or a – 2 = 0.
Try x = ±1, ± 2 , ± 3.
But a = x 2 – x
f ( –2) = ( –2) + 9( –2) + 23( –2) + 18
3 2
∴x 2 – x – 6 = 0 or x2 – x – 2 = 0
= –8 + 36 – 46 + 18 = 0
( x – 3)( x + 2) = 0 ( x – 2)( x + 1) = 0
∴ ( x + 2) is a factor of x + 2 x – 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 x – 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
By division, x = 3 or x = –2 x = 2 or x = –1.
x 3 + 9x 2 + 23x + 18 = ( x + 2)( x 2 + 7x + 9) = 0 2
 1 77  1
x+2 =0 or x 2 + 7x + 9 = 0 d.  x –  –  x –  + 10 = 0
 x 12  x
–7 ± 49 – 4(1)(9)
x = –2 x=
2(1) 1
Let a = x – .
–7 ± 13 x
= . 77
2 a2 – a + 10 = 0
12
12a 2 – 77a + 120 = 0
10. a. x 8 – 10 x 4 + 9 = 0
( x 4 – 9)( x 4 – 1) = 0 Since there are so many possible integers to try,
x4 – 9 = 0 or x4 – 1 = 0 we use the quadratic formula.
( x – 3)( x + 3) = 0 or ( x – 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0
2 2 2
( –77) – 4(12)(120)
2
77 ±
x 2 – 3 = 0 or x 2 + 3 = 0 or x 2 – 1 = 0 or x 2 + 1 = 0 a=
2(12)
x = ± 3 or x = ±i 3 or x = ±1 or x = ± i
77 ± 13
=
24
b. x 6 – 7 x 3 – 8 = 0 15 8
= or
Let x 3 = a. 4 3
a 2 – 7a – 8 = 0
( a – 8)( a + 1) = 0
1
a – 8 = 0 or a + 1 = 0 But a = x –
x
But a = x 3 ; substituting,
x 3 – 8 = 0 or x3 + 1 = 0 1 15 1 8
∴x – = or x – = .
( x – 2)( x + 2 x + 4) = 0 or ( x + 1)( x – x + 1) = 0
2 2 x 4 x 3
x – 2 or x 2 + 2 x + 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x 2 – x + 1 = 0 Since x ≠ 0
15x
–2 ± 4 – 4(1)( 4) x2 – 1 =
or 3x 2 – 8 x – 3 = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
2(1)
4 x 2 – 15x – 4 = 0
1 ± 1 – 4(1)(1)
or x = –1 or x = ( 4 x + 1)( x – 4) = 0 or (3x + 1)( x – 3) = 0
2
4 x + 1 = 0 or x – 4 = 0 or 3x + 1 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
–2 ± –12 1 ± –3
x = 2 or x = or x = –1 or x = x =–
1
or x = 4 or x=–
1
. x = 3.
or
2 2 4 3
1± 3
x = 2 or x = –1 ± 3i or x = –1 or x =
2

e. ( 3x – 5)( 3x + 1) ( 3x + 7) + 68 = 0 11. The volume of ice is given by y = 8 x 3 + 36 x 2 + 54 x .
2
Let a = 3x + 1 . If the volume of ice is 2170 cm3,

Then 3x – 5 = a – 6 and 3x + 7 = a + 6 . 8x 3 + 36x 2 + 54 x = 2170
Substituting, 8x 3 + 36x 2 + 54 x – 2170 = 0
( a – 6)( a) ( a + 6) + 68 = 0
2
4 x 3 + 18x 2 + 27x – 1085 = 0..
a ( a – 36) + 68 = 0
2 2
By graphing y = 4 x 3 + 18x 2 + 27x – 1085,
a 4 – 36a 2 + 68 = 0 we find y = 0 when x = 5 .
( a 2 – 34)( a 2 – 2) = 0 Since x represents the thickness of ice that gives a
a – 34 = 0 or a – 2 = 0.
2 2
specific volume, there is only one value, i.e., the
But a = 3x + 1 thickness of ice is 5 cm.
∴ ( 3x + 1) – 34 = 0 or ( 3x + 1) – 2 = 0
2 2
12. b. x 3 – 2 x 2 – 8 x + 13 = 0
9x + 6x – 33 = 0
2
9x + 6x – 1 = 0
2
Graphing y = x 3 – 2 x 2 – 8 x + 13 , we find the
–6 ± 6 – 4(9)( –1)
2
roots using CALC mode and ZERO ,
3x 2 + 2 x – 11 = 0 x=
2(9) locating roots between –3 and –2, and 1, 2, 3
–2 ± 2 2 – 4(3)( –11) –6 ± 72 and 4. The roots are x =˙ –2.714, 1.483, and 3.231.
x= =
2(3) 18
c. 2x3 – 6x2 + 4 = 0
–2 ± 136 –6 ± 6 2
x= = Graphing y = 2 x 3 – 6x 2 + 4, the roots lie
6 18
between –1 and 0, between 2 and 3, and exactly 1.
–1 ± 34 –1 ± 2
= = . Using ZERO option in CALC mode, we
3 3
find roots at –0.732 and 2.732.
f. (x 2
+ 6 x + 6)( x + 6 x + 8) = 528
2
∴ the roots are 1, –0.732, and 2.732.
Let a = x 2 + 6 x + 6 .
13. Let the dimensions of the box have a height of x cm,
Then substituting,
a( a + 2) = 528 a width of (x + 1) cm, and a length of (x + 2) cm. The
a 2 + 2a – 528 = 0 volume of the rectangular box is V0 = x ( x + 1)( x + 2)
( a + 24)( a – 22) = 0 where volume, V, is in cm3. The new dimensions are
a + 24 = 0 or a – 22 = 0 2x, x + 2, and x + 3.
∴ the new volume is V1 = 2 x ( x + 2)( x + 3).
But a = x 2 + 6 x + 6
∴ x 2 + 6x = 6 + 24 = 0 or x 2 = 6x + 6 – 22 = 0 The increase in volume is
V 1 – V0 = 120
x 2 + 6x + 30 = 0 x 2 + 6x – 16 = 0
2 x ( x + 2)( x + 3) – x ( x + 1)( x + 2) = 120
–6 ± 6 2 – 4(1)(30)
x= ( x + 8)( x – 2) = 0 2 x ( x 2 + 5x + 6) – x ( x 2 + 3x + 2) = 120
2(1)
2 x 3 + 10 x 2 + 12 x – x 3 – 3x 2 – 2 x = 120
–6 ± –84
= x + 8 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 x 3 + 7x 2 + 10 x – 120 = 0
2
Let f ( x ) = x 3 + 7x 2 + 10 x – 120.
= –3 ± i 21 x = –8 or x =2
Since f (3) = 3 3 + 7(3) + 10(3) – 120
2
= 0.

then ( x – 3) is a factor. 15. a = 0.6t + 2 (1)
By dividing, x + 7 x + 10 x – 120 = 0 (2)
3 2
v = 0.3t + 2t + 4
2
becomes ( x – 3)( x 2 + 10 x + 40) = 0 s = 0.1t 3 + t 2 + 4t (3)

x – 3 = 0 or x + 10 x + 40 = 0
2
where a is acceleration in km/s2 v is the velocity in
–10 ± 10 – 4(1)( 40)
2
km/s and s is the displacement in km.
x = 3 or x =
2
If the displacement is 25 km, then
–10 ± –60 25 = 0.1t 3 + t 2 + 4t where t > 0, t ∈ R
=
2
or 0.1t 3 + t 2 + 4t – 25 = 0.
= –5 ± i 15 .
Using the graph of f (t ) = 0.1t 3 + t 2 + 4t – 25, we find
But x > 0, x ∈ R since it represents the height of the one real root at t = 3.100833 .
box; ∴ x = 3 Therefore, after 3.1 the rocket will have travelled
∴ the dimensions are 3 cm by 4 cm by 5 cm.
25 km.
14. The volume of the silo is to be 2000 m3. Let r cm be

the radius of the main section.
1 4 3
V = πr 2 h +  3 πr 
2  
↑ ↑
(main section) ( roof volume)
2 3
V = 10πr 2 + πr
3
But V = 2000
2
∴ πr 3 + 10πr 2 – 2000 = 0
3
Graphing,
2 3
y= πr + 10πr 2 – 2000 ,
3
we find one real root at x = 3.6859 . Therefore, the
radius should be about 3.69 m.

Section 2.4 Investigation
Roots Product
Equation a b c Sum
of Roots of Roots
x 2 – 5x + 6 = 0 1 –5 6 3, 2 5 6
x 2 + 3x – 28 = 0 1 3 –28 –7, 4 –3 –28
1 19
– , –6 –
3x 2 + 19 x + 6 = 0 3 19 6 3 3 2
x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 1 –4 1 2± 3 4 1
17 ± 273 17
2 x 2 – 17 x + 2 = 0 2 –17 2 2 1
4
–1 ± i 39 1 2
–
5x + x + 2 = 0
2
5 1 2 10 5 5
1. The sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is the opposite of the coefficient of the linear term divided by the
b.
coefficient of the quadratic term, that is, x1 + x 2 = –
a
2. The product of the roots of a quadratic equation is the quotient of the constant term divided by the coefficient of the
c
quadratic term, that is, ( x1 )( x 2 ) = .
a
Exercise 2.4 d. The equation is

13 1
x2 + x+ =0
2. The quadratic equation is 12 4
x 2 – (sum of the roots) × (product of the roots) = 0. or 12 x 2 + 13x + 3 = 0.
e. The equation is
a. The equation is x 2 – 3x + 7 = 0 .
2
x 2 + 11x – = 0
b. The equation is x 2 + 6 x + 4 = 0 . 3
c. The equation is or 3x 2 + 33x – 2 = 0.
1 2
x2 – x– =0
5 25
or 25x 2 – 5x – 2 = 0.

3. b. x1 + x 2 = –5 + 8 and x1 x 2 = ( –5)(8) Solution 2
=3 = – 40
Let h represent the second root of 2x2 + kx – 20 = 0.
The equation is x – 3x – 40 = 0 .
2
1 
The sum of the roots is h + 5 = –
k
2
(1)
c. x1 + x 2 = 3 + 1 and x1 x 2 = ( 3) 
3  3 20
and the product is 5h = –
10 2
= =1 5h = –10
3
h = –2 ( 2)
10
2
The equation is x – x +1 = 0 k
3 Substituting into (1) –2 + 5 = –
2
3x 2 – 10 x + 3 = 0.
k
3=–
   2
e. x1 + x 2 = –
4
+
5 25
3
and (x )(x ) =  – 45   253 
1 2 k = –6 .
17 12
=– =– 5. Let h represent the other root of x 2 + x – 2k = 0 .
25 125
The equation is The sum of the roots is h – 7 = –1 or h = 6 .
17 12 The product of the roots is ( –7)( h) = –2k .

x2 + x– =0 But h = 6 ,
25 125
or 125x + 85x – 12 = 0.
2 ∴ ( –7)(6) = –2 k
– 42 = –2 k
k = 21.
f.
The other root is 6, and k = 21.
x1 + x 2 = ( 2 + i )( 2 – i ) and ( x )( x ) = ( 2 + i )( 2 – i )
1 2
=4 = 4 – i2 6. Let x1 and x 2 represent the roots of the given

=5 equations,
x 2 + 8x – 1 = 0.
The equation is x – 4 x + 5 = 0 .
2
∴ x1 + x 2 = –8 and ( x1 )( x 2 ) = –1.
The roots of the required equation are x1 + 6
4. Solution 1 and x 2 + 6 .
For the sum of the new equation, the sum of the
Since 5 is a root of 2 x 2 + kx – 20 = 0 , it must satisfy the roots is
equation. Therefore, (x 1 + 6) + ( x 2 + 6) = x1 + x 2 + 12.
But x1 + x 2 = –8.
2(5) + k (5) – 20 = 0
2
50 + k (5) – 20 = 0 Therefore, the sum of the roots of the new equation is

5k = –30 –8 + 12 or 4.
k = – 6. For the new equation, the product of the roots is
( x1 + 6) ( x 2 + 6)
= x1 x 2 + 6x1 + 6x 2 + 36
= x1 x 2 + 6 ( x1 + x 2 ) + 36
= ( –1) + 6 ( –8) + 36
= –13.
So, the new equation is x 2 – 4 x – 13 = 0 .

Let x1 and x 2 represent the roots of the given Let the roots of 4 x – 9 x – 2 = 0 be represented by x1
2
7. 9.
equation. and x 2.
17
x1 + x 2 = and ( x1 x 2 ) = 1 9 2 1
2 x1 + x 2 = and x1 x 2 = – = –
4 4 2
The roots of the required equation are x1 + 5 and 2 2
The roots of the required equation are x1 and x 2 .
x2 + 5 .
For the new equation, the sum of the roots is x1 + x 2 .
2 2
For the new equation, the sum of the roots is

(x + 5) + (x + 5)
1 2 But (x 1 + x 2 ) = x1 + 2 x1 x 2 + x 2
2 2 2
= ( x + x ) + 10 2
17
1 2  9
 4
2
( 2
)
  = x1 + x 2 + 2 ( x1 x 2 )
= + 10
2
37
= .
81
16
2 2
(  1
= x1 + x 2 + 2  – 
 2
)
2
2 2 81
For the new equation, the product of the roots is ∴ x1 + x 2 = +1
16
(x 1 + 5) ( x 2 + 5) 97
=
= x1 x 2 + 5( x1 + x 2 ) + 25 16
 17  For the new equation, the product of the roots is
= 1 + 5   + 25
2 x1 x 2 = ( x1 x 2 )
2 2 2
137 2
= .  1
2 = – 
 2
37 237 1
2
So, the new equation is x – x+ =0 = .
2 2 4
or 2 x 2 – 37 x + 137 = 0 . So, the required equation is
x 2 – ( x1 2 + x 2 2 ) x + x1 2 x 2 2 = 0
8. Let x1 and x2 be the roots of 3x 2 + 7 x + 3 = 0 , 97 1
x2 – x+ =0
16 4
7 16 x 2 – 97 x + 4 = 0 .
x1 + x 2 = – and ( x1 xx 2 ) = 1 . The roots of the or
3
required equation are 3x1 and 3x 2 . For the new 10. Let x1 and x2 be the roots of 5x 2 + 10 x + 1 = 0 .
equation, the sum of the roots is
10 1
3 x1 + 3 x 2 Then x1 + x 2 = – = –2 and x1 x 2 = .
= 3 ( x1 + x 2 )
5 5
Since the roots of the required equation are their
 7
= 3 –  1 1
 3 reciprocals, and the new roots are and .
x1 x2
= –7.
For the new equation, the product of the roots is
(3x1 )(3x 2 )
= 9 x1 x 2
= 9(1)
= 9.
Therefore, the new equation is x 2 + 7 x + 9 = 0 .

The sum of the new roots is 1 1 2 2
+ The product of the new roots is  1   1 
x1 x 2  x1   x 2 
x + x1
= 2 1
x1 x 2 = 2 2
x1 x 2
2
=–
1 1
=
(x x )
2
5 1 2
= –10.
1
=
( –2 )
2
The product of the new roots is  1 1

   1
 x1   x 2  = .
1 4
=
1
5 The required equation is
x 2 – (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0.
= 5.
1
x 2 – 10 x + = 0
So, the required equation is x 2 + 10 x + 5 = 0 . 4
4 x – 40 x + 1 = 0
2
11. Let the roots of the given equation be x1 and x2. 12. Let x1 and x2 be the roots of 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0 .
For x 2 + 6x – 2 = 0, x1 + x 2 = – 6 and x1 x 2 = –2 . 4 1
x1 + x 2 = –
2
and ( x )( x ) = 2
1 2
 1  
2 2
= –2
The roots of the required equation are   and  1  .
 x1   x2 
3 3
The roots of the new equation are x1 and x 2 .
The sum of the new roots is 1 1
+
x1 x 2 = ( x1 x 2 )
2 2 3 3 3
x1 x2 The product of the new roots is
3
 1
2 2
x 2 + x1
= = 
2
x1 x 2
2
 2
1
=
2 2
x1 + x 2 .
= . 8
(x x )
2
1 2
The sum of the new roots is x1 + x 2 .
3 3
(x + x 2 ) = x1 + 2 x + x 2 + x 2
2 2 2
Now,
(x + x 2 ) = x1 + 3 x1 x 2 + 3 x1 x 2 + x 2
1 3 3 2 2 3
But
( –6) = x 1 + 2 ( –2 ) + x 2 .
2 2 2 1
2 2
( –2 )
3 3
( 2
= x1 + 3 x1 x 2 + 3 x1 x 2 + x 2
2
) 3
So, x1 + x 2 = 36 + 4
–8 = x 1 + x 2 + 3 x 1 x 2 ( x 1 + x 2 )
3 3
= 40.
 1
x1 2 x 2 2 = –2 –8 = x1 + x 2 + 3 +3   ( –2).
3
and
 2
(x x )
2
so, 1 2 = 4.
3 3
Therefore, the sum of the new roots is So, x1 + x 2 = –5.
2 2
x1 + x 2 40
= = 10.
(x x ) 1
2
4 Therefore, the new equation is x 2 + 5x + =0
1 2
8
8x 2 + 40 x + 1 = 0.

13. A cubic equation with roots x1 , x 2 , x 3 may be 15. Let the roots of x3 – 4x 2 – 2 = 0 be represented by
written as x1, x2, x3. From the solution to question 13,
( x – x1 )( x – x 2 )( x – x 3 ) = 0 (1) 4
x1 + x 2 + x 3 = = 4
Expanding, ( x – x )( x – ( x
1
2
2 + x 3 )x + x 2 x 3 ) = 0
1
x 1 x 2 + x 1 x 3 + x 2 x 3= 3
x 3 – (x 2 + x 3 )x 2 + x 2 x 3 x x 1 x 2 x 3 = 3.
– ( x1 ) x 2 + ( x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 ) x – x1 x 2 x 3 = 0
x 3 – ( x1 + x 2 + x 3 ) x 2 + ( x1 x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x1 x 3 ) x – x1 x 2 x 3 = 0
For the required equation, the roots are
x 1 + 2, x 2 + 2, and x 3 + 2.
Comparing the coefficients of this expanded expression
(i) (x 1 + 2) + (x 2 + 2) + (x 3 + 2) = (x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) + 6
with the general cubic equation
=4+6
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0, (2) = 10
we note that the cubic term must be 1 in order to
compare these equations, therefore, dividing (2) by (ii) (x 1 + 2)(x 2 + 2)(x 1 + 2)(x 3 + 2)(x 2 + 2) (x 3 + 2)
a, we get
b 2 c d
[ ] [
= x1 x 2 + 2( x1 + x 2 ) + 4 + x1 x 3 + 2( x 3 + x1 ) + 4 ]
x3 +
a
x + x+ =0.
a a [
+ x2 x3 + 2( x + x ) + 4 ]
3 2
b
Now, x1 + x 2 + x 3 = – = x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x 2 x 3 + 2
a
x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x 2 x 3 =
c 2( x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x1 + x 3 + x 2 ) + 4 + 4 + 4
a
d = ( x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x 2 x 3 ) + 4( x1 + x 2 + x 3 ) + 12
and x1 x 2 x 3 = – .
a = 3 + 4( 4) + 12
= 31
14. Given the roots of a cubic equation are

1
, 2 , and 4,
(iii) (x 1 + 2)( x 2 + 2)( x 3 + 2)
2 = (x 1 + 2)( x 2 x 3 + 2( x 3 + x 2 ) + 4)
1
x1 + x 2 + x 3 = + 2 + 4 = x1 x 2 x 3 + 2 ( x1 x 3 + x1 x 2 ) + 4 ( x1 + 2 x 2 x 3 + 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 ) + 8
2
13 = x1 x 2 x 3 + 2 ( x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x 2 x 3 ) + 4 ( x1 + x 2 + x 3 ) + 8
=
2 = 2 + 2(3) + 4( 4) + 8
 1  1 = 32
x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x 2 x 3 =   (2) +   ( 4) + (2)( 4)
 2  2
= 11 The required equation is x 3 – 10 x 2 + 31x – 32 = 0.
 1
x1 x 2 x 3 =   (2)( 4)
 2
= 4.
Therefore, the cubic equation is
13 2
x3 – x + 11x – 4 = 0
2
or 2 x – 13x 2 + 22 x – 8 = 0.
3

16. A quartic equation with roots x1 , x 2 , x 3 , and x 4 may be
written as ( x – x1 )( x – x 2 )( x – x 3 )( x – x 4 ) = 0 .
Expanding, we have
(x – (x
2
1 )(
+ x 2 ) x + x1 x 2 x 2 – ( x 3 + x 4 ) x + x 3 x 4 = 0 )
x 4 – ( x 3 + x 4 ) x 3 + x 3 x 4 x 2 – ( x1 + x 2 ) x 3 – ( x1 + x 2 ) ( x 3 + x 4 ) x 2 – ( x1 + x 2 ) x 3 x 4 x + ( x1 x 2 ) x 2 – ( x 3 + x 4 ) x1 x 2 x + x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 0
x 4 – ( x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 ) x 3 + ( x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x1 x 4 + x 2 x 3 + x 2 x 4 + x 3 x 4 ) x 2 – ( x1 x 3 x 4 + x 2 x 3 x 4 + x1 x 2 x 3 + x1 x 2 x 4 ) x + x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x = 0
Comparing coefficients with the general quartic equation of ax + bx + cx + dx + e = 0

4 3 2
b 3 c 2 d e
or x 4 + x + x + x + = 0.
a a a a
We have
b
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = –
a
c
x1 x 2 + x1 x 3 + x1 x 4 + x 2 x 3 + x 2 x 4 + x 3 x 4 =
a
d
x1 x 2 x 3 + x1 x 3 x 4 + x 2 x 3 x 4 + x1 x 2 x 4 = –
a
e
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = .
a
Exercise 2.5
2. c. x 2 – 7x + 10 ≤ 0 d. 2 x 2 + 5x – 3 > 0
From the graph of y = x 2 – 7 x + 10 , it appears From the graph of f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5x – 3 , it
that y = 0 if x = 2 or 5. By substituting into the appears that the intercepts are –3 and 0.5. Using
function, we see y = 0 if x = 2 or 5. So, the the VALUE mode in the CALC function or
intercepts are 2 and 5. For x – 7x + 10 ≤ 0, the
2
by substituting, we find f ( –3) = f ( 0.5) = 0 . The
graph is below or on the x-axis. Therefore, the solution to 2 x 2 + 5x – 3 > 0 is the set of values
solution is 2 ≤ x ≤ 5. for x for which f ( x ) is above the x-axis, i.e.,
x < –3 or x > 0.5.

e. –x2 + 4x – 4 ≥ 0 h. 2 x 3 + x 2 – 5x + 2 ≤ 0
For y = f ( x ) = – x 2 + 4 x – 4 , the intercept appears The graph of f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 – 5x + 2 is shown.
to be 2. The intercepts appear to be –2, and between 0
f ( 2) = 0 and 1. By using the CALC function and
VALUE and ZERO modes, we find
So, the solution to –x + 4x –4 ≥ 0 is the set of
values for x where y is on or above the x-axis. intercepts at –2, 0.5, and 1. The solution to
2 x 3 + x 2 – 5x + 2 ≤ 0 is the set of values for x
But there is only one point that satisfies the
condition, (2, 0), so the solution is x = 2 . for which f (x) is on or below the x-axis. The
solution is x ≤ –2 or 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
f. – x 3 + 9x ≥ 0
x 3 – 10 x – 2 ≥ 0
From the graph of y = f ( x ) = – x 3 + 9 x , i.
it appears the x-intercepts are –3, 0, and 3. The graph of f ( x ) = x 3 – 10 x – 2 is shown. The
Verifying this from f ( –3) = f ( 0) = f ( 3) = 0 , intercepts appear to be close to –3, 0, and 3.
then the solution to –x3 + 9x ≥ 0 is the set of Using the ZERO mode of the CALC
values for x where y is on or above the x-axis, function, we find approximate x-intercepts at
i.e., x ≤ –3 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 . x = –3.057, –0.201, and 3.258. The solution will
be those values for x for which f (x) is on or above
the x-axis. Then, for accuracy to one decimal
place, the solution is –3.1 ≤ x ≤ –0.2 or x ≥ 3.3 .
g. x 3 – 5x 2 < x – 5
x 3 – 5x 2 – x + 5 < 0
The graph of f ( x ) = x 3 – 5x 2 – x + 5 is shown.
j. x2 + 1 > 0
We can verify intercepts at –1, 1, and 5 by using
substitution or the CALC function in Solution 1
VALUE mode. The solution of For all real values of x, x 2 ≥ 0 , so x 2 + 1 ≥ 0 . The
x – 5x – x + 5 < 0 is the set of values for which
3 2
solution is x ∈ R .
f(x) is below the x-axis, i.e., x ≤ –1 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 .
Solution 2
The graph of f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 shows all is above the x-axis.
Therefore, the solution is R.

x =˙ 0.34, v =˙ 2.08
x =˙ 0.51, v =˙ 4.42
and x =˙ 3.23, v =˙ 4.5
x =˙ 3.32, v =˙ 2.1.
We can use the VALUE mode in the CALC

3. v = – t + 9t – 27t + 21
3 2
function to find closer approximations. We
b. The intercept of the graph investigate the larger values, since the total amount
v = – t + 9t – 27t + 21 can be found to be

3 2 of wire is 40 cm.
x =˙ 1.183 . For v > 0 , t < 1.183 or t less than When x = 3.30, v = 2.18
60.3ºC. and x = 3.27, v = 4.06.
So, to have the solid with a volume of approximately

c. Using the TRACE function to find values for t
between 2 cm3 and 4 cm3, the width of the box must
that give values of v close to –20, and further
be between 3.27 cm and 3.3 cm.
refining the answer using the VALUE mode in
the CALC function, we find t =˙ 5.45 when
v =˙ –20 . So, for v < –20 , t > 5.45. The value of Exercise 2.6
t is greater than 5.45 ( 50 o
) or 272.5ºC.
1. a. – 3 – 7 = – 10
Graph f ( t ) = 30t – 4.9t on your graphing = 10
2
4.
calculator. Use the TRACE function to find values c. 3 – –5 + 3–9
= 3 – (5) + – 6
for t that give values of h = 40. Using the
VALUE function in CALC modes, we can
=3–5+6
refine our answers to give answers closer to 40. The =4
projectile will be above 40 m between 2.0 s and 4.1 s
after it is shot upwards. d. 9 – 3 + 5 – 3 – 3 7 – 12
= 6 + 5 (3) – 3 –5
5. Let the width of the base be x cm. The length is = 6 + 15 – 3 (5)
2x cm, and the height is h cm. The total amount of =6
wire is
4( x ) + 4(2 x ) + 4( h) = 40 3. a. f ( x ) = x – 3 , x ∈ R
4 x + 8x + 4 h = 40 First, graph the line f ( x ) = x – 3 . Then, reflect
40 – 12 x the portion of the graph that is below the x-axis in
h=
4
the x-axis so that f(x) is not negative.
= 10 – 3x . y
The volume of the solid is

v = ( x )(2 x )( h)
= ( x )(2 x )(10 – 3x ) x
= –6x 3 + 20 x 2.
Graphing, v = f ( x ) = – 6x 3 + 20 x 2 .
Use the TRACE function to find values for x that

give values of f (x) to be close to 2 and 4.
c. h ( x) = 2 x + 5 d. y = x 2 + 4x
Graph h( x ) = 2 x + 5. Then, reflect that portion of First, graph the parabola y = x2+ 4x. Then, reflect the
the graph below the x-axis in the x-axis. portion of the graph where y is negative in the x-axis.
y y
(-2, 4)
4
x
-4 0 4
x -4
f. g ( x ) = 1 – 2 x e. y = x3 – 1
Graph g( x ) = 1 – 2 x. For the portion of the graph First, graph the cubic y = x 3 – 1 . Then, reflect the
below the x-axis, reflect each point in the x-axis. portion of the graph where y is negative in the x-axis.
y
y
x
x
-1 1
a. y = x – 4
2
4.
6. a. y = x 2 – x – 6
Graph the parabola y = x 2 – 4 . Then, reflect the
portion of the graph that is below the y
(0.5, 6.25)
x-axis in the x-axis.
y 6
(0, 4) 4
2
x
-4 -2 2 4
x
(0.5, -6.25)
(0, -4) b. y = – 2x 2 + 4x – 3
y
(1, 1)
x
(-1, -1)

c. y = x 3 – x f. x = –5
Since x is always a positive number, there is
y
no value of x for which x . Therefore, there is
no solution.
1
x 8. a. x = 3x + 4
-1 1
 x if x ≥ 0
By definition x =
 – x if x < 0
Therefore, if x ≥ 0 ,
7. a. 2x – 1 = 7 then x = 3x + 4
–2 x = 4
Since ( 2 x – 1) is 7 units from the origin,
x = –2 ,
either 2 x – 1 = 7 or 2 x – 1 = –7
2 x = 8 or 2x = – 6
but only if x ≥ 0 , ∴ x ≠ –2,
x = 4 or x = –3.
and if x <0,
then – x = 3x + 4
b. 3x + 2 = 6
– 4x = 4
Since 3x + 2 is 6 units from the origin, x = –1.
either 3x + 2 = 6 or 3 x + 2 = –6
Therefore, the solution is x = –1 .
3x = 4 or 3x = –8
4 8
x= or x=– . b. x – 5 = 4x + 1
3 3
Solution 1
c. x–3 ≤9
By definition, if x – 5 ≥ 0 , then x – 5 = 4 x + 1
If x – 3 ≤ 9, then ( x – 3) lies between –9 and 9
if x ≥ 5 –3x = 6
on the number line: x = –2.
–9 ≤ x – 3 ≤ 9. But x ≥ 5, ∴ x ≠ –2.
–6 ≤ x ≤ 12. Also, if x – 3 < 0 , then –( x – 5) = 4 x + 1

Add 3:
–5x = – 4
4
d. x+4 ≥5 x= or 0.8.
5
( x + 4) lies beyond 5 and –5 on the number line,
so either x + 4 ≥ 5 or x + 4 ≤ –5 Solution 2
x≥1 or x ≤ –9.
First graph y = x – 5
and y = 4 x + 1.
e. 2x – 3 < 4
The point of intersection is ( 0.8, 4.2)
Then – 4 < 2 x – 3 < 4.
Add 3: – 1 < 2x < 7 so x – 5 = 4 x + 1 when x = 0.8.
1 7
Divide by 2: – < x <
2 2

c. 4x – 8 = 2x Test: x = 0 Test: x = 1
L.S. = 0 – 1 R.S. = 0 L.S. = 1 – 1 R.S. = 1
If 4 x – 8 ≥ 0, then 4x – 8 = 2x
=1 =0
4x ≥ 8 2x = 8
x≥2 x=4 Since L.S. </ R.S., x ≠ 0 Since L.S. < R.S. x = 1 .
If 4 x – 8 < 0 , then 4 x – 8 = –2 x  1
4x < 8 6x = 8 Therefore, the solution set is  x x >  .
 2
8 4
x <2 x= = .
6 3 Solution 3
4 By definition of absolute value,

The solution x = 4 or x = can be verified by if x – 1 ≥ 0, then x – 1 < x
3
x≥1 0 x < 1.
graphing y = 4 x – 8 and y = 2 x and checking
that the points of intersection occur when This is true for all x, x ∈ R .
4 And if x – 1 < 0, then – x +1 < x
x = 4, x = .
3 x <1 – 2 x < –1
1
d. x –1 < x x> .
2
 1
Solution 1 Therefore, the solution set is  x x >  .
 2
Graphing y1 = x – 1 and y 2 = x yields the following e. 2 x + 4 ≥ 12 x

angle. We need to find the values for x for which
Consider 2 x + 4 = 12 x.
y1 < y 2 . Since the point of intersection is
Then, either 2 x + 4 = 12 x or 2 x + 4 = –12 x
 1 1 1 – 10 x = – 4 or 14 x = – 4
 ,  , y1 < y 2 when x > .
 2 2 2 4 2 4 2
x= = or x=– =– .
10 5 14 7
But substituting each value into the equation gives only one
Solution 2 2
solution, that is x = .
5
Consider x – 1 = x
Then either x – 1 = x or x – 1 = –x 2
Test values for x on either side of x = .
0x = 4 or 2x = 1 5
1
No solution. x= .
2 Let x=0 Let x = 1
1 L.S. = 2( 0) + 4 L.S. = 2(1) + 4
Since x – 1 = x when x = , we test points on either
2 =4 =6
1 R.S. = 12( 0) R.S. = 12(1)
side of on the number line to find for what values of
2 =0 = 12
x does x – 1 < x .
Since L.S. > R.S., x = 0 Since L.S. >/ R.S , x ≠ 1 .
 2
Therefore, the solution set is  x x ≤  .
 5
This solution can be verified by graphing y1 = 2 x + 4
2
and y 2 = 12 x and noting that y1 ≥ y 2 when x ≤ .
5
f. 3x – 1 ≤ 5 3x – 1 – 16 Case 1:
Consider 3x – 1 = 5 3x – 1 – 16. If x < 0

Either (3x – 1) = 5(3x – 1) – 16 or – (3x – 1) = 5( –3x + 1) – 16 then x –2 + x = 6
3x – 1 = 15x – 5 – 16 – 3x + 1 = –15x + 5 – 16 becomes –x + 2–x = 6
– 12 x = –20 12 x = –12 –2 x = 4
20 5 x = 2.
x= = x = –1.
12 x
∴ x = – 2 or x = 4
Both answers verify when substituted into the
equation. Now, to find which values satisfy the
inequality, we can use test values between and
Case 2:
5
beyond –1 and .
3
If 0 < x < 2
Test: x = 0
L.S. = 3 ( 0) – 1 R.S. = 3 ( 0) – 1 – 16 then x –2 + x = 6
=1 = –11 becomes – x + 2 + x = 6
0x = 4
Since L.S. ≤/ R.S. , then x = 0 No solution.
Test: x = –2
L.S. = 3 ( –2) – 1 R.S. = 5 3 ( –2) – 1 – 16
=7 = 19 Case 3:
Since L.S. > R.S., then x = –2 . If x > 0,

Test: x = 2 then x –2 + x = 6
L.S. = 3 (2) – 1 R.S. = 5 3 (2) – 1 – 16 becomes x –2 + x = 6
=5 =9 2x = 8
x = 4.
Since L.S. < R.S., then x = 2 .
 5
So, the solution set is  x x ≤ –1 or x ≥  . h. x + 4 – x –1 = 3
 3
Or, Graph y1 = x + 4 – x –1 and y 2 = 3 .
we can graph y1 = 3x – 1 and y 2 = 5 3x – 1 – 16 Since the point of intersection is (0, 3), y1 = y2
and, using the values of x found earlier, locate those when x = 0. Therefore, the solution is x = 0.
values of x for which y1 ≤ y 2 . x– x
9. Since x– x is always positive, then
x
g. x–2 + x =6 is positive when x > 0 .
Since x > 0 , x ≥0
Solution 1 ∴ x– x
= x–x
Graph y1 = x – 2 + x and y 2 = 6. The points of
= 0.
intersection are the points where y1 = y 2 , ∴ x = –2 or 4.
0
But =0
x
Solution 2 x– x
Therefore, there are no values for x for which
x
Since we need to concern ourselves when f ( x ) = f ( x ) is a positive integer.
or – f ( x ) , we use the cases where
x < 0 , 0 < x < 2 , and x > 2.
10. Solution 1 4. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 6x 2 + 6x – 5
f (5) = 5 3 – 6(5) + 6(5) – 5
2
Using a table of values, we find

= 0.
x f ( x) Therefore, ( x – 5) is a factor of f ( x ) .
–3 –3– –3
= –2 By division, x 3 – 6x 2 + 6x – 5
–3
= ( x – 5)( x 2 – x + 1) .
–2 – 2 – –2
= –2
–2
5. a. Since ( x – 1) is a factor of x 3 – 3x 2 + 4 kx – 1 ,
–1– –1 then f (1) = 0 .
–1 = –2
–1
Substituting, 13 – 3 (1) + 4 k (1) – 1 = 0
2
0 undefined
1 – 3 + 4k – 1 = 0
1 1– 1 4k = 3
=0
1 3
k= .
4
2 2– 2
=0
2
6. a. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 2 x 2 + 2 x – 1
f (1) = 13 – 2(1) + 2(1) – 1
2
=1– 2 + 2 –1
= 0.
Therefore, ( x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
By dividing, x 3 – 2 x 2 + 2 x – 1
= ( x – 1)( x 2 – x + 1) .
Solution 2
b. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 6x 2 + 11x – 6
f (1) = 13 – 6(1) + 11(1) – 6
2
Use a graphing calculator to find the graph. Using the
CALC mode and the VALUE function, we see = 0.
x = 0 gives no answer and is not included in the graph. Therefore, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
By dividing, x 3 – 6x 2 + 11x – 6
Review Exercise = ( x – 1)( x 2 – 5x + 6)
2. a. If the x-intercepts are 4, 1, and –2, then ( x – 4) , = ( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3).

( x – 1) , and ( x + 2) are factors of the cubic
function. Therefore, y = a( x – 4)( x – 1)( x + 2) , 7. Since x 2 – 4x + 3
where a is a constant, represents the family of = ( x – 3)( x – 1) ,
cubic functions. both f ( 3) and f (1) must be equal to 0 in order
to have x 2 – 4 x + 3 be a factor of
3. a. Let f ( x ) = x – 4 x + x – 3
5 3 2
f ( x) = x 5 – 5x 4 + 7 x 3 – 2 x 2 – 4 x + 3 .
f ( –2) = ( –2) – 4( –2) + ( –2) – 3
5 3 2
f (1) = 15 – 5(1) + 7(1) – 2(1) – 4(1) + 3

4 3 2
= –32 + 32 + 4 – 3
=1– 5+ 7 – 2 – 4 + 3
=1
=0
Since f ( –2) ≠ 0 , x + 2 is not a factor.

Also, f (3) = 3 5 – 5(3) + 7(3) – 2(3) – 4(3) + 3 For f ( x ) = 5x 4 – 2 x 3 + 7x 2 – 4 x + 8,
4 3 2
9.
= 243 – 405 + 189 – 18 – 12 + 3
=0  p
f   = 0 if q divides into 5 and p into 8.
 q
Therefore, ( x – 1) and ( x – 3) are factors of f(x),
and so ( x – 1)( x – 3) or x 2 – 4 x + 3 is a factor of f (x). p 5
a. If = , since 5 divides into 5 and 5 into 8,
q 4
8. a. Graphing y = 2 x 3 + 5x 2 + 5x + 3 yields the graph
below. Using the CALC mode and the  5
then it is possible for f   to be 0.
VALUE function, we find when x = –1.5, y = 0 .  4
 3
Therefore, f  –  is 0. So, ( 2 x + 3) is a factor of b. If
p 4
= , since 4 does not divide into 5, then it is
 2 q 5
f(x).
 4
not possible for f   = 0 .
 5
10. a. Let f ( x ) = 3x 3 – 4 x 2 + 4 x – 1
Try f (1) = 3(1) – 4(1) + 4(1) – 1

3 2
Therefore, 2 x 3 + 5x 2 = 5x + 3
= ( 2 x + 3)( x 2 + x + 1) = 3 – 4 + 4 –1
by division. ≠0
f ( –1) = 3( –1) – 4( –1) + 4( –1) – 1
3 2
b. Graphing y = 9 x + 3x – 17 x + 5 yields the

3 2
= –3 – 4 – 4 – 1
graph below. We can see the x-intercept is ≠ 0.
between –2 and –1 and perhaps 1. x = 1 can be

verified by using the VALUE function in the Therefore, the only binomial factor with integer
CALC mode. Therefore, x – 1 is a factor of f (x). coefficients must be either ( 3x – 1) or ( 3x + 1) .
From the graph, we see an x-intercept between 0
and 1, so (3x – 1) is a possible factor.
By division, 3x 3 – 4 x 2 + 4 x – 1
= (3x – 1)( x 2 – x + 1) .
b. First, graph y = 2 x 3 + x 2 – 13x – 5 on your

By dividing, 9 x 3 + 3x 2 – 17 x + 5
calculator.
= ( x – 1)( 9 x 2 + 12 x – 5) p
= ( x – 1)( 3x + 5)( 3x – 1) We see intercepts k = between –3 and –2, –1
q
and 0, 2, and 3. Where q divides into 2 and p
The other factors can be tested in the same way
5  5
5 1 divides into 5, we try k = , f   = 0.
as x = 1, i.e., let x = – and x = . 2  2
3 3
Therefore, ( 2 x – 5) is a factor of f ( x ) .
By division, 2 x 3 + x 2 – 13x – 5
= (2 x – 5)( x 2 + kx + 1).

= 2 x 3 + ( –5 + 2k ) x 2 + … d. x 3 – x 2 – 9x + 9 = 0
By comparing coefficients, – 5 + 2k = 1 x 2 ( x – 1) – 9( x – 1) = 0
+ 2k = 6 ( x – 1)( x 2 – 9) = 0
k=3 ( x – 1)( x – 3)( x + 3) = 0
Therefore, 2 x 3 + x 2 – 13x – 5 x –1 = 0 or x – 3 = 0 or x+3=0
= (2 x – 5)( x 2 + 3x + 1) . x =1 or x=3 or x = –3
e. x 4 – 12 x 2 – 64 = 0
c. Graphing y = 30 x – 31x + 10 x – 1 on your
3 2
( x – 16)( x 2 + 4) = 0
2
calculator, it can be seen that there is only one ( x – 4)( x + 4)( x 2

+ 4) = 0
p
value for k = and it lies between 0 and 1. x–4=0 or x + 4 = 0 or x2 + 4 = 0
q
x=4 or x = – 4 or x2 = – 4
Since q divides into 30 and p into 1, we try
1 x =± –4
k = , f ( 0.2) = 0. Therefore, (5x – 1) is a factor
5 = ± 2i
of f(x).
f. x – 4 x + 3 = 0
3 2
By dividing, 30 x 3 – 31x 2 + 10 x – 1 Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 4 x 2 + 3

= ( 5x – 1)( 6 x + kx + 1)
2
f (1) = 13 – 4(1) + 3
2
= 30 x 3 + ( –6 + 5k ) x 2 + … = 0.
Comparing coefficients, we have – 6 + 5k = –31 Therefore, ( x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
5k = –25
k = –5. So, x 3 – 4x 2 + 3 = 0
Therefore, 30 x 3 – 31x 2 + 10 x – 1
( x – 1)( x 2 – 3x – 3) = 0 , by dividing
= (5x – 1)(6x 2 – 5x + 1) x –1 = 0 or x 2 – 3x – 3 = 0
= (5x – 1)(3x – 1)(2 x – 1). 3± ( –3) – 4(1)( –3)
2
x =1 or x=
2(1)
11. c. x3 + 8 = 0 3 ± 21
= .
( x + 2)( x – 2 x + 4) = 0
2 2
x + 2 = 0 or x 2 – 2 x + 4 = 0 g. x – 3x + 3x – 2 = 0
3 2
x = 0 or x = –2 or x + 5 = 0 Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 3x 2 + 3x – 2
2 ± 2 2 – 4(1)( 4) f (2) = 2 3 – 3(2) + 3(2) – 2
2
x = –2 or x=
2(1) = 8 – 12 + 6 – 2
= 0.
2 ± –12
=
2 Therefore, ( x – 2) is a factor of f(x).
2 ± 2i 3 Note: To select which integer factor to try,
=
2 first graph y = f ( x ) and note where the
=1± i 3 x-intercept lies.
Solution set is {–2, 1 ± i 3 } .

12. c. x – x – 4 x – 1 = 0
3 2
Dividing to find the other factor, we find
( x – 2)( x 2 – x + 1) = 0 The graph of y = x 3 – x 2 – 4 x – 1 shows 3 real
x–2=0 or x – x +1 = 0
2
roots between –2 and –1, –1 and 0, and 2 and 3.
1 ± 1 – 4(1)(1)
2
Using the ZERO function in CALC
x=2 or x =
2(1) mode, we find x =˙ –1.377 , x =˙ –0.274 ,
1± i 3 x =˙ 2.651.
=
2
13. If –2 is a root of x + kx – 6 = 0 , where
2
h. x 6 – 26 x 3 – 27 = 0 f ( x ) = x 2 + kx – 6 , it means f ( –2) = 0.
(x 3
– 27)( x 3 + 1) = 0 Substituting to find k, we get
( x – 3)( x + 3x + 9)( x + 1)( x – x + 1) = 0
2 2
( –2)+ k ( –2) – 6 = 0
2
4 – 2k – 6 = 0
x – 3 = 0 or x 2 + 3x + 9 = 0 – 2k = 2
–3 ± 9 – 4( 9) k = –1
x = 3 or x= ∴ x – x – 6 = 0.
2
2
–3 ± 3i 3
= Also, ( x + 2) is a factor of f ( x ) = x – x – 6.
2
2
or x + 1 = 0 or x – x + 1 = 0
2
By dividing, the other factor is (x – 3).
1 ± 1 – 4(1) ∴x – 3= 0
or x = –1 or x= x=3
2
1± i 3 So, k = – 1, and the other root is 3.
=
2
14. Let r1 , r2 be the roots of 2 x + 5x + 1 = 0.
2
 –3 ± 3i 3 1 ± i 3 
The solution set is 3, – 1, , . Therefore,
 2 2 
5 1
r1 + r2 = – and r1 r2 = . The roots of the required
2 2
i. (x 2
+ 2 x ) – ( x 2 + 2 x ) – 12 = 0
2
Let a = x 2 + 2x 1 1
equation are x1 = and x 2 = . The sum of the
a – a – 12 = 0
2
r1 r2
( a – 4)( a + 3) = 0 new roots is
a – 4 = 0 or a + 3 = 0. 1 1
x1 + x 2 = +
r1 r2
But a = x 2 + 2 x
Therefore, x 2 + 2 x – 4 = 0 or x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 r2 + r1
=
r1r2
–2 ± 2 2 – 4(1)( –4) –2 ± 2 2 – 4(1)(3)
x= x=
2(1) 2(1) –
5
= 2 = –5.
–2 ± 20 –2 ± –8
= = 1
2 2 2
–2 ± 2i 2
= –1 ± 5 = The product of the new roots is
2
1
= –1 ± i 2 . x1 + x 2 =
r1r2
Note: Graphing y = ( x 2 + 2 x ) – ( x 2 + 2 x ) – 12
2
= 2.
confirms the existence of only 2 real roots.

Therefore, the new equation is The other root can be found from
x 2 – ( x1 + x 2 ) x + x1 x 2 = 0 3x + 2 = 0
or x 2 – ( –5) x + 2 = 0 x=– .
2
x 2 + 5x + 2 = 0. 3
2
Therefore, the other root is – and k = –1 .
3
15. a. Since
x 2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0, Solution 2
for 2 x 2 – x + 4 = 0 , the sum of the roots
Let h represent the other root of 3x + 4 kx – 4 = 0 .
2
1 4
is , and the product is or 2. 4k
2 2 The sum of the roots is h+2 =– . (1)
3
4
b. Let x1 , and x 2 be the roots of the quadratic equation The product of the roots is 2 h = – . (2)
3
1 2
x1 + x 2 = and x1 + x 2 = – . The equation is 2
15 15 Therefore, h=– .
3
1 2 Substituting into (1) to find k,
x2 – x– = 0 or 15x 2 – x – 2 = 0 . 2 4k
15 15 – +2 =–
3 3
–2 + 6 = – 4 k
c. Let the roots of the quadratic equation be x1 and x2. 4k = –4
x1 + x 2 = ( 3 + 2i ) + ( 3 – 2i ) k = –1
=6
x1 x 2 = ( 3 + 2i )( 3 – 2i ) e. Let x1 and x 2 represent the roots of
= 9 – 4i 2
x 2 – 5x + 2 = 0.
=9+4
= 13 x1 + x 2 = 5 and x1 x 2 = 2.
The required equation is x – 6 x + 13 = 0 .

2 The roots of the required equation are x1 – 3 and
x2 – 3 .
d. For the new equation, the sum of the roots is

Solution 1 (x – 3) + ( x 2 – 3)
1
3x + 4 kx – 4 = 0 where f ( x ) = 3x + 4 kx – 4
2 2 = x1 + x 2 – 6
=5–6
If 2 is one root, then f ( 2) = 0 . = –1.
Substituting, we have
The product of the new roots is
3 (2) + 4 k (2) – 4 = 0
2
( x1 – 3)( x 2 – 3)
12 + 8k – 4 = 0 = x1 x 2 – 3 ( x1 + x 2 ) + 9
8 k = –8 = 2 – 3 (5) + 9
k = –1. = – 4.
Therefore, the equation can be written as 3x 2 – 4 x – 4 = 0 . If The required equation is x 2 + x – 4 = 0.
2 is one root, then ( x – 2) is a factor of the function f(x);
therefore, 3x 2 – 4 x – 4 = 0 becomes ( x – 2)(3x + 2) = 0.

f. Let x1 and x2 represent the roots of 2 x 2 + x – 4 = 0. Solution 3
x1 + x 2 = –
1 4
and x1 x 2 = – = –2 For the product ( x – 2)( x + 4) to be negative, there
2 2
are two cases.
1 1
The roots of the required equation are and .
x1 x2
Case 1: x – 2 > 0 and x + 4 < 0
x > 0 and x < – 4
For the new equation, the sum of the roots is
1 1 x 2 + x1 No solution.
+ =
x1 x 2 x1 x 2
1 Case 2: x – 2 < 0 and x + 4 > 0
–
= 2 x < 2 and x < –4
–2
1 The solution is –4 < x < 2 .
= .
4
and the product is b. x2 + x – 2 ≥ 0
 1 1 1 ( x + 2)( x – 1) ≥ 0
   =
 x1   x 2  x1 x 2
1
=
–2
. Consider the graph of y = ( x + 2)( x – 1) . The
values that satisfy the inequality are the values for
1 1
2
The required equation is x – x– =0 x for which the y values are on or above the x-axis.
4 2
The solution is x ≤ –2 or x ≥ 1 .
or 4x2 – x – 2 = 0 .
c. x 3 + 3x ≤ 0
16. a. ( x – 2)( x + 4) < 0 x ( x 2 + 3) ≤ 0
Solution 1 Consider the graph of y = x 3 + 3x . The solution

is those values for x where y is below or on the
Graph y = ( x – 2)( x + 4) . x-axis, i.e., for x ≤ 0 .
Since y is below the x-axis between –4 and 2, therefore,
d. x – 2 x – x + 2 > 0
3 2
the solution is x such that –4 < x < 2 .

The graph of y = x 3 – 2 x 2 – x + 2 is shown with
Solution 2 x-intercepts at –1, 1, and 2 as confirmed by using
the CALC mode and VALUE function. The
Consider ( x – 2)( x + 4) = 0 . solution to the inequality is those values for
Therefore, x = 2 or x = –4 . x where y is above the x-axis, that is
Test: – 1 < x < 1 or x > 2.
x = –5 x=0 x=3
4
e. x ≤ 0
L.S. = ( –5 – 2)( –5 + 4) L.S. = ( –5 – 2)( –5 + 4) L.S. = ( 3 – 2)( 3 + 4) 4
Since x always returns a positive or zero for any
=7 = –6 =7 value of x, the only solution is x = 0 . This can be
But, L.S. </ 0 L.S. < 0 L.S. </ 0 verified graphically by noting that the graph of
∴ x ≠ –5 ∴x = 0 ∴x ≠ 3
y = x 4 is never below the x-axis.
The solution set is {x – 4 < x < 2}.

f. x 4 + 5x 2 + 2 ≥ 0 b. 2 x – 7 x + 9
3 2
Let f ( x ) = 2 x 3 – 7x 2 + 9
f ( –1) = 2( –1) – 7( –1) + 9
3 2
Solution 1
= –2 – 7 + 9
From the graph of y = x 4 + 5x 2 + 2, we see that y is always
= 0.
above the x-axis.
∴ ( x + 1) is a factor of f(x).
By dividing, we find
Solution 2
2 x 3 – 7x 2 + 9
Since x and x are always positive, x 4 + 5x 2 + 2 is = ( x + 1)(2 x 2 – 9x + 9)
4 2
always greater than zero. The solution set is R. = ( x + 1)(2 x – 3)( x – 3).
17. a. 3x – 1 = 1
c. x 4 – 2 x 3 + 2 x – 1
Either 3x – 1 = 11 or 3x – 1 = –11
3x = 12 3x = –10 Let f ( x ) = x 4 – 2 x 3 + 2 x – 1
10 f (1) = 1 – 2 + 2 – 1
x=4 x=– . = 0.
3
By substituting into the equation, we can verify Also, f ( –1) = (1) + (2) – 2 – 1
both answers are correct. = 0.
∴ x – 1 , x + 1) are factors of x4 – 2x3 + 2x – 1.
( ) (
18. The dimensions of the open box are 8 – 2 x , 6 – 2x, By dividing, x 4 – 2x 3 + 2x – 1
and x. The volume is 16 cm3 or = ( x 2 – 1)( x 2 – 2 x + 1)
x (8 – 2 x )(6 – 2 x ) = 16 = ( x – 1)( x + 1)( x – 1)( x – 1)
48x – 28x 2 + 4 x 3 = 16 = ( x + 1)( x – 1) .
3
4 x 3 – 28x 2 + 48x – 16 = 0
x 3 – 7x 2 + 12 x – 4 = 0. 3. Graphing y = 3x 3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x – 4 shows one
By graphing y = x 3 – 7x 2 + 12 x – 4 , we find only one real q
root at x =˙ 5.11 , but this is an inadmissable root as x < 3 . x-intercept between 0 and 1. So, k = where
p
Therefore, it is impossible to make a box from q
this rectangular sheet. p is a divisor of 3 and q is a divisor of 4. Trying k =
3
with the VALUE function in CALC mode gives
Chapter 2 Test
y =0.
1. Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 5x 2 + 9x – 3
f ( –3) = ( –3) – 5( –3) + 9( –3) – 3
3 2
∴ ( 3x – 2) is a factor of 3x 3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x – 4 .
= –27 – 45 – 27 – 3
By dividing, 3x 3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x – 4
≠ 0.
= ( 3x – 2)( x 2 + kx + 2)
∴ ( x + 3) is not a factor of f ( x ) .
= 3x 3 + ( –2 + 3k ) x 2 + L
a. x + 3x – 2 x – 2 Comparing coefficients, –2 + 3k = 4
3 2
2.
Let f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 – 2 x – 2 3k = 6
f (1) = 13 + 3(1) – 2(1) – 2 k = 2.
2
= 0. ∴ 3x 3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x – 4
∴ ( x – 1) is a factor of f(x). = ( 3x – 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
By dividing, x + 3x – 2 x – 2 = ( x – 1)( x + 4 x + 2).
3 2 2

4. a. 2 x 3 – 54 = 0 5. Let the roots of x 2 – 2 x + 5 = 0 be x1 and x2. The
2( x 3 – 27) = 0 sum is 2 and the product is 5. The roots of the
2( x – 3)( x + 3x + 9) = 0
2
required equation are x1 + 3 and x 2 + 3. The
sum of the new roots is
x–3=0 or x + 3x + 9 = 0
2
(x + 3) + ( x 2 + 3)
1
–3 ± 3 – 4(1)(9)
2
= (x 1 + x2 ) + 6
x =3 or x=
2(1) =2+6
–3 ± –27 = 8.
=
2 The product of the new roots is
–3 ± 3i 3
=
2
(x
1 + 3) ( x 2 + 3)
x1 x 2 + 3 ( x1 + x 2 ) + 9
= 5 + 3 (2) + 9
b. x 3 – 4 x 2 + 6 x – 3 = 0
= 20.
Let f ( x ) = x 3 – 4 x 2 + 6x – 3
f (1) = 1 – 4 + 6 – 3 The required quadratic equation is x 2 – 8 x + 20 = 0 .
= 0.
∴ ( x – 1) is a factor of f(x). 7. a. (x – 3) (x + 2)2 < 0
From the graph of y = ( x – 3)( x + 2) , the
2
x 3 – 4 x 2 + 6x – 3 = 0
( x – 1)( x 2 – 3x + 3) = 0 x-intercepts are 3 and –2. y is below the x-axis
only for x < –2 , –3 < x < 3 , but not for x = –2 .
x –1 = 0 or x 2 – 3x + 3 = 0
3 ± 9 – 4(1)(3) b. x – 4 x ≥ 0
3
x =1 or x=
2(1) Either 2 x – 3 = 7 or 2 x – 3 = –7
3 ± –3 2 x = 10 2x = – 4
=
2 x =5 x = –2
3±i 3
=
2
c. 2x + 5 > 9
c. 2 x 3 – 7 x 2 + 3x = 0
Solution 1
x ( 2 x 2 – 7 x + 3) = 0
x ( 2 x – 1)( x – 3) = 0 Graph y1 = 2 x + 5
y2 = 9
x=0 or 2x 2 – 1 = 0 or x–3=0
1 The graph of y1 > y 2 for values of x less than –7 and for
x=0 or x= or x=3
2 values of x greater than 9. The solution is x < –7
or x > 2 .
d. x 4 – 5x 2 + 4 = 0
(x 2
– 4)( x 2 – 1) = 0
( x – 2)( x + 2)( x – 1)( x + 1) = 0
x – 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
or x + 1 = 0
x = 2 or x = –2 or x = 1 or x = –1

Solution 2 b. If the diving board dips 40 cm, C = 40.
Substituting, 40 = 0.0002 x 3 – 0.005x 2 + 0.5x
Consider 2 x + 5 = 9 or 0.0002 x 3 – 0.005x 2 + 0.5x – 40 = 0
Either 2 x + 5 = 9 or 2 x + 5 = –9
Graphing y = 0.0002 x 3 – 0.005x 2 + 0.5x – 40
2x = 4 2 x = –14
and using the ZERO function in CALC
x =2 x = –7.
mode, we find x =˙ 51.6 . So, the diver has a
Take regions to find the solution to 2 x + 5 > 9. mass of about 52 kg.
x = –8 x=0 x=0
L.S. = + 2 ( –8) + 5 L.S. = 2( 0) + 5 L.S. = 2( 0) + 5
= 11 =5 =5
L.S. > 9 L.S. >/ 9 L.S. >/ 9
∴ x = –8 x≠0 x≠0
Write the answer as x < –7 or x > 2.
8. a. The graph shows 3 real zeros at x = –2 , x =˙ 1.5 ,

and x =˙ 3.5 . The leading coefficient is positive, and
the polynomial function is at least cubic, i.e., of
degree 3.
b. The graph shows 2 zeros. Since the graph appears to

begin in quadrant 2 and to end in quadrant 1, we
deduce that the leading coefficient is positive. The
shape seems to show a quarter polynomial, i.e., of
degree 4.
c. The graph shows 3 zeros. Since the graph appears to

begin in quadrant 2 and end in quadrant 4, it will be a
cubic function of degree 3 and has a negative leading
coefficient.
9. C = 0.0002 x 3 – 0.005x 2 + 0.5x
a. Let x = 95
C = 0.0002(95) – 0.005(95) + 0.5(95)
3 2
= 173.85.
When a diver who weighs 95 kg stands on the board,

it will dip 173.9 cm.

Chapter 3 • Introduction to Calculus
Review of Prerequisite Skills 7. b. 3 3 3
× =
6+ 2 3 6 3+ 6
2. e. The slope of line is
12 – 6 7+4
m= c. 7–4
×
4 – ( –1) 5 7+4
6 7 – 16 –9
= = =
5 5 7 + 20 5 7 + 20
The equation of the line is in the form
6
y – y1 = m( x – x1 ) . The point is ( –1, 6) and m = . d. 2 3–5 2 3+5
5 ×
3 2 2 3+5
6
The equation of the line is y – 6 = ( x + 1) or
12 – 25 –13
= =
5 6 6 + 15 2 6 6 + 15 2
6 x – 5y + 36 = 0 .
 3 – x if x < 0
4. f ( x) =  f. 2 3+ 7 2 3– 7
 3 + x if x ≥ 0 ×
5 2 3– 7
12 – 7 5
a. f ( –33) = 6 = =
10 3 – 5 7 10 3 – 5 7
b. f ( 0) = 3
8. h. x 3 – 2 x 2 + 3x – 6 = x 2 ( x – 2) + 3 ( x – 2)
c. f ( 78) = 9 = ( x – 2) ( x 2 + 3)
6. b. 6 + 2 × 3
=
6 3+ 6 i. 2x 3 – x 2 – 7x + 6
3
3 3 f (1) = 2 – 1 – 7 + 6
=0
d. 1 3– 3
× Therefore, x – 1 is a factor.
3+ 3 3 – 3
By division, the other factor is 2 x 2 + x – 6 .
3– 3
= Therefore, 2 x 3 – x 2 – 7x + 6 = ( x – 1)(2 x 2 + x – 6)
9–3
= ( x – 1)(2 x – 3)( x + 2) .
3– 3
=
6
7
9. j. y =
5 3 2 3–4 x 2 – 3x – 4
g. × 7
2 3+4 2 3–4 =
30 – 20 3
( x – 4)( x + 1)
=
12 – 16 The domain is x ∈ R , x ≠ 4 , or – 1.
30 – 20 3
= 6x
–4 k. y =
2 x 2 – 5x – 3
10 3 – 15 6x
= =
2
( 2 x + 1)( x – 3)
1
The domain is x ∈ R , x = – , and 3.
2
Chapter 3: Introduction to Calculus 51

Section 3.1 2. Substitute h = 0 in the above slope.
Investigation 1
Exercise 3.1
1. y = x2
( 5 + h – 5)(( 5 + h) + 5( 5 + h) + 25 )
2
a. Q1 (3.5, 12.25) b. Q2 (3.1, 9.61) ( 5 + h)
3
4. b. – 125
=
c. Q3 (3.01, 9.0601) d. Q4 (3.001, 9.00600) h h
h( 75 + 15h + h 2 )
=
2. Slope of secant P(3, 9), Qi: h
PQ1 → 6.5 = 75 + 15h + h 2
PQ2 → 6.1
PQ3 → 6.01 c. ( 3 + h)
4
– 81
=
((3 + h) – 9)((3 + h) + 9)
2 2
PQ4 → 6.001 h h
=
(9 + 6h + h – 9)(9 + 6h + h 2 + 9)
2
3. a. Q 5(2.5, 6.25) b. Q6 (2.9, 8.41) h

c. Q 7 (2.99, 8.9401) d. Q 8(2.999, 8.994001) = ( 6 + h)(18 + 6h + h 2 )
PQ5 → 5.5 = 108 + 54 h + 12h 2 + h 3
PQ6 → 5.9
PQ7 → 5.99 1
–1 1–1– h
PQ8 → 5.999 d. 1+ h = =–
1
h h(1 + h) 1+ h
4. Slope of the tangent at P(3, 9) seems to be 6.

e. 3 (1 + h) – 3 =
2
3 (1 + h) – 1 ( 2
)
h h
Investigation 2 3 (1 + 2 h + h 2 – 1)
=
h
3. P(1, 1) , Q1 (1.5, f (1.5)) 3 (2 h + h 2 )
=
Slope PQ1 → 2.5 h
= 6 + 3h
Slope PQ2 (1.1, f (1.1)) = 2.1
Slope PQ3 (1.01, f (1.01)) = 2.01
( 2 + h – 2)(( 2 + h) + 2( 2 + h) + 4 )
2
( 2 + h)
3
Slope PQ4 (1.001, f (1.001)) = 2.001 f. –8

=
h h
Slope PQ5 (1.0001, f (1.0001)) = 2.0001 = 12 + 6h + h 2
5. Slope of the tangent at P(1, 1) is 2. 3 3 12 – 12 – 3h

– 4( 4 h)
g. 4 + h 4 =
h h
Investigation 3
–3
=
4( 4 + h)
1. (
P(3, 9) Q 3 + h , (3 + h)
2
)
16 + h – 4 16 + h – 16
Slope of PQ = ( 3 + h) – 9
2
5. a. 1
= =
3+ h – 3
h h 16 + h + 4 (16 + h +4 )
9 + 6h + h 2 – 9
=
h h 2 + 5h + 4 – 2 h 2 + 5h + 4 – 4
b. =
= 6 + h, h ≠ 0 h (
h h 2 + 5h + 4 + 2 )
h+5
=
h 2 + 5h + 4 + 2
52 Chapter 3: Introduction to Calculus
8. a. y = 3x 2 , ( –2 , 12)
c. 5+ h – 5 5+ h – 5
=
( ) 3( –2 + h) – 12
2
h h 5+ h + 5 m = lim
h→ 0 h
1
= 12 – 12h + 3h 2 – 12
5+ h + 5 = lim
h→ 0 h
= lim ( –12 + 3h)
6. a. P(1, 3) , Q(1 + h , f (1 + h)) , f ( x ) = 3x 2 h→ 0
= –12
3(1 + h) – 3
2
m=
h b. y = x 2 – x at x = 3, y = 6
= 6 + 3h
( 3 + h) 2 – ( 3 + h) – 6
m = lim
( )
h→ 0 h
b. R (1, 3) , S 1 + h , (1 + h) + 2
3
9 + 6h + h 2 – 3 – h – 6
= lim
h→ 0 h
(1 + h) 3 + 2 – 3 = lim ( 5 + h )
m= h→ 0
h =5
1 + 3h + 3h 2 + h 3 – 1
=
h c. y = x 3 at x = –2 , y = –8
= 3 + 3h + h 2
( –2 + h ) 3 + 8
m = lim
( )
h→ 0 h
c. T (9, 3) , U 9 + h , 9+h
–8 + 12h – 6h 2 + h 3 + 8
= lim
h→ 0 h
9+h –3 9+h +3
m= • = lim
h→ 0
(12 – 6 h + h 2
)
h 9+h +3
= 12
1
=
9+h +3
9. a. y = x – 2 ; (3, 1)
3+ h – 2 – 1
m = lim
7. a. h→0
h
1+ h – 1 1+ h +1
= lim ×
P Q Slope h→0
h 1+ h +1
1
(2 , 8) (3, 27) 19 = lim
h→0
1+ h +1
(2.5, 15.625) 15.25 =
1
2
(2.1, 9.261) 12.61
b. y = x – 5 at x = 9, y = 2
(2.01, 8.120601) 12.0601
9+ h – 5 – 2
m = lim
(1, 1) 7 h→0
h
4+h –2 4+h +2
(1.5, 3.375) 9.25 = lim
h→0
h
×
4+h +2
(1.9, 6.859) 11.41 = lim
1
h→0
4+h +2
(1.99, 7.880599) 11.9401
=
1
4

c. y = 5x – 1 at x = 2 , y = 3 11. a. y = x 2 – 3x , (2 , –2); y ′ = 2 x – 3, m = 1
10 + 5h – 1 – 3
m = lim
h→0
h 4 4
b. f ( x ) (–2 ), – 2; = , y ′ = – 2 , m = –1
9 + 5h – 3 9 + 5h + 3 x x
= lim ×
h→0
h 9 + 5h + 3
5 c. y = 3x 3 at x = 1 ; y ′ = 9x 2 , m = 9
= lim
h→0
9 + 5h + 3
5 1 1
1
= d. y = x – 7 at x = 16; y ′ = ( x – 7) 2 , m =
–
6 2 6
1 1
e. f ( x ) = 16 – x , y = 5; x = –9, y ′ = 1 – (16 – x) 2 ,
–
8 2
10. a. y = at (2, 4) 1
x m=–
10
8
x–5 –4
lim m = lim 2 + h
x→ 5 x – 5 h→ 0 h 1 – 2x 3
f. y = 25 – x 2 , (3, 4); y ′ = , m =–
–4 2 25 – x 2 4
= lim
h→ 0 2 + h
= –2 4+x
g. y = at x = 8; y = 2
x–2
8 12 + h
b. y = at x = 1 ; y = 2 –2
3+ x m = lim 6+h
h→ 0 h
8
–2 –h
m = lim 4+h = lim
h→ 0 h→ 0 h ( 6 + h )
h
–2 1
= lim =–
h→ 0 4 + h
6
1
=–
2
8
h. y = at x = 5; y = 2
x + 11
1 1
c. y = at x = 3 ; y = 8
x+2 5 –2
1 1 m = lim 16 + h
– h→ 0 h
m = lim 5 + h 5
h→ 0 h 8 – 2 16 + h 4 + 16 + h
–1 = lim ×
h→ 0
= lim h 16 + h 4 + 16 + h
h→ 0 5( 5 + h )
16 – 16 – h
= 2 lim
=–
1
10
h→ 0
(
h 16 + h 4 + 16 + h )
–1
=2•
4(8)
1
=–
16

y 12. 17. C ( t ) = 100t 2 + 400t + 5000
Slope at t = 6
C ′ ( t ) = 200t + 400
(3, 4) C ′ ( 6) = 1200 + 400 = 1600
Increasing at a rate of 1600 papers per month.
18. Point on f ( x ) = 3x 2 – 4 x tangent parallel to y = 8 x .

0 Therefore, tangent line has slope 8.
3 ( h + a) – 4( h + a) – 3 ( a 2 + 4 a)
2
∴ m = lim =8
h→ 0 h
3h 2 + 6ah – 4 h
lim =8
h→ 0 h
y = 25 – x 2 → Semi-circle centre (0, 0) rad 5, y ≥ 0 ∴ 6a – 4 = 8
OA is a radius. a =2
4 The point has coordinates (2, 4).
The slope of OA is .
3
1 3 4
19. y = x – 5x –
3 3 x
The slope of the tangent is – .
4 1 1 3
( a + h) – a
3
3 3
∆y
13. Take values of x close to the point, then determine . 1
∆x = a 2 h + ah 2 + h 3
3
14. y  2 1 3
 a + ah + h  = a
2
lim
h→ 0  3 
( a + h) – ( – a)
5 lim – = –5
h→ 0 h
4 4 4a + 4a + 4h
– + =–
a+h a a( a + h)
x 4 4
lim = 2
h→ 0 a( a + h) a
4
m = a2 – 5 + =0
a2
Since the tangent is horizontal, the slope is 0. a 4 – 5a 2 + 4 = 0
( a 2 – 4)( a 2 – 1) = 0
20
16. D( p) = , p > 1 at (5, 10) a = ±2 , a = ±1
p –1
Points on the graph for horizontal tangents are:
20
– 10
4+h  28   26   26   28 
m = lim  –2 ,  ,  –1,  ,  1, –  ,  2 , –  .
h→0
h  3  3  3  3
2 – 4 + h 2+ 4 + h
= 10 lim ×
h→0
h 4+h 2+ 4 + h
4–4–h
= 10 lim
h→0
(
h 4 + h 2+ 4 + h )
10
=–
8
5
=–
4
1 Exercise 3.2
20. y = x and y =
2
– x2
2
s (9) – s (2)
1 2. a. . Slope of the secant between the
x = – x2
2
7
2
1
x2 = points (2 , s (2)) and (9, s (9)) .
4
1 1
x= or x = – s( 6 + h) – s( 6)
2 2 b. lim . Slope of the tangent at the
h→ 0 h
The points of intersection are
 1 1  1 1
P ,  , Q– ,  . point (6, s (6)).
 2 4  2 4
Tangent to y = x:
( a + h) 2 – a 2 4+h –2
m = lim 3. lim . Slope of the tangent to the function
h→ 0 h
h→ 0 h
2ah + h 2 with equation y = x at the point (4, 2).
= lim
h→ 0 h
= 2a
7. s( t ) = 5t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 8
1
The slope of the tangent at a = is 1 = m p , a. Average velocity during the first second:
2
s(1) – s( 0)
1 = 5 m/s;
at a = – is n – 1 = m q . 1
2
third second:
1 s(3) – s(2) 45 – 20
Tangents to y = – x2 : = = 25 m/s;
2 1 1
eighth second:
1 2 1 2
 2 – ( a + h)  –  2 – a  s(8) – s( 7) 320 – 245
    = = 75 m/s.
m = lim 1 1
h→ 0 h
–2 ah – h 2
= lim
h→ 0 h b. Average velocity 3 ≤ t ≤ 8
= –2 a. s(8) – s(3) 320 – 45
=
8–3 5
1
The slope of the tangents at a = is –1 = M p ; =
275
2 5
1 = 55 m/s
at a = – is 1 = M q
2
c. s (t ) = 320 – 5t
2
m p M p = –1 and m q M q = –1
–5(2 + h) + 5(2)
2 2
Therefore, the tangents are perpendicular at the v (t ) = lim

h→ 0 h
points of intersection.
–4 h + h 2
= 5 lim
h→ 0 h
= –20
Velocity at t = 2 is 20 m/s downward.

8. s( t ) = 8t ( t + 2), 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 10. a. M in mg in 1 mL of blood t hours after the
injection.
s( t ) = lim1 t – hours
1
M (t ) = – t 2 + t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3
3
a. i) from t = 3 to t = 4
2
M (t) = – t +1
Average velocity s( 4) – s( 3) 3
1 4 1
M ( 2) = – + 1 = –
= 32(6) – 24(5) 3 3
= 24(8 – 5) 1
Rate of change is – mg/h.
= 72 km /h 3
ii) from to t = 3.1 b. Amount of medicine in 1 mL of blood is being

dissipated throughout the system.
s(3.1) – s(3)
0.1
s
11. t =
126.48 – 120 5
=
0.1 –
1
1  s 2
1
= 64.8 km/ h t′ =   •
2  5 5
–1
1  s
iii) 3 ≤ t ≤ 3.01 = • 
10  5
s(3.01) – s(3)
1 1 1
0.01 s = 125, t ′ = • =
= 64.08 km /h 10 5 50
At s =125, rate of change of time with respect to
b. Instantaneous velocity is approximately 64 km/h. 1
height is s/m.
50
c. At t = 3.
s(t ) = 8t 2 + 16t 60
12. T ( h) =
v (t ) = 16t + 16 h+2
v (3) = 48 + 16 T ′ ( h) = –( 60)( h + 2)
–2
= 64 km /h 60
=–
( h + 2) 2
9. a. N ( t ) = 20t – t 2 60
T ′ ( 3) = –
N ( 3) – N ( 2) 25
1 12
=–
51 – 36 5
=
1 12 o
Temperature is decreasing at C/km.
= 15 5
15 terms are learned between t = 2 and t = 3.
b. N ′ ( t ) = 20 – 2t
N ′ ( 2) = 20 – 4 = 16
At t = 2, the student is learning at a rate of 16
terms/hour.

x
13. h = 25t 2 – 100t + 100 b. f ( x ) = , x =2
x –1
h(t )′ = 50t – 100
x
When h = 0, 25t 2 – 100t + 100 = 0 –2
lim x –1
t 2 – 4t + 4 = 0 x→ 2 x–2
(t – 2)
2
=0 x – 2x + 2
= lim
t = 2. x→ 2 ( x – 1)( x – 2)
h ′ ( 2) = 0 –( x – 2)
= lim
It hit the ground in 2 s at a speed of 0 m/s. x→ 2
( x – 1)( x – 2)
14. Sale of x balls per week: = –1
P( x ) = 160 x – x dollars.
2
c. f ( x ) = x + 1 , x = 24
a. P( 40) = 160( 40) – ( 40)
2
= 4800 f ( x ) – f (24)
lim
x→ 24 x – 24
Profit on the sale of 40 balls is $4800.
x +1 – 5 x +1 + 5
b. P ′ ( x ) = 160 – 2 x = lim
x→ 24
•
x – 24 x +1 + 5
P ′ ( 40) = 160 – 80
= 80 x – 24
= lim
Rate of change of profit is $80 per ball.
x→ 24
( x – 24)( x +1 + 5 )
c. 160 – 2 x > 0 1
=
– 2 x > 160 10
x < 80
Rate of change of profit is positive when the sales 17. C ( x) = F + V ( x)
level is less than 80. C ( x + h) = F + V ( x + h)
Rate of change of cost is
15. a. f ( x ) = – x 2 + 2 x + 3; ( –2 , – 5) C ( x + h) – C ( x)
lim
f ( x ) – f ( –2) x→ R h
lim
x→ –2 x+2 V ( x + h) – V ( x)
= lim h,
– x 2 + 2x + 3 + 5 x→ h
= lim
x→ –2 x+2 which is independent of F – (fixed costs).
_( x 2 – 2 x – 8)
= lim
x→ –2 x+2 18. P( r ) = πr
2
( x – 4)( x + 2) Rate of change of area is

= – lim
x→ –2 x+2 A( r + h ) – A( r )
lim
= – lim
x→ –2
( x – 4 ) h→ 0 h
π ( r + h) – πr 2
2
=6 = lim
h→ 0 h
( r + h – r )( r + h + r )
= π limh→ 0 h
= 2πr
r = 100 m
Rate is 200π m2/m.

19. Cube of dimension x by x by x has volume V = x3. x 3 – 27 ( x – 3)( x 2 + 3x + 9)
f. lim = lim
Surface area is 6x2. x→ 3 x–3 x→ 3 x–3
1 = 9 + 9 + 9 = 27
V ′( x) = 3x 2 = surface area.
2
Exercise 3.3 g. x 3 + 2 x 2 – 4 x – 8 = x 2 ( x + 2) – 4( x + 2)
= ( x – 2)( x + 2)( x + 2)
13. f ( x ) = mx + b
lim f ( x ) = –2 ∴ m + b = –2 lim
x 3 + 2x 2 – 4 x – 8
= lim
( x – 2)( x + 2)( x + 2)
x→1 x →–2
x+2 x →2
( x + 2)
lim f ( x) = 4 ∴ – m + b = 4
x→ –1 =0
2b = 2
b = 1, m = –3
h. 2 x 3 – 5x 2 + 3x – 2 = ( x – 2)( 2 x 2 – x + 1)
2 x 3 – 5x 2 + 3x – 2 7
f ( x ) = ax + bx + c , a ≠ 0
2 lim =
14. x→ 2 2( x – 2) 2
f ( 0) = 0 ∴ c = 0
lim f ( x) = 5 ∴ a + b = 5 x +1 – 1 x +1 +1 1 1
x→1
i. lim × = lim =
lim f ( x ) = 8 ∴ 4 a – 2b = 8 x →0
x x +1 +1 x →0
x +1 +1 2
x→ –2
6a = 18
a = 3, b = 2 2 – 4 + x 2+ 4 + x
j. lim ×
Therefore, the values are a = 3, b = 2 , and c = 0 .
x →0
x 2+ 4 + x
–1 1
= lim =–
x →0
2+ 4 + x 4
Exercise 3.4
4 – x2 ( 2 – x)( 2 + x) k. lim
x –2
= lim
x –2
7. a. lim
x →2
2– x
= lim
x →2
( 2 – x)
x→ 4 x–4 x→ 4
( x –2 )( )
x +2
= lim
x →2
( 2 + x) =
1
4
=4
b. lim
4 – x2
= lim
( 2 – x)( 2 + x) l. lim
7 – x – 7+ x
×
7 – x + 7+ x
( 2 + x) 7 – x + 7+ x
x →0
x →–2
2+ x x →–2 x
=4 7– x–7– x
= lim
7x – x 2 x( 7 – x)
x →0
x ( 7 – x + 7+ x )
c. lim = lim =7 1
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x =–
7
2 x 2 + 5x + 3 ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)
d. lim = lim =5
x→ –1 x +1 x→ –1 x +1
3x 2 + x – 4 ( 3x + 4)( x – 1) 7
e. lim4 = lim4 =–
x→ –
3
3x + 4 x→ –
3
3 x + 4 3

1
m. lim 5 – x – 3 + x × 5 – x + 3 + x
27 – x
b. lim 1 Let x 3 = u
x→1 x→ 27
x –1 5–x + 3+x x3 – 3 x = u3
u 3 – 27 x → 27, u → 3.
= lim
u→ 3 u–3
5–x–3–x
= lim ( u – 3)( u 2 + 3u + 9)
x→1
( x – 1)( 5–x + 3+x ) = – lim
u→ 3 u–3
= –( 9 + 9 + 9)
= –27
–2( x – 1)
= lim
x→1
( x – 1)( 5–x + 3+x ) 1
1
x6 –1
2 c. lim x 6 = u, x = u 6
=– x→1 x – 1
4
x → 1, u → 1
u –1
= lim
2– x 3 + 2x + 1 u→1 u6 – 1
n. lim •
x→ 4
3 – 2x + 1 3 + 2x + 1 (u – 1)
= lim
u→1
(u – 1)(u 5
+ u 4 + u 3 + u 2 + u + 1)
= lim
(2 – 2 )(3 + 2x + 1 )•2+ x 1
x→ 4 9 – 2x – 1 =
2+ x 6
(2 – x)(3 + 2 x + 1) 1
= lim
4(2 – x )(2 + x )
x→ 4
x6 –1 1
d. lim
x→1
1 Let x 6 = u
x –1 3
u6 = x
6
= u –1
16 = lim 1
u→1 u 2 – 1
x 3 = u2
3 u –1 As x → 1, u → 1
= = lim
8 u→1 ( u – 1)( u + 1)
1
22x – 2 x =
o. lim 2
2x –1
x→ 0
2 x (2 x – 1)
= lim
x→ 0 2x –1
=1 x –2 1
e. lim
x→ 4
Let x 2 = u
x3 – 8 3
x 2 = u3
3
x –2 u–2
8. a. lim = lim
x→ 8 x–8 u→ 2 u 3 – 8 x → 4, u → 2.
Let u = x . Therefore, u = x as x → 8 ,
3 3
u–2
= lim
u→ 2 ( u – 2)( u 2 + 2 u + 4 )
u→ 2.
u–2 1 1
Here, lim = lim =
u→ 2 3
u –8 u→ 2 u + 2u + 4
2
12
1
=
12

1
( x + 8) 3 – 2 1 x +1 – 2 x +1 – 2
Let ( x + 8) 3 = u h. lim = lim
f. lim x→ 3 x–3 x→ 3 ( x + 1) – 4
x→ 0 x
x + 8 = u3
u–2 x +1 – 2
= lim x = u3 – 8 = lim
u→ 2 u 3 – 8
1 x → 0, u → 2.
x→ 3
( x +1 – 2 )( x +1 + 2 )
= 1
12 = lim
x→ 3
x +1 + 2
1
=
x + x – 5x + 3
3 2
4
9. c. lim
x→1 x 2 – 2x + 1
( x – 1)( x – 1)( x + 3) i. lim
x 2 – 9x
= lim
x–9
=–
3
= lim 5x + 6 x 5x + 6
( x – 1)( x – 1) x→ 0 3 → 2
x→1
x 0 2
= lim
x→1
( x + 3) = 4
x +1 –1 x +1 –1
j. lim = lim
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x +1–1
x2 + x x ( x + 1) x +1 –1
d. lim = lim x = lim
x →–1
x +1 x →–1
= –1
x +1 x→ 0
(
x +1 –1 x +1 +1 )( )
1
=
2
x – 5x – 6 2
e. lim+ =0
x→ 6 x–3
( x + h) 2 – x 2 2 xh + h 2
k. lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
1
= 2x
( 2 x + 1) – 1
3 1
Let ( 2 x + 1) = u
3
f. lim
x→ 0 x  1  1 2 
2( u – 1) 2x + 1 = u3 l. lim  
x→1  x – 1   x + 3
– 
3x + 5 
= ulim
→ +1 u 3 – 1 u3 – 1
x=  1   3x + 5 – 2 x – 6 
2 2 = lim   
= lim x→1  x – 1   ( x + 3)(3 x + 5) 
u→1 u 2 + u + 1
x → 0 , u → 1.
2 1
= = lim
3
x→1 ( x + 3)(3x + 5)
1
=
4(8)
x2 – 4
g. lim 1
x→ 2
 1 1 =
 – 32
 x 2
( x – 2)( x + 2)
= lim • 2x
x→ 2 2–x
= lim – 2 x( x + 2)
x→ 2
= –16

x–5 c. lim
x2 – x – 2
= lim
( x – 2)( x + 1)
10. a. lim does not exist. x →2 x →2
x→ 5 x–5 x–2 x–2
x–5 x–5 lim

( x – 2)( x + 1) = lim ( x – 2)( x + 1) = lim x + 1
lim+ = lim x →2+ x–2 x →2+ x–2 x →2+
x→ 5 x – 5 x→ 5+ x – 5
=1 =3
x–5  x – 5
lim– = lim–   ( x – 2)( x + 1) = lim– ( x – 2)( x + 1) = lim– x + 1
x→ 5 x – 5 x→ 5–  x – 5  lim ( )
= –1
x →2– x–2 ( x – 2)
x →2– x →2–
y = –3
1 3
x 2
-1 1 2 3 4 5 1
3 2 1
x
–1 1 2 3
–2
–3
2 x – 5 ( x + 1)
b. lim5 does not exist.
x→ 2x – 5
2
5
2 x – 5 = 2 x – 5, x≥
2
lim+
( 2 x – 5)( x + 1) = x + 1
5 2x – 5 d. x + 2 = x + 2 if x > –2
x→
= – ( x + 2) if x < –2
2
5
2 x – 5 = –(2 x – 5), x <
( x + 2)( x + 2)
2
2
= lim+ ( x + 2) = 0
2
lim+
–(2 x – 5)( x + 1)
x →–2 x+2 x →–2
= –( x + 1)
lim
( x + 2)( x + 2) = 0
2
x→
5– 2x – 5 lim
2
x →–2– –( x + 2)
y
y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
1 2 3 4 –2 –1
–1

[ f ( x) ] ( f ( x) – x)( f ( x) + x)
2
11. a. b. – x2
lim = lim
x→ 4 f ( x) + x x→ 4 f ( x) + x
∆T T V ∆V = lim ( f ( x ) – x )
x→ 4
–40 19.1482 =3–4

= –1
20 –20 20.7908 1.6426
c. lim 3 f ( x ) – 2 x = 3 × 3 – 2 × 4
20 0 22.4334 1.6426 x →4
=1
20 24.0760 1.6426
40 25.7186 1.6426 f ( x)
14. lim =1
x→ 0 x
60 27.3612 1.6426
f ( x)
80 29.0038 1.6426 a. lim f ( x ) = lim ×x=0
x →0 x →0
x
∆V is constant, therefore T and V form a linear f ( x) x f ( x)
b. lim = lim =0
relationship. x→ 0 g( x ) x→ 0 g( x ) x
∆V
b. V= •T + K
∆T f ( x) g( x)
∆V 1.6426 15. lim = 1 and lim =2
= = 0.08213 x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
∆T 20
V = 0.08213T + K  f ( x) 
a. lim f ( x ) = lim x  =0
T =0 V = 22.4334 x→ 0 x→ 0  x 
Therefore, k = 22.4334
and V = 0.08213T + 22.4334.  g( x) 
b. lim g( x ) = lim x  =0×2
x→ 0 x→ 0  x 
=0
V – 22.4334
c. T =
0.08213 c. f ( x)
f ( x) 1
T = –273.145 lim = lim x =
d. lim
v →0
x →0
g ( x ) x →0 g ( x ) 2
x
12. x2 – 4
lim
x→ 5 f (x)
16.
lim ( x 2 – 4)
= x→ 5
lim f (x) lim

x + 1 – 2x + 1
x→ 5
x→ 0
21 3x + 4 – 2 x + 4
=
3 x + 1 – 2x + 1 x + 1 + 2x + 1 3x + 4 + 2 x + 4
=7 = lim × ×
x→ 0
x + 1 + 2x + 1 3x + 4 – 2 x + 4 3x + 4 + 2 x + 4
( x + 1 – 2 x – 1) 3x + 4 + 2 x + 4
13. lim f ( x) = 3 = lim
x→ 0 (3x + 4 – 2 x – 4)
×
x→ 4 x + 1 + 2x + 1
[ f ( x) ] = 3 3 = 27 2+2
3
a. lim
x→ 4 =
1+1
=2

x2 + x – 1 – 1 m
17. lim lim =1
x→1 x –1
x→ 0 3+3
∴m =6
x → 1+ x – 1 = x – 1
x 2 + x – 2 ( x + 2)( x – 1) 6x 6
∴ = lim = lim =1
x –1 x –1 x 6x + 9 + 3
x→ 0 x→ 0
6x + 9 + 3
x + x –1 –1
2
m = 6, b = 9
lim+ =3
x→1 x –1
x → 1– x –1 = –x +1
x2 – x x ( x – 1)
Section 3.5
lim– = lim–
x→1 – x + 1 x→1 –x +1 Investigation
= –1
y
Therefore, this function does not exist.
y
4
3
2 x
–1 1
1
x
–2 –1 1 2
–1
–2
b. y
3
2
1
x 2 + bx – 3 x
18. lim
x→1 x –1 1 2 3
x 2 + bx – 3 = ( x – 1)( x + 3)
= x 2 + 2x – 3
x 2 + 2x – 3
b = 2 lim
x→1
= lim ( x + 3)
x –1 x→1
=4 c. y
Exists for b = 2.
mx + b – 3 x
19. lim =1
x→ 0 x –3 –2 –1 –1 1 2 3
lim
( mx + b – 3 )( mx + b + 3 ) =1 –2
x→ 0
x ( mx + b + 3 ) –3
mx + b – 9
lim =1
x→ 0
x mx + b + 3
b=9

d. y 7. y
x
x
e.
y
Continuous everywhere.
8.
y
3
x 2
1 2
1
x
2. a. and c. are continuous. b. contains a hole. e. has a

jump. d. has a vertical asymptote.
3. Window may be too small. Discontinuous.
4. Not defined when x 2 + 300x = 0 9. Cost

or x ( x + 300) = 0.
x = 0 or x = –300 2
Continuous for x < –300
–300 < x < 0 1
x>0
100 200 300 400 500 Mass
Exercise 3.5 Discontinuous at 0, 100, 200, and 500.
4. e. Discontinuous when
x2 – x – 6
x2 + x – 6 = 0 10. lim f ( x ) = lim
x→ 3 x→ 3 x–3
( x + 3)( x – 2) = 0 ( x – 3)( x + 2)
x = –3 or x = 2. = lim
x→ 3 x–3
=5
Function is discontinuous at x = 3 .

11. y b. y
3
2
1
x
1 2 x
Discontinuous at x = 3.0
 x + 3, x ≠ 3
12. g( x ) =  Review Exercise
2 + k , x = 3
g( x ) is continuous. 2. a. f ( x ) =
3
, P(2 , 1)
x +1
∴2 + k = 6 3
–1
k = 4, k = 16 m = lim 3+h
h→ 0 h
1
– x, – 3 ≤ x ≤ – 2 = lim–
 h→ 0 3+h
13. f ( x ) =  ax 2 + b, – 2 < x < 0
 6, x = 0 =–
1

3
at x = –2, 4 a + b = 2
at x = 0 , b = 6
b. g( x ) = x + 2 , x = –1
∴ a = –1
 – x , – 3 ≤ x ≤ –2 –1 + h + 2 – 1
 m = lim
f ( x) =  – x 2 + b, – 2 < x < 0
h→0
h
 6, x = 0 h +1 – 1 h +1 +1
 = lim ×
h→0
x h +1 +1
If a = –1 , b = 6. f ( x ) is continuous.
1
= lim
h→0
h +1 +1
 x x – 1
14. g( x ) =  x – 1 , x ≠ 1
1
=
 0, x = 1 2
2
c. h( x ) = , x=4
a. lim– g( x ) = –1 x+5
x→1
 lim g( x )
lim+ g( x ) = 1  x→1 2 2
x→1  –
m = lim 4+h+5 3
lim g( x ) does not exist. h→ 0 h
x→1
3– 9+h 3+ 9+h
= 2 lim ×
h→ 0
3h 9 + h 3+ 9+h
1
= 2 lim –
h→ 0
(
3 9+h 3+ 9+h )
2
=–
9(6)
1
=–
66 Chapter 3: Introduction to Calculus 27
5
d. f ( x ) = , x=4 b. At t = 4 :
x–2 s( 4 + h) – s( 4)
5 5
= –5( 4 + h) + 180 – ( –5(16) + 180)
2
–
m = lim 4 + h – 2 2
h→ 0 h = –80 – 40h – 5h 2 + 180 + 80 – 180
10 – 5(2 + h) s( 4 + h) – s( 4) – 40 h – 5h 2
= lim =
h→ 0 h(2 + h)(2) h h
v ( 4) = lim ( – 40 – 5h) = – 40
h→ 0
–5h
= lim–
h→ 0 h(2 + h)(2) Velocity is at –40 m/s.
=–
5 c. Time to reach ground is when s( t ) = 0 .
4 Therefore, –5t 2 + 180 = 0
t 2 = 36
4 – x 2 , x ≤ 1 t = 6 , t > 0.
3. f ( x) =  Velocity at t = 6 :
 2 x + 1, x > 1
s( 6 + h) = –5( 36 + 12h + h 2 ) + 180
a. Slope at ( –1, 3) f ( x ) = 4 – x 2 = –60h – 5h 2
s( 6) = 0
4 – ( –1 + h) – 3
2
m = lim
h→ 0
Therefore, v (6) = lim ( – 60 – 5h) = – 60.
h h→ 0
4 – 1 + 2h – h2 – 3 5. M(t) = t 2 mass in grams

= lim
h→ 0 h
a. Growth during 3 ≤ t ≤ 3.01
= lim (2 – h)
M (3.01) = (3.01) = 9.0601
h→ 0 2
=2
M (3) = 3 2 =9
Slope of the graph at P (–1, 3) is 2. Grew 0.0601g during this time interval.
b. Slope at P(2, 0.5) b. Average rate of growth is

∴ f ( x) = 2 x + 1 0.0601
= 6.01 g/s .
f ( 2 + h) – f ( 2) = 2( 2 + h) + 1 – 5 0.01
= 2h
2h c. s( 3 + h) = 9 + 6h + h 2
m = lim =2
s( 3) = 9
h→0
h
Slope of the graph at P(2, 0.5) is 2.
s( 3 + h) – s( 3) 6h + h 2
=
h h
4. s( t ) = –5t 2 + 180
Rate of growth is lim
h→ 0
(6 + h) = 6 g/s .
a. s( 0) = 180 , s(1) = 175, s(2) = 160
6. Q( t ) = 10 4 ( t 2 + 15t + 70) tonnes of waste, 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
Average velocity during the first second is
s(1) – s( 0) a. At t = 0,
= –5 m/s. Q(t ) = 70 × 10 4
1
Average velocity during the second second is = 700 000.
s(2) – s(1) 700 000 t have accumulated up to now.
= –15 m/s.
1
b. Over the next three years, the average rate of b. f ( x ) = –4 if x < 3 ; f is increasing for x > 3
change:
lim f ( x ) = 1
Q(3) = 10 4 (9 + 45 + 70) x →3+
= 124 × 10 4 y
y
Q( 0) = 70 × 10 4
Q(3) – Q( 0) 5 4 × 16 4
=
3 3 1
= 18 × 10 4 t per year.
x
–1 1 2 3
–1
c. Present rate of change: –2
Q( h) = 10 ( h + 15h + 70)
4 2
–3
Q( 0) = 10 + 70
4 –4
Q( h ) – Q( 0 )
lim = lim 10 4 ( h + 15)
h→ 0 h h→ 0
= 15 × 10 4 t per year.
 x + 1, x < –1

f ( x ) =  – x + 1, – 1 ≤ x < 1
d. Q( a + h) = 10 4 [ a 2 + 2ah + h 2 + 15a + 15h + 70] 9.
 x – 2, x >1

Q( a) = 10 4 [ a 2 + 15a + 70]
Q( a + h) – Q( a) 10 4 [ 2ah + h 2 + 15h] a.
= y
y
h h
Q( a + h ) – Q( a )
lim = lim 10 4 ( 2a + h + 15) 2
h→0 h→0
h
= ( 2a + 15)10 4 1
x
Now, –1 1 2
(2 a + 15)10 4 = 3 × 10 5
2 a + 15 = 30
a = 7.5.
It will take 7.5 years to reach a rate of
3.0 × 10 5 t per year.
Discontinuous at x = –1 and x = 1.
8. a. lim f ( x ) = 0.5, f is discontinuous at x = –1 b. They do not exist.

x→ –1
y x2 – x – 6
10. f ( x) =
x –3
1 ( x – 3)( x + 2)
=
( x – 3)
lim f ( x ) = lim( x + 2)
x
–1 x→ 3
x→ 3
=5
f ( x ) is not continuous at x = 3 .

(5 + h)
2
2x – 2
11. f ( x) = 16. a. lim
– 25
x2 + x – 2 h→ 0 h
2( x – 1) = lim (10 + h)
= h→ 0
( x – 1)( x + 2)
= 10.
a. f is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = –2 .
Slope of the tangent to y = x 2 at x = 5 is 10.
2
b. lim f ( x ) = lim
x →1 x →1
x+2 4+h –2 4+h –2
2 b. lim = lim
= h→0
h h→0
4+h–4
3 1
= lim
2 h→0
4+h +2
lim f ( x ): lim+ = +∞
x→ –2 x→ –2 x+2 1
=
2 4
lim– = –∞
x→ –2 x+2 1
Slope of the tangent to y = x at x = 4 is .
4
lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →–2
1 1
–
c. lim 4 + h 4 = lim
4 – 4h
1
12. a. f ( x ) = , lim f ( x ) does not exist. h→ 0 h h→ 0 4( 4 + h)( h)
x 2 x→ 0
1
= lim –
b. g( x ) = x ( x – 5), lim g( x ) = 0 h→ 0 4( 4 + h)
x→ 0
1
x 3 – 27 =–
c. h( x) = , 16
x2 – 9
37 1 1
lim h( x) = = 5.2857 Slope of the tangent to y = at (x = 4) is – .
x →4
7 x 16
lim h( x ) does not exist. 1 1
x →–3 (343 + h) 3
–7 (343 + h) –7
3
d. lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 343 + h – 343
x+2 –2
15. a. f ( x ) =
1
(343 + h) 3
–7
x–2 = lim
 343 + h – 7  343 + h + 7(343 + h) 3 + 49
h→ 0 1 2 2

( )  ( )3 3

x 2.1 2.01 2.001
1
=
f (x) 0.24846 0.24984 0.24998 49 + 49 + 49
1
x = 2.0001 =
f(x) – 0.25 147
1
1
Slope of the tangent to y = x 3 at x = 343 is .
b. lim f ( x ) = 0.25 147
x →2
( x + 4 a) ( x – a)( x + 9a)
2
– 25a 2
x+2 –2 x+2 +2 17. h. lim = lim
c. lim × x →a
x–a x →a
x–a
x→ 2 x–2 x+2 +2
= 10a
1
= lim
x→ 2
x+2 +2
1
= = 0.25
4

x+5 – 5–x x+5 + 5–x x
o. lim × 18. d. lim
x→ 0
x→ 0 x x+5 + 5–x x
x+5–5+x x → 0– x = –x
= lim
x→ 0
x ( x+5 + 5–x ) lim–
x
= –1
x→ 0 x
1
= x
2 5 lim+ =1
x→ 0 x
x x
x 3 + x 2 – 8x – 12 lim+ ≠ lim–
q. lim x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
x→ –2 x+2
( x + 2)( x – 1x – 6)
2  –5, x < 1
e. f ( x ) = 
= lim
x→ –2 ( x + 2)  2, x ≥ 1
=4+2–6 lim– f ( x ) = –5 ≠ lim+ f ( x ) = 2

x→1 x→1
=0
 5x 2 , x < –1
f. f ( x) = 
2 x + 1, x ≥ –1
x 3 + x 2 – 12 ( x – 2)( x 2 + 3x + 6)
r. lim
x →2
= lim
x →2
lim f ( x ) = –1
x–2 x–2 x→ –1+
= 4 + 6+ 6 lim f ( x ) = 5
x →–1–
= 16
lim f ( x ) ≠ lim– f ( x )
x →–1+ x →–1
1 1 1
t. lim  – 
x→ 0 x  2 + x 2 Therefore, lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →–1
1 x
= lim ×–
x→ 0 x 2(2 + x ) Chapter 3 Test
1 1
= lim – 3. lim does not exist since
x→ 0 2(2 + x ) x →1
x –1
1 1
1 lim = +∞ ≠ lim– = –∞ .
=– x →1+ x – 1 x →1 x – 1
4
x 3
108 ( x 2 + 2 x ) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 4. f ( x) = , g( x) =
u. lim x–3 x–3
( x + 1) ( x – x + 1) ( x – 1)
x→ –1 3 2 3
lim f ( x ) does not exist.

108( x 2 + 2 x )
x →3
= lim g( x ) does not exist.

(x – x + 1) ( x – 1) lim
x→ –1 2 3
x →3
x–3
=–
108 lim
x →3
[ f ( x) – g( x)] = lim
x →3
x–3
27( –2)
= lim 1
x →3
=2 =1

5. f ( x) = 5x 2 – 8 x b. s( 3 + h) – s( 3)
f ( –2) = 5( 4) – 8( –2) = 20 + 16 = 36 = 8( 3 + h) – ( 3 + h) – ( 24 – 9)
2
f (1) = 5 – 8 = –3 = 24 + 8h – 9 – 6h – h 2 – 15
Slope of secant is 36 + 3 39 = 2h – h 2
=–
–2 – 1 3 2h – h 2
v ( 3) = lim =2
= –13. h→0
h
Velocity at t = 3 is 2 km/h.
3 4
6. Slope of a line perpendicular to y = x + 5 is – .
5
f ( x ) = x + 11,
4
12.
x + 100
2
Average rate of change from
7. For f ( x ) = , y-intercept is 2.
5 x = 5 to x = 5 + h:
8. Through (0, –2), slope –1, f ( 5 + h) – f ( 5)

y = – x – 2 or x + y + 2 = 0. h
16 + h – 16
=
h
9. a. lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →1
x
13. f ( x) =
b. lim f ( x) = 1 x 2 – 15
x →2
Slope of the tangent at x = 4 :

c. lim– f ( x ) = 1
x →4 4+h
f ( 4 + h) =
( 4 + h) – 15
2
d. f is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2.
4+h
=
1 + 8h + h 2
10. P = 100 000 + 4000t
4
P – population f ( 4) =
1
t – years
4+h
a. t = 20 P = 100 000 + 80 000 f ( 4 + h) – f ( 4) = –4
1 + 8h + h 2
= 180 000
Population in 20 years will be 180 000 people. 4 + h – 4 – 32 h – 4 h 2
=
1 + 2h + h2
b. P( a + h ) – P( a ) 31h – 4 h 2
=–
= (100 000 + 4000( a + h)) – (100 000 + 4000 a) (1 + 2 h + h 2 )
= 4000 h f ( 4 + h) – f ( 4) ( –31 – 4 h)
lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 1 + 2 h + h 2
Growth rate:
P( a + h) – Pa = –31
lim = 4000
h→0
h Slope of the tangent at x = 4 is –31.
Growth rate is 4000 people per year.
4 x 2 – 36 2( x – 3)( x + 3)
14. a. lim = lim
11. a. Average velocity from t = 2 to t = 5 : x →3
2x – 6 x →3
( x – 3)
s( 5) – s( 2) ( 40 – 25) – (16 – 4) = 12
=
3 3
b. lim
2x 2 – x – 6
= lim
( 2 x + 3)( x – 2)
15 – 12
=
3
x →2
3x – 7 x + 2
2 x →2
( x – 2)( 3x – 1)
=1 7
=
5
Average velocity from t = 2 to t = 5 is 1 km/h.
x–5 ( x – 1) – 4 16. a. f ( 0) = 3 b. lim+ f ( x ) = 3
c. lim = lim x →1
x→ 5 x→ 5
x –1 – 2 x –1 – 2
= lim
( x –1 – 2 )( x –1 + 2 ) c. lim– f ( x ) = 4
x →1
d. f ( 2) = –1
x→ 5
x –1 – 2 y
=4
x3 + 1 ( x + 1)( x 2 – x + 1)
d. lim = lim
x→ –1 x – 1 x→ –1 ( x – 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
4
2
1
3
= x
–2(2) –1 1
3
=–
4
 1 6  ( x + 3) – 6
e. lim  – 2  = lim
x→ 3  x – 3 x –9  x→ 3
( x – 3)( x + 3)
1
= lim  x–2 2
x+3  , x≥– ,x≠2
f ( x) =  7x + 2 – 6x + 4
x→ 3
17. 7
1  k , x =2
= k, x = 2
6
1 1 x–2 7x + 2 + 6x + 4
( x + 8) 3
–2 ( x + 8) – 2 3 ×
f. lim = lim 7x + 2 – 6x + 4 7x + 2 + 6x + 4
x→ 0 x ( x + 8) – 8
x→ 0
1 ( x – 2)( 7x + 2 + 6x + 4 )
( x + 8) – 2 3 =
7x + 2 – 6x – 4
= lim
 x + 8 – 2  x + 8 + 2 x + 8 + 4
x→ 0 1 2 1

( )  ( ) ( ) 3 3 3

= 7x + 2 + 6x + 4
1
= Now, when x = 2,
4+4+4
k = 7(2) + 2 + 6(2) + 4
1
= =4+4
12
k = 8.
 ax + 3, x > 5

15. f ( x ) =  8, x = 5
 x 2 + bx + a, x < 5

f (x) is continuous.
Therefore, 5a + 3 = 8 a =1
25 + 5b + a = 8 5b = –18
18
b=–
5

Chapter 4 • Derivatives
Review of Prerequisite Skills Exercise 4.1
y y
1. f. 4 p 7 × 6 p 9 24 p16 3.
=
12 p15 12 p15
= 2p
( 3a )[ 2a ( –b) ]
–4 3 3
x
6a –1b 3 x
i.
5 2
=– 1
1
12a – b 12a 5b
b
=– 6
2a
( x + y)( x – y) ( x + y)
3
6. d. ÷
5( x – y ) 10
b. f ( x ) x 2 + 3x + 1; a = 3
(x + y) 10
4.
= ×
5 (x + y)
3
f ( a + h) – f ( a)
f ′( a) = lim
h→0
2 h
= ×x≠y
(x + y) Since a = 3, f ( 3 + h) = ( 3 + h) + 3( 3 + h) + 1
2 2
= h 2 + 9h + 19
f ( 3) = 32 + 3( 3) + 1
x + 1 x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 3) – ( x + 2)( x – 2)
f. – = = 19
x–2 x+3 ( x – 2)( x + 3)
x 2 + 4 x + 3 – ( x 2 – 4) Now f ( 3 + h) – f ( 3) = h 2 + 9h
= = h( h + 9)
( x – 2)( x + 3)
4x + 7 h( h + 9)
= f ′( 3) = lim
( x – 2)( x + 3) h→ 0
h
f ′( 3) = 9
2 + 3 2 2 + 3 2 3+ 4 2 f (3 + h) – f (3)
9. c. = × f ′ (3) = lim
3 – 4 2 3 – 4 2 3+ 4 2 h→ 0 h
6 + 17 2 + 24 (3 + h)
2
+ 3(3 + h) + 1 – (9 + 9 + 1)
= = lim
9 – 32 h→ 0 h
30 + 17 2
= 6h + h 2 + 3h 9h + h 2
–23 = lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
30 + 17 2
=– =9
23
d. 3 2–4 3 3 2–4 3 3 2–4 3

= ×
3 2+4 3 3 2+4 3 3 2 –4 3
18 – 24 6 + 48
=
18 – 48
66 – 24 6
=
–30
11 – 4 6
=–
5
Chapter 4: Derivatives 73
c. f ( x ) = x + 1 ; a = 0 c.
f ( 0 + h) – f ( 0) f ( x) = 3x + 2
f ′( 0) = lim
h→0
h f ( x + h) – f ( x)
f ′( x ) = lim
h +1 – 1 h→0
h
= lim
h→0
h 3x + 3h + 2 – 3x + 2 3x + 3h + 2 + 3x + 2
= lim ×
h +1 – 1 h +1 +1 h→0
h 3x + 3h + 2 + 3x + 2
= lim ×
h→0
h h +1 +1 3x + 3h + 2 – 3x – 2
= lim
= lim
h +1 – 1 h→0
(
h 3x + 3h + 2 + 3x + 2 )
h→0
(
h h +1 +1 ) f ′( x ) =
3
1 2 3x + 2
= lim
h→0
h +1 +1
1
f ′( 0) =
1 d. f ( x ) =
2 x2
f ( x + h) – f ( x)
f ′( x ) = lim
5. a. f ( x) = x + 3x 2 h→ 0
h
1 1
f ( x + h) – f ( x) 2 –
f ′( x ) = lim
h→0 = lim
( x + h) x 2
h h→ 0
h
( x + h) + 3( x + h) – ( x 2 + 3x)
2
= lim x – x 2 – 2 xh – h 2
2
= lim
h( x + h) ( x 2 )
h→0
h h→ 0 2
2hx + h 2 + 3h
= lim –2 x − h
h→0
h = lim
( + h) ( x 2 )
2
h→ 0
x
= lim
h→0
( 2 x + 3 + h)
–2 x
=
f ′( x ) = 2 x + 3 x4
2
f ′( x ) = – 3
3 x
b. f ( x ) =
x+2 x +1
f ( x + h) – f ( x) 6. b. y =
f ′( x ) = lim x –1
h→0
h
3 3 x + h +1 x +1
– –
dy x + h –1 x –1
= lim x + h + 2 x + 2 = lim
h→0
h dx h→0 h
3x + 6 – 3x – 3h – 6 x 2 + xh + x – x – h – 1 – x 2 – xh + x – x – h + 1
= lim = lim
h→0
h( x + h + 2)( x + 2)
h→0
h( x + h – 1)( x – 1)
–3 –2h
= lim = lim
h→0
( x + h + 2)( x + 2)
h→0
h( x + h – 1)( x – 1)
–3 dy 2
f ′( x ) = =–
( x – 1)
2
( x + 2) dx
2
74 Chapter 4: Derivatives
7. y = 2x 2 – 4 x h( –2t − h + 8)
v ( t ) = lim
h→0
h
Since y = f ( x ) = 2 x – 4 x
2
= lim
h→0
( –2t – h + 8)
f ( x + h) – f ( x) v ( t ) = –2 t + 8
f ( x ) = lim
h→0
h
Velocities at t = 0 , 4, and 6 are v( 0) = 8, v( 4) = 0,
f ( x + h) = 2( x + h) – 4( x + h)
2
and v(6) = – 4 .
= 2 x 2 + 4 hx + 2h 2 – 4 x – 4 h
f ( x) = 2 x 2 – 4 x 9. f ( x ) = x + 1 , parallel to x – 6 y + 4 = 0
f ( x + h) – f ( x ) = 4 hx + 2h – 4 h 2
f ( x + h) – f ( x)
f ′( x ) = lim
h→ 0
h
h( 4 x + 2h – 4)
f ′( x ) = lim x + h +1 – x +1
h→0
h = lim
h→ 0
= lim
h→0
( 4 x + 2 h – 4) h
x + h +1 – x +1 x + h +1 + x +1
f ′( x ) = 4 x – 4 = lim ×
h→ 0
h x + h +1 + x +1
Slopes of the tangents at x = 0, 1, and 2 are x + h + 1 – ( x + 1)
= lim
f ′ ( 0) = – 4 , f ′ (1) = 0, and f ′ (2) = 4 . h→ 0
h ( x + h +1 + x +1 )
y 1
= lim
h→ 0
x + h +1 + x +1
1
y = 2x2 – 4x f ′( x ) =
2 x +1
The slope of the tangent to f ( x ) = x + 1 is parallel

to x – 6 y + 4 = 0 .
∴ f ′( x) =
1
6
1 1
=
x 2 x +1 6
0 1 2
x +1 = 3
x =8
(
The point of tangency will be 8, f (8) = (8, 3) . )
1
The equation of the line will be y – 3 = ( x – 8)
6
or x – 6 y + 10 = 0 .
8. s(t) = – t2 + 8t; t = 0, t = 4, t = 6
s( t + h) – s( t )
v ( t ) = s′( t ) = lim
h→0
h
s( t + h) = –( t + h) + 8( t + h)
2
= – t 2 – 2ht – h 2 + 8t + 8h
s( t + h) – s( t ) = –2ht – h 2 + 8h
= h(−2t – h + 8)
1 1 16. y
13. + = 1 at (2, 2)
x y
1 x –1
y =1– =
x x
x
y=
x –1
f ( x + h) – f ( x )
f ′ ( x ) = lim
x
1 2 3
h→ 0 h
x+h x
–
= lim x + h – 1 x –1
h→ 0 h
f ( x ) is continuous.
x 2 + xh – x – h – x 2 − xh + x
= lim f ( 3) = 2
h→ 0
h( x – 1)( x + h – 1)
But f ′( 3) = ∞ .
–1
= lim
h→ 0
( x – 1)( x + h – 1) (Vertical tangent)
–1
= Exercise 4.2
( x – 1)
2
2. h. f ( x) =
3
x
At x = 2 , f ′( x ) = –1 . 1
Slope of the tangent at (2, 2) is –1. =x 3
1 –2
f ′( x) = x 3
3
14. f ( x) = x x
For x < 0, x = – x ∴ f ( x ) = – x 2 4
 x
x ≥ 0, x = x ∴ f ( x) = x 2 k. f ( x) =  
 2
∴ f ′( x ) = –2 x , x < 0
f ′( x ) = 2 x , x ≥ 0 x4
=
16
And f ′( x ) exists for all x ∈ R and f ′( 0) = 0 .
4x3
f ′( x) =
f ( a) = 0, f ′( a) = 6
16
15.
x3
f ( a + h) – f ( a) =
f ′( a) = lim =6 4
h→0
h
But f ( a) = 0
f ( a + h) 3. f. h( x ) = ( 2 x + 3)( x + 4)
∴ lim =6
h→0
h = 2 x 2 + 9 x + 12
f ( a + h) h′( x ) = 4 x + 9
and lim = 3.
h→0
2h
t 5 – 3t 2
k. s( t ) =
2t 1 2
t4 3
= – t
6. b. f ( x) = 7 – 6 x 2 + 5x 3
2 2 10 – 131
f ′( x ) = –3x
–
4t 3 3 x 2
+
s′( t ) = – 3
2 2 3 10
3 f ′( 64) = – + 3
= 2t –3
64 3 64
2
3 10
=– +
8 12
11
2 1
–
1
=
4. e. y = 3x 3 – 6 x 3 + x 3
24
4
dy 2  – 13  1  – 23  1 x 3
–
=  3x  –  6 x  – 7. d. y = 16x 3
dx 3   3  3
3
= 4x 2
1 2
– – 1 –4
= 2x 3
– 2x 3
– x 3
3 dy 1
= 6x 2
dx
i. y = 20 x 5 + 33 x + 17 At ( 4, 32),
1
dy
= 20 x 5 + 3x 3 + 17 = 6(2)
dx
dy 1 –2
= 100 x 4 + 3 × x 3 dy
dx 3 = 12.
2
dx
–
= 100 x 4 + x 3
8. b. y =2 x +5
j. y= x +6 x + 2 3 1
y = 2x 2 + 5
1 3
= x 2 + 6x 2 + 2
1
dy –
=x 2
dy 1 – 12 3 1 dx
= x + × 6x 2 At x = 4,
dx 2 2
1 – 12 1
dy 1
= x + 9x 2 = .
2 dx 3
1+ x d. y = x –3 ( x –1 + 1)
l. y= = x –4 + x –3
x
1 x dy
= + = – 4 x –5 – 3 x – 4
x x dx
–
1 At x = 1,
= x –1 + x 2
dy
dy 1 –3 =–4–3
= – x –2 – x 2 dx
dx 2 = –7.
at P( 0.5, – 1)
( )( ) ( )
1
9. a. y = 2 x – e. y= x – 2 3 x + 8 at 2, 2 2 – 10
x
dy 1
= 2+ 2 = 3 x + 2 x – 16
dx x 1
dy –
=3+ x 2
1 dx
Slope of the tangent at x = is 2 + 4 = 6 .
2
1 7
At x = 4, slope is 3 + = .
 1 2 2
Equation y + 1 = 6  x – 
 2 7
Now, y = ( x – 4)
6x – y – 4 = 0 2
or 7x – 2 y – 28 = 0
b. y = 3 – 4 at P( –1, 7)
x2 x3 1
1 1
= 3 x –2 – 4 x –3 x – 2 x2 – 2 –
f. y = = 1
= x 6
– 2 x 3
3
dy x x3
= – 6 x –3 + 12 x –4
dx dy 1 – 6 2 – 43
5
= x + x
dy  dx 6 3
= 6 + 12 = 18
dx  x=–1
1 2 5
y – 7 = 18( x + 1) Slope at x = 1 is + = .
6 3 6
18 x – y + 25 = 0
5
Now, y + 1 = ( x – 1); 5x – 6y – 11 = 0.
c. y = 3 x at P(3, 9)
3 6
dy 3 1
= 3 × x2 10. A normal to the graph of a function at a point is a
dx 2
line that is perpendicular to the tangent at the given
dy  3 9
 = 3× × 3 = point.
dx  x=3 2 2
– 3 at P( –1, 7)
3 4
y=
y – 9 = ( x – 3)
9 2
x x
2
9x – 2 y – 9 = 0
Slope of the tangent is 18, therefore, the slope of the
1
normal is – .
1  2 1
 x +  at P(1, 2)
18
d. y=
x x 1
Equation is y – 7 = – ( x + 1) .
= x + x –2 18
dy
= 1 – 2 x –3 x + 18 y – 125 = 0
dx
Slope at x = 1 is –1.
y – 2 = –1( x – 1)
x + y – 3= 0
1
3 –
y
11. y = 3
= 3 x 3
x
Parallel to x + 16 y + 3 – 0
1
Slope of the line is – .
16
4
dy –
= –x 3
dx
4
– 1
∴x 3
= x
16
0 1
1 1
4
=
16
x 3
x 3 = 16
3
x = (16) 4 = 8
12. y = 1 = x –1 : y = x 3
x 14. y = – x 2 + 3x + 4
dy 1 dy dy
=– 2 : = 3x 2 = –2 x + 3
dx x dx dx
1
Now, – = 3x 2 dy
x2 For = 5,
dx
1
x4 = – .
3 5 = –2 x + 3
No real solution. They never have the same slope. x = –1.
The point is ( –1, 0) .

dy
13. y = x , = 2x
2
dx
y
The slope of the tangent at A(2, 4) is 4 and at
 1 1 1
B  – ,  is – .
 8 64  4
Since the product of the slopes is –1, the tangents at
 1 1
A(2, 4) and B  – ,  will be perpendicular. x
 8 64  –1 1 2
15. y = x3 + 2 Point (2, 3):
dy Slope is 0. Slope is 16.
= 3 x 2 , slope is 12
dx Equation of tangent is Equation of tangent is
∴ x2 = 4 y – 3= 0. y – 3 = 16( x – 2)
x = 2 or x = –2 or 16x – y – 29 = 0.
From the point B(2, –7):
Points are (2, 10) and ( –2, – 6).
2a 2 + 10
Slope of BP: = 4a
a–2
16. y =
1 5
x – 10 x , slope is 6 2a 2 + 10 = 4 a 2 – 8a
5 2a 2 – 8a – 10 = 0
dy
= x 4 – 10 = 6 a2 – 4a – 5 = 0
dx
x 4 = 16 ( a – 5)( a + 1) = 0
a=5 a = –1
x2 = 4 or x = – 4
2
x = ±2 non-real Slope is 4 a = 20 . Slope is – 4.

 68  Equation is Equation is
Tangents with slope 6 are at the points  2, – 
 5 y + 7 = 20( x – 2) y + 7 = – 4( x – 2)
or 20 x – y − 47 = 0 . or 4 x + y − 1 = 0.
 68 
and  –2,  .
 5
a
18. ax – 4 y + 21 = 0 is tangent to y = at x = –2.
x2
17. y = 2 x 2 + 3  a
Therefore, the point of tangency is  –2, .
a. Equation of tangent from A(2, 3) :  4
If x = a , y = 2 x 2 + 3.
This point lies on the line, therefore,
Let the point of tangency be P( a, 2 a + 3).
2
a
a( –2) – 4  + 21 = 0
4
dy dy 
Now, = 4 x and  = 4 a. –3a + 21 = 0
dx dx x=a
a = 7.
The slope of the tangent is the slope of AP.
y
2a 2 22.
∴ = 4 a.
a–2
2a 2 = 4 a 2 – 8a
2a 2 – 8a = 0 (0, 3)
2a( a – 4) = 0
a=0 or a=4
x
0 1
Let the coordinates of the points of tangency be 24. x + y =1
A( a, – 3a 2 ).
P( a, b) is on the curve, therefore a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0.
dy y =1– x
= – 6 x , slope of the tangent at A is – 6a
dx
y =1– 2 x + x
1
2
–3a – 3 dy 1 –
Slope of PA: = – 6a = – • 2x 2 + 1
a dx 2
–3a 2 – 3 = – 6a 2
1 1+ a
3a 2 = 3 At x = a , slope is – +1 = – .
a a
a =1 or a = –1
Coordinates of the points at which the tangents But a + b = 1
touch the curve are (1, – 3) and ( –1, – 3). – b = a – 1.
Therefore, slope is – b = – b .
23. y = x 3 – 6x 2 + 8x , tangent at A(3, – 3) a a
dy
= 3x 2 – 12 x + 8
dx
dy  25. f ( x ) = x n , f ′ ( x ) = nx n–1
= 27 – 36 + 8 = –1
dx  x– 3
Slope of the tangent at x = 1 is f ′ (1) = n,
The slope of the tangent at A(3, – 3) is –1.
The equation of the tangent at
(1, 1) is:
Equation will be y – 1 = n( x – 1)
y + 3 = –1( x – 3) nx – y – n + 1 = 0
y = – x.
Let y = 0, nz = n – 1
– x = x 3 – 6x 2 + 8x
n –1 1
x 3 – 6x 2 + 9x = 0 x= =1– .
n n
x ( x 2 – 6 x + 9) = 0
1
x ( x – 3) = 0 1
2
The x-intercept is 1 − as n → ∞ , and → 0,
n n
x = 0 or x = 3
and the x-intercept approaches 1 as n → ∞ , the
Coordinates are B(0, 0).
slope of the tangent at (1, 1) increases without
y
bound, and the tangent approaches a vertical line
having equation x – 1 = 0.
x
0 1
26. a. y c. y
x
0 1
x
0 1 3
 x 2, x < 3 2 x , x < 3  x – 1, x ≥ 1 since x –1 = x –1

f ( x) =  f ′( x) =   1 – x , 0 ≤ x < 1 since
 x + 6, x ≥ 3 1, x ≥ 3  x –1 =1– x
f ( x) = 
 x + 1, – 1 < x < 0 since –x – 1 = x + 1
f ′( 3) does not exist.  – x – 1, x ≤ –1 since –x – 1 = –x – 1
b.  1, x > 1
y  –1, 0 < x < 1
f ′( x) = 
 1, – 1 < x < 0
 –1, x < –1
f ′ ( 0), f ′ ( –1), and f ′ (1) do not exist.
Exercise 4.3
y = (1 – x 2 ) ( 2 x + 6)
4 3
2. c.
dy
= 4(1 – x 2 ) ( –2 x )( 2 x + 6) + (1 – x 2 ) 3( 2 x + 6) ( 2)
3 3 4 2
dx
= –8 x (1 – x 2 ) ( 2 x + 6) + 6(1 – x 2 ) ( 2 x + 6)
3 3 4
x
0 1
y = x 3 ( 3x + 7)
2
4. e.
3x 2 – 6, x < – 2 or x > 2 dy
= 3x 2 ( 3x + 7) + x 3 6( 3x + 7)
2
f ( x) =  dx
 6 – 3x , – 2 < x < 2
2
 6x , x < – 2 or x > 2 At x = –2 ,
f ′( x) =  dy
= 12(1) + ( –8)(6)(1)
2
– 6x, – 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 dx
= 12 – 48
f′( 2 ) and f ′(– 2 ) do not exist. = –36.
f. y = ( 2 x + 1) ( 3x + 2) , x = –1
5 4
8. Determine the point of tangency, and then find the
negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangency. Use
dy
= 5( 2 x + 1) ( 2)( 3x + 2) + ( 2 x + 1) 4( 3x + 2) ( 3)
4 4 5 3
this information to find the equation of the normal.
dx
h( x ) = 2 x ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
3 2
dy 
= 5( –1) ( 2)( –1) + ( –1) ( 4)( –1) ( 3)
4 4 5 3

dx  x=–1 h′( x ) = 2( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 2 x 3( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
3 2 2 2
= 10 + 12
+ 2 x ( x + 1) 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1)( 2 x + 1)
3
= 22
h′( –2) = 2( –1) (1) + 2( –2)( 3)( –1) (1) + 2( –2)( –1) ( 2)(1)( –2)
3 2 2 2 3
h. y = 3 x ( x – 4)( x + 3), x = 2 = –2 – 12 – 16
= –30
= 3( x – 4)( x + 3) + 3 x ( x + 3) + 3 x ( x – 4)
dy
dx
At x = 2 , 9. a. f ( x ) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) … g n–1 ( x ) g n ( x )
dy
= 3( –2)(5) + 6(5) + 6( –2) f ′( x ) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) … g n–1 ( x ) g n ( x )
1
dx
= –30 + 30 – 12
+ g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) … g n–1 ( x ) g n ( x )
1
= –12.
+ g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) … g n–1 ( x ) g n ( x )
1
Tangent to y = ( x – 5x + 2)( 3x – 2 x ) at (1, –2).

3 2
5. +…
dy
= (3x 2 – 5)(3x 2 – 2 x ) + ( x 3 – 5x + 2)(6x – 2) + g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) … g n–1 ( x ) g n ( x )
dx
dy 
= ( –2)(1) + ( –2)( 4) b. f ( x ) = (1 + x )(1 + 2 x )(1 + 3x ) … (1 + nx )
dx  x=1
= –2 • –8 f ′( x ) = 1(1 + 2 x )(1 + 3x ) … (1 + nx )
= –10
+ (1 + x )( 2)(1 + 3x ) … (1 + nx )
Slope of the tangent at (1, –2) is –10. + (1 + x )(1 + 2 x )( 3) … (1 + nx )
The equation is y + 2 = –10( x – 1); 10 x + y – 8 = 0 .
+…
6. b. y = ( x + 2 x + 1)( x + 2 x + 1)
2 2 + (1 + x )(1 + 2 x )(1 + 3x )… ( n)
∴ f ′( 0) = 1(1)(1)(1) … (1)
dy
= 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1)( 2 x + 2)
dx + 1(2)(1)(1) K (1)
+ 1(1)(3)(1) K (1)
(x 2
+ 2 x + 1)( 2 x + 2) = 0
2( x + 1)( x + 1)( x + 1) = 0 + …
x = –1 + (1)(1)(1) … ( n)
Point of horizontal tangency is (–1, 0).
= 1 + 2 + 3 + …+ n
y = x 2 ( 3x 2 + 4) ( 3 – x 3 )
2 4
n( n + 1)
7. b. f ′( 0) =
2
dy
= 2 x( 3x 2 + 4) ( 3 – x 3 )
2 4
dx
[ ]
+ x 2 2( 3x 2 + 4)( 6 x ) ( 3 – x 3 )
4
[
+ x 2 ( 3 x 2 + 4 ) 4 ( 3 – x 3 ) ( –3 x 2 ) ]
2 3
10. f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c c. f ′( –2) = 2( –2) = –4
f ′ ( x ) = 2 ax + b (1) f ′( 0) = –2( 0) = 0
f ′( 3) = 2( 3) = 6
Horizontal tangent at ( –1, – 8)
f ′( x ) = 0 at x = –1
2a + b = 0 16
12. y= –1
x2
Since (2, 19) lies on the curve, dy 32
=– 3
4 a + 2b + c = 19. (2) dx x
Since ( –1, – 8) lies on the curve, Slope of the line is 4.
a – b + c = –8. (3)
4 a + 2b + c = 19 32
– =4
– 3a – 3b = –27 x3
a+b =9 4 x 3 = –32
2a + b = 0 x 3 = –8
–a =9 x = –2
a = –9, b = 18 16
y= –1
4
–9 – 18 + c = –8
=3
c = 19
The equation is y = –9 x 2 + 18 x + 19 . Point is at ( –2, 3) .
Find intersection of line and curve:
11. y 4 x – y + 11 = 0
y = 4 x + 11.
Substitute,
16
x 4 x + 11 = –1
–1 1 x2
4 x 3 + 11x 2 = 16 – x 2
or 4 x 3 + 12 x 2 – 16 = 0.
Let x = –2.
a. x = 1 or x = –1
R.S. = 4( –2) + 12( –2) – 16
3 2
=0
b. f ′ ( x ) = 2 x , x < −1 or x > 1
Since x = –2 satisfies the equation, therefore it is a
f ′ ( x ) = –2 x , – 1 < x < 1. solution.
y When x = –2 , y = 4( –2) + 11 = 3.
Intersection point is ( –2, 3). Therefore, the line is

tangent to the curve.
Exercise 4.4
x3
6. y=
x (3x + 5) 3x 2 + 5x x2 – 6
4. g. y= = 3x 2 ( x 2 – 6) – x 3 ( 2 x )
(1 – x 2 ) 1 – x2 dy
=
(x – 6)
2
dx
dy (6x + 5)( – x 2 ) – (3x 2 + 5x )( –2 x )
2
=
(1 – x 2 )
2
dx At (3, 9):
–6x 3 – 5x 2 + 6x + 5 + 6x 3 + 10 x 2 dy 3( 9)( 3) – ( 27)( 6)
= =
( 3)
2
dx
(1 – x )
2 2
= 9 – 18
5x 2 + 6x + 5
= = –9
(1 – x )
2 2
The slope of the tangent to the curve at (3, 9) is –9 .
x 2 – 25 3x
5. c. y= , x =2 7. y=
x 2 + 25 x–4
3( x – 4) – 3x
dy 2 x ( x 2 + 25) – ( x 2 – 25)(2 x )
dy 12
= =–
= dx ( x – 4)
2
( x – 4)
2
( x 2 + 25)
2
dx
12
dy  4(29) – ( –21)( 4) Slope of the tangent is –
25
.
 =
dx  x=2 (29)
2
12 12
116 + 84 Therefore, 2 =
=
29 2
( x – 4) 25
∴ x – 4 = 5 or x – 4 = –5
200
= x = 9 or x = –1.
841
 27   3
Points are  9,  and  –1,  .
 5  5
( x + 1)( x + 2)
d. y= ,x=4
( x – 1)( x – 2)
5x + 2
x 2 + 3x + 2 8. f ( x) =
= x+2
x 2 – 3x + 2
f ′( x ) =
( x + 2)( 5) – ( 5x + 2)(1)
dy (2 x + 3)( x 2 – 3x + 2) – ( x 2 + 3x + 2)(2 x – 3) ( x + 2)
2
=
( x – 1) ( x – 2)
2 2
dx
8
f ′( x ) =
( x + 2)
2
At x = 4:
Since ( x + 2) is positive or zero for all x ∈ R,
2
dy (11)( 6) – ( 30)( 5)
=
dx ( 9)( 4) 8
2 > 0 for x ≠ –2 . Therefore, tangents to the
=–
84 ( x + 2)
36
7 5x + 2
=– graph of f ( x ) = do not have a negative
3 x+2
slope.
9. b. x2 – 1 10(6 – t)
y= = 0, t = 6 .
x2 + x – 2 t+3
=
( x – 1)( x + 1) –90 10
v ( 6) = =–
( x + 2)( x – 1) 9 2
9
x +1 The speed of the boat when it bumps into the
= , x ≠1
x+2
10
dy ( x + 2) – ( x + 1) dock is m/s.
= 9
( x + 2)
2
dx
ax + b
f ( x) =
d
=
1 13. , x≠–
cx + d c
( x + 2)
2
f ′( x) =
(cx + d )(a) – (ax + b)(c)
(cx + d )
2
dy
Curve has horizontal tangents when =0.
dx
f ′( x) =
ad – bc
No value of x will give a horizontal slope, therefore,
(cx + d )
2
there are no such tangents.

For the tangents to the graph of y = f ( x ) to have
positive slopes, f ′( x ) > 0 . (cx + d ) is positive for all
2
 4t 
10. p(t ) = 1000  1 + 2 
 t + 50  x ∈ R . ad – bc > 0 will ensure each tangent has a
 4(t 2 + 50) – 4t (2t )  positive slope.
p′ (t ) = 1000  
(t 2 + 50)
2
 
1000(200 – 4t 2 ) Exercise 4.5
=
(t + 50)
2 2
4. b. If g( x ) = 5x – 1 and f ( x ) = x ,
1000(196) .
p′ (1) = = 75.36 then h( x ) = f ( g( x ))
(51)
2
= f (5x – 1)
1000(184) .
p′ (2) = = 63.10 f ( x ) = 5x – 1.
54 2
Population is growing at a rate of 75.4 bacteria
per hour at t = 1 and at 63. One bacteria per hour e. h( x ) = x 4 + 5x 2 + 6
= ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 3)
at t = 2.
= ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 2 + 1)
10(6 – t)
12. a. s(t) = , 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 t = 0, s( 0) = 20
t +3 If g( x ) = x 2 + 2 and f ( x ) = x ( x + 1) ,
The boat is initially 20 m from the dock. then h( x ) = f ( g( x ))
  = g( x )( g( x ) + 1)
b. v(t) = s′ (t) = 10  (t + 3)( –1) – (6 – t)(1) 
= ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 2 + 1)
 
 (t + 3)2  h ( x ) = x 4 + 5 x 2 + 6.
v(t) =
–90
(t + 3)2
At t = 0, v ( 0) = –10, the boat is moving towards
the dock at a speed of 10 m/s. When s( t ) = 0,
the boat will be at the dock.
f ( x ) = 2 – x and f ( g( x )) = 2 – x 3 f ( x ) = x + 4, g( x ) = ( x – 2)
2
5. 9.
( )
and f g( u( x )) = 4 x – 8 x + 8
2
f ( g( x )) = 2 – g( x ) = 2 – x 3
g( u( x )) = ( u( x ) – 2)
2
g( x) = x 3
( ) (
and f g( u( x )) = f ( u( x ) – 2) )
2
g( x ) = x , f ( g( x )) = ( )
2
6. x +7
= ( u( x ) – 2) = 4
2
f ( x ) = ( x + 7)
2
= ( u( x )) – 4 u( x ) + 8
2
7. g( x ) = x – 3, f ( g( x )) = x 2 ( )
Since f g( u( x )) is quadratic, u( x ) must be linear.
∴ f ( x – 3) = x 2
Let u( x ) = ax + b .
f ( x – 3) = [( x – 3) + 3]
2
Now,
∴ f ( x ) = ( x + 3)
2
( ax + b) – 4( ax + b) + 8 = 4 x 2 – 8 x + 8
2
Or, since g( x ) is linear and f ( g( x )) is quadratic,

a 2 = 4, a = 2, or a = –2
f ( x ) is a quadratic function.
2 ab – 4 a = –8, b = 0, or – 4 b + 8 = –8
Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c. b = 4.
∴ f ( g( x )) = a( x – 3) + b( x – 3) + c = x 2 ∴ u( x ) = 2 x or u( x ) = –2 x + 4
2
ax – bax + ga + bx – 3b + c = x
2 2
1
ax 2 + x (b – 6a) + 9a – 3b + c = x 2 10. f ( x) = , g( x) = 1 – x
1– x
Equating coefficients:  1 
a =1 a. g( f ( x )) = g 
1 – x 
b – 6a = 0 b =6 1
=1–
9a – 3b + c = 0 c = 9. 1– x
∴ f ( x) = x + 6 x + 9
2 1− x – 1
=
1– x
f ( x ) = ( x + 3)
2
x x
=– =
1– x x –1
8. f ( x ) = x 2 , f ( g( x )) = x 2 + 8 x + 16
But f ( g( x )) = [ g( x ) ] .
2
b. f ( g( x )) = f (1 – x )
1
=
∴ [ g( x )] = x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4) 1 – (1 – x )
2 2
g( x ) = x + 4 or g( x ) = – x – 4 1
=
x
11. f ( g( x )) = g( f ( x )) Exercise 4.6
3
= 3( 9 – x 2 )
–1
3( x 2 + 2 x – 3) + 5 = ( 3x + 5) + 2( 3x + 5) – 3 3. f. y=
2
2
9– x
3x 2 + 6 x – 9 + 5 = 9 x 2 + 30 x + 25 + 6 x + 10 – 3 dy 6x
=
dx ( 9 − x 2 )
2
3x 2 + 6 x – 4 = 9 x 2 + 36 x + 32
6 x 2 + 30 x + 36 = 0 3
1+ x 
( ) (x )
3 –1
x + 5x + 6 = 0
2
i. y= 3  = 1+ x
2
 x2 
( x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
 2  1 –1   1
 2 –1 
x = –3 or x = –2  x 3  x 2  – 1 + x 2  x 3 
2
1+ x    2   3
dy
= 3 × 
  2 
dx  3 x    3
f ( x) = 2 x – 7
2 2
12. a. 
x 
   
x+7
f –1 ( x ) =
2  
 1

 x + 7  23 2 1 + x 2  
f f –1 = f    x –   
 2  2
1+ x   2x2 
1 1
dy 3x 3
 x + 7 = 3   
= 2 –7 dx  3 x  
2 4

 2  x3
 
=x  
 
f –1 f = f –1 (2 x – 7)  
2 1
1+ x  3x – 4 x 2 – 4 x 
2x – 7 + 7 = 3 
x 2   
5 4
=  3 
2  6x 6 x 3
x  –x – 4 x 
2
=x 1+
= 3   
x 2   6 x 6 
13
 3
b. f g = f ( 5 – 2 x )
= 2( 5 – 2 x ) – 7
( ) ( )= ( )( )
2 1 2 3
–3 1 + x x2 4+ x – 1+ x 4+ x x6
= 10 – 4 x – 7 4 × 13 21
= 3– 4x x 3
6x 6
2x 6
3– x
( f g)–1 =
( )( )
2
2
4 1– x   x + 4 x  1+ x 4 + x
= –   =–
5– x  3 x 2   2 x 2 6 x  2x3
Note: g –1 ( x ) = .
2
 x + 7
g –1 × f –1 = g –1  
 2 
x+7
5–
= 2
2
10 – x – 7
=
4
3– x
=
4
( 2 x – 1) y = ( x 3 – 7) at z = 2
2 5
8.
4. f. y=
( x – 2)
3
dy
= 5( x 3 – 7) ( 3x 2 )
4
dy 2( x – 2) ( 2 x – 1)( 2) – 3( 2 x – 1) ( x – 2)
3 2 2
dx
=
dx ( x – 2)
6
dy 
 = 5(1) (12)
4
dx x=2
( x – 2) ( 2 x – 1)[ 4( x – 2) – 3( 2 x – 1)]
2
= = 60
( x – 2)
6
Slope of the tangent is 60.

( x – 2) ( 2 x – 1)( 2 x + 5)
2
=– Equation of the tangent at (2, 1) is

( x – 2)
6
y – 1 = 60( x – 2)
60 x – y – 119 = 0.
k.
9. a. y = 3u 2 – 5u + 2
s = ( 4 – 3t 3 ) (1 – 2t )
4 6
u = x 2 – 1, x = 2
ds u =3
= 4( 4 – 3t 3 ) ( –9t 2 )(1 – 2t ) + 6( 4 – 3t 3 ) (1 – 2t ) ( –2)
3 6 4 5
dt
dy du
= 12( 4 – 3t 3 ) (1 – 2t ) [ –3t 2 (1 – 2t ) – ( 4 – 3t 3 ) ]
3 5
= 6u – 5, = 2x
du dx
= 12( 4 – 3t 3 ) (1 – 2t ) (9t 3 – 3t 2 + 4) dy dy du
3 5
= ×
dx du dx
= 12( 4 – 3t 3 ) (1 – 2t ) (9t 3 – 3t 2 – 4)
3 5
= ( 6u – 5)( 2 x )
= (18 – 5)( 4)
= 13( 4)
2
1– x
l. h( x ) =
1– x = 52
1
1
(1 – x 2 ) 2 ( –2 x )(1 – x ) – 1 – x 2 ( –1)
–
h′( x ) = 2 d. y = u( u + 3) , u = ( x + 3) , x = –2
3 2
2
(1 – x)
2
dy du
= ( u 2 + 3) + 6u 2 ( u 2 + 3) = 2( x + 3)
3 2
 – x (1 – x ) 1 – x 2  1
=  +  du dx
 (1 – x )
2
 1 – x2
1– x
1 – x2
1
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
[ 2
]
= 4 3 + 6( 4) [ 2(1)]
= =
1 – x 2 (1 – x ) = 160 × 2
(1 – x)
2
1 – x2
= 320
y = (1 + x 3 )
2
6. y = 2x 6
10. y = f ( x 2 + 3x – 5), x = 1, f ′( –1) = 2
dy dy
= 2(1 + x 3 )( 3x 2 ) = 12 x 5
dy
dx dx = f ′( x 2 + 3x – 5) × ( 2 x + 3)
dx
= f ′(1 + 3 – 5) × 5
For the same slope,
= 2× 5
6 x 2 (1 + x 3 ) = 12 x 5 dy
= 10
6 x 2 + 6 x 5 = 12 x 5 dx
6x 5 – 6x 2 = 0
6 x 2 ( x 3 – 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1.
Curves have the same slope at x = 0 and x = 1 .
x2 Equation of the tangent at (1, 3) is y – 3 = 0 .
11. y = g( h( x )), h( x ) =
x+2 Solving this equation with the function, we have
= g′( h( x )) × h′( x )
dy
(x + x – 2) + 3 = 3
2 2
dx
( x + 2) ( x – 1)
2 2
=0
9  9
When x = 3, h( 3) = and g ′   = –2. x = –2 or x = 1
5  5
Since –2 and 1 are both double roots, the line with
( x + 2)( 2 x) – x (1) 2
equation y – 3 = 0 will be a tangent at both x = 1
h′( x ) =
( x + 2)
2
and x = –2 . Therefore, y – 3 = 0 is also a tangent at
x2 + 4x
(–2, 3) .
h′( x ) =
( x + 2)
2
x 2 (1 – x )
3
9 + 12 21 15. y =
h′( 5) = =
(1 + x)
3
25 25
3
 1 – x  
dy 21 = x 2  
At x = 3, = –2 ×  1 + x  
dx 25
42 1 – x     (1 + x ) – (1 – x )(1) 
3 2
=– dy 2 1– x
. = 2 x  + 3x   – 
25 1 + x   1 + x   (1 + x) 
2
dx
1 – x   
3 2
2 1– x 2
= 2 x  + 3x   –
1 + x   1 + x  (1 + x )
2
12. h( x ) = f ( g( x )) , therefore R′( x ) = f ′( g( x )) × g′( x )

1 – x  1 – x 3x 
2
f ( u) = u – 1, g( 2) = 3, g′( 2) = –1
2 = 2 x  –
 1 + x   1 + x (1 + x ) 
2
Now, h ′ (2) = f ′ ( g(2)) × g ′ (2)  1 – x   1 – x 2 – 3x 

2
= 2 x  
= f ′ (3) × g ′ (2).  1 + x   (1 + x ) 
2
2 x ( x 2 + 3x – 1)(1 – x )
2
Since f ( u) = u – 1, f ′( u) = 2u , and f ′( 3) = 6,
2
=–
(1 + x)
4
∴ h ′ (2) = 6( –1)
= – 6. 16. If y = u n, prove
dy
= nu n–1
du
.
dx dx
dy du du
13. h( x ) = p( x ) q( x )r ( x ) For n = 1, y = u and = 1u 1–1 = , which is
dx dy dx
true.
a. h ′ ( x ) = p′ ( x ) q( x )r ( x ) + p( x ) × q ′ ( x ) × r ( x )
+ p( x ) × q( x ) × r ′ ( x ) Assume the statement is true for n = k, i.e., y = u k,
dy du
then = u k–1 .
dx dx
14. y = ( x 2 + x – 2) + 3
2
dy du
For n = k + 1 show, = ( k + 1) u k .
dy
= 2( x 2 + x – 2)( 2 x + 1)
dx dx
dx
Now, y = u k +1 = u × u k .
At the point (1, 3), x = 1 and the slope of the tangent will
be 2(1 + 1 – 2)( 2 + 1) = 0.
1
dy du
= × u k + u × ku k–1
du h. y = ( x + 3)( x – 3) = ( x 2
– 9) 2
dx dx dx 1
1 2
( x – 9) 2 ( 2 x )
–
du du y′ =
= ×u +k×u ×
k k
2
dx dx
x
du =
= × u k × ( k + 1) x2 – 9
dx
du
= ( k + 1) u k
dx
( 2 x – 5)
4
Therefore, if the statement is true for n = k, it will 5. c. y=

( x + 1)
3
be true for n = k + 1. Since it is true for n = 1, it will

( x + 1) × 4( 2 x – 5) – 3( 2 x – 5) ( x + 1)
3 3 4 2
be true for n = 2, therefore true for all n ∈ N .
y′ =
( x + 1)
6
17. f ( x ) = ax + b, g( x ) = cx + d
( x + 1) ( 2 x – 5) [ 4 x + 4 – 6 x + 15]
2 3
=
f ( g( x )) = f (cx + d ) ( x + 1)
6
= a(cx + d ) + b ( 2 x – 5) (19 – 2 x)
3
y′ =
= acx + ad + b ( x + 1)
4
g( f ( x )) = g( ax + b)
= c ( ax + b) + d (x – 1)
3 3
 x 2 – 1
2
f. y= = 2 
= acx + bc + d (x + 1)  x + 1
3
2
Now, f ( g( x )) = g( f ( x )).  x 2 – 1   ( x + 1)(2 x ) – 2 x ( x – 1) 

2 2 2
y′ = 3  2   
 x + 1  ( ) 
2
 x 2
+ 1 
∴ acx + ad + b = ccx + bc + d
12 x ( x 2 – 1)
2
ad – d = bc – b
=
d ( a – 1) = b(c – 1) (x + 1)
4
2
If f ( g( x )) = g( f ( x )) , then d ( a – 1) = b(c – 1) .
y = (1 – x 2 ) (6 + 2 x )
3 –3
i.
3
Review Exercise  1 – x2 
= 
 6 + 2x
1
y = ( x – 1) 2 ( x + 1)
 1 – x 2   (6 + 2 x )( –2 x ) – (1 – x )(2) 
4. f. 2 2
y′ = 3    
1
( )
1 1
y′ = ( x – 1) 2 + ( x + 1) – ( x – 1) 2  6 + 2x  
– 2
 6 + 2 x 
2
3(1 – x 2 ) ( –12 x – 4 x 2 – 2 + 2 x 2 )
2
x +1
= x –1 + =
(6 + 2 x)
4
2 x –1
2x – 2 + x + 1
= 3(1 – x ) (2 x + 12 x + 2)
2
2 2
2 x –1 =–
(6 + 2 x)
4
3x – 1
=
3(1 – x ) ( x + 6 x + 1)
2
2 x –1 2 2
=–
8(3 – x )
4
6. a. g( x ) = f ( x 2 ) 9. y = – x 3 + 6x 2
g ′( x) = f ′( x 2 ) × 2 x y′ = –3x 2 + 12 x
–3 x 2 + 12 x = –12 – 3 x 2 + 12 x = –15
x2 – 4x – 4 = 0 x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
b. h( x ) = 2 xf ( x )
4 ± 16 + 32
h′( x ) = 2 f ( x ) + 2 xf ′( x ) x=
2
( x – 5)( x + 1) = 0
4±4 3
= x = 5, x = –1
2
7. b. u+4 x+x
y= , u= , x =2±2 3
u–4 10
x=4
3
u= 10. a. i) y = ( x 3 – x )
2
5
y′ = 2( x 3 – x )( 3x 2 – 1)
dy ( u – 4) – ( u + 4) du 1  1 –
1

= =  x 2
+ 1 Horizontal tangent,
( u – 4) dx 10  2 
2
du
2 x ( x 2 – 1)(3x 2 – 1) = 0
8 du  1  5
=–  =  
( u – 4) dx x=4 10  4 
2
3
x = 0, x = ±1, x = ± .
1 3
=
8
y = (3 x –2 – 2 x 3 ) at (1, 1)
5
dy  8 11. b.
 3 =–
du u =  3 20  y′ = 5(3 x – 2 x ) ( –6 x – 6x 2)
2 4
–2 3 –3
5  – 
5 5 
A+ x =1
8( 25)
y′ = 5(1) ( –6 – 6)
4
=–
( –17)
2
= – 60
dy  8( 25) 1 Equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is
 =– ×
dx x=4 17 2 8 y – 1 = – 60( x – 1)
25
= 60 x + y – 61 = 0.
289
( ) y = 3x 2 – 7x + 5
12.
c. y= f x +9 ,
2
f ′ (5) = –2, x = 4
dy
= 6x – 7
( )
1
dy
(
1 2
x + 9) 2 (2 x )
dx
–
= f′ x2 + 9 ×
dx 2 1
dy 1 1 Slope of x + 5y – 10 = 0 is – .
= f ′ (5) • • • 8 5
dx 2 5
4
= –2 •
5
8
=–
5
Since perpendicular, 6x – 7 = 5 5
y = f ( x ) crosses the x-axis at x = , and
x=2 2
y = 3( 4) – 14 + 5  
10  x – 1 
f ′( x ) =
= 3. 3  3 
1
x
Equation of the tangent at (2, 3) is
 5  10 3 1
y – 3 = 5( x – 2) f ′  = × ×
 2  3 2  5 3
1
5 x – y – 7 = 0.  
2
2 1
3 2
= 5× = 53 × 2 3
13. y = 8 x + b is tangent to y = 2 x 2
3 5
1
dy = ( 25 × 2) 3
= 4x
dx = 3 50
Slope of the tangent is 8, therefore 4 x = 8, x = 2.
Point of tangency is (2, 8).
Therefore, 8 = 16 + b, b = –8 . b. To find a, let f ( x ) = 0.
Or 8x + b = 2 x 2 10 23 10
x − 1 =0
2 x 2 – 8x – b = 0 3
3x 3
8 ± 64 + 8b 30 x = 30
x= .
2(2) x =1
For tangents, the roots are equal, therefore Therefore a = 1.
64 + 8b = 0, b = –8 .
Point of tangency is (2, 8), b = –8 . 18. C ( x ) =
1 3
x + 40 x + 700
3
a. C ′( x ) = x + 40
5 2 2
15. a. f ( x) = 2 x 3 – 5x 3
5 23 2 –1
f ′( x ) = 2 ×x – 5× x 3
3 3 b. C ′ ( x ) = 76
=
10 23 10
x – 1 ∴ x + 40 = 76
2
3
3x 3 x 2 = 36
2
x =6
f ( x ) = 0 ∴ x 3 [ 2 x – 5] = 0 Production level is 6 gloves/week.
5
x = 0 or x =
2 x2 2 3
19. R( x ) = 750 x – – x
6 3
a. Marginal Revenue
x
R′( x ) = 750 – – 2x 2
3
10
b. R′(10) = 750 – – 2(100)
3
= $546.67
D( p) =
20
20. , p >1 1 3
p –1 4. a. y= x – 3x –5 + 4 π
3
 1 3
D′ ( p) = 20  –  ( p – 1) 2
–
dy
 2 = x 2 + 15x –6
dx
10
=– 3
( p – 1) 2
y = 6( 2 x – 9)
5
b.
D′ (5) = –
10 10
=– dy
= 30( 2 x – 9) ( 2)
3 4
4 8
dx
5 = 60( 2 x – 9)
4
=–
4
5 2 x
Slope of demand curve at (5, 10) is – . c. y= + +6 x
3
4
x 3
1 1
– 1
Chapter 4 Test = 2x 2
+ x + 6x 3
3
3 2
2. f is the graph on the right and below the x-axis (it’s a dy – 1 –
= –x 2
+ + 2x 3
cubric). f ′ is the other graph (it is quadratic). dx 3
5
f ( x + h) – f ( x)  x2 + 6 
3. f ( x ) = lim d. y= 
h→0
h  3x + 4 
x + h – ( x + h) – ( x – x 2 )  x 2 + 6  2 x (3 x + 4) – ( x + 6)3
2 4 2
dy
= lim = 5 
h→0
 3x + 4  (3 x + 4)
2
h dx
x + h – ( x + 2hx + h 2 ) – x + x 2
2
5( x 2 + 6) (3 x 2 + 8 x – 18)
4
= lim
h→0
h =
(3 x + 4)
6
h – 2hx – h 2
= lim
h→0
h
h(1 – 2 x – h)
= lim e. y = x 2 3 6x 2 – 7
h→0
h
= lim
h→0
(1 – 2 x – h) dy 1
1 –
2
= 2 x (6 x 2 – 7) 3 + x 2 (6 x 2 – 7) 3 (12 x )
= 1 – 2x dx 3
((6 x )
2
= 2 x (6 x 2 – 7) – 7) + 2 x 2
–
3 2
d
Therefore,
dx
( x – x 2 ) = 1 – 2 x. 2
= 2 x (6 x 2 – 7) (8 x – 7)
–
3 2
4 x 5 – 5x 4 + 6 x – 2 y = ( 3 x –2 – 2 x 3 )
5
f. y= 7.
x4
dy
= 5( 3x –2 – 2 x 3 ) ( –6 x –3 – 6 x 2 )
4
= 4 x – 5 + 6 x –3 – 2 x –4
dx
At (1, 1),
dy
= 4 – 18 x –4 + 8 x –5
dx
4 x 5 – 18 x + 8 dy
= 5(1) ( –6 – 6)
4
= dx
x5
= – 60.
Equation of tangent line at (1, 1) is
5. y = ( x + 3x – 2)( 7 – 3x )
2
y –1
= – 60
dy x –1
= ( 2 x + 3)( 7 – 3x ) + ( x 2 + 3x – 2)( –3) y – 1 = – 60 x + 60
dx
At (1, 8), 60 x + y – 61 = 0.
dy
= (5)( 4) + (2)( –3) 3
 1 
dx 8. P(t ) =  t 4 + 3
= 14.  
2
The slope of the tangent to y = ( x 2 + 3x – 2)( 7 – 3x )  1   1 –3

P ′ (t ) = 3  t 4 + 3  t 4 
  4 
at (1, 8) is 14. 2
 1  1 – 
3
P ′ (16) = 3  16 4 + 3  × 16 4 
  4 
6. y = 3u 2 + 2u 2 1 1
= 3 (2 + 3)  × 
dy  4 8
= 6u + 2
du 75
=
32
u = x2 + 5
1 The amount of pollution is increasing at a rate of
du 1 2
= ( x + 5) 2 2 x
–
75
dy 2 p.p.m./year.
32
dy  x 
= ( 6u + 2) 2 
dx  x +5
At x = –2, u = 3.
dy  2
= ( 20) – 
dx  3
40
=–
3
9. y = x4 11. y = x 2 + ax + b
dy dy
= 4x3 = 2x + a
dx dx
1 y = x3
– = 4x3
16
dy
= 3x 2
dy 1 dx
Normal line has a slope of 16. Therefore, =– . Since the parabola and cubic function are tangent at
dx 16
1 (1, 1), then 2 x + a = 3x 2 .
x3 = –
64
At (1, 1) 2(1) + a = 3(1)
2
1
x=–
4 a = 1.
y=–
1 Since (1,1) is on the graph of y = x 2 + x + b,
256
1 = 12 + 1 + b
Therefore, y = x has a normal line with a slope of
4
b = –1.
 1 1 
16 at  – , . The required values are 1 and –1 for a and b
 4 256  respectively.
10. y = x3 – x2 – x +1
dy
= 3x 2 – 2 x – 1
dx
dy
For a horizontal tangent line, =0.
dx
3x 2 – 2 x – 1 = 0
( 3x + 1)( x – 1) = 0
1
x=– or x=1
3 y = 1 –1 –1 + 1
=0
1 1 1
y=– – + +1
27 9 3
–1 – 3 + 9 + 27
=
27
32
=
27
 1 32 
The required points are  – ,  , (1, 0).
 3 27 
Cumulative Review Solutions
Chapters 1– 4 9. We use the Factor Theorem to determine other
factors of the given polynomial. We know that for
2. The given function is a polynomial function of x – p to be a factor, p must be a divisor of 6.
degree three. The x-intercepts are –1 and 2. Since –1 Let f(x) = x 3 – 2x 2 – 5x + 6.
is a double root, the graph is tangent to the x-axis at Since f(1) = 1 – 2 – 5 + 6 = 0, x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
x = –1. The y-intercept is 2. Since the coefficient of Since f(3) = 27 – 18 – 15 + 6 = 0, x – 3 is a factor
the x 3 term is negative, the graph goes from the of f (x).
second quadrant to the fourth quadrant. Thus, x 3 – 2x 2 – 5x + 6 = (x + 2), (x – 1), and (x – 3).
y
10. d. Let f(x) = 5x 3 + 8x 2 + 21x – 10.
2
2
Since f = 0, 5x – 2 is a factor.
5
By long division,
x 5x 3 + 8x 2 + 21x – 10
–1 0 2
= (5x – 2)(x 2 + 2x + 5).
The expression x 2 + 2x + 5 does not factor
in x ∈ R.
11. b. x 4 + 5x 2 – 36 = 0
4. b. 3x − 13x + 50
2
)
(x 2 – 4)(x 2 + 9) = 0
x + 3 3x 3 − 4 x 2 + 11x − 2 (x – 2)(x + 2)(x 2 + 9) = 0
3x 3 + 9x 2 The roots are 2, –2, 3i, and –3i.
–13x2 + 11x
–13x2 – 39x d. Let f(x) = 2x 3 – x 2 – 2x + 1.

50x – 2 1
Since f(1) = f(–1) = f = 0,
50x 150 2
– 152 x – 1, x + 1, and 2x – 1 are factors of f (x).
Thus, (3x 3 – 4x 2 + 11x – 2) (x + 3)
Thus, 2x 3 – x 2 – 2x + 1 = 0
152 (x – 1)(x + 1)(2x – 1) = 0.
= 3x 2 – 13x + 50 –
x+3
1
The roots are 1, –1, and .
7. 3 2
Let f(x) = x + kx – 4x + 12. Since x – 3 is a factor 2
3 2
of f(x), f(3) = 0. Thus, 27 + 9k – 12 + 12 = 0, and f. Let f(x) = 3x – 4x + 4x – 1.
k = –3.

1
Since f = 0, 3x – 1 is a factor of f (x).
3
4 3 2
8. Let f(x) = x – 2x + 5x – 6x – 8. To determine By long division or comparing coefficients, the
whether or not x – 2 is a factor of f(x), we evaluate other factor is x 2 – x + 1.
f(2). Thus, 3x 3 – 4x 2 + 4x – 1 = 0.
f(2) = 16 – 16 + 20 – 12 – 8 = 0 (3x – 1)(x 2 – x + 1) = 0
Since f(2) = 0, x – 2 is a factor of f (x)
1 1 ± 1
– 4 1 ±
–3
x = or x = =
3 2 2
1 1 3 1 3
The roots are , + i, and – i.
3 2 2 2 2
Cumulative Review Solutions 97

13. Let the roots of x 2 – 9x + 2 = 0 be r1 and r2. b. The velocity at any time t is given by
We have r1 + r2 = 9 and r1r2 = 2. v(t) = s'(t) = 4t + 3.
We need to find the quadratic equation whose roots At t = 3, v(3) = 4(3) + 3 = 15 m/s.
are r12 and r22.

17. V = πr2h = πr2(r + 3) = 200π
2 2 2
Since r1 + r2 = (r1 + r2) – 2r1r2 Thus, r3 + 3r2 – 200 = 0.
= 81 – 4 Let f(x) = r3 + 3r2 – 200.
= 77, Since f(5) = 0, r – 5 is a factor of f (r).
2 2
and r1 r2 = (r1r2)2 = 4, the required equation is By long division or comparing coefficients,
x 2 – 77x + 4 = 0. r3 + 3r2 – 200 = (r – 5)(r2 + 8r + 40). The equation
becomes (r – 5)(r2 + 8r + 40) = 0. The quadratic
14. b. Let f(x) = (x + 2)(x – 1)(x – 3) factor does not have real roots. The radius of the
The graph of y = f (x) is a cubic polynomial that given cylinder is 5 cm.
goes from the third quadrant to the first quadrant
with x-intercepts –2, 1, and 3. 19. y = f(x)
8
y = f(x) 5
x
0 2
x
–2 0 1 3
20. Since each of the components of the function f (x) is

The solution of the given inequality is the set of
continuous, the only possible point of discontinuity
values of x for which the graph is above or on
occurs at x = 2.
the x-axis.
We have f(2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5.
The solution is –2 ≤ x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 3.
Also, lim– f(x) = lim– (x 2 + 1) = 5 and lim+ f(x) = lim+
x→2 x→2 x→2 x→2
15. a. x – 2 < 5
(–x + 5) = 3.
–5 < x – 2 < 5
Since lim f(x) does not exist, f is discontinuous at
–3<x<7 x→2
x = 2.
2x – 3 ≤ 5
f(x)
b. – 5 ≤ 2x – 3 ≤ 5
–2 ≤ 2x ≤ 8 5
–1 ≤ x ≤ 4
3
c. 3x + 1 > 16
3x + 1 > 16 or 3x + 1 < –16 1
x
3x > 15 or 3x < –17 2
17
x>5 or x < –
3
16. a. The average velocity from t = 1 to t = 4 is
s(4) – s(1) (32 + 12 + 1) – (2 + 3 + 1)
=
4–1 3
= 13 m/s.
98 Cumulative Review Solutions

(4 + h)3 – 64 (4 + h)3 – 43
22. lim = lim 25. e.
h→0 h h→0 h
dy 5(4x2 + 1)4(8x)(3x – 23) – (4x2 + 1)5(3)(3x – 2)2(3)
(a + h)3 – a3 =
The limit is of the form lim where a = 4. dx (3x – 2)6
h→0 h
We also know the slope of the tangent line to the graph
40x(4x2 + 1)4(3x – 2) – 9(4x2 + 1)5
=
(3x – 2)4
f(4 + h) – f(4)
of y = f(x) at x = 4 is defined to be lim .
h→0 h
By comparing expressions, we conclude that f (x) = x 3. (4x2 + 1)4(120x2 – 80x – 36x2 – 9)
=
(3x – 2)4
x–2 x–2
23. e. lim 3 = lim 2
x→2 x – 8 x→2 (x – 2)(x + 2x + 4) (4x2 + 1)4(84x2 – 80x – 9)
=
1 (3x – 2)4
= lim 2
x→2 x + 2x + 4
1 dy
= f. = 5[x 2 + (2x + 1)3]4[2x + 3(2x + 1)2(2)]
12 dx

x+1–2 (x+ 1 – 2)(x
+ 1 + 2) = 10[x 2 + (2x + 1)3]4[12x 2 + 13x + 3]
f. lim = lim
x→3 x–3 x→3
(x – 3)(x
+ 1 + 2)
27. The slope of the line 6x + 3y – 2 = 0 is –2.
x–3 We need to find the point on the parabola at
= lim

x→3 (x – 3)( x + 1 + 2)
1
which the slope of the tangent line is . The
2
1
= lim slope of the tangent line at any point on the
x→3

x+1+2 dy
parabola is given by = 4x – 4. To find the
1 dx
=
4 1 1
point at which the slope is , we solve 4x – 4 =
2 2
f (x + h) – f(x)
24. b. f'(x) = lim
h→0 h
9
9 –47
and get x = . The point of contact is , .
4 4 16
1 1 An equation of the required tangent line is
– 47 1 9
x+h x y + = (x – ) or 8x – 16y – 65 = 0.
= lim 16 2 4
h→0 h
x – (x + h)

(x + h)(x)
= lim
h→0 h
–h
= lim
h→0 h(x + h)(x)
–1
= lim
h→0 (x + h)(x)
1
= –2
x

29. To find the point(s) of intersection of the line and
the parabola, we solve
x 2 + 9x + 9 = 3x
x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0
x = –3.
Since we have a double root at x = –3, the line
y = 3x is tangent to the parabola y = x 2 + 9x + 9.
Hence, the slope of the tangent at the point of
intersection is 3.
30. a. p'(t) = 4t + 6
b. The rate of change of the population in 1990 was

p'(10) = 46 people per year.
c. We want the value of t when 4t + 6 = 94

i.e., 4t = 88
t = 22.
The rate of change of population is 94 people per
year in the year 2002.

Chapter 5 • Applications of Derivatives
Review of Prerequisite Skills c. –x2 + 4x > 0
– + –
5. a. 3(x – 2) + 2(x – 1) – 6 = 0
0 4
3x – 6 + 2x – 2 – 6 = 0
5x = 14 x(x – 4) < 0
0<x<4
14
x =
5
6 t Exercise 5.1
e. + = 4
t 2
2. d. 3xy2 + y3 = 8
12 + t2 = 8t
t2 – 8t + 12 = 0 dy dy
3y2 + 3x2y + 3y2 = 0
(t – 6)(t – 2) = 0 dx dx
∴ t = 2 or t = 6 dy
(2xy + y2) = –y2
dx
f. x3 + 2x2 – 3x = 0
dy –y2
x(x2 + 2x – 3) = 0 = 2
dx 2xy + y
x(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = –3 or x = 1 f. 9x2 – 16y2 = –144
g. x3 – 8x2 + 16x =0 dy
18x – 32y = 0
x(x2 – 8x + 16) =0 dx
x(x – 4)2 =0 9x
dy
x = 0 or x =4 =
1

6y
dx
h. 4t3 + 12t2 – t – 3 = 0
x2 3
2
4t (t + 3) – 1(t + 3) = 0 g. + y2 = 1
16 13
(t + 3)(4t2 – 1) = 0
2x 6 dy
(t + 3)(2t – 1)(2t + 1) = 0 + y = 0
16 13 dx
1 1
t = –3 or t = or t = – dy
2 2 26x + 96y = 0
dx
i. 4t4 – 13t2 + 9 = 0
dy 13x
(4t2 – 9)(t2 – 1) = 0 = –
dx 48y
9
t = ± or t = ± 1
4 h. 3x2 + 4xy3 = 9
6. a. 3x – 2 > 7 dy
6x + 4y3 + 4x3y2 = 0
3x > 9 dx
x >3 dy
6xy2 = –3x – 2y3
dx
b. x(x – 3) > 0
dy –3x – 2y3
+ – + =
dx 6xy2
0 3
x < 0 or x > 3
Chapter 5: Applications of Derivatives 101

j. x3 + y3 = 6xy 3. a. x2 + y2 = 13
3x2 + 3y2 dy = 6y + dy (6x) 2x + 2y d

y =0
dx dx dx
At (2, –3),
(3y2 – 6x) dy = –3x2 + 6y
dx
2(2) + 2(–3) d
y =0
dy = –3x2 + 6y
dx
dx 3y2 – 6x
dy 2
–x2 + 2y = .
= dx 3
y2 – 2x
The equation of the tangent at (2, –3) is
k. x3y3 = 144
2
3x2y3 + 3y2 dy x3 = 0 y = x + b.
dx 3
dy x2y3 At (2, –3),
= –32
dx xy
y 2
= – –3 = (2) + b
x 3
m. xy3 – x3y = 2 –9 = 4 + 3b
–13 = 3b
dx

y3 + 3y2 dy x – 3x2y + dy x3 = 0
dx
13
– = b.
3
(3y – x ) dy = 3x2y – y3
2 3
dx
Therefore, the equation of the tangent to
dy 3x2y – y3
= 2 13
dx 3y2 – x3 x2 + y2 = 13 is y = –.
3 3
n. x + y = 5 c.
x2 y2
– = –1
1

1
25 36
x2 + y2 = 5
2x 2y dy
1 1 1 1 dy – = 0
x– 2 + y– 2 = 0 25 36 dx
2 2 dx
dy
1 36x – 25y = 0
dy x– 2 dx
= – 1
dx
y– 2 At (53, –12),
y dy
= – 1803 + 300 = 0
x dx
dy 33
o. (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 = –.
dx 5
dy
dx dy
2(x + y) 1 + = 2x + 2y
dx
dy
[x + y – y] = x – x – y
dx
dy –y
=
dx x
102 Chapter 5: Applications of Derivatives

dy
The equation of the tangent is y = mx + b. b. When the tangent line is horizontal, = 0.
dx
33 Substituting,
,
At (53, –12) and with m = –
5 10x – (6y + 0) + 0 = 0.
33
–12 = – (53) + b 5
5 y = x at the point (x1, y1) of tangency:
3
5
–12 = –9 + b substitute y1 = x1 into 5x12 – 6x1y1 + 5y12 = 16.
3
–3 = b
Therefore, the equation of the tangent is
5 25

5x12 – 6x1 x1 + 5 x12 = 16
3 9
33 45x12 – 90x12 + 125x12 = 144
y = – x – 3.
5
80x12 = 144
4. x + y2 = 1
1 5x12 = 9
The line x + 2y = 0 has slope of –.
2 3 3
x1 = or x1 = –
dy 5 5
1 + 2y = 0
dx 5
y1 = or y1 = 5
Since the tangent line is parallel to x + 2y = 0, 5
5
dy 1 y1 = – or y1 = –5
then = –. 5
dx 2

1
∴ 1 + 2y – = 0
3
5
Therefore, the required points are , 5
2
1–y =0 3
and –, –5 .
5
y =1
Substituting, 7. x3 + y3 –3xy = 17

x+1=1 dy dy
3x2 + 3y2 – 3y + (3x) = 0
x =0 dx dx
Therefore, the tangent line to the curve x + y2 = 1 is At (2, 3),
parallel to the line x + 2y = 0 at (0, 1). dy dy
12 + 27 – 9 – 6 = 0
dx dx
5. a. 5x2 – 6xy + 5y2 = 16 dy
21 = –3.
dy
dy
10x – 6y + (6x) + 10y = 0 (1)
dx dx
dx
dy 1
At (1, –1), The slope of the tangent is = –.
dx 7
dy
dy
10 – –6 + 6 – 10 = 0
dx dx
Therefore, the slope of the normal at (2, 3) is 7.
y–3
The equation of the normal at (2, 3) is = 7
dy x–2
16 – 16 = 0
dx y – 3 = 7x – 14 or 7x – y – 11 = 0
dy
= 1.
dx 9. 4x2y – 3y = x3
dy dy
a. 8xy + (4x2) – 3 = 3x2
dx dx
dy
(4x2 – 3) = 3x2 – 8xy
dx
dy 3x2 – 8xy
= 2 (1)
dx 4x – 3

dy
1 1y – x
dy
b. y(4x2 – 3) = x3 1 x – y
y 2 dx x 2 dx
1
+ 1 =0
x3 x 2 y2 y– 2 x2
y = 2
4x – 3
dy 3x2(4x2 – 3) – 8x(x3) Multiply by x2y2:

=
dx (4x2 – 3)2
dy
dy

3 1 1 3

x2y 2 y – x + 22 y 2 x – y = 0
4
12x – 9x – 8x 2 4 dx dx
=
(4x2 – 3)2
dy dy
3 3 5 1 3 3 1 5

x 2y 2 – x 2y 2 + x2y 2 – x 2y 2 = 0
dx dx
4x4 – 9x2
= (2)
(4x2 – 3)2

dy 3 3

5 1 1 5 3 3

We must show that (1) is equivalent to (2). x 2y 2 – x 2y 2 = x2y 2 – x 2y 2
dx
dy 3x2 – 8xy
From (1): = 2
1 3

dx 4x – 3 dy x2y2 (y – x)
=
3 1
dx
x2y2 (y – x)
x3
and substituting, y = 2 dy y
4x – 3 = , as required.
dx x
dy
3x2 – 8x 2
x3

4x – 3 y
= 12.
P (4, 6)
dx 4x2
– 3
(0, 2)
Q
3x2(4x2 – 3) – 8x4
= A
(4x2 – 3)2 x
(– 4, 0) (4, 0)
12x4 – 9x2 – 8x4 (0, –2)

=
(4x2 – 3)2
Let Q have coordinates

4x4 – 9x2
= = (2), as required.
(4x2 – 3)2

16 – q2
(q, f (q)) = q, , q < 0.
2
y + x = 10, x ≠ y ≠ 0, dx = x
x y dy y For x2 + 4y2 = 16
11.
dy
2x + 3y = 0
dy dy dx
1y – x x – y

1 x 1
– dx 1 y 1
– dx
2
+ 2
=0 dy x
2 y y2 2 x x2 = –.
dx 4y
dy q
At Q, = –
dx 2
16 – q2

y–6
The line through P has equation = m. 13. y
xy = p
x–4 2 2
x –y = k
Since PQ is the slope of the tangent line to
x2 + 4y2 = 16, we conclude:
P(a, b)
dy x
m = at point Q. 0
dx

16 – q2
∴ – 6 = –
q 2
x –y = k
2
2 xy = p
2
16 – q2
q–4
Let P(a, b) be the point of intersection where a ≠ 0
and b ≠ 0.

16 – q2 – 12
= –
9
2(q – 4) For x2 – y2 = k

216 – q2
dy
2x – 2y = 0
16 – q – 12
2
16 – q = –q(q – 4)
2 dx
dy x
=
dx y

16 – q2 – 1216 – q2 = –q2 + 4q
At P(a, b),
dy a
= .
4 – q = 3
16 – q2 dx b
For xy = P,

16 – 8q + q2 = 9(16 – q2) dy
16 – 8q + q2 = 144 – 9q2 1 y + x = P
dx
10q2 – 8q – 128 =0 dy y
5q2 – 4q – 64 =0 = –
dx x
(5q + 16)(q – 4) =0 At P(a, b),
16 dy b
q = – or q = 4 (as expected; see graph) = –.
5 dx a
At point P(a, b), the slope of the tangent line of
6
f(q) = or f(q) = 0 xy = P is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the
5
tangent line of x2 – y2 = k. Therefore, the tangent
16 lines intersect at right angles, and thus, the two

dy 5
= or f(q) = 0 curves intersect orthogonally for all values of the

dx 6
4 constants k and P.
5
2
=
3
Equation of the tangent at Q is
y–6 2
= or 2x – 3y + 10 = 0
x–4 3
or equation of tangent at A is x = 4.

14. x + y = k Since P(a, b) is on the curve, then a + b = k,
1 1 1
diff wrt x
or a2 + b2 = k2.

1 1 1 1 dy Therefore, the sum of the intercepts

x–2 + y–2 = 0

2 2 dx 1 2

= k2
= –
dy y
= k, as required.
dx x
Let P(a, b) be the point of tangency. 15.
∴ –b
dy y
dx a
2
(–2, 5) y = 4x
Equation of tangent line l at P is
(1, 2)
= –b.
y–b
x–a a x
(4, –1)
x – intercept is found when y = 0.
∴ = –b
–b
x–a a x + y = –3
–ba = –b x + ab y2 = 4x
ab + ba dy
x= 2y = 4
b dx
ab +.ba
Therefore, the x–intercept is dy
b At (1, 2), = 1.
For the y–intercept, let x = 0, dx
= –b.
y–b
Therefore, the slope of the tangent line at (1, 2) is 1
–a a
and the equation of the normal is
a
y – intercept is b + b.
a y–2
= –1 or x + y = 3.
x –1
The sum of the intercepts is
The centres of the two circles lie on the straight
ab + ba +
ab + ba line x + y = 3. Let the coordinates of the centre of

b a each circle be (p, q) = (p, 3 – p). The radius of each
circle is 32. Since (1, 2) is on the circumference of
3 1 3 1
the circles,

a2b2 + 2ab + b2a2
= 1 1
(p – 1)2 + (3 – p – 2)2 = r2
a2b2
p – 2p + 1 + 1 – 2p + p2 = (32)2
2
2p2 – 4p + 2 = 18
1 1

a2b2(a + 2ab + b) p2 – 2p – 8 = 0
= 1 1
(p – 4)(p + 2) = 0
a2b2
p=4 or p = –2
∴q=–1 or q = 5.
= a + 2ab + b
Therefore, the centres of the circles are (–2, 5) and
(4, –1). The equations of the circles are

1 1 2
= a2 + b2
(x + 2)2 + (y – 5)2 = 18
and (x – 4)2 + (y + 1)2 = 18.

Exercise 5.2 Solving,
1
0 = t3 – 2t2 + 3t
3. a. s(t) = 5t2 – 3t + 15 3
v(t) = 10t – 3 = t3 – 6t2 + 9t
a(t) = 10 = t(t2 – 6t + 9)
= t(t – 3)2
b. s(t) = 2t3 + 36t – 10
∴ t = 0 or t = 3
v(t) = 6t2 + 36
s = 0 or s = 0.
a(t) = 12t
The object returns to its initial position after 3 s.
e. s(t) =
t+1 1
6. a. s = – t2 + t + 4
3
1 1
–
v(t) = (t + 1) 2
2 2
v = –t + 1
3
1 3
–
a(t) = –(t + 1) 2
4 2
v(1) = – + 1
3
9t
f. s(t) =
t+3 1
=
3
9(t + 3) – 9t
v(t) = 2
v(4) = – (4) + 1
(t + 3)2 3
5
= 2
27 = –
(t + 3) 3
For t = 1, moving in a positive direction.
a(t) = –54(t + 3)–3
For t = 4, moving in a negative direction.
1 b. s(t) = t(t – 3)2

5. s = t3 – 2t2 + 3t
3 v(t) = (t – 3)2 + 2t(t – 3)
v = t2 – 4t + 3 = (t – 3)(t – 3 + 2t)
a = 2t – 4 = (t – 3)(3t – 3)
For v = 0, = 3(t – 1)(t – 3)
(t – 3)(t – 1) = 0 v(1) = 0
t = 3 or t = 1. v(4) = 9
For t = 1, the object is stationary.
+ – +
t = 4, the object is moving in a positive direction.
0 1 3
The direction of the motion of the object changes at
t = 1 and t = 3.
Initial position is s(0) = 0.

8. s(t) = 40t – 5t2 e. At t = 0, s(0) = 0. Therefore, the object’s original
v(t) = 40 – 10t position is at 0, the origin.
a. When v = 0, the object stops rising. When s(t) = 0,

5
∴t=4s t2(7 – t) = 0
t = 0 or t = 7.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that
Therefore, the object is back to its original
opens down because a = –5 < 0, a maximum
position after 7 s.
height is attained. It occurs when v = 0. Height is
a maximum for
12. s(t) = 6t2 + 2t
s(4) = 160 – 5(16)
v(t) = 12t + 2
= 80 m.
a(t) = 12
5

10. s(t) = t2(7 – t) a. v(8) = 96 + 2 = 98 m/s
5 3

5

Thus, as the dragster crosses the finish line at
a. v(t) = t (7 – t) – t
2 2
2 t = 8 s, the velocity is 98 m/s. Its acceleration is
constant throughout the run and equals 12 m/s2.
35 3 5 5 5
= t 2 – t 2 – t 2
2 2 b. s = 60
2
6t + 2t – 60 =0
35 3 7 5
= t2 – t2 2(3t2 + t – 30) =0
2 2
2(3t + 10)(t – 3) =0
105 1 35 3 –10
b. a(t) = t2 – t2 t = or t = 3
2 4 3
c. The direction of the motion changes when its inadmissible v(3) = 36 + 2
velocity changes from a positive to a negative 0≤ t≤ 8 = 38
value or visa versa. Therefore, the dragster was moving at 38 m/s
7 3 when it was 60 m down the strip.
v(t) = t2(5 – t) ∴ r(t) = 0 for t = 5
2
13. a. s = 10 + 6t – t2
t 0≤ t<5 t=5 t>5 v = 6 – 2t
= 2(3 – t)
v(t) (+)(+) = + 0 (+)(–) = – a = –2
Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s. The object moves to the right from its initial
position of 10 m from the origin, 0, to the 19 m
35 1 mark, slowing down at a rate of 2 m/s2. It stops
d. a(t) = 0 for t2(6 – t) = 0.
4 at the 19 m mark then moves to the left speeding
∴t = 0 or t = 6 s. up at 2 m/s2 as it goes on its journey into the
universe. It passes the origin after (3 +
19) s.
t 0<t<6 t=6 t>6
t=6
a(t) (+)(+) = + 0 (+)(–) = – t=0 t=3
S
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
0 < t < 6 s.
Note: t = 0 yields a = 0.

b. s = t3 – 12t – 9 b. For v(t) = 0
v = 3t2 – 12 2kt + 6k2 – 10k = 0
= 3(t2 – 4) 2kt = 10k – 6k2
= 3(t – 2)(t + 2) t = 5 – 3k
a = 6t k≠ 0
The object begins at 9 m to the left of the origin,
s(5 – 3k) = k(5 – 3k)2 + (6k2 – 10k)(5 – 3k) + 2k
0, and slows down to a stop after 2 s when it is
= k(25 – 30k + 9k2) + 30k2 – 18k3 – 50k + 30k2 + 2k
25 m to the left of the origin. Then, the object
= 25k – 30k2 + 9k3 + 30k2 – 18k3 – 50k + 30k2 + 2k
moves to the right speeding up at faster rates as
= –9k3 + 30k2 – 23k
time increases. It passes the origin just before 4 s
Therefore, the velocity is 0 at t = 5 – 3k, and its
(approximately 3.7915) and continues to speed up
position at that time is –9k3 + 30k2 – 23k.
as time goes by on its journey into space.
16. If the ball starts from an initial height of 2 m, then the
t=0 formulas are s(t) = 2 + 35t – 5t2 and v(t) = 35 – 10t.
t=2
S The height is greatest at the instant the upward velocity
–30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10
is 0.
For v(t) = 0,
14. s(t) = t5 – 10t2
35
v(t) = 5t4 – 20t t =
10
a(t) = 20t3 – 20
= 3.5 s.
For a(t) = 0,
20t3 – 20= 0 At t = 3.5,
20(t3 – 1)= 0 s(3.5) = 2 + 35(3.5) – 5(3.5)2
t = 1. = 2 + 122.5 – 61.25
Therefore, the acceleration will be zero at 1 s. = 63.25 m.
s(1) = 1 – 10 This is much lower than the ceiling of the SkyDome. Thus,
= –9 a major league pitcher is not likely to hit the ceiling.
<0
17. a. The acceleration is continuous at t = 0
v(1) = 5 – 20
if lim a(t) = a(0).
= –15 t→0
<0 For t ≥ 0,
Since the signs of both s and v are the same at
t3
t = 1, the object is moving away from the origin s(t) = 2
t +1
at that time.
3t2(t2 + 1) – 2t(t3)
and v(t) =
15. a. s(t) = kt2 + (6k2 – 10k)t + 2k (t2 + 1)2
v(t) = 2kt + (6k2 – 10k) t4 + 3t2
=
a(t) = 2k + 0 (t2 + 1)2
= 2k
(4t3 + 6t)(t2 + 1)2 – 2(t2 + 1)(2t)(t4 + 3t2)
Since k ≠ 0 and k ∈ R, then a(t) = 2k ≠ 0 and an and a(t) =
(t2 + 1)2
element of the Real numbers. Therefore, the
acceleration is constant. (4t3 + 6t)(t2 + 1) – 4t(t4 + 3t2)
=
(t2 + 1)3
4t5 + 6t3 + 4t3 + 6t – 4t5 – 12t3

=
(t2 + 1)3
–2t3 + 6t
=
(t2 + 1)3

0, t < 0 m0a
Therefore, a(t) =

–2t3 + 6t 19. F = v 2 3
, t ≥ 0 1 – 2
(t2 + 1)3 c

0, t < 0 v

and v(t) = t 4 + 3t2
, t ≥ 0 d v 2
(t2 + 1)2 1 –
c
0 F = m0
lim– a(t) = 0, lim+ a(t) = dt
t→0 t→0 1
= 0. Using the quotient rule,

dv
Thus, lim a(t) = 0. 2v

v2 1 1 v2

1
dv – dt
t→0
m0 1 – 2 2 – 1 – 2 2
– v
0 dt c 2 c c2
Also, a(0) = =
1 v 2
1 – 2
= 0. c
dv
Therefore, lim a(t) = a(0). Since = a,
t→0 dt
Thus, the acceleration is continuous at t = 0.
v2
a1 – vc + vca
1 2 2
–
t4 + 3t2 m0 1 – 2 2
b. lim v(t) = lim 4 2

c 2 2
t→+∞ t→+∞ t + 2t + 1 = 2
v
1 – 2
3 c
1 + 2
t
= lim 2 1
t→+∞ 1 + +
=
c2
ac2 – av2 v2a
m0 +
c2
t2 t4
=1
–2 6
1 – 2 2
c
v2 3

+ 4
t3 t m0 ac2
lim a(t) = lim =
3 3 1
t→+∞
0
t→∞ 1 + + +
t2 t4 t6 v2 3
c2 1 – 2 2
c
=
1 m0 a
=0 = , as required.
v2 32
1 – 2
c
18. v =
b + 2gs
2
1
v = (b2 + 2gs)2
Exercise 5.3
dv 1
ds

200
1
–
= b2 + 2gs 2 0 + 2g 2. T(x) = 2
dt 2 dt 1+x
1
a =
a=g
2v
2gv
dx
a. = 2 m/s
dt
dT(x)
Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required. Find when x = 5 m:
dt
ds 200
Note: = v T(x) = 2
dt 1+x
dv
= a = 200(1 + x2)–1
dt
dT(x) dx
= –200(1 + x2)–2 2x
dt dt
–400x
=
(1 + x2)2
dx
.
dt
At a specific time, when x = 5, dx
3. Given square x d
t
= 5 cm/s.
dT(5) –400(5) (2)
= x
dt (26)2
–4000 dA
= Find when x = 10 cm.
676 dt
–1000
=
169 Solution
dT(5)
=˙ –5.9. Let the side of a square be x cm.
dt
A = x2
Therefore, the temperature is decreasing at a rate
dA dx
of 5.9°C per s. = 2x
dt dt
b. T(x) At a specific time, x = 10 cm.

200 dA
= 2(10)(5)
150 dt
100 = 100
50 Therefore, the area is increasing at 100 cm2/s when a
x side is 10 cm.
0 0.58 1 2
P = 4x
dP dx
= 4
T' (x) dt dt
dx
At any time, = 5.
dt
0 0.58 1 2
x
–2 dP
∴ = 20.
dt
–50
–100 Therefore, the perimeter is increasing at
20 cm/s.
c. Solve T''(x) = 0.
4. Given cube with sides x cm,
–400x
T'(x) = dx
(1 + x2)2 = 5 cm/s.
dt
–400(1 + x2)2 – 2(1 + x2)(2x)(–400x) dv
T''(x) = a. Find when x = 5 cm:
(1 + x2)4 dt
Let T''(x) = 0, V = x3
–400(1 + x2)2 + 1600x2(1 + x2) = 0. dV dx
= 3x2
Divide, dt dt
400(1 + x2) – (1 + x2) + 4x2 = 0 At a specific time, x = 5 cm.
3x2 = 1 dV
= 3(5)2(4)
1 dt
x2 =
3 = 300
1 Therefore, the volume is increasing at 300 cm3/s.
x =
3
x > 0 or x =˙ 0.58.

dS dD
b. Find when x = 7 cm. b. Find when r = 3.
dt dt
S = 6x2 dD dr
= 2
dt dt
dS dx
= 12x
dt dt
At a specific time, x = 7 cm,

–5
= 2
6π
–5
dS =
= 12(7)(4) 3π
dt
= 336. Therefore, the diameter is decreasing at a rate of
5
Therefore, the surface area is increasing at a rate m/s.
3π
of 336 cm2/s.
7. Given circle with radius r,
5. Given rectangle y dA
= 6 km2/h
dt
x
dx dr
= 2 cm/s Find when A = 9π km2.
dt dt
dy A = πr2
= –3 cm/s
dt dA dr
dA = 2πr
Find when x = 20 cm and y = 50 cm. dt dt
dt
When A = 9π,
Solution 9π = πr2
r2 = 9
A = xy
r= 3
dA dx dy r> 0.
= y + x
dt dt dt
At a specific time, x = 20, y = 50, When r = 3,
dA dA
= (2)(50) + (–3)(20) = 6
dt dt
dr
= 100 – 50 6 = 2π(3)
dt
= 40. dr 1
= .
Therefore, the area is increasing at a rate of 40 cm2/s. dt π
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a rate of
6. Given circle with radius r, 1
km/h.
dA π
= –5 m2/s.
dt
8.
dr
a. Find when r = 3 m.
dt
A = πr2
y r
dA dr
= 2πr
dt dt
When r = 3,
x
dr
–5 = 2π(3)
dt
Let x represent the distance from the wall and y the
dr –5
= . height of the ladder on the wall.
dt 6π
Therefore, the radius is decreasing at a rate of
5
m/s when r = 3 m.
6π
x2 + y2 = r2 10.
dx dy dr
2x + 2y = 2r r y
dt dt dt
dx dy dr
x + y = r
dt dt dt 915 m
When r = 5, y = 3,
Label diagram as shown.
x2 = 25 – 9
r2 = y2 + 9152
= 16
x =4 dr dy
2r = 2y
dt dt
x = 4, y = 3, r = 5
dr dy
dx 1 dr r = y
= , = 0. dt dt
dt 3 dt
dy
Substituting, When y = 1220, = 268 m/s.
dt

1 dy
4 + 3 = 5(0)
3 dt
r =
12202
= 1525
+ 9152
dy 4
= –.
dt 9
dr
∴ 1525 = 1220 x 268
dt
Therefore, the top of the ladder is sliding down at
dr
4 m/s. = 214 m/s
dt
9. x Therefore, the camera–to–rocket distance is changing
kite
at 214 m/s.
y r 11.
y r
Let the variables represent the distances as shown on

the diagram. π
x2 + y2 = r2 Starting 3
point x
dx dy dr
2x + 2y = 2r
dt dt dt dx
= 15 km/h
dx dy dr dt
x + y = r
dt dt dt dy
= 20 km/h
x = 30, y = 40 dt
r2 = 302 + 402 dr
Find when t = 2 h.
r = 50 dt
dr dx dy Solution
= ?, = 10, = 0
dt dt dt
Let x represent the distance cyclist 1 is from the
dr
30(10) + 40(0) = 50
dt starting point, x ≥ 0. Let y represent the distance
dr cyclist 2 is from the starting point, y ≥ 0 and let r
= 8
dt be the distance the cyclists are apart. Using the
Therefore, she must let out the line at a rate of cosine law,
8 m/min. π
r2 = x2 + y2 – 2xy cos
3
2 2

= x + y – 2xy
1
2
2 2 2
r = x + y – xy

dr
b. Find when v = 1435 cm3.
dr dx dy dx
dy
2r = 2x + 2y – y + x
dt dt dt dt dt dt
At t = 2 h, x = 30 km, y = 40 km Solution
π 4
and r2 = 302 + 402 – 2(30)(40) cos v = πr3
3 3
= 2500 – 2(1200)
1
2
dv
= 4πr2 .
dt
dr
dt
= 1300 At a specific time, when v = 1435 cm3:
v = 1435
, r > 0.
r = 1013
4
dr π3 = 1435
∴ 2(1013) = 2(30)(15) + 2(40)(20) – [15(40) + 20(30)] 3
dt
dr r3 =˙ 342.581015
2013 = 900 + 1600 – [600 – 600]
dt =˙ 6.9971486
= 1300 =7
dr
dr 130
= 8 =˙ 4π(7)2
dt dt
213
dr
65 8 = 196π
= dt
13 2
=
dr
49π dt
6513
= dr
13 0.01 = .
dt

= 513 Therefore, the radius is increasing at
2
Therefore, the distance between the cyclists is increasing at approximately cm/s (or 0.01 cm/s).
49π
km/h after 2 h.
a rate of 513
dr
c. Find when t = 33.5 s.
4 dt
12. Given sphere v = πr3 When t = 33.5, v = 8 33.5 cm3:
3
dv
= 8 cm /s.
3 4
πr3 = 268
dt 3
dr
a. Find when r = 12 cm. r3 =˙ 63.98028712
dt
r =˙ 3.999589273
4
v = πr3 =˙ 4.
3
dv dr
= 4πr2
dt dt Solution
At a specific time, when r = 12 cm: 4
v = πr3
dr 3
8 = 4π(12) 2
dt dv dr
dr = 4πr2
8 = 4π(144) dt dt
dt
1 dr At t = 33.5 s,
= .
72π dt dr
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a rate of 8 =˙ 4π(4)2
dt
1
cm/s. dr
72π 8 = 64π
dt
1 dr
= .
8π dt
1
cm/s (or 0.04 cm/s).
8π
13. Given cylinder ii) Water is being poured into a right-circular tank at
the rate of 12π m3/min. Its height is 4 m and its
radius is 1 m. At what rate is the water level rising?
15 m iii) The volume of a right-circular cone is expanding
because its radius is increasing at 12 cm/min
and its height is increasing at 6 cm/min. Find
2m
the rate at which its volume is changing when its
v = πr2h radius is 20 cm and its height is 40 cm.
dv
= 500 L/min
dt 15. Given cylinder
= 500 000 cm/min
dy
a. Find .
dt
v = πr2h
Since the diameter is constant at 2 m, the radius
is also constant at 1 m = 100 cm. d=1m
∴ v = 10 000 πh h = 15 m
dv dh dr
= 10 000π = 0.003 m/annum
dt dt dt
dh
500 000 = 10 000π dh
dt = 0.4 m/annum
50 dh dt
=
π dt dv
Find at the instant D = 1
Therefore, the fluid level is rising at a rate of dt
50 v = πr2h
cm/min.
π
b. Find t, the time to fill the cylinder.
dv
dt dr
dt dh

= 2πr (h) + (πr2).
dt
V = πr2h
At a specific time, when D = 1; i.e., r = 0.5,
V = π(100)2(1500) cm3
V = 15 000 000π cm3 dv
= 2π(0.5)(0.003)(15) + 0.4π(0.5)2
dt
dv
Since = 500 000 cm3/min, = 0.045π + 0.1π
dt
= 0.145π
15 000 000π
it takes min, Therefore, the volume of the trunk is increasing at a
500 000
rate of 0.145π m3/annum.
= 30π min to fill
=˙ 94.25 min. 16. Given cone
Therefore, it will take 94.25 min, or just over 5 cm
1.5 h to fill the cylindrical tank.
14. There are many possible problems. 15 cm

Samples:
i) The diameter of a right-circular cone is expanding
at a rate of 4 cm/min. Its height remains constant r = 5 cm
at 10 cm. Find its radius when the volume is h = 15 cm
increasing at a rate of 80π cm3/min. dv
= 2 cm3/min
dt

dh
Find when h = 3 cm, Since ∠C = 60°, ∠B = 30° and ∆DBC is a special
dt
1 2 triangle similar to the 1, 3, 2 triangle.
v = πr h. h
3 Since DB = h, then DC = from similar triangles.
r 5 1
Using similar triangles, = = 3
h 15 3 2h
Therefore, AC =
h
∴ r = . 3
3 1
1 2 v = AC DB 10
Substituting into v = πr h, 2
3
1 2h

1 h2
v = π h
3 9
= h 10
2
3
1
= πh3 h2
27 = 10
dv 1 dh 3
= πh2
dt 9 dt 10h2
= .
At a specific time, when h = 3 cm, 3
1 dh Therefore, the volume of the trough of height h is
–2 = π(3)2
9 dt 10h2
given by v = .
2 dh
– = .
π dt
3
Therefore, the water level is being lowered at a rate 18. Given trough
2
of cm/min when height is 3 cm.
π
17. Given trough
25 cm 5m
dv m3
10 m = 0.25
dt min
dh
Find when h = 10 cm
dt
Find a formula for the volume. = 0.1 m.
v = area of a cross section length
h2
= area of an equilateral triangle 10 Since the cross section is equilateral, the v = l .
Let h be the height of any cross section. 3
h2
v = 5.
A D
C 3
dv 10 dh
= h
dt 3 dt
h

1
At a specific, time when h = 0.1 = , At any time,
10
x + y 3.3
10 1 dh =
0.25 = x 1.8
3 10 dt x + y 11
dh =
0.253 = x 6
dt
6x + 6y = 11x
3 dh
= 6y = 5x
4 dt
dy dx
Therefore, the water level is rising at a rate of 6 = 5 .
dt dt
3
m/min. dy
4 At a specific time, when t = 5 seconds = 120 m/min,
dt
dx
19. Given 6 120 = 5
dt
dx
= 144.
dt
Therefore, the man’s shadow is lengthening at a rate
1.8 of 144 m/min after 5 s.
y x
20. This question is similar to finding the rate of change
dy of the length of the diagonal of a rectangular prism.
= 120 m/min
dt
A F
dx
Find when t = 5 s.
dt B G
Solution H E
C D
Let x represent the length of the shadow. Let y
represent the distance the man is from the base 20
20 m = km
of the lamppost. Let h represent the height of the 1000
lamppost. At a specific instant, we have 1
= km
50
d(GH)
Find at t = 10 s,
dt
1
h = h.
360
1.8 Let BG be the path of the train and CH be the path
of the boat:
1 1.2
x+y d(BG) d(CH)
∴ = 60 km/h and = 20 km/h.
dt dt
Using similar triangles,
1 1
x + y 1.2 At t = h, BG = 60
= 360 360
h 1.8
1
2.2 2 = km
= 6
h 3
1
2h = 6.6 and CH = 20
360
h = 3.3
1
Therefore, the lamppost is 3.3 m high. = km.
18

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, Solution
GH2 = HD2 + DG2
1
and HD2 = CD2 + CH2 v = πr2h and r = h
3
∴ GH2 = CD2 + CH2 + DG2
1
1 ∴ v = πh3.
Since BG = CD and FE = GD = , it follows that 3
50 dv dh
1 = πh2
GH2 = BG2 + CH2 + . dt dt
2500
At a specific time, h = 15 cm.
d(GH) d(BG) d(CH)
2(GH) = 2(BG) + 2(CH) dh
dt dt dt 180 = π(15)2
dt
At t = 10 s,
dh 4
=
d(GH) 1 1
GH = (60) + (20) dt 5π
dt 6 18
Therefore, the height of the water in the funnel is

6331 d(GH) 100
= 4
increasing at a rate of cm/s.
450 dt 9 5π
d(GH) 45 000
=
dt 96331 Part 2
=˙ 62.8.
dv
= 200 cm3/s
1 2

1 2 1 dt
2
And GH = + +
2
6 18 50 dh
Find when h = 25 cm.
1 1 1 dt
= + +
36 324 2500
911 664 Solution
= ÷ 8
29 160 000
dv dh
113 958 = πh2 .
GH2 = ÷ 18 dt dt
364 500
At the time when the funnel is clogged, h = 25 cm:
6331
= dh
202 500 200 = π(25)2 .
dt
6331
GH = =
13 x 487 dh 8
450 450 = .
dt 25π
Therefore, they are separating at a rate of 8
Therefore, the height is increasing at cm/s.
approximately 62.8 km/h. 25π
22. y
21. Given cone
B(0, 2y)
r
h
M(x, y)
r=h
dv x
= 200 – 20 0 A(2x, 0)
dt
= 180 cm3/s Let the midpoint of the ladder be (x, y). From
dh similar triangles, it can be shown that the top of the
Find when h = 15 cm.
dt ladder and base of the ladder would have points
B(0, 2y) and A(2x, 0) respectively. Since the ladder
has length l ,

(2x)2 + (2y)2 = l 2 23. 12 m ball
4x2 + 4y2 = l 2 y
l2
x2 + y2 = 20 m
4
20 – y

l 2
= is the required equation.
2
12 x – 12
Therefore, the equation of the path followed by the x
midpoint of the ladder represents a quarter circle
l Let x represent the distance the tip of the ball’s
with centre (0, 0) and radius , with x, y ≥ 0.
2 shadow is from the base of the lamppost.
y dx
Let represent the rate at which the shadow is
dt
moving along the ground. Let y represent the
k
distance the ball has fallen.
P(x, y) From similar triangles,

l–k 20 – y 20
x =
0 A(a, o) x – 12 x
20x – xy = 20x – 240
Let P(x, y) be a general point on the ladder a distance xy = 240
k from the top of the ladder. Let A(a, o) be the point dx dy
of contact of the ladder with the ground. y + x = 0.
dt dt
a x xl
From similar triangles, = or a = . At a specific time,
l k k
Using the Pythagorean Theorem: y + (a – x)2 = (l – k)2,
2 dx
(5) + (10)(48) = 0
dt
xl
and substituting a = ,
k dx 480
= –
dt 5

xl 2
y2 + – x = (l – k)2
k = –96.
y + x
2 l–k
2
2
= (l – k)2 Therefore, the shadow is moving at a rate of 96 m/s.
k
At any time, t, the height of the ball is h = 20 – 5t2.
(l – k)2 2
x + y2 = (l – k)2 When t = 1, h = 20 – 5,
k2
= 15
x2 y2 ∴ y = 5.
2 + 2 = 1 is the required equation.
k (l – k) dy
Also v = –10t and since y increases, = 10 when
dt
Therefore, the equation is the first quadrant portion t = 1.
of an ellipse.

Section 5.4 5. a. f'(x) = 3x2 – 6x – 8 = 0
Investigation 6 ±
36 + 96
x =
6
1. a. f(x) = –x2 + 6x – 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 6 ± 132
=
= – (x2 – 6x + 9 – 9) – 3 6
= – (x – 3)2 + 6 x =˙ 2.91 or x =˙ –0.91
maximum of 6 when x = 3
b. f'(x) = 3x2 – 12 = 0
b. f(x) = –x – 2x + 11, –3 ≤ x ≤ 4
2
x2 – 4 = 0
= –(x2 + 2x + 1 – 1) + 11 x = ±2
= –(x + 1)2 + 12
c. f'(x) = 9x2 – 30x + 9 = 0
maximum of 12 when x = –1
3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0
c. f(x) = 4x2 – 12x + 7, –1 ≤ x ≤ 4 (3x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
9 9

= 4 x2 – 3x + – + 7
4 4
1
x = or x = 3
3

3 2
= 4 x – – 2
2
d. f120(x) = –6x2 + 12 =0
3 x2 – 2 =0
minimum value of –2 when x =
2 x = ± 2
x = 1.41 or x = –1.41
2. a. f'(x) = –2x + 6 = 0
x = 3, c = 3 e. f'(x) = –3x2 – 4x + 15 = 0
3x2 + 4x – 15 = 0
b. f'(x) = – 2x – 2
(3x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = –1, c = –1
5
x = or x = –3
c. f'(x) = 8x – 12 = 0 3
3 3
x = , c = 6. The values are the same.
2 2
3. The values are the same. 7. Set first derivative to zero.
4. a. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 8x + 10, –2 ≤ x ≤ 4 8. a. f(x) = –x2 + 6x – 3, 4 ≤ x ≤ 8

max at x =˙ –0.91, min at x =˙ 2.91 max at x = 4, value 5, min at x = 8, y = –19
b. f(x) = x3 – 12x + 5, – 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 b. f(x) = 4x2 – 12x + 7, 2 ≤ x ≤ 6

max at x =˙ –1.98, min at x =˙ 1.98 max at x = 6, value –1, min at x = 2, y = 79
c. f(x) = 3x3 – 15x2 + 9x + 23, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 c. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 10, –2 ≤ x ≤ 6

max at x =˙ 0.34, min at x =˙ 2.98 max at x = –2, y = 40, min at x = 6, y = –800
d. f(x) = –2x3 + 12x + 7, –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 d. f(x) = x3 – 12x + 5, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5

max at x =˙ 1.41, min at x =˙ –1.41 max at x = 5, y = –11, min at x = 2, y = 70
e. f(x) = –x3 – 2x2 + 15x + 23, –4 ≤ x ≤ 3 e. f(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 3x + 7, –2 ≤ x ≤ 5

max at x =˙ 1.66, min at x =˙ –3.03 max at x = 5, y = 20, min at x = –2, y = –29
9. End points of the interval.

Exercise 5.4 e. f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 1, –2 ≤ x ≤ 0
f'(x) = 6x2 – 6x – 12
3. a. f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 Let f'(x) = 0 for max or min
f'(x) = 2x – 4 6x2 – 6x – 12 = 0
Let 2x – 4 = 0 for max or min x2 – x – 2 = 0
x =2 (x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
f(0) = 3 x = 2 or x = –1
f(2) = 4 – 8 + 3 = –1 f(–2) = –16 – 12 + 24 + 1
f(3) = 9 – 12 + 3 = 0 = –3
max is 3 at x = 0 f(–1) = 8
min is –1 at x = 2 f(0) = 1
y f(2) = not in region
max of 8 at x = –1
min of –3 at x = –2
x
4
2
x
c. f(x) = x3 – 3x2, –1 ≤ x ≤ 3 –2 –1 1
2
f'(x) = 3x2 – 6x
Let f'(x) = 0 for max or min
3x2 – 6x = 0
3x(x – 2) = 0 4. b. f(x) = 4x – x, 2 ≤ x ≤ 9
1
–
x = 0 or x = 2 f'(x) = 2x 2 – 1
f(–1) = – 1 – 3 Let f'(x) = 0 for max or min
= –4 2
– 1 = 0
f(0) = 0 x
f(2) = 8 – 12 x = 2
= –4 x =4
f(3) = 27 – 27 f(2) = 42 – 2 =˙ 3.6
=0 f(4) = 44 – 4 = 4
min is –4 at x = –1, 2 f(9) = 49 – 9 = 3
max is 0 at x = 0, 3 min value of 3 when x = 9
max value of 4 when x = 4
y

1 4t2
c. f(x) = , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 5. a. v(t) = , t≥ 0
x2 – 2x + 2 4 + t3
f'(x) = –(x2 – 2x + 2)–2(2x – 2) Interval 1 ≤ t ≤ 4
2x – 2 4
=– v(1) = v(4)
(x2 – 2x + 2)2 5
16
Let f'(x) = 0 for max or min. =
17
2x – 2
– =0 (4 + t3)(8t) – 4t2(3t2)
(x2 – 2x + 2) v'(t) = =0
(4 + t3)2
∴ 2x – 2 = 0
x=1 32t + 8t4 – 12t4 = 0
–4t(t3 – 8) = 0
1 1
f(0) = , f(1) = 1, f(2) = t = 0, t = 2
2 2
max value of 1 when x = 1 16 4
v(2) = =
1 12 3
min value of when x = 0, 2
2 4
max velocity is m/s
4x 3
e. f(x) = , –2 ≤ x ≤ 4
x2 + 1 4
min velocity is m/s
5
4(x2 + 1) – 2x(4x)
f'(x) =
(x2 + 1)2 1600v
7. a. E(v) = 0 ≤ v ≤ 100
v2 + 6400
–4x2 + 4
=
x2 + 1 1600(v2 + 6400) – 1600v(2v)
E'(v) =
Let f'(x) = 0 for max or min: (v2 + 6400)2 .
–4x2 + 4 = 0
Let E'(N) = 0 for max or min
x2 = 1
∴ 1600v2 + 6400 1600 – 3200v2 = 0
x = ±1
1600v2 = 6400 1600
–8
f(–2) = v = ± 80
5
E(0) = 0
–4
f(–1) = E(80) = 10
2
= –2 E(100) = 9.756
The legal speed limit that maximizes fuel
4
f(1) = efficiency is 80 km/h.
2
=2
0.1t
16 8. C(t) = , 1≤ t≤ 6
f(4) = (t + 3)2
17
max value of 2 when x = 1 0(t + 3)2 – 0.2t(t + 3)
C'(t) = =0
min value of –2 when x = –1 (t + 3)4
(t + 3)(0.1t + 0.3 – 0.2t) = 0
t=3
C(1) =˙ 0.00625
C(3) = 0.0083, C(6) =˙ 0.0074
The min concentration is at t = 1 and the max
concentration is at t = 3.

1
9. P(t) = 2t + , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 Exercise 5.5
162t + 1
P'(t) = 2(162t + 1)–2(162) = 0 1. L
162
2 = 2
(162t + 1)
81 = 1622 + t2 + 324t + 1 W
2 2
162 t + 324t – 80 = 0
812t2 + 81t – 20 = 0
(81t + 5)(81t – 4) = 0 Let the length be L cm and the width be W cm.
4 2(L + W) = 100
t > 0 ∴ t =
81 L + W = 50

= 0.05 L = 50 – W
P(0) = 1 A =L W
P(0.05) = 0.21 = (50 – W)(W)
P(1) = 2.01 A(W) = –W 2 + 50W for 0 ≤ W ≤ 50
Pollution is at its lowest level in 0.05 years or A'(W) = –2W + 50
approximately 18 days. Let A'(W) = 0:
∴ –2W + 50 = 0

1 4900
10. r(x) = + x
400 x A(0) = 0
W = 25
r'(x) + 1 = 0
1 –4900 A(25) = 25 25
2
400 x = 625
Let r'(x) = 0 A(50) = 0.
x2 = 4900, The largest area is 625 cm2 and occurs when
x = 70, x > 0 W = 25 cm and L = 25 cm.
r(30) = 0.4833
r(70) = 0.35 3. L
r(120) = 0.402
A speed of 70 km/h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L/km.
W W
Cost of trip is 0.35 200 0.45 = $31.50.
11. C(x) = 3000 + 9x + 0.05x2, 1 ≤ x ≤ 300

C(x) Let the length of L m and the width W m.
Unit cost u(x) =
x 2W + L = 600
3000 + 9x + 0.05x2

L = 600 – 2W
=
x A=L W
3000 = W(600 – 2W)
= + 9 + 0.05x
x A(W) = –2w2 + 600W, 0 ≤ W ≤ 300
–3000
U'(x) = + 0.05 A'(W) = –4w + 600
x2
dA
For max or min, let U'(x) = 0: For max or min, let = 0:
dW
0.05x2 = 3000 ∴ W = 50
x2 = 60 000 A(0) = 0
x =˙ 244.9 A(150) = –2(150)2 + 600 150
U(1) = 3009.05 = 45 000
U(244) = 33.4950 A(300) = 0.
U(245) = 33.4948 The largest area of 45 000 m2 occurs when
U(300) = 34. W = 150 m and L = 300 m.
Production level of 245 units will minimize the unit
cost to $33.49.
1000
4. Let dimensions of cut be x cm by x cm. Therefore, ∴ h = (1)
x2
the height is x cm.
Surface area = 2x2 + 4xh
100 A = 2x2 + 4xh (2)
x
x

100 – 2x 1000
= 2x2 + 4x
x2
40 – 2x 40
4000
= 2x2 + for domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 102
x
Using the max min Algorithm,
dA 4000
Length of the box is 100 – 2x. = 4x – =0
dx x2
Width of the box is 40 – 2x.
V = (100 – 2x)(40 – 2x)(x) for domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 x ≠ 0, 4x3 = 4000
Using Algorithm for Extreme Value, x3 = 1000
x = 10
dV
= (100 – 2x)(40 – 4x) + (40x – 2x2)(–2) ∴ A = 200 + 400 = 600 cm2
dx
Step 2: At x→0, A→∞
= 4000 – 480x + 8x2 – 80x + 4x2
= 12x2 – 560x + 4000 4000
10
, A = 2000 +
Step 3: At x = 1010
dV 1010 10
Set = 0
dx

= 2000 + 4010
3x2 – 140x + 1000 = 0
Minimum area is 600 cm2 when the base of the box
140 ±
7600 is 10 cm by 10 cm and height is 10 cm.
x =
6
140 ± 128.8 6.
x = L = 2x
6
x = 8.8 or x = 37.9
Reject x = 37.9 since 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 10
y
When x = 0, V = 0
x = 8.8, V = 28 850 cm2 x
x = 20, V = 0. 10 10
Therefore, the box has a height of 8.8 cm, a length of
100 – 2 8.8 = 82.4 cm, and a width of 40 – 3 8.8 Let the length be 2x and the height be y. We know
= 22.4 cm. x2 + y2 = 100.
∴ y = ±
100 – x2
5. Omit negative area = 2xy
= 2x
100 –
x2 for domain
0 ≤ x ≤ 10
h Using the max min Algorithm,
dA
1 1
–

= 2100 – x2 + 2y (100 – x2) 2(–2x).
x dx 2
dA
x Let = 0.
dx
Let the base be x by x and the height be h
x2h = 1000

2x2
∴ 2
100 –
x2 – = 0 8. a.

100 –
x2
∴ 2(100 – x2) – 2x2 = 0 L
5 cm
∴ 100 = 2x2
x2 = 50 W
(12 – L)
x = 52, x > 0. Thus, y = 52, L = 102 12 cm
Part 2: If x = 0, A = 0
Part 3: If x = 10, A = 0 Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 12 cm
The largest area occurs when x = 52 and the area is leg and width W cm on the 5 cm leg.
A = LW (1)
102
100 – 50
12 – L W
= 10250
By similar triangles, =
12 5
= 100 square units. ∴ 60 – 5L = 12W
7. a. Let the radius be r cm and the height be h cm. 60 – 12W

L = (2)
Then πr2h = 1000 5
1000 (60 – 12W)W

h = A = for domain 0 ≤ W ≤ 5
πr2 5
Surface Area: A = 2πr2 + 2πrh Using the max min Algorithm,

1000
= 2πr2 + 2πr
πr2 dA
dW 5
1 60
= [60 – 24W] = 0, W = = 2.5 cm.
24
2000 (60 – 30) 2.5
= 2πr2 + , 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞ When W = 2.5 cm, A = = 15 cm2.
4 5
dA 2000
= 4πr – Step 2: If W = 0, A = 0
dr r2
dA Step 3: If W = 5, A = 0
For max or min, let = 0. The largest possible area is 15 cm2 and occurs
dr
when W = 2.5 cm and L = 6 cm.
2000
4πr – =0
r2
9. a. Let the base be y cm, each side x cm and the
500
r =
3
height h cm.
π
2x + y = 60

500
3
r= =˙ 5.42 y = 60 – 2x
π
1
When r = 0, A→∞ A = yh + 2 (wh)
2
r = 5.42 A =˙ 660.8 = yh + wh
r→∞, A→∞
The minimum surface area is approximately w B w C
661 cm3 when r = 5.42.
h x
1000 x
b. r = 5.42, h = 2 =˙ 10.84 30º
π(5.42) 120º
h 10.84 1 y A
= =
d 2 5.42 1

From ∆ABC 10. a. A
h x
= cos 30°
x
B C
h = x cos 30°
3
= x
2 h
w
= sin 30°
x
w = x sin 30°
1
= x x
2

3 x 3 4x + 2h = 6
Therefore, A = (60 – 2x) x + x 2x + h = 3 or h = 3 – 2x
2 2 2
3 1 3
Area = xh + x x
A(x) = 303x – 3x2 + x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 2 2
4
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, 3x2
= x(3 – 2x) +
4
3
A'(x) = 303 – 23x + x
2 3
A(x) = 3x – 2x2 + x2
4
Now, set A'(x) = 0
3
A'(x) = 3 – 4x + x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.5
3
303 – 23x + x = 0. 2
2
For max or min, let A'(x) = 0, x =˙ 1.04.
Divide by 3:
x A(0) = 0, A(1.04) =˙ 1.43, A(1.5) =˙ 1.42
30 – 2x + = 0 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2
2
x = 20. and occurs when x = 0.96 cm and h = 1.09 cm.
To find the largest area, substitute x = 0, 20, and 30.
11. x
A(0) = 0 N
3
A(20) = 303(20) – 3(20)2 + (20)2 W E
4
S
= 520 y z
3
A(30) = 303(30) – 3(30)2 + (30)2
4
=˙ 390
The maximum area is 520 cm2 when the base is Let z represent the distance between the two trains.
20 cm and each side is 20 cm. After t hours, y = 60t, x = 45(1 – t)
z2 = 3600t2 + 452(1 – t)2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
dz
2z = 7200t – 4050(1 – t)
dt
dz 7200t – 4050(1 – t)
=
dt 2
23600t + 452(1
– t)2

dz
For max or min, let = 0. Using the max min Algorithm,
dt
dM 2k
∴ 7200t – 4050(1 – t) = 0 = 4πr –
dr r2
t = 0.36
When t = 0, z2 = 452, z = 45
t = 0.36, z2 = 3600(0.36)2 + 452(1 – 0.36)2
dM
dr
k
2π
k 1
Let = 0, r3 = , r ≠ 0 or r = 3.
2π
z2 = 129 When r→0, M→∞
z = 36 r→∞, M→∞

1
= 60
t = 1, z2 = 3600 k
r = 3
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km 2π
d = 2
1
and occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the k
3
station. 2π
k

2 1
12. 2 k (2π)3 k3

2

h = π k 3 = = 23
a+b 2 2
2π π 2

1

2 ab
L k3 π3
W
2
a 2– b – L
2
a–b
2
k 2
2π
2π 1
Min amount of material is M = 2π 3 + 2k 3.
k

a2 – b2 – L k 13 2
k 1 2

=
W 23 3 23
Ratio = π = 2π
h
a2 – b2 2ab = 1
d

1 1
k k 1
2ab 2 3
23 3
W= (a2 – b2 – L) 2π π
a2 – b2
2ab 2
A = LW = [a L – b2L – L2]
a2 – b2 14. A P B
x 100 – x
dA
Let = a2 – b2 – 2L = 0,
dL
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let
a2 – b2
L = AP form the circle and PB the square.
2
Then, 2πr = x
and W =
2ab
2
a –b a2 – b2
2 a – b –
2 2
2 x
r =
2π
100 – x
= ab. and the length of each side of the square is .
4
The hypothesis is proven. x

2
Area of circle = π
2π
13. Let the height be h and the radius r.
x2
k =
Then, πr2h = k, h = . 4π
πr2
100 – x

2
Let M represent the amount of material, Area of square =
4
M = 2πr2 + 2πrh

k
= 2πr2 + 2πr 2
πr
The total area is
2k
= 2πr2 + , 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞
x2 100 – x 2

A(x) = + , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 100.
4π 4
r
2x 100 – x
A'(x) = + 2 –
4π 4
1
4
x 100 – x
= –
2π 8

For max or min, let A'(x) = 0. Then, d(1) = 42 + 12
= 17.
x 100 – x
– = 0 The minimal distance is d = 17 , and the point on
2π 8
100π the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
x = + π =˙ 44
r
16. y
A(0) = 625
442

100 – 44 2

2
A(44) = + =˙ 350 A(a, 2a)
4π 4
D C
1002 x
A(100) = =˙ 796
4π 2
B(b, 2b)
The minimum area is 350 cm2 when a piece of wire
of approximately 44 cm is bent into a circle. The
maximum area is 796 cm2 and occurs when all of
the wire is used to form a circle.
Let the point A have coordinates (a2, 2a). (Note
15. y that the x-coordinate of any point on the curve is
positive, but that the y-coordinate can be positive
or negative. By letting the x-coordinate be a2, we
eliminate this concern.) Similarly, let B have
coordinates (b2, 2b). The slope of AB is
(–3, 3)
x 2a – 2b 2
= .
a2 – b2 a+b
Using the mid-point property, C has coordinates
, a + b.
2 2
Any point on the curve can be represented by a +b
(a, (a – 3)2). 2
The distance from (–3, 3) to a point on the curve is Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate
d = (a + 3)2+ ((a –3)2 – 3)2. of D is also a + b. The slope of the tangent at D is
To minimize the distance, we consider the function dy
given by for the expression y2 = 4x.
d(a) = (a + 3)2 + (a2 – 6a + 6)2. dx
In minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d > 1 always.
Differentiating,
For critical points, set d'(a) = 0.
d'(a) = 2(a + 3) + 2(a2 – 6a + 6)(2a – 6) dy
2y = 4
If d'(a) = 0, dx
a + 3 + (a2 – 6a + 6)(2a – 6) = 0 dy 2
=
2a3 – 18a2 + 49a – 33 = 0 dx y
(a – 1)(2a2 – 16a + 33) = 0 And since at point D, y = a + b,

16 ± –8 dy 2
a = 1 or a = = .
4 dx a + b
There is only one critical value, a = 1.
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the
To determine whether a = 1 gives a minimal value,
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB.
we use the second derivative test:
d'(a) = 6a2 – 36a + 49
d''(1) = 6 – 36 + 49
≥ 0.

17. y Exercise 5.6
1. – 10)
a. C(625) = 75(625
5 = 1125
1125
P (x, y) Average cost is = $1.80.
B 625
x b. C(x) = 75(x – 10)

0 2 A 10 = 75x – 750
75
C'(x) =
2x
Let the point P(x, y) be on the line x + 2y – 10 = 0.
75
Area of ∆APB = xy C'(1225) = = $1.07
21225
x + 2y = 10 or x = 10 – 2y
A(y) = (10 – 2y)y c. For a marginal cost of $0.50/L,
= 10y – 2y2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5 75
= 0.5
A'(y) = 10.4y 2x
For max or min, let A'(y) = 0 or 10 – 4y = 0, y = 2.5, 75 = x
A(0) = 0 x = 5625
A(2.5) = (10 – 5)(2.5) = 12.5 The amount of product is 5625 L.
A(5) = 0.
6t
The largest area is 12.5 units squared and occurs 3. L(t) =
t2 + 2t + 1
when P is at the point (5, 2.5).
6(t2 + 2t + 1) – 6t(2t + 2)
18. y a. L'(t) =
(t2 + 2t + 1)2
(0, k 2) –6t2 + 6
=
A B
(t + 2t + 1)2
2
Let L'(t) = 0, then –6t2 + 6 = 0,

(k, 0) t2 = 1
x
D C
t = ±1.
6 6
b. L(1) = = = 1.5
A is (–x, y) and B(x, y) 1+2+1 4
Area = 2xy where y = k2 – x2
h 15 000 000
A(x) = 2x(k2 – x2) 4. C = 4000 + + , 1000 ≤ h ≤ 20 000
15 h
= 2k2x – 2x3, –k ≤ x ≤ k
A'(x) = 2k2 – 6x2 dC 1 15 000 000
= –
For max or min, let A'(x) = 0, dh 15 h2
6x2 = 2k2 dC 1 15 000 000
Set = 0, therefore, = = 0,
k dh 15 h2
x = ±
3 h2 = 225 000 000

k k 2 2 h = 15 000, h > 0.
When x = ± , y = k2 – = k2
3 3 3 Using the max min Algorithm, 1000 ≤ h ≤ 20 000.
2k 2 4k3 3
Max area is A = k2 =
3
3 33 3
4k3
= square units.
9

1000 15 000 000
When h = 1000, C = 4000 + + , 6.
15 1000
=˙ 19 067.
h
15 000 15 000 000 x
When h = 15 000, C = 4000 + + ,
15 15 000 2h
= 6000.
When h = 20 000, C =˙ 6083. Label diagram as shown.
The minimum operating cost of $6000/h occurs when We know that (x)(2h)(h) = 20 000
the plane is flying at 15 000 m. or h2x = 10 000
10 000
x x =
5. h2
Cost C = 40(2hx) + 2xh(200) + 100(2)(2h2 + xh)
y = 80xh + 400xh + 400h2 + 200xh
= 680xh + 400h2
10 000
Since x = ,
h2
Label diagram as shown and let the side of length x
10 000
cost $6/m and the side of length y be $9/m. C(h) = 680h() + 400h2, 0 ≤ h ≤ 100
h2
Therefore, (2x)(6) + (2y)(9) = 9000
6 800 000
2x + 3y = 1500. C(h) = + 400h2
h
Area A = xy
6 800 000
1500 – 2x C'(h) = – + 800h.
But y = . h2
3
Let C'(h) = 0,
1500 – 2x
∴ A(x) = x
3 800h3 = 6 800 000
h3 = 8500
2
= 500x – x2 for domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 500 h =˙ 20.4.
3
Apply max min Algorithm,
4
A'(x) = 500 –x As h→0 C(0)→∞
3
6 800 000
Let A'(x) = 0, x = 375. C(20.4) = + 400(20.4)2
20.4
Using max min Algorithm, 0 ≤ x ≤ 500,
= 499 800
2
A(0) = 0, A(375) = 500(375) – (375)2 C(100) = 4 063 000.
3
= 93 750 Therefore, the minimum cost is about $500 000.
A(500) = 0.
The largest area is 93 750 m2 when the width is
250 m by 375 m.

7. Let the height of the cylinder be h cm, the radius 3x = 16 + x2
r cm. Let the cost for the walls be $k and for the 9x = 16 + x2
2
top $2k. x2 = 2
1000 x =˙ 1.4, x ≥ 0
V = 1000 = πr2h or h =
πr2 Using max min Algorithm:
The cost C = (2πr2)(2k) + (2πrh)k when x = 0, C = 6000 4 + 2000(12) = $48 000
x = 1.4, C = 6000 2 + 2000(12 – 1.4)
16 +(1.4)
1000
or C = 4πkr + 2πkr
2
πr2 =˙ $46 627

2000k x = 12, C = 6000 16 + 1
22 =˙ 75 895.
C(r) = 4πkr2 + , r ≥ 0
r The minimum cost occurs when point C is 1.4 km
2000k from point A or about 10.6 km south of the power plant.
C'(r) = 8πkr –
r2
9. Let the number of fare changes be x. Now, ticket
2000k
Let C'(r) = 0, then 8πkr = price is $20 + $0.5x. The number of passengers is
r2
10 000 – 200x.
2000
or r3 = The revenue R(x) = (10 000 – 200x)(20 + 0.5x),
8π
R'(x) = –200(20 + 0.5x) + 0.5(1000 – 200x)
r =˙ 4.3
= –4000 – 100x + 5000 – 100x.
1000 Let R'(x) = 0:
h = 2 = 17.2.
π(4.3) 200x = 1000
Since r ≥ 0, minimum cost occurs when r = 4.3 cm x = 5.
and h = 17.2 cm. The new fare is $20 + $0.5(5) = $22.50 and the
maximum revenue is $202 500.
8. B
12 – x
v3

10. Cost C – + 216 t
2
C 500
12 km where vt = 500 or t = .
v
x
L
A
v3

500
C(v) = + 216
2 v
4 km
108 000
= 250v2 + , where, v ≥ 0.
v
108 000
Let the distance AC be x km. Therefore, CB = 12 – x C'(v) = 500v –
v2
CL =
16 + x2. 108 000
Let C'(v) = 0, then 500v =
Cost C = 6000
16 + x2 + 2000(12 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 v2
dC 1 1
– 108 000
= 6000 (16 + x2) 2 (2x) + 2000(–1) v3 =
dx 2 500
6000x v3 = 216
= – 2000
1
6 + x2 v = 6.
The most economical speed is 6 nautical miles/h.
dC
Set = 0
dx
6000x
= 2000
1
6 + x2

11. Let the number of increases be n. b. Since 200 – 165 = 35, it takes 5 price increases to
New speed = 110 + n. reduce sales to 165 cakes.
Fuel consumption = (8 – 0.1n) km/L. New price is 10 + 0.5 5 = $12.50.
For a 450 km trip:
c. If you increase the price, the number sold will
450
fuel consumption = L,
8 – 0.1n
decrease. Profit in situations like this will increase
for several price increases and then it will decrease
fuel cost = 0.68
450 because too many customers stop buying.
8 – 0.1n
Time for Trip = = + n h

D 450 13. P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
v 110 Marginal Revenue = R'(x).
Cost = Cost of driver + fixed cost + fuel Marginal Cost = C'(x).
450

C(n) = 35 + 15.50 +
110 + n 450
110 + n Now P'(x) = R'(x) – C'(x).
The critical point occurs when P'(x) = 0.

8 – 0.1n
450
0.68
If R'(x) = C'(x) then P'(x) = R'(x) – R'(x)
= 0.
–15 750 6975 30.6 Therefore, the profit function has a critical point
C'(n) = 2 – 2 + 2
(110 + n) (110 + n) (8 – 0.1n) when the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost.
Let C'(n) = 0:
14. h
30.6 22 725
2 = 2
(8 – 0.1n) (110 + n)
r
2
(110 + n) 22 725
2 =
(8 – 0.1n) 30.6
110 + n
= ±742.6
= ±27.3 Label diagram as shown. Let cost of cylinder
8 – 0.1n
be $k/m3.
110 + n = 27.3(8 – 0.1n) V = 200
n =˙ 29 4
or 110 + n = –27.3(8 – 0.1n) = πr2h + πr3
3
n =˙ 190. Note: Surface Area = Total cost C
For r =˙ 29, new speed = 139 km/h Cost C = (2πrh)k + (4πr2)2k
n =˙ 190, new speed = 300 km/h, which is not 4
But, 200 = πr2h + πr3 or 600 = 3πr2h + 4πr2
possible. 8
The speed is 139 km/h. 600 – 4πr3
Therefore, h = .
3πr2
12. a. Let the number of $0.50 increases be n.
New price = 10 + 0.5n. C(r) = 2kπr
600 – 4πr3
3πr2
1 + 8kπr2
Number sold = 200 – 7n.
Revenue R(n) = (10 + 0.5n)(200 – 7n)
600 – 4πr3
= 2k + 8kπr2
3r
= 2000 + 30n – 3.5n2

1
Profit P(n) = R(n) – C(n) 600
Since h ≤ 16, r ≤ 3 or 0 ≤ r ≤ 3.6
= 2000 + 30n – 3.5n2 –6(200 – 7n) 4π
= 800 + 72n – 3.5n2 400k 8kπr2
C(r) = – + 3kπr2
P'(n) = 72 – 7n r 3
Let P'(n) = 0,
400k 16kπr2
72 – 7n = 0, n =˙ 10. = +
r 3
Price per cake = 10 + 5 = $15
400k 32kπr
Number sold = 200 – 70 = 130 C'(r) = – +
r2 3
Let C'(r) = 0 16. v(r) = Ar2(r0 – r), 0 ≤ r ≤ r
400k 32kπr v(r) = Ar0r2 – Ar3
=
r2 3 v'(r) = 2Ar0r – 3Ar2
50 4πr Let v'(r) = 0:
= 2Ar0r – 3Ar2 = 0
r2 3
2r0r – 3r2 = 0
4πr3 = 150
r(2r0 – 3r) = 0
150
r3 = 2r0
4π r = 0 or r = .
3
r = 2.29
v(0) = 0
h =˙ 8.97 m

2r0 4 2r0
Note: C(0)→∞ v = A r02 r0 –
C(2.3) =˙ 262.5k 3 9 3
C(3.6) =˙ 330.6k 4
= r0A
The minimum cost occurs when r = 230 cm and h is 27
about 900 cm. A(r0) = 0
The maximum velocity of air occurs when radius is
15. S1 object S2 2r0
10 –x x
.
3
10
Review Exercise
Note: S2 = 351
Let x be the distance from S2 to the object. 1. d. x2y–3 + 3 = y
ks
I = , where S is the strength of the source and x is dy dy
x2 2xy–3 – 3x2y–4 =
dx dx
the distance to the source.
dy 2xy–3
ks =
I1 = 2 dx 1 + 3x2y–4
(10 – x)
2x
k(35)
I2 = , 0 < x < 10 y3
x2 = 2
3x
1 +
ks 3ks y4
I = 2 +
(10 – x) x2 2x

y3
dI –2ks 6ks =
= 3 – y4 + 3x2
dx (10 – x) x3
y4
dI 2ks 6ks
Let = 0. Therefore, 3 = : 2xy
dx (10 – x) x3 =
3x2y4
x3 = 3(10 – x)3
3
x = 3(10 – x) 2. b. (x2 + y2)2 = 4x2y
x =˙ 1.44(10 – x)
2.4x = 14.4
dy
dy
2(x2 + y2) 2x + 2y = 8xy + 4x2
dx dx
x =˙ 5.9. At (1, 1),
Minimum illumination occurs when x = 5.9 m.
dy
dy
2(1 + 1) 2 + 2 = 8 1 1 + 4(1)2
dx dx
dy dy
8 + 8 = 8 + 4
dx dx
dy
= 0.
dx

1

3. x–2y6 + 2y–2 – 6 = 0 7. s(t)= t2 + (2t – 3)2
dy dy 1 1
–
–2x–3y6 + 6x–2y5 – 4y–3 = 0 V = S'(t) = 2t + (2t – 3) 2(2)
dx dx 21
–
= 2t + (2t – 3) 2
At (0.5, 1):
1 3
–
dy dy a = S''(t) = 2 – (2t – 3) 2 (2)
–2(0.5)–3(1)6 + 6(0.5)–2(1)5 – 4(1)–3 = 0 2
dx dx 3
–
dy dy = 2 – (2t – 3) 2
–16 + 24 – 4 = 0
dx dx
9. s(t) = 45t – 5t2
dy
20 = 16 v(t) = 45 – 10t
dx
For v(t) = 0, t = 4.5.
dy 4
= .
dx 5 t 0 ≤ t < 4.5 4.5 t > 4.5
At (0.5, –1): v(t) + 0 –
dy dy
–2(0.5) (–1) + 6(0.5) (–1) – 4(–1)–3 = 0
–3 6 –2 5
dx dx Therefore, the upward velocity is positive for

dy dy
–16 – 24 + 4 = 0 0 ≤ t < 4.5 s, zero for t = 4.5 s, negative for t > 4.5 s.
dx dx
v(t)
dy
20 = –16 metres/
dx second
dy –4
= . 45
dx 5
6. 3x2 – y2 = 7
dy 0 4.5 9 t (seconds)
6x – 2y = 0
dx
dy 6x –45
=
dx 2y
3x
=
y 10. a. f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2
dy f'(x) = 6x2 – 18x
3y – 3x
d2y dx For max min, f'(x) = 0:
2 =
dx y2
6x(x – 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = 3.
3x
3y – 3x
y
= x f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2
y2
–2 –52 min
3y2 – 9x2
= 0 0 max
y2
3 –27
But, 3y2 – 9x2 = –3(3x2 – y2)
= –3 7 4 –16
= –21. The minimum value is –52.

–21 The maximum value is 0.
Therefore, y'' = .
y2

18
c. f(x) = 2x + Equation of tangent at (2, –1) is
x
f'(x) = 2 – 18x –2 y+1
= 1
For max min, f'(x) = 0: x–2
y = x – 3.
18
=2
x2 Therefore, the equation of the tangent at
x2 = 9 (2, –1) to y3 – 3xy – 5 = 0 is y = x – 3.
x = ±3.
8
18 13. s(t) = 1 + 2t –
x f(x) = 2x + t2 + 1
x 16t
v(t) = 2 + 8(t2 + 1)–2(2t) = 2 +
1 20 (t2 + 1)2
a(t) = 16(t2 + 1)–2 + 16t(–2)(t2 + 1)–3 2t
3 12 = 16(t2 + 1)–2 – 64t2(t2 + 1)–3
18 = 16(t2 + 1)–3[t2 + 1 – 4t2]
5 10 + = 13.6
5 For max min velocities, a(t) = 0:
The minimum value is 12.
3t2 = 1
The maximum value is 20.
1
t = ±.
11. s(t) = 62 – 16t + t2 6
v(t) = –16 + 2t 16t
t v(t) = 2 +
a. s(0) = 62 (t2 + 1)2
Therefore, the front of the car was 62 m from the 0 2 min
stop sign.
16
163
b. When v = 0, t = 8.
1
3 3
= 2 + 33 max
∴ s(8) = 62 – 16(8) + (8)2 2+ 2 = 2 +

1 16
= 62 – 128 + 64 3 + 1
3

9
= –2
Yes, the car goes 2 m beyond the stop sign before 32
2 2 + = 3.28
stopping. 25
c. Stop signs are located two or more metres from The minimum value is 2.
an intersection. Since the car only went 2 m The maximum value is 2 + 33.
beyond the stop sign, it is unlikely the car would
14. u(x) = 625x–1 + 15 + 0.01x
hit another vehicle travelling perpendicular.
u'(x) = –625x–2 + 0.01
For a minimum, u'(x) = 0
12. y3 – 3xy – 5 = 0
x2 = 62 500
dy dy
3y2 – 3y – (3x) = 0 x = 250
dx dx
At (2, –1): 62 5
x u(x) = + 0.01x
dy dy x
3 + 3 – 6 = 0
dx dx 1 625.01
dy
1 = . 250 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 min
dx
625
500 + 5 = 6.25
500
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to
ensure unit waste is minimized.

15. iii)C(x) = x + 5000 16. C(x) = 0.004x2 + 40x + 16 000
a. C(400) = 20 + 5000 Average cost of producing x items is
= $5020 C(x)
C(x) =
5020 x
b. C(400) = 16 000
400 C(x) = 0.004x + 40 +
= $12.55 x
To find the minimum average cost, we solve
1 –1
c. C'(x) = x 2 C'(x) = 0
2
16 000
1 0.004 – =0
= x2
2x 4x2 – 16 000 000 = 0
1 x2 = 4 000 000
C'(400) =
40 x = 2000, x > 0.
= $0.025 From the graph, it can be seen that x = 2000 is a
=˙ $0.03 minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000
1 items minimizes the average cost.
C'(401) =
2
401 17. b. s(t) = –t3 + 4t2 – 10
= $0.025 s(0) = –10
=˙ $0.03 Therefore, its starting position is at –10.
The cost to produce the 401st item is $0.03. s(3) = –27 + 36 – 10
1
– = –1
iv)C(x) = 100x 2 + 5x + 700
v(t) = –3t2 + 8t
100
a. C(400) = + 2000 + 700 v(3) = –27 + 24
20
= –3
= $2705
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object
2750
b. C(400) = is moving away from the origin and towards its
400
starting position.
= $6.875
= $6.88 1
18. Given cone v = πr2h
3
– 3
c. C'(x) = –50x + 5 2
dv m3
–50 = 9
C'(400) = 3 + 5 dt h
(20) 2
= 5.00625 Slopes of sides =
3
= $5.01 rise 2
=
C'(401) = $5.01 run 3
The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01. h 2
∴ =
r 3

dh
a. Find when r = 6 m. At a specific time, h = 10 m,
dt
10 2
=
r 3
Solution r = 15 m
1
v = πr2h 2 dr
9 = π(15)2
3 3 dt
h 2
Using = dr
9 = 150π
r 3 dt
3
r = 3 dr
= .
2h 50π dt
3
1 9h2
∴ r = π h
4
3
m/h when h = 10 m.
3
v = πh3 50π
4
dv 9 2 dh dv
= πh 19. Given = 1 cm3/s
dt 4 dt dt
Surface area = circular with h = 0.5 cm.
At a specific time, r = 6 m:
Volume is a cylinder.
h 2
= dA
6 3 Find .
dt
h = 4 m.
9 dh
9 = π(4)2 Solution
4 dt
dh A = πr2
9 = 36π
dt
dA dr
1 dh = 2πr
= dt dt
4π dt
v = πr2h
Therefore, the altitude is increasing at a rate of
1 But h = 0.5 cm,
m/h when r = 6 m.
4π 1
v = πr2
2
dr dv dr
b. Find when h = 10 m. = πr
dt dt dt
At a specific time,
Solution dr
1 = πr
dt
1
v = πr2h 1 dr
3 =
πr dt
h 2
Using = ,
r 3
dA

= 2πr
dt
1
πr
2
h = r = 2.
3
Therefore, the top surface area is increasing at a rate
1

2
v = πr2 r
3 3 of 2 cm2/s.
2 3
v = πr
9
dv 2 dr
= πr2
dt 3 dt

20. Given cube s = 6x2 Solution
v = x3 h
Let = k, k is a constant k ∈ R
ds r
= 8 cm2/s,
dt 1 h
v = πr2h and r =
dv 3 k
find when s = 60 cm2.
dt 1 h2
∴ v = π2 h
3 k
Solution 1
v = 2 πh3
3k
v = x2
dv 1 dh
dv dx = 2 πh2 .
= 3x2 dt k dt
dt dt
At a specific time, h = 8 cm,
At a specific time, s = 60 cm2,
1
∴ 6x2 = 60 –10 = 2 π(8)2(–2)
k
x2 = 10.
–128π
Also, s = 6x2. –10 =
k2
ds dx 64π
= 12x k2 =
dt dt 5
,
At a specific time, x = 10
8π
dx k =
8 = 12 10 5
dt
π
2
=
310 dt
dx h
r
∴ = 8
5
8

dv 2 5π
= 3(10) = .
dt 310 5
20 Therefore, the ratio of the height to the radius is
=
10 8
5π : 5.
.
= 210
22. Given
Therefore, the volume is increasing at a rate of
cm3/s.
210
21. Given cone

y
2
r
x L
15 m
h
Since the angle formed from the light to the top of
the man’s head decreases as he walks towards the
1
v = πr2h building, the length of his shadow on the building
3
is decreasing.
dv
= –10 cm3/min
dt
dh Solution
= –2 cm/min
dt
Let x represent the distance he is from
h
Find when h = 8 cm. dx
r the wall. Therefore, = –2, since he is walking
dt
towards the building. Let y be the length of his
dy
shadow on the building. Therefore, represents the
dt
rate of change of the length of his shadow.
Using similar triangles, 24. Let the base be x cm by x cm and the height h cm.
y 2 Therefore, x2h = 10 000.
=
15 15 – x A = x2 + 4xh
15y – xy = 30 10 000
But h = ,
15y – 30 = xy x2
dy dx dy
15 = y + x
dt dt dt

A(x) = x2 + 4x
10 000
x2
400 000
At a specific time, 15 – x = 4, = x2 + , for x ≥ 5
x
∴ x = 11.
400 000
y 2 A'(x) = 2x – ,
And using = , x2
15 15 – x
400 000
Let A'(x) = 0, then 2x =
dy
dy

15 = (–2)(7.5) + (11)
dt dt 3
x2
x = 200 000
dy x = 27.14.
4 = –15
dt Using the max min Algorithm,
dy –15 A(5) = 25 + 80 000 = 80 025
=
dt 4 A(27.14) =˙ 15 475
Therefore, the length of his shadow is decreasing at a The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
rate of 3.75 m/s. 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
16 25. Let the length be x and the width y.

23. s = 27t3 + + 10, t > 0
t
16
a. v = 81t2 –
t2 y y y y y y
16
81t2 – =0
t2 x
81t4 = 16
16 12 000
t4 = P = 2x + 6y and xy = 12 000 or y =
81 x
2 12 000
t = ± P(x) = 2x + 6
3 x
t>0 72 000
P(x) = 2x + , 10 ≤ x ≤ 1200 (5 240)
2 x
Therefore, t = .
3 72 000
A'(x) = 2 –
b. x2
2 2 2 Let A'(x) = 0,
t 0 < t < t = t > 2x2 = 72 000
3 3 3
ds x2 = 36 000
– 0 +
dt x =˙ 190.
2 Using max min Algorithm,
A minimum velocity occurs at t = or 0.67.
3 A(10) = 20 + 7200 = 7220 m2
dv 32
c. a = = 162t + A(190) =˙ 759 m2
dt t3
A(1200) = 1 440 060
2 2 32 The dimensions for the minimum amount of fencing
At t = , a = 162 +
3 3 8
is a length of 190 m by a width of approximately
27
= 216 63 m.
Since a > 0, the particle is accelerating.

26. x Using max min Algorithm,
x A(2) =˙ 550
40–2x
A(4.3) =˙ 349
20–2x A(5) =˙ 357
For a minimum amount of material, the can should
be constructed with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height
of 8.6 cm.
Let the width be w and the length 2w.
Then, 2w2 = 800
28. R
w2 = 400
w = 20, w > 0.
Let the corner cuts be x cm by x cm. The 1 km
dimensions of the box are shown. The volume is 8–x
V(x) = x(40 – 2x)(20 – 2x) A C x B
= 4x3 – 120x2 – 800x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 8
V'(x) = 12x2 – 240x – 800
Let V'(x) = 0: Let x be the distance CB, and 8 – x the distance AC.
12x2 – 240x – 800 = 0 Let the cost on land be $k and under water $1.6k.
3x2 – 60x – 200 = 0 The cost C(x)k(8 – x) + 1.6k
1 + x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 8.
60 ± 3600 – 2400 1 1
–
x = C'(x) = –k + 1.6k (1 + x2) 2 (2x)
6 2
x =˙ 15.8 or x = 4.2, but x ≤ 10. 1.6kx
Using max min Algorithm, = –k +

1 + x2
V(0) = 0
V(4.2) = 1540 cm2 Let C'(x) = 0,
V(10) = 0.
1.6kx
Therefore, the base is –k + = 0
40 – 2 4.2 = 31.6
1 + k2
by 20 – 2 4.2 = 11.6. 1.6x
= 1
The dimensions are 31.6 dm2, by 11.6 dm, by 4.2 dm. 1 + k2
27. Let the radius be r cm and the height h cm. 1.6x = 1 + x2

V = πr2h = 500 2.56x = 1 + x2
2
A = 2πr2 + 2πrh 1.56x2 = 1

500 x2 =˙ 0.64
Since h = , 6 ≤ h ≤ 15 x = 0.8, x > 0.
πr2

500
A(r) = 2πr2 + 2πr
πr2
Using max min Algorithm,
A(0) = 9.6k
1000
= 2πr2 + for 2 ≤ r ≤ 5 A(0.8) = k(8 – 0.8) + 1.6k1 + (0.
8)2 = 9.25k
r A(8) = 12.9k
1000 The best way to cross the river is to run the pipe
A'(r) = 4πr – .
r2 8 – 0.8 or 7.2 km along the river shore and then
Let A'(r) = 0, then 4πr3 = 1000, cross diagonally to the refinery.
1000
r 3 =
4π
r =˙ 4.3.

29. S y B Therefore, n = 52 or 53.
P(0) = 3600
P(52) = 9112
x
P(53) = 9112
P(120) = 0
s The maximum profit occurs when the CD players are sold at
A $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 CD players.
Let y represent the distance the westbound train is from
31. P
the station and x the distance of the northbound train from
the station S. Let t represent time after 10:00.
Then x = 100t, y = (120 – 120t) 5 km
Let the distance AB be z.
20 – x x
2
z = (100t) + (120 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
– 120t) R
C A

1
dz 1 –
= (100t)2 + (120 – 120t)2 2
20 km
dt 2
2 100 100t – 2 120 (120(1 – t) Let x represent the distance AC.
Then, RC = 20 – x and 4.
dz PC =
25 + x2
Let = 0, that is
dt
The cost:
2 100 100t – 2 120 120(1 – t) = 0
C(x) = 100 00025 + x2 + 75 000(20 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 20

2(100t)2
+ (120
– 120
t)2 1

1
–
C'(x) = 100 000 25 + x2 2
(2x) – 75 000.
2
or 20 000t = 28 800(1 – t) Let C'(x) = 0,
48 800t = 288 000
100 000x
288 – 75 000 = 0
t = =˙ 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
488
25 + x2
When t = 0, z = 120. 4x = 3 25 + x2
t = 0.59 16x2 = 9(25 + x2)
z =
(100 0.59)2+ (120
– 120 0.5 9)2 7x2 = 225
= 76.8 km x2 =˙ 32
t = 1, z = 100 x =˙ 5.7.
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and occurs Using max min Algorithm,
at 10:35. + 75 000 (20) = 2 000 000
A(0) = 100 00025
A(5.7) = 100 000 2 + 75 000(20 – 5.7)
25 + 5.7
30. Let the number of price increases be n. = 1 830 721.60
New selling price = 100 + 2n. A(20) = 2 061 552.81.
Number sold = 120 – n. The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when the
Profit = Revenue – Cost pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km from point A,
P(n) = (100 + 2n)(120 – n) – 70(120 – n), 0 ≤ n ≤ 120 directly across from P.
= 3600 + 210n – 2n2
P'(n) = 210 – 4n
Let P'(n) = 0
210 – 4n = 0
n = 52.5.

Chapter 5 Test d. s(3) = 27 – 81 + 72 + 5
= 23
1. x2 + 4xy – y2 = 8 v(3) = 27 – 54 + 24
dy dy = –3
2x + 4y + 4x – 2y = 0
dx dx Since the signs of s(3) and v(3) are different, the
dy
x + 2y + (2x – y) = 0 object is moving towards the origin.
dx
dy –x – 2y dr
= 4. Given: circle = 2 m/s,
dx 2x – y dt
dy x + 2y dA
= find when r = 60.
dx y – 2x dt
2. 3x2 + 4y2 = 7
dy Solution
6x + 8y = 0
dx
At P(–1, 1), A = πr2
dy dA dr
–6 + 8 = 0 = 2πr
dx dt dt
dy 3
= . At a specific time, r = 60,
dx 4
Equation of tangent line at P(–1, 1) is dA
= 2π(60)(2)
dt
y–1 3
= = 240π.
x+1 4
3x + 3 = 4y – 4 Therefore, the area is increasing at a rate of
3x – 4y + 7 = 0. 240π m2/s.
dr
3. a. Average velocity from t = 1 to t = 6 is 5. Given: sphere = 2 m/min,
dt
∆s s(6) – s(1)
= dv
∆t 6–1 find when r = 8 m.
dt
(216 – 324 + 144 + 5) – (1 – 9 + 24 + 5)
=
5
= 4 m/s. Solution
The average velocity from t = 1 to t = 6 is 4 m/s.
4
v = πr3
b. Object is at rest when v = 0: 3
0 = 3t – 18t + 24 dv dr
= 4πr2 .
= 3(t2 – 6t + 8) dt dt
= 3(t – 4)(t – 2) At a specific time, r = 8 m:
t = 2 or t = 4. dv
= 4π(64)(2)
Therefore, the object is at rest at 2 s and 4 s. dt
= 512π.
c. v(t) = 3t2 – 18t + 24
a(t) = 6t – 18 a. Therefore the volume is increasing at a rate of
a(5) = 30 – 18 512π m3/min.
= 12 b. The radius is increasing, therefore the volume is
Therefore, the acceleration after 5 s is 12 m/s2. also increasing. Answers may vary.

dV
6. Given: cube V = x3, S = 6x2, = 2 cm3/min, Solution
dt
1
dS v = πr2h
find when x = 5. 3
dt
r 10 5
= =
h 24 12
Solution 5
v = h.
S = 6x2 12
dS dx Substituting into v,
= 12x

dt dt 1 25
v = π h2 h
At a specific time, x = 5: 3 144
25
dS

= 12(5)
dt
2
75
v = πh3.
432
dv 25 dh
8 = πh2
= dt 144 dt
5
At a specific time, h = 16:
V = x3
25 dh
dV dx 20 = π(16)2
= 3x2 144 dt
dt dt
6400π dh
20 =
144 dt
dV
When x = 5, = 2 dh 9
dt = .
d x dt 20π
2 = 3(5)2
dt
dx 2 Therefore, the depth of the water is increasing at a
=
dt 75 9
rate of m/min.
S = 6x2 20π
dS dx x2 – 1
= 12x 8. f(x) =
dt dt x+2
2x(x + 2)–(x2 – 1)(1)
dx 2 f'(x) =
When x = 5, = . (x + 2)2
dt 75
x2 + 4x + 1
dS

Therefore, = 12(5)
dt
2
75
=
(x + 2)2
8 For max min, f'(x) = 0:
=
5 x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
= 1.6. –4 ±16 – 4
x =
2
Therefore, the surface area of the cube is increasing
– 4 ± 23
at a rate of 1.6 cm2/min. =
2
7. 10 = –2 ±3.
24
dv
= 20 m3/min
dt
dh
Find when h = 16.
dt

x2 – 2 At a specific time,
x f(x) =
x+2 dx
25(6) = 2
–1 0 dt
150 dx
4 – 43 + 3 – 1 6 – 43 =
–2 + 3 = = 23 – 4 21 dt
3 3
50 dx
=˙ –0.536 min = .
7 dt
8
3 = 1.6 max 3
5
Therefore, her shadow’s head is moving away at a
Therefore, the minimum value is (23 – 4) and the
rate of 7.1 m/s.
maximum value is 1.6.
10.
9.
x
10 m
1.6 m
y x y
dx Let x represent the width of the field in m, x > 0.

Find when y = 8 m.
dt Let y represent the length of the field in m.
Let x represent the distance the tip of her shadow
4x + 2y = 2000 (1)
is from the point directly beneath the spotlight.
A = xy (2)
Let y represent the distance she is from the point
From (1): y = 1000 – 2x. Restriction 0 < x < 500
directly beneath the spotlight.
Substitute into (2):
dy A(x) = x(1000 – 2x)
= 6 m/s
dx = 1000x – 2x2
A'(x) = 1000 – 4x.
Solution For a max min, A'(x) = 0, x = 250
x 10 x A(x) = x(1000 – 2x)

= = 6.25
x – y 1.6
0 lim A(x) = 0
x = 6.25x – 6.25y x→0+
6.25y = 5.25x
250 A(250) = 125 000 max
dy dx
6.25 = 5.25
dt dt 1000 lim A(x) = 0
x→1000
At a specific time, y = 8 m:
∴ x = 250 and y = 500.
dx
6.25(6) = 5.25
dt
Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
dx dx
7.1 =˙ or = 21 . 500
m in length.
dt dt 3

11.
2x
Let x represent the height.

Let 2x represent the width.
Let y represent the length.
Volume 10 000 = 2x2y
Cost:
C = 0.02(2x)y + 2(0.05)(2x2) + 2(0.05)(xy) + 0.1(2xy)
= 0.04xy + 0.2x2 + 0.1xy + 0.2 xy
= 0.34xy + 0.2x2
10 000 5000
But y = = .
2x2 x2

5000
Therefore, C(x) = 0.34x
x2
+ 0.2x2
1700
= + 0.2x2, x ≥ 0
x
–1700
C'(x) = + 0.4x.
x2
Let C'(x) = 0:
–1700
+ 0.4x = 0
x2
0.4x3 = 1700
x3 = 4250
x =˙ 16.2.
C(0)→∞
1700
C(16.2) = + 0.2(16.2)2 = 157.4.
16.2
Minimum when x = 16.2, 2x = 32.4 and y = 19.0.
The required dimensions are 162 m, 324 m by 190 m.

Chapter 6 • Exponential Functions
Review of Prerequisite Skills 6. a. y
y1
y x
2–1 + 2–2
3. d.
3–1
1 1 x
+
2 4
=
1

3
y3

1 1
+
12 2 4
= 1
12
3
6+3 b. (i) The graph of y1 is vertically compressed by
= one-half to form the graph of y2.
4
9 (ii) The graph of y1 is stretched vertically by two

= and it is reflected in the x-axis.
4
5. b. (i) y1 transforms to y2 by a vertical shift upwards c. The graph of y = 3x2 + 25 is the vertical stretch
of four units. by three of the graph of y = x2 and is shifted
upwards 25 units.

(ii) y1 transforms to y3 by a vertical shift
downwards of three units. These are called d. For the function y = c f(x) where c is a constant,
translations. the function is a transformation of y = f(x).
If c < 0, the graph of the function is reflected in
c. The graph of y = x2 − 2, shifted vertically upwards
the x-axis.
four units, becomes the graph of y = x2 + 2.
If 0 < c < 1, the graph of the function is
d. When a positive or negative constant is added to a compressed by a factor of c.
function, it results in a vertical shift of the graph If c > 1, the graph of the function is stretched by
of the function. For a positive constant, the shift is a factor of c.
upwards that many units and for a negative
constant, the shift is downward that many units. 7. a. y
y y1 x
y
y x
y1
y3 x
5
y3 x
b. (i) The graph of y1 is shifted to the right five units

to the graph of y2.
(ii) The graph of y1 is shifted to the left three units

and reflected in the x-axis.
Chapter 6: Exponential Functions 147

c. The graph of y = (x + 6)2 − 7 is the lateral shift of six i. (0.3)3 ÷ (0.3)5
units to the left and seven units vertically downwards. = (0.3)–2
d. When a positive or negative constant is added to

3 –2
the independent variable in a function, there is a =

10
lateral shift or translation. If the number is positive,
=
10 2
it causes a shift to the left; if the number is negative 3

it causes a shift to the right. In order to keep the
100
same y-value, if the number is negative, the x-value =
9
must be increased to compensate, or decreased if the
k. (32)3 ÷ 3–2
number is positive. = 36 ÷ 3–2
= 36+2
Exercise 6.1 = 38
= 6561
1. a. (73)2 ÷ 74
o. (63)4 ÷ 126
= 76 ÷ 74
= 76–4 612
= 6
= 72 12
= 49 612
=6
6 26
b. (0.4)5 ÷ (0.4)3
66
= (0.4)2 = 6
2
= 1.6
= 36
c. (3)5 (3)3 = 729
= (3)8
1 5x3y–4
= (32)8 2. g. –
2x 2y2
= 34
= 81 5x3 + 2
= 2
2y + 4
3
d. 252
5x5
= 53 = 6
2y
= 125
πx2y
e. (−8)3
2
h. 3
4xy
−8

2
3
= πx2 – 1
= 3
4y – 1
= (−2)2
=4 πxy–2
=
4
f. (−2)3 (−2)3
= [(−2)( −2)]3 πx
= 2
4y
= 43
= 64 k. (a2b–1)–3
g. 4–2 − 8–1
1
1 1 = or = a–6b3
= 2 − (a2b–1)3
4 8
1 2 1 b3
= − = 6 or = 6
16 16 a b–3 a
1
= − b3
16 = 6
a
148 Chapter 6: Exponential Functions
1 3
d. 2a2 32
a4

a–2 2 4.
l. (ab)4
b–2
1 2
a2 + 4
= 64
= a b
–4
a4 4
–4
b
5 4
= a0b8 = 8a4 or = 8
a5
3 4
= b8 h.
52 ÷
55

1 1 –2
3. b. a4b– 3 2
= 53 ÷ 54
5
1 2
= a– 2b3 2 5
= 53 – 4
2
b3
= 1 8 15
a2 = 512 – 12

3 7
=b2 = 5– 12
a 3
i. (t)2
t5
4x y
1 1
2 3 2
2 5
d. = t 3 t 2
8xy 43
1 1
4 15
= t 6 t 6
1

2xy 6
=
34 + 153
1 1
= t 6
2x3y12
19
1 1 1
= t 6
1 – 3 6 – 12
=x y
3–1 + 3–2
2 1 5. a.
=xy
3 2 3–3 1 1
+ 2

3 +3 3 –1 –2 3 3 3
= 3 or =
3–3 3 1
–2
(4a )(2a b ) 3 2
3
e. 3
12a4b3
1 1
8a1b2 +
= 3 +3 2 3 9
12a4b3 = or = 1
30
27
2a–3b–1 =9+3
=
3 = 12
2
=

3a3b 1 1
+
3 9 27
=
(5x–2y0)3 1 27
f.
1
27
(25x2y)2
9+3
=
3 –6 0 1
5x y
= 1 = 12
5xy2
52x–7
= 1
y2
= 25
x7y

(p2q + pq3)3 4 − x
c. 3
p q4 b. 3

x2
pq(p + q2)3 1

1

= p3 (4 − x2) x2
q4 = 3
1
(x2)
x2
p3q3(p + q2)3
= 3 1
p q4 4x2 − x

= 4

(p + q2)3 x2
=
q
4x − x
=
x −x
–2 –3
x2
d.
2x
x–3(x − 1) x−9
= c.
2x 1

x2 − 3
x−1
= 3
2x + 1 (x − 3)(x + 3)
=
x−1 (x − 3)
=
2x4
3t − 2t–1 = x + 3
e.
t3
x−1
d.

3t − 2t–1
=
t3
t

t x − x
(x + 1)(x − 1)
3t2 − 2 =
= x (1 − x)
t4
3p2 − p–3 p3 3p5 − 1
f. 3 = (x + 1)(x − 1)
p 4
p p7 =
− x(x − 1)
3 1

x2 − x2 − x –1 x + 1
6. a. 1 = −

x– 2 x
1 1

7. 646 = 83
1 3 1

=x x −x −x
2 2 2 –1
64 cannot be expressed as a power of 8, that is 82.

1

1
– 2 But (82)6 is the power of a power and we then
=x −x−x
2
keep the base and multiply the exponents to get

1 1
82 6 or 83.

Section 6.2 4. y
(1, b)
Investigation:
1
1. e. No, it only approaches the x-axis, even for very
x
large negative values for x. 1
2. y
4 The graph of y = bx increases from left to right. It

has a y-intercept of 0 and no x-intercept, that is it
y-intercept
is 1 x-axis is has a horizontal asymptote of y = 0. The domain is
2
the asymptote the set of real numbers and the range is all values of
y, greater than zero, i.e., only positive values. The
x
–2 2 4 graph appears in the first and second quadrants only.
Domain: x ∈ R y
5.
Range: y > 0, y ∈ R 9
1
y 3
3. y
6
3 asymptote
is the x-axis
y-intercept (y = 0)
is 1
5
x
–3 3
Domain: x ∈ R
Range: y > 0, y ∈ R
x
5
6. a. These curves have the same y-intercept of 1,
and the same asymptote, y = 0. Also, all curves
a. The curves all have the same y-intercept of 1,
are descending from the second quadrant to
they have the same domain, x ∈ R, and the same
first quadrant.
range, y > 0, y ∈ R. As well, the curves show
functions that are increasing.
1 x

b. The graph of y = will be between y =
7
1 x
5

1 x
x
b. The curve of y = 7 will lie between the curves of and y = .
y = 5x and y = 10x, having the point (0, 1) in 10
common with them.

y

1 x
b. The curves y = 3x and y = share the same
3
10 y-intercept of 1, and the asymptote of y = 0. Also,
( 15 )
both curves exist only above the x-axis, changing
( 13 ) 1
(10 )
at the same rate.
c. The curves differ in that y = 3x is increasing,

5

1 x
whereas y = is decreasing.
3
9. y
3
x
–5 5
7. The curve y = bx where 0 < b < 1 is a decreasing

1
curve with y-intercept of 1, an asymptote of y = 0,
x
and moves from second quadrant to first quadrant –1 1
only. It has a domain of x ∈ R, and a range of y > 0, –1
y ∈ R.
y 3
a. The reflection of y = 3x in the x-axis gives the

1
(1, b) graph of y = −3x as its image.
x
1 b. The graphs have the same asymptote and the
same shape.
c. The curves have different y-intercepts; the graph

of y = 3x has a y-intercept of 1; the graph of
y

8. 1 x
1 y = has a y-intercept of −1. The graph of
3 3
y = 3x exists in the first and second quadrants

1 x
only. The graph of y = exists in the third and
3
fourth quadrants only.
(–1, 3) (1, 3)
y-intercept
1 of 1
x
–1 1
–1
asymptote: y = 0
a. If y = 3x is reflected in the y-axis, its image is

1 x
y = .
3

Section 6.3 Exercise 6.3
Investigation: 4. For y = abx + c, b > 0, note that the independent

variable, x, is in the exponent. So, the graph will be
1. a. y always increasing if b > 0 and decreasing if
0 < b < 1. For example if y = 2x, the graph is
y
y=4
2
x
y=0
x
–2 2
–2
y=3

1 x
Whereas if y = , the graph is
2
c. The horizontal asymptote also moves that many
y
units. If c is positive, it moves up c units. If c is
negative, it moves down c units. The asymptote
for y = abx + c is y = c.
2. a. y
x
0.5
Since for b > 0, y = abx + c will either be greater
y=4 than c (if a > 0) or less than c (if a < 0), making
4 y = c the equation of the asymptote. For example,
for y = 3(2x) + 4 and y = −3(2x) − 1:
y
x y=4
–4 4
x
y = –1
b. f(x) is transformed to g(x) by a dilation of 3. f(x)
is transformed to h(x) by a dilation of 0.5. If the
function is multiplied by a positive number that
is greater than 1, it results in a “stretch,” if it is The y-intercept is found by x = 0, so the y-intercept
between 0 and 1, it results in a “compression.” for y = abx + c is y = ab0 + c = a + c. For example,
c. The asymptote remains the same, y = c; in this for y = 2.3x + 1, the y-intercept is 2 + 1 or 3, and for
case y = 4. Since abx > 0 for any value of b > 0, y = −2(4)x + 3, the y-intercept is
then the function is always greater than 4. −2(40) + 3 = −2 + 3 = 1.
y
y=3 3
y=1 1
x

Exercise 6.4 6. A decline in value of 8.3% is equivalent to a value
of 100% − 8.3% = 91.7%.
3. a. P = 5000(1.07)t
∴ the value of the dollar is V = 1(0.917)t, where t is
b. (i) To find the population in 3 years, the time in years.
we let t = 3: V5 = 1(0.917)5
P = 5000(1.07)3
=˙ 0.65
=˙ 6125.
Five years later the Canadian dollar has a purchasing
The population will be approximately 6125 in
3 years. value of $0.65.
(ii) To find the population in 15 years, t = 15: 7. For a normal pancreas, the secretion rate is 4% per
P = 5000(1.07)15 =˙ 13 795. minute. So, the amount of dye remaining is a rate of
The population will be approximately 13 795 100% − 4% = 96%. The amount of dye left is
in 15 years. A = 0.50 (0.96)t, where t is the time in minutes.
c. For the population to double, it must reach After 20 minutes, the amount of dye remaining is
2(5000) or 10 000. A = 0.5(0.96)20
Let P = 10 000 or A =˙ 0.22 g.
10 000 = 5000(1.07)t
2 = 1.07t 8. Let the present population be P0, and doubling time
By trial and error, we find be five days. The population function can be
t
1.0710 =˙ 1.97 expressed as P = P0(2)5, where t is the time in days.
1.0710.5 =˙ 2.03
a. For a population 16 times as large,
so t =˙ 10.25.
1 P = 16P0
The population will double in 10 years. t
4 16P0 = P0(2)5

5. Solution 1 t
16 = 25
Depreciation of 15% is equivalent to a value of 85%.
t
The value of the car is given by 24 = 25
V1 = V0(0.85)t where t is the time in years. Since the t
= 4
value now is $4200 and five years have passed, then 5
4200 = V0(0.85)5 t = 20
In 20 years, the population will be 16 times larger.
4200
or V0 = 5 1
0.85 b. For a population of its present size,
2
= 9466. 1
P = P0
The car was originally worth approximately $9500. 2
1 t
P0 = P0(2)5
2
Solution 2
1 t
= 25
A depreciation of 15% is equivalent to a value of (1 2
− 0.15) or 0.85. If we consider today’s value of t
2–1 = 25
$4200 and the time of original value to be five years
t
ago, then = −1
5
V = 4200(0.85)–5 t = −5
= 9466. 1
Five years ago, the population was of its
The car was worth approximately $9500, five years 2
present size.
ago.

1
c. For a population of its present size, b. A30 = 100(0.88)30
4
=˙ 2.16
1
P = P0 There is approximately 2 g left after 30 h.
4
1 t
c. 40 = 100(0.88)t
P0 = P0(2)5 0.4 = 0.88t
4
t =˙ 7.17
1 t
= 25 After about 7 hours there is 40 grams left.
4
t
2–2 = 25 11. Since the sodium has a half-life, the base for the
t 1
= −2 half-life is . After t hours, the amount of
5 2
t = −10.
1
radioactive sodium is given by A = 160 h,
1 t
2
Ten years ago, the population was of its
4
present size. where t is the time in hours, and h is the half-life
in hours.
1
d. For a population of its present size,

45
1
32 a. 20 = 160 h
2
1
let P = 3P 45

2 0 0.125 = 0.5 h
1 t
3P
2 0 = P0(2) 45
5
= 3
h
1 t
3
2 =2 45
5
h =
3
t
2–5 = 25
= 15
t
−5 = 5
The half-life of Na24 is 15 h.
t = −25.

t
1 1
Twenty-five years ago, the population was 3 b. A = 160 15
2 of 2
its present size.

12

1
c. 100 = A0
15
9. a. Due to inflation, cost can be expressed as
2
C = C0(1.02)t, where t is the time in years and
100 = A0(0.5)0.8
C0 is the cost today.
A0 = 100(0.5)–0.8
10. If an element decays at a rate of 12% per hour, it = 174
leaves only 88% per hour. The amount that remains
can be given as A = 100(0.88)t, where t is the time The assistant must make 174 mg.
in hours.
a. A = 100(0.88)t, where t is the time in hours.

A10 = 100(0.88)10
=˙ 27.85
There is approximately 28 g left after 10 h.

12
d. A = 20(0.5) 15 15. Assuming a constant inflation rate of 3% per year,
=˙ 11.5 the cost of a season’s ticket is C = 900(1.03)6
=˙ 1074.65. The father should put aside about $1075.
After another 12 hours, the 20 mg will be
Alternately, the father should invest the $900 in a
reduced to only 11.5 mg of Na24.
secure account, which over six years should earn
enough interest to compensate for the cost of living.
12. The number of bacteria can be expressed as
N = N0(1.15)t, where t is the time in hours.
16. For virus A:
a. For the colony to double in size, N = 2N0. t

PA = P0(3)8, where t is time in hours
∴ 2N0 = N0(1.15)t 24

2 = 1.15t PA = 1000(3) 8
t=5 = 1000.33
In five years, the colony will double in size.
= 27 000
b. In 10 hours,
For virus B:
1.3 103 = N0(1.15)10 t

PB = P0(2)4.8
1.3 10 3
N0 = 24

1.1510 PB = 1000(2) 4.8
=˙ 321. = 1000.25
There were approximately 320 bacteria initially.
= 32 000
14. Assuming that the population of a city grows The virus B culture has more after 24 h.
consistently, the population can be expressed as
P = P0(1 + r)t, or for this city P = 125 000(1 + r)t, 17. Answers may vary.
where r is the rate of growth and t is the time years
from 1930. If the population was 500 000 in 1998,
500 000 = 125 000(1 + r)1998–1930 Exercise 6.5
4 = (1 + r)68
1. d. y = 996.987(1.143)x, where x is the number of
1 + r = 684
time intervals in hours
1 + r = 1.02
For 10 000,
r = 0.02059591.
10 000 = 996.987(1.143)x
So, the population grows at 2% per year.
10.030 =˙ 1.143x
a. The population in 2020 is x =˙ 17.25
P = 125 000(1.02)2020–1930 There will be 10 000 bacteria in 17 h and 15 min.
= 125 000(1.02)90 2. a. p
=˙ 783 000.
In 2020, the population will be approximately 4
783 000. billions
b. For one million population, 2
1 000 000 = 125 000(1.02)t

1
8 = 1.02t t
t =˙ 105 1 5
The population will reach one million in 105 years

from 1930, or in the year 2035.

13
b. In the year 2050, the time interval will be b. In 1983, 13 years have passed, or = 2.6 time
5
2050 − 1750 intervals.
= 6
50 y = 9.277(2.539)2.6
y = 0.66(1.462)6 =˙ 105
=˙ 6.445. The amount of waste stored in 1983 is about 105
The world population could reach 6.45 billion in million curies.
the year 2050 if the growth pattern continues. c. Let y = 800.
c. For a population of seven billion people, 800 = 9.277(2.539)x
86.2 =˙ 2.539x
7
= 0.66(1.462)x x =˙ 4.78
1.06
= 1.462x But x is in five-year intervals. So, in 4.78 5,
x =˙ 6.22. or about 24 years (in 1970 + 24 or 1994), the
But the time interval is 50 years, so in 6.22(50) or amount of waste would reach 800 million curies.
311 years from 1860. The population is expected However, this contradicts the evidence that the
to reach seven billion in the year 2161. amount of waste is only 600 million in 1995.
Therefore, by extrapolation of the scatter plot,
3. a. Using the ExpReg function on the graphing we see that waste will reach 800 million curies
calculator, we find the curve of best fit is in 1997.
y = 283.843(1.032)x, where y is CO2 concentration
in parts/million, and x is the time interval of 6. In order to predict the mathematical model that best
20 years. suits the data, we can graph the data to get a sense
of the curve of best fit, or we can take first, second,
b. For 1930, 3.5 intervals of 20 years have passed. or third differences to investigate a polynomial
∴ y = 283.843(1.032)3.5 function. If we use a graphing calculator, we may
=˙ 317 use the regression functions and then test our data to
For 1990, 6.5 time intervals have passed. see if it is appropriate to our situation.
∴ y = 283.843(1.032)6.5
=˙ 348
The estimated concentration of carbon dioxide Review Exercise
was 317 parts per million in 1930 and 348 parts
per million in 1990. 1. a. (3–2 + 2–3)–1

1 1

–1
c. Let y = 390 = +
9 8
390 = 283.843(1.032)x
8 9

–1
1.374 =˙ 1.032x = +
x =˙ 10.1 72 72

If the trend continues, concentration will reach 17 –1
=
390 parts per million in 1860 + 10.1(20), or 72
in 2062.
72
=
17
4. a. The curve of best fit is y = 9.277(2.539)x, where
y is the amount of stored nuclear waste in million
curies and t is the number of time intervals of
five years.

1
3–3

b. –1
x3 x
3 − 3–2 3. b. 3

3
1 x2
–3 3
3 3 27
= 3 or
3–1 − 3–2

3 1 1
− 1

1

1

3 9 x3 x2 3
= 2

x3
30 1
=2 =
3 −3 9−3

5
1

x6 3
1 1 = 4
= =
x6
9−3 6
1 1

1 = (x6)3
=
6
1

3–8 = x18
c. –6
3 3–5 d. (16p + q)(8p – q)
3–8 = (2 8)p + q(8)p – q or = (24)p + q(23)p – q
= – or = 3–8 + 6 + 5
3 11 = 2p + q 8p + q (8)p – q = 24p + 4q + 3p – 3q
= 33 = 33 = 2p + q 82p = 27p + q
= 27 = 27 = 2p + q (23)2p
= 2p + q + 6p

54 2

2. b. 3
= 27p + q
250
27
4. a. 1 + 8x–1 + 15x–2
2

=
1 + 3x
3
5
125 = (1 + 5x–1)(1 + 3x–1) or = 1 +
x
33

2

= 3 3 1

5

5 b. x2 − x2
1 4

32
= 2 = x2 (1 − x2) or = x(1 − x2)
5 1

= x2 (1 − x2)
9
=
25
c. x–1 + x–2 − 12x–3
c.
4

1 = x–1(1 + x–1 − 12x–2) or
1
4
3
1 + 1 −
x x x
16 = x–1(1 + 4x–1)(1 − 3x–1)
1
=
2 3

1

d. x2 − 25x – 2
1(x − 5)(x + 5)
1

= x– 2 (x2 − 25) or
1
x

= x – 2 (x − 5)(x + 5)

8. The experiment can be modelled with the 10. a. Using a graphing calculator’s exponential
exponential function N = N0(b)t, where N is the regression function ExpReg , we find the curve
number of cells, and t is the time lapsed in hours. of best fit is y = 29 040.595(1.0108)x.
b. Using this model, in the year 2010,

Solution 1 x = 2010 − 1994
= 16
For 2 hours: 1600 = 50b2 y = 29 040.595(1.0108)16
b2 = 32 =˙ 34 486.5.
For 6 hours: N = 50b6 So, the population of Canada in 2010 will
= 50(b2)3 be 34 487 000.
= 50(32)3
= 1 638 400 c. Let y = 35 000 thousands.
∴ 35 000 = 29 040.595(1.0108)x
1.0108x =˙ 1.20521
Solution 2 x =˙ 17.376
Canada’s population may reach 35 million in
For 2 hours: 1600 = 50b2 1994 + 17, or 2011.
b2 = 32

Since b > 0, b = 32 11. a. (i) Average rate of change between 1750 and
( )
∴ N = 50
32 t 1800 is
For 6 hours, N = 50(32

) 6
203 − 163 40
=
= 1 638 400 1800 − 1750 50
After six hours, there will be 1 638 400 bacteria cells. = 0.8
9. The radioactive decay can be modelled by Population changed at 0.8 million per year.

t
1
(ii) Average rate of change between 1950 and
A = A0 , where A is the amount in mg,
h
2 1998 is
t is the time in days, h is the half-life in days.
729 − 547 182
− 1950 =

24
1
1998 48
∴ 5 = 40 h
2
=˙ 3.79

24
1 1
Population changed at 3.79 million per year.
= h
8 2
(iii) The population rate in Europe increased five-
12 = 12
3
24

h
fold from the end of the eighteenth century to
the end of the twentieth century.
24 b. (i) Average rate of change between 1800 and

3 =
h 1850 is
h=8
26 − 7 19
The half-life of iodine 131 is eight days. =
1850 − 1800 50
= 0.38
Population increased at a rate of 0.38 million
per year.

(ii) Average rate of change between 1950 and d. (2)3 (2)5
1998 is = (2)8
305 − 172 1
133
= = (22)8
1998 −1950 48
= 24
= 2.77 = 16
The population increased at a rate of 277 –1
2 +2 –2
million per year. e.

–3
2
(iii) The population rate in North America
1 1
increased seven-fold from the mid-1800’s to +
2 4
the end of the twentieth century. =
1

(c) North America experienced huge population 8
surges due to immigration. As well, North
4+2
America was still an agrarian society, whereas =
1
Europe was more industrial and agrarian =6
societies tend to have a higher birth rate.
European birth rates fell due to housing squeeze. f. (−5)–3 (5)2
= (−5)–3 (−5)2
Chapter 6 Test
= (−5)–1
1. a. (4 ) 1 3

2
1
3

= −
=4 2
or = (2) 3 5
= 23 =8
a4 · a–3
=8 2. a.
–2
a
b. [5 1

3
÷5
1
]
12
6 a1
=
a–2
[ ]
= 56
2 1
– 12
6
= a3
[ ]
= 5
1
12
6
b. (3x2y)2
2
=5
= 9x4y2
= 25
c. (x4y–2)2 · (x2y3)–1
c. 4–1 + 2–3 − 50
= (x8y–4)(x–2y–3)
1 1
= + − 1
4 8 = x6y–7
2 1 8
= + − d. (x a + b)(x a – b)
8 8 8
5 = x2a
= −
8
xp – q
2 2
e. p
x +q
= xp – q – p – q
2 2

f. x x
–1
x
3 b.
–2 –1
y
1 2 3
x

–1

1 1 1

x2 x3 2
= –2 y-intercept
x–1 y=3
–3
asymptote

5 1

x 6 2
y = –5
= –4
x–1
–5
= x ( ) 11 1

6 2
6. The value of the dresser is given by

11
V = 3500(1.07)t, where t is the number of years
=x 12
since 1985.
In 2001, V = 3500(1.07)2001–1985
x − 16 = 3500(1.07)16
3. 1
=˙ 10 332.57.
x2 − 4
The dresser is worth approximately $10 330 in 2001.
1 1

(x2 − 4)(x2 + 4)
=
1

7. If the population is decreasing by 8% per year, then
x −4 2
the base of the exponential function is 1 − 0.08 or
0.92. The population is given by
1

= x2 + 4 or x + 4 P = 4500(0.92)t, where t is the number of years since
1998.
For 2004, P = 4500(0.92)2004–1998
4. For f(x) = bx, the sign of f(x) will be positive if
= 4500(0.92)6
b > 0. If b is such that 0 < b < 1, then the function
= 2728.6.
will always decrease, but if b > 1, then the function
The population estimate is 2729 for 2004.
will always increase. If b = 1, the function
f(x) = 1 is a horizontal line. 8. The amount of polonium is given by
5.
1 x
y = 2 − 5
3
1 t
A = A0 h where A is the amount, t is the number of
2
minutes passed, and h is the half-life in minutes.
a. (i) The equation of the asymptote is y = −5.
1 1

14
(ii) Let x = 0 So, = 1

h
16 2
1 0
y = 2 – 5
3
12 = 12
14
=2–5 4
h
=–3
The y-intercept is −3.
14
4 =
(iii) The function is always decreasing. h
(iv) Domain is x, x ∈ R. Range is y > −5, y ∈ R. 14

h =
4
= 3.5.
The half-life of the sample is 3.5 minutes.

9. a. The curve of best fit (using the ExpReg function)
is given as
y = 0.6599(1.4619)x
or y = 0.660(1.462)x to three decimal places.
b. Since the time intervals are in 50-year divisions,
the time interval for 2300 is

2300 − 1750
or 11.
50
y = 0.66(1.462)11
=˙ 43.05
The population estimate for 2300 is 43 billion.
c. Assuming that our estimate is correct, the

population density for 2300 is
20 106 hectares
or 0.465 10–3.
43 109 people
Each person will have 0.465 10–3 hectares or
0.465 10–3 104 m2 which is 4.65 m2.
d. No, since there are so many other facts that

determine population and may alter the pure
exponential function. Answers may vary.
10. a. f(x) = 2x + 3
b. It appears that the equation of the asymptote is

y = 3. ∴ c = 3. For the given y-intercept of 4, when
x = 0, substituting gives 4 = b0 + 3.
Looking at the point (1, 5) and substituting,
we find 5 = b1 + 3.
∴ b = 2.

Chapter 7 • The Logarithmic Function and Logarithms
4. The increase in population is given by 4. y

y = 5x
f(x) = 2400(1.06)x y=x
f(20) = 2400(1.06)20 5
=˙ 7697.
The population in 20 years is about 7700. y = log 5x
x
–5 1 5
5. The function representing the increase in bacteria
t
population is f(t) = 2000(24). Determine t when
f(t) = 512 000: –5
t
512 000 = 2000(24)
5. y y=x
t
256 = 2 4
t
4 = 8 5
t = 32.
The bacteria population will be 512 000 in 32 years. 1
x
–5 1 5 y = log 15 x
1 t

6. a. The function is A(t) = 5 1620 .
2
When t = 200, A(t) = 5

1 200

1620
2
= 4.59. 6. a. Let log28 = x.

Then 2x = 8, by definition.
They will have 4.59 g in 200 years. But 23 = 8.
b. Determine t when A(t) = 4. ∴x =3
So, log2 8 = 3.
1

t

4 = 5 1620
2 c. Let log381 = x.
3x = 81
12
t

1620 = 0.8 ∴x =4
So, log381 = 4.
t
log 0.5 = log 0.8

1620 1
e. Let log2 = x.
log 0.8 8
t = 1620
log 0.5 1
2x =
8
= 521.52
2x = 2–3
x = –3
1

So, log2 = –3.
8
Chapter 7: The Logarithmic Function and Logarithms 163

4
g. Let log55 = x.
d. log327
∴ 5x = 5 1

1
= log3(27)4

5x = 52 1

= log3(33)4
1
x =
2 3

1 = log334
So, log55 = .
2
3
=
4
= x.
i. Let log2 32 4
4
∴ 2x =
32 5
1
e. log3(9 9)

2x = (32) 4
1

1
5 4
= log3(32 95)
2x = (2 )
2

2 =2 x
5

4 = log3(32 36)
5 12

∴ x = = log33 5
4
4 5
= 4.
So, log2 32 12
= by definition of logarithms
5
7. a. log636 – log525 1

=2–2 f. log2163
=0 1

= log2 (24)3

1 1
b. log9 + log3
3 9 = log2 23
4
= log9(3–1) + log3(9–2) 4
=
3
[ ]
= log9 (9)2
1
–1
+ log3[(32)]–2 8. b. log4x = 2
1
– 2
x = 42
= log99 + log3(3–4)
x = 16
1
= – + (–4)
2
1 9

1
d. log4 = x
64
= – 4 or – or – 4.5 1
2 2 4x =
64
– log255
c. log636 4x = 4–3
1

1

x = –3
= log6(36)2 – log25(252)
f. log1 x = –2
1 4

= log66 – log25(25 ) 2
1
1
x =
4 –2
= 1 –
2 = 42
1 = 16
=
2
164 Chapter 7: The Logarithmic Function and Logarithms

9. To find the value of a logarithm, you can use the Section 7.2
LOG button on a calculator for those which have
base 10. The log can be rounded to the number of Investigation:
decimals appropriate to the problem.
2. logb1 = 0
If, however, the number can be expressed as a power
of the base of the logarithm, then the exponent of
3. logbb = 1
the power is the logarithm. Since 16 can be written
as 24, log216 = log224, = 4. By definition logbbx = x. 4. logbbx = x
If the number cannot be so expressed, we can use
the calculator to find logab by finding 5. blogbx = x

log10b log 16
i.e., log216 = 10 Exercise 7.2
log10a log102
= 4 by calculator. 6. a. y = log3x
b. y = log3(9x)
10. x y
4 = log39 + log3x
±4 81
81 = 2 + log3x
1
±3 27 c. y = log3(27x)
27
1 = log327 + log3x
±2 9
9
= 3 + log3x
1
±1 3
0 2
3 x
d. y = log3
3
= log3 x – 1
y y
catenary
log
log
2 3
log x
x x
–4 4 log ( 3)
x
3 6
11. Integer values for y exist where x is a power of 10 –3

with an integer exponent. If y > –20, the smallest
number is 10–19. If x ≤ 1000, the largest number is 7. a. y = log3x
1000 = 103. There are integers from –19 to 3 that
satisfy the condition, so there are 3 – (–19) + 1 = 23 b. y = log3x2
integer values of y possible. = 2log3x
c. y = log3x3
= 3log3x

d. y = log3x e. log2224 – log27
1
224
= log3x 2
= log2
7
1
= log3 = log232
2
y =5
6 f. 3
log336 + log3
4
log
= log 36
log
2
3
3 4
3
log = log327
log
x =3
3 6
9. a. log33 + log51
–3 =1+0
=1
8. a. log3135 – log35 b.
3
log318 + log3
2
= log 18

135 3
= log3
5 3 2
= log327 = log327
=3
=3
c. log416 – log41
b. 4
log240 + log2
5 =2–0 or log416 – log41
= log 40

4 =2 log4(16 1)
2 5
=2
= log232
d. log553
=5
=3
c. log8640 – log810
640
e.
5
log240 – log2
2
= log8
10
= log864 5
= log2 40 ÷
2
=2
2
= log2 40
5
d. log5(2.5) + log510 = log216
= log5(2.5 10) =4
= log5(25) f. log444 + log333

=4+3
=2
=7

23 11

4 = logax 8 + logay 3
g. log214 + log2
7
23 11
= logax + logay
4
= log2 14
7 8 3
= log28
d.
x5 1
loga 3 4
y
1
=3 = loga(x5y–3)
4
h. log5200 –log58 1
= [logax5 + logay–3]
4

200
= log5
8
1
= [5logax – 3logay]
4
= log525 11. a. 102x = 495
=2 log 102x = log 495
2x log 10 = log 495
3
10. a. loga x
2 4
y 2x = 495
495
1
x = log
= loga(x2y4)3 2

2 4
=˙ 1.347

= loga(x3 y3)
b. 103x = 0.473
2 4

= loga x3 + loga y3
log 103x = log 0.473
3xlog10 = log 0.473
2 4 log 0.473
= logax + logay x =
3 3 3

xy 3 2 =˙ – 0.1084
b. loga
w c. 10–x = 31.46
1
–1 2
= loga(x3y2w ) log 10–x = 31.46
–xlog10 = 31.46
1
= loga(x3y2w–1) –x = 31.46
2
1 x = –31.46
= [logax3 + logay2 + logaw–1]
2 d. 7x = 35.72
1
= [3logax + 2logay – logaw] xlog7 = 35.72
2
log 35.72
x3y4 x =
log 7

c. loga 1 2

x4y3 =˙ 1.8376
e. (0.6)4x = 0.734

3 4
xy log(0.6)4x = log 0.734
= loga 1 2 1

x4y3)2 4xlog 0.6 = log 0.734
log 0.734
x =

x3y4
= loga 1 1
4log 0.6
x8y3
=˙ 0.1513
23 11
= loga x8y3

f. (3.482)–x = 0.0764 13. a. 2 3x = 7 5x
log 3.482–x = log 0.0764 3x 7
x =
–x log 3.482 = log 0.0764 5 2
x = log
0.0764 3 x
= 3.5
5
–log 3.482
xlog(0.6) = log 3.5
=˙ 2.0614
log 3.5
x =
12. b. x+9
7 = 56 log 0.6
log 7x+9 = log 56 =˙ –2.452
(x + 9)log 7 = log 56
b. 12x = 4 82x
log 56
x + 9 =
log 7
log 56 Solution 1
x = – 9
log 7
xlog 12 = log 4 + 2xlog 8
=˙ –6.93
xlog 12 – 2xlog 8 = log 4
c. 53x+4 = 25 x(log 12 – 2log 8) = log 4
53x+4 = 52
3x + 4 = 2 12

x log 2 = log 4
8

3x = –2 3
x log = log 4
2 16
x = –
3
log 4
x = or x =˙ –0.828
3
log
2x+1
d. 10 = 95
16
log 102x+1 = log 95
(2x + 1)log 10 = log 95 Solution 2
2x + 1 = log 95
2x = log 95 – 1 12x = 22 (23)2x
x =˙ 0.4889 12x = 26x+2
xlog 12 = (6x + 2)log 2
e. 6x+5 = 71.4 x(log 12 – 6 log 2) = 2log 2
(x + 5)log 6 = log 71.4
12
log 71.4 x(log ) = 2log 2
x + 5 = 26
log 6
2log 2
x =˙ –2.6163 x = or x = –0.828
2
log
f. 35–2x = 875 16
(5 – 2x)log 3 = log 875 c. 4.6 1.062x+3 = 5 3x
log 875 log 4.6 + (2x + 3)log 1.06 = log 5 + xlog 3
5 – 2x =
log 3 log 4.6 + 2xlog 1.06 + 3log 1.06 = log 5 + xlog 3
x(2log 1.06 – log 3) = log 5 – log 4.6 – 3log 1.06
5 – 2x =˙ 6.1662

–2x =˙ 1.662 1.062 5
x log = log 3
x =˙ –0.5841 3 4.6 1.06
log(0.9126)
x =˙
log(0.3745)
x =˙ 0.093

d. 2.67 7.38x = 9.365x–2 Solution 2
12 62x–1 = 11x3
Solution 1
2.67 7.38x = 9.365 x – 2

62x
12 = 11x
6 113
log 2.67 + xlog 7.38 = (5x – 2)log 9.36

log 2.67 + xlog 7.38 = 5xlog 9.36 – 2log 9.36
2

62x
62x = 1331
11x
x(log 7.38 – 5log 9.36) = –log 2.67 – 2log 9.36 x = 665.5
11
7.38

x log 5 = –log(2.67 9.362)
9.36
2xlog 6 – xlog 11 = log 665.5
x(log .000103) =˙ –log(233.9) 62

x log = log 665.5
11
x =˙ 0.59
x =˙ 5.5
Solution 2 f. 7 0.432x = 9 6–x

9
2.67 7.38x = 9.365x–2 6x 0.432x =
7
9.365x–2 xlog 6 + 2xlog 0.43 =˙ log 1.2857
2.67 =
7.38x x(log 6 + 2log 0.43) =˙ log 1.2857
log 2.67 = log 9.365x–2 – log 7.38x x(log(6 0.432)) =˙ log 1.2857
log 2.67 = (5x – 2)log 9.36 – xlog 7.38 x =˙ 2.42
log 2.67 = 5xlog 9.36 – 2 log 9.36 – xlog 7.38x
g. 5x + 32x = 92
log 2.67 + 2log 9.36 = x(5log 9.36 – log 7.38)
Since we cannot take logarithms of a sum,

9.365
log(2.67 9.362) = x log
7.38 let y = 5x + 32x – 92.
Graphing on a graphing calculator,
log(233.913) =˙ x(log 9734.707) when y = 0, x =˙ 1.93.
log 233.918 h. 4 5x – 3(0.4)2x = 11
x =˙
log 9734.707 Let y = 4 5x – 3x(0.4)2x – 11.
x =˙ 0.59 Graphing on a graphing calculator to find the
x3 value of x for y = 0, we find x =˙ 0.64.
e. 12 62x–1 = 11
y
Solution 1
log 12 + (2x – 1)log 6 = (x + 3)log 11

log 12 + 2xlog 6 – log 6 = xlog 11 + 3log 11 x
0 1
x(2log 6 – log 11) = 3log 11 – log 12 + log 6
62

x log = log
11 12
113 6

x(log 3.273) =˙ log(6665.5) 1 1 2
14. a. logax + logay – logaw
x =˙ 5.5 3 4 5
2
= loga x + loga y – logaw 5
3 4

x y
3 4
= loga 5
w 2

b. (4log5x – 2log5y) ÷ 3log5w
= (log5x4 – log5y2) ÷ log5w3

b. log42
+ log27 3
32
+ log27 3
= log42 + log4 32

x4 1 1 1

= log5 2 ÷ log5w3 = log4 42 + log4 322 + log27 32
y
1 5 1 1
15. a. Since log(10x) can be written as log 10 + log x = + log4 22 + log27 (273)2
2
or 1 + log x, the transformation is a dilation 1 1 5 1
= + log4(42)2 + log27(274)
horizontally and a vertical translation of one 2
upwards. 1 5 1
= + +
2 4 6
23
y log =
12
2
log 17. a. Given y = 3 log x.
x (i) If x is multiplied by 2,
1 5 10
then y = 3 log 2x
= 3[log 2 + log x]
= 3 log 2 + 3 log x.
b. Since y = log2(8x2) can be written as
So, the value of y increases by 3 log 2, or about 0.9.
y = log28 + log2x2 or y = 3 + 2log2x, the
transformation is a stretch vertically by a factor (ii) If x is divided by 2,
x
of two and a vertical translation of three upwards. then y = 3 log
2
= 3[log x – log 2]
y log 8 = 3 log x – 3 log 2.
4 So, the value of y decreases by 3 log 2, or 0.9.
2 log b. Given y = 5 log x.
x (i) If x is replaced by 4x, then

2 4 6 y = 5 log 4x
= 5[log 4 + log x]
= 5 log 4 + 5 log x,
c. Since y = log3(27x3) can be written as
so that y is increased by 5 log 4, or about 3.01.
y = log327 + log3x3 = 3 + 3log3x, the
x
transformation is a vertical stretch of three times (ii) If x is replaced by , then
5
the original and an upwards vertical translation x
y = 5(log )
of three units. 5

= 5[log x – log 5]
16. a. log327 + log5125 5
4
81
3
= 5 log x – 5 log 5,
so that y is decreased by 5 log 5, or about 3.5.
+ log5125 + log5 5
3 4
= log327 + log3 81
1 1 Exercise 7.3
= 3 + log381 + 3 + log55
3 4
1
3
1
= 3 + (4) + 3 + (1)
4 1. c. 2 log5x = log536
log5x2 = log536
4 1
= 6 + + ∴ x2 = 36
3 4
x = ±6
7
= 7
12

The logarithm of a negative number is not d. logx = log1 – 2 log3
defined. The root x = –6 is inadmissible. 1
log x = log 2
By inspection x = 6 is admissible. 3
∴x=6 1
x = 9
d. 2 log x = 4 log 7 1
x =
log x2 = log 74 81
∴ x2 = 74 or (72)2 1

1

e. logx2 – logx3 = log2
x = ± 49

1

But the logarithm of a negative number is not x2
log 1 = log 2
defined. The root x = –49 is inadmissible.
x3
If x = 49, L.S. =˙ 1.690, R.S. =˙ 1.690 1

∴ x = 49 log(x6) = log 2
1
x6 = 2
2. c. 2x – 1 = 4
x = 26
2x = 5
x = 64
log 2x = log 5
x log 2 = log 5 f. log4(x + 2) + log4(x – 3) = log49
log 5 log4(x + 2)(x – 3) = log49
x = (x + 2)(x – 3) = 9
log 2
x2 – x – 6 = 9
=˙ 2.32
2
x – x – 15 = 0
d. 7 = 12 – 4x
1 ±
1 – 4(1
)(–15)
4x =5 x =
2(1)
log 4x = log 5
x log 4 = log 5 1 ±
61
x =
2
log 5
x =
log 4
4. a. log6(x + 1) + log6(x + 2) = 1
=˙ 1.16 log6(x + 1)(x + 2) = 1
In exponential form,
3. a. log x = 2 log3 + 3 log2
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 61
log x = log 32 + log 23
x2 + 3x + 2 = 6
log x = log 32 23
x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
log x = log 72
(x + 4)(x – 1) = 0
x = 72
x = –4 or x = 1.
c. log x2 = 3 log4 – 2 log2 But x = –4, then (x + 1) < 0 and its logarithm is undefined.
log x2 = log 43 – log 22 ∴x=1
43
log x2 = log 2 b. log7(x + 2) + log7(x – 4)= 1
2
log7(x + 2)(x – 4) = 1
x2 = 16 In exponential form,
x =±4 (x + 2)(x – 4) = 71
Both answers verify, so there are two roots, ± 4. x2 – 2x – 8 = 7
x2 – 2x – 15 = 0
(x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = 5 or x = –3.
But if x = –3, (x + 2) < 0 and its logarithm is not defined.
∴x=5

c. log2(x + 2) = 3 – log2x 6. If a car depreciates 15% per year, it is worth 85% of
log2(x + 2) + log2x = 3 its value each year, and so its value can be written as:
log2x(x + 2) = 3 V = V0(0.85)t, where t is the time in years.
In exponential form, For half its value, 0.5V0 = V0(0.85)t
x(x + 2) = 23 0.5 = 0.85t
2
x + 2x – 8 = 0 log 0.5 = t log 0.85
(x + 4)(x – 2) = 0 log 0.5
t =
x = –4 or x = 2. log 0.85
But log2x is not defined for x = –4. =˙ 4.265
∴x=2 It will depreciate to half of its value in 414 years or
d. log4x + log4(x + 6) = 2 4 years, 3 months.
log4x(x + 6) = 2
In exponential form, 7. The amount of radioactive carbon can be modelled by
2
x(x + 6) = 42
1 t
A = A0 5760, where t is the age in years. For dating
2
x + 6x – 16 = 0 of the animal skeleton:
(x + 8)(x – 2) = 0
x = –8 or x = 2.
3

1 t
A0 = A0 5760
4 2
t

But log4x is not defined for x = –8. 0.75 = (0.5) 5760
∴x=2 t
log 0.75 = log 0.5
5760
e. log5(2x + 2) – log5(x – 1) = log5(x + 1)
log 0.75
t = 5760

2x + 2 log 0.5
log5 = log5(x + 1), x ≠ 1
x–1 =˙ 2390.6
2x + 2 The animal skeleton is approximately 2400 years old.
= x + 1
x–1
8. Let the time required before replacement be t years.
2x + 2 = (x + 1)(x – 1)
2x + 2 = x2 – 1
1 t
The amount of Co60 is A = A0 5.24
2
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 t

0.45A0 = A0(0.5) 5.24
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
t

x = 3 or x = –1 0.45 = (0.5) 5.24
But log5(x + 1) is not defined for x = –1. t
log 0.45 = log 0.5
∴x=3 5.24
5. There are no solutions, since logarithms are only

log 0.45
t = 5.24
log 0.5
defined for a base greater than one and for a number =˙ 6.04
greater than zero, i.e., log6x is defined for b > 1 and The cobalt should be replaced every six years.
x > 0.
9. The amount of carbon14 can be modelled as
t

C = Co(0.5) 5760
t

4.2 1010 = 5.0 1010(0.5) 5760
t

0.84 = 0.5 5760
t
log 0.84 = log 0.5
5760

log 0.84
t = 5760
log 0.5
t =˙ 1449
The relic is only about 1450 years old, so it cannot
be authentic.
10. log2(log3a) = 2 3. If the sound is 1 000 000 or 106 times as loud as
In exponential form, I
one you can just hear, = 106.
log3a = 22 I0
log3a = 4. The loudness of the sound is given by

In exponential form, I
L = 10 log .
a = 34 I0
= 81. The loudness of the sound:
= 10 log[106]
11. log2n(1944) = logn(4862) = 10(6)
Let logn(4862) = x. = 60.
In exponential form, The loudness is 60 decibels.
nx = 4862. (1)
Also, log2n(1944) = x. 4. The definition of pH is given by
In exponential form, pH = –log[H]
(2n)x = 1944. (2) For this liquid, pH = –log[8.7 10–6]
Dividing equation (2) by (1), we have = –(log 8.7 + log 10–6)
(2n)x 1944 = –(log 8.7 – 6)
=
nx 4862 = 6 – log 8.7
2nn = 42 = 22

x =˙ 6 – 0.9395.
The pH is then =˙ 5.06.
3
2x = 22 5. For the earthquake of magnitude two, I2 = 102I0.
3 For the earthquake of magnitude four, I4 = 104I0.
x = or 1.5.
2 Comparing the intensities,
Substituting into equation (1): I4 104I0
n1.5 = 4862 =
I2 102I0
(n ) = (4862)4
1.5 4
= 102.
n6 = 472 3922
So, the larger earthquake is 100 times as intense as
=˙ 2.23 1011
the smaller.
Exercise 7.4 6. For the earthquake measuring 4, I4 = 104I0.

For the earthquake in China measuring 8.6, I8.6 = 108.6I0.
2. If an earthquake has a magnitude of five on the Richter I8.6 108.6I0
Comparing them, =

I1 I4 104I0
scale, then log = 5 or I1 = 105I0.
I0 = 108.6–4
If the second earthquake has a magnitude of six, then = 104.6

I2 or =˙ 39 811.
log = 6 or I2 = 106I0. The earthquake in China was almost 40 000 times as
I0
intense as the lesser one.
I2 106I0
Comparing the two, =
I1 105I0 7. a. For the earthquake in Pakistan, IP = 106.8I0.
= 10. For the earthquake in California, IC = 106.1I0.

So, the second quake is 10 times as intense as the first. IP 106.8I0
Comparing = 6 = 106.8–6.1 =˙ 5.01.
IC 10 .1I0
The quake in Pakistan was five times as intense
as that in California.

8. For the earthquake in Chile, IC = 108.3I0. For a sleeping baby,

7.6
For the earthquake in Taiwan, IT = 10 I0. Is Is
IT 10 I0 8.3 35 = 10 log or log = 3.5.
I0 Io
Comparing the two quakes, = 7
IC 10 .6I0
∴ Is = 103.5I0
0.7
= 10 Ic 107.5I0
=˙ 5. Comparing the noise level, = 3
Is 10 .5I0
The earthquake in Chile was five times more intense.
= 104.
9.
I
The loudness of a sound is given by L = 10 log .
Io The noise level with a baby with colic is 10 000 times
as loud as when the baby is asleep.
For her defective muffler,

Id
120 = 10 log
I0
11. For a space shuttle, Is = 1018I0.
For a jet engine, Ij = 1014I0.

Id
12 = log .
I0
Is 1018I0
Comparing, = 1
Ij 10 4I0
Id = 104 or 10 000.
Solving for = 1012
I0 A space shuttle launch is 10 000 times as loud as a
Id = 1012I0. jet engine.
For the new muffler,

12. For open windows, I1 = 107.9I0.
In
75 = 10 log For closed windows, I2 = 106.8I0.
I0
I1 107.9I0

In In Comparing = 6
7.5 = log or log = 107.5. I2 10 .8I0
I0 I0
= 101.1 or 12.6.
7.5
So, In = 10 I0. Closing the windows reduces the noise by a factor of
Comparing the sounds, about 13.
Id 1012I0
= 7 13. The pH level is defined by pH = –log[H+].
In 10 .5I0
For milk, 6.50 = –log[H+] or log[H+] = –6.5
= 1012–7.5 [H] = 10–6.5
=˙ 31 623. = 3.2 10–7
So, the sound with a defective muffler is almost 32 000
times as loud as the sound with a new muffler. 14. The hydrogen ion concentration of milk of magnesia is
3.2 10–7 mol/L.
I
10. The loudness level is given by L = 10 log .
I0 The pH level is defined by pH = –log[H+].
For milk of magnesia, 10.50 = –log[H+]
For a baby with colic, log [H+] = –10.5

Ic Ic [H+] = 10–10.5
75 = 10 log or log = 7.5. =˙ 3.2 10–11.
I0 Io
Milk of magnesia has an ion concentration of
∴ Ic = 107.5I0 3.2 10–1 mol/L.

2 4 1
Exercise 7.5 d. To prove – =
log8a log2a log4a
2 4
log 124 L.S. = –
1. b. log7124 = log8a log2a
log 7
= 2loga8 – 4loga2
=˙ 2.477
log 3.24 = loga82 – loga24
c. log63.24 =
log 6
=˙ 0.656
82
= loga 4
2
= loga4
1 1 1 1
2. a. To prove + = =
log5a log3a log15a log4a
1 1 = R.S.
L.S. = + 2 4 1
log5a log3a ∴ – =
log8a log2a log4a
= loga5 + loga3
3. a. y = log3x y
= loga(5 3)
= loga15
1
=
log15a
= R.S.
1 1 1
∴ + =
log5a log5a log15a y
b. y = log0.5x
1 1 1
b. To prove – =
log8a log2a log4a
4
1 1
L.S. = – 2
log8a log2a
= loga8 – loga2 x
–2 2 4
–2

8
= loga
2 –4
= loga4 y
c. y = 4log2x
1
=
log4a
1
= R.S.
x
1 1 1 1
∴ – =
log8a log2a log4a
2 1
c. To prove =
log6a log36a
d. y = log0.2x2
2
L.S. = Since x2 is always positive, we can include
log6a
negative values for x as well.
= 2(loga6)
y
= loga62
= loga36
2
1
=
log36a
x
= R.S. –1 1 5
2 1
∴ =
log6a log36a –2

1
Solution 1 7. loga = log 1 x
x a
Given a 1, b 1, 1
Let loga = b.
x
show (logab)(logba) = 1.
Proof: Then, in exponential form
1
logab =
1 ab =
logba x
ab = x–1 or x = a–b.
∴ L.S. = (logab)(logba) Taking logarithms of both sides, we have
log1x = log1a–b
1
= logba a a
logba 1
= –b log a
a
=1
= R.S.
1 –1
= –b log1
a a
= –b(–1)
Solution 2 =b
(logab)(logba)
1

= loga .
x
1
= (logab) 8. Solution 1
(logab)
=1 logab = p3
= R.S. In exponential form, a p = b
3
(1)
6. Noting that the L.S. has (a + b), we find an 4
logba = 2
expression for it in terms of a2 + b2. p
4
2
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 In exponential form b p = a (2)
∴ a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab Substituting for b from equation (1):
But, we are given that a2 + b2 = 23ab.
pa
3 4

p2
∴ (a + b)2 – 2ab = 23ab =a
(a + b)2
(a + b)2 = 25ab or = ab a4p = a1
25
∴ 4p = 1

(a + b)

2
That is = ab.
5 1
p =
Taking logarithms of both sides, we have 4
= log ab
(a + b) 2
log Solution 2
5
2 log = log a + log b

a+b logab = p3
5
1
∴ log = (log a + log b).
a+b 1 ∴ logba = 3
p
5 2
4
But, logba = :
p2
4 1
∴ 2 = 3
p p
4p = 1
1
p = .
4

Solution 3 d. 7log75
Let log75 = x.
Since logab = p3, 7x = 5
1 1 ∴ 7 = 7log77x
log75
= 3 = 7x
logab p
=5
1
logba = 3
p 3. b. log(x + 3) + log x = 1
4 1 log x(x + 3) = 1
2 = 3
p p In exponential form:
4p = 1 x(x + 3) = 101
2
x + 3x – 10 = 0
1
p = . (x + 5)(x – 2) = 0
4
x+5=0 or x–2=0
9. Noting that a3 – b3 is given, but a – b is required, we x = –5 or x=2
find (a – b) in terms of a3 – b3. But log x is not defined for x = –5,
Since (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3, ∴ x = 2.
(a – b)3 = (a3 – b3) – 3a2b + 3ab2.
c. log5(x + 2) – log5(x – 1) = 2log53
But, it is given that a3 – b3 = 3a2b + 4ab2,
∴ (a – b)3 = (3a2b + 5ab2) – 3a2b + 3ab2
(a – b)3 = 8ab2
x+2

log5 = log532, x ≠ 1
x–1
(a – b)3 x+2
= ab2 = 9
8 x–1
2
a–b x + 2 = 9x – 9
3
= ab2.
–8x = –11
Taking the logarithms of both sides, 11
x =
8

a–b 3
log = log(ab2)
2 log(35 – x3)
d. = 3
log(5 – x)
3log = log a + 2log b
a–b
2 log(35 – x3) = 3log(5 – x)
log = (log a + 2log b).

a–b 1 log(35 – x3) = log(5 – x)3
2 3 35 – x3 = (5 – x)3
35 – x3 = 125 – 3(5)2x + 3(5)x2 – x3
Review Exercise 35 – x3 = 125 – 75x + 15x2 – x3
15x2 – 75x + 90 = 0
3
2. – log327
c. log5 25 x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
1

1
(x – 3)(x – 2) = 0
= log5 253 – log3 273
x–3=0 or x–2=0
1 1

= log5(52)3 –log3(33)3 x=3 or x=2
2

= log5 53 – log3 3
2 1
= – 1 or –
3 3

4. For an earthquake of 7.2, the intensity is IJ = 107.2I0. b. log534.62
For an earthquake of 6.9, the intensity is IA = 106.9I0. log 34.62
=
IJ 10 I0 7.2 log 5
Comparing, = 6 =˙ 2.202
IA 10 .9I0
= 107.2–6.9 2 1 3
9. – =
= 10 0.3 log9a log3a log3a
=˙ 1.99. 2 1
L.S. = –
log9a log3a
The earthquake in Kobe was twice as intense as that
in Armenia. = 2loga9 – loga3
5.
L is in decibels and I is the intensity.
I
I0
Loudness of sound is given by L = 10log , where = loga92 – loga3
81

IM = loga
3
Morning noise is 50 = 10log
I0 = loga27
Im
5 = log
I0 or
Im
= 105
I0
R.S. =
3
log3a
Im = 105I0. = 3loga3

= loga33
IN
Similarly for noon noise: 100 = 10log
I0 = loga27

L.S. = R.S.
In
10 = log 2 1 3
I0 ∴ – =
logaa log3a log3a
In = 1010I0.
10. a. y = log7x
In 1010I0
Comparing, = y
Im 105I0
3
= 105.
The noise at noon in the cafeteria is 105 or 100 000 2
(7, 1)
times as loud as in the morning. 1
x
6. pH is defined as pH = –log[H+]. 2 4 6 8
For this liquid, 5.62 = –log[H+]: –1
log[H+] = –5.62 –2
[H+] = 10–5.62
=˙ 2.3988 10–6.
b. y = 2log6(6x)
The hydrogen ion concentration is approximately
y
2.4 10–6 moles/L.
8. a. log19264
log 264
=
log 19
x
=˙ 1.894 1 1
6

Chapter 7 Test 3. Vertical stretch by a factor of two, translated two
units up.
1. a. log3 27 = 3
(33 = 27) 4. a. 2 log x = 3 log 4
b. log5 125 = 3 3
log x = log 4
(53 = 125) 2
3

log x = log 42
1
c. log2 = –4
16 3

x = 42
1
2–4 =
16 x =8
4 b. log x + log 3 = log 12

d. log5 25
log 3x = log 12
1

= log5 254 3x = 12
x=4
1
= log5 25
4 c. log2(x + 2) + log2x = 3
1 log2x(x + 2) = 3
= 2
4 x(x + 2) = 23
1 2
x + 2x – 8 = 0
=
2 (x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
e. log28 + log39 x = –4 or x = 2
=3+2 But x 0, therefore x = –4 is inadmissible.
=5 Verify x = 2.
1

L.S. = log24 + log22
f. log393 = log28
1 =3
= log39
3 = R.S.
1 Therefore, x = 2.
= 2
3
2 d. log2(x – 2) + log2(x + 1) = 2
= log2(x – 2)(x + 1) = 2
3
8 x2 – x – 2 = 4
2. a. log2 + log2 10 x2 – x – 6 = 0
5
8 (x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
= log2 10
5 x = 3 or x = –2
If x = 3,
= log2 16
L.S. = log21 + log24
= 4 (24 = 16) = log24
=2
b. log6 108 – log6 3 = R.S.
108 If x = –2,
= log6
3 L.S. = log20 + log2(–1), which is not possible.
= log6 36 Therefore, x = –2 is inadmissible, and the answer
is x = 3.
= 2 (62 = 36)

5. log3(–9) = x
IT
or 3x = –9 log = 9
I0
There is no real value for x such that a power of 3 is
a negative number. IT
= 109

1 t I0
6. The formula for half-life is given by A(t) – A0 h.
2 Then, IT = 109I0.
A0 = 20
A(t) = 15 IT 109I0
t =7 Comparing the sounds, =
IS 106I0

1 7
= 103
15 = 20 h
2 = 1000.
The noise level is 1000 times more intense when the
15 1

7

= h
20 2 train arrives.
Take the logarithm of both sides by
9. The pH level is defined by pH = –log[H+].
7
15 – log 20 = log 0.5: For the liquid, 8.31 = –log[H+]
h
h(log 15 – log 20) = 7 log 0.5 log[H+] = –8.31
H+ = 10–8.31
7 log 0.5
h = = 4.90 10–9.
log 15 – log 20
The hydrogen ion concentration is 4.9 10–9 moles/L.
= 16.87.
The half-life is 16.87 h. 3 1
10. Prove = .
log2a log8a
7. For the earthquake in Tokyo, IT = 108.3I0. 3
L.S. =
For the earthquake in Guatemala, IG = 107.5I0. log2a
IT 108.3I0 = 3loga2
Comparing the two earthquakes, = 7 1
IG 10 .5I0 R.S. =
log8a
= 100.8
=˙ 6.3. = loga8
The earthquake in Tokyo was six times more intense = loga23
than the earthquake in Guatemala. = 3loga2
3 1
Therefore, = .
8.
I
The loudness of sound is given by L = 10 log .
I0 log2a log8a

1 1
Is 11. logab = and logb a = 3x2, x =
For the subway platform, 60 = 10 log x 6
I0 1
Is logab =
x
= 106
I0 1

ax = b
Is = 106I0 a = bx
logb a = 3x2
Ir
For the subway train, 90 = 10 log
I0 b3x = a2
2
1

a = b6x
2
Therefore, b6x = bx and 6x2 = x.

2
But x ≠ 0, therefore, 6x = 1,
1
x = , as required.
6

Chapters 5–7 2. c. xy2 + x2y = 2 at (1, 1)
The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
1. c. x2 + 16y2 = 5x + 4y
dy
We differentiate both sides of the equation with curve is given by . We differentiate both sides
dx
respect to x:
of the equation with respect to x:
d d
(x2 + 16y2) = (5x + 4y)

dx dx dy dy
(1)y2 + x 2y + (2x)y + x2 = 0.
dx dx
dy dy
2x + 32y = 5 + 4 dy dy
dx dx At (1, 1), 1 + 2 + 2 + = 0
dx dx
dy
(32y – 4) = 5 – 2x dy
dx = –1.
dx
dy 5 – 2x
= . An equation of the tangent line at (1, 1) is
dx 32y – 4
y – 1 = –(x – 1) or x + y – 2 = 0
d. 2x2 – xy + 2y = 5
3x2 + 9
We differentiate both sides of the equation with d. y2 = 2 at (1, 2)
7x – 4
respect to x:
The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
d d
(2x2 – xy + 2y) = (5) dy
dx dx curve is given by. We differentiate both sides
dx

dy dy
4x – y + x + 2 = 0 of the equation with respect to x:
dx dx
dy dy (6x)(7x2 – 4) – (3x2 + 9)(14x)
(2 – x) = y – 4x 2y = .
dx dx (7x2 – 4)2
dy y – 4x dy (6)(3) – (12)(14)
= . At (1, 2), 4 =
dx 2–x dx 32
f. (2x + 3y)2 = 10 dy 25
We differentiate both sides of the equation with = –.
dx 6
respect to x: An equation of the tangent line at (1, 2) is
d d 25
(2x + 3y)2 = (10) y – 2 = –(x – 1) or 25x + 6y – 37 = 0
dx dx 6

dy 1
2(2x + 3y) 2 + 3 = 0 3. d. f(x) = x4 – 4
dx x
dy 4
4(2x + 3y) + 6(2x + 3y) = 0 f'(x) = 4x3 + 5
dx x
20
dy 2 f''(x) = 12x2 –
= –. x6
dx 3

4. b. y = (x2 + 4) (1 – 3x3) d. The velocity of the object is decreasing when
dy a(t) < 0.
= (2x)(1 – 3x3) + (x2 + 4)(–9x2)
dx 9
Solving 18t – 81 < 0 gives t < .
= 2x – 6x4 – 9x4 – 36x2 2
= 2x – 15x4 – 36x2 e. The velocity of the object is increasing when
2
dy a(t) > 0.
2 = 2 – 60x3 – 72x 9
dx Solving 18t – 81 > 0 gives t > .
2
5. s(t) = 3t3 – 40.5t2 + 162t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 6. x(t) = 2t3 + 3t2 – 36t + 40
a. The position of the object at any time t in the
interval is s(t) = 3t3 – 40.5t2 + 162t. The velocity a. The velocity of the particle at time t is
of the object at any time t in the interval is v(t) = v(t) = x'(t) = 6t2 + 6t – 36.
s'(t) = 9t2 – 81t + 162. The acceleration of the b. The acceleration of the particle at time t is
object at any time t in the interval is a(t) = x''(t) = 12t + 6.
a(t) = v'(t) = 18t – 81.
c. The particle is stationary when
b. The object is stationary when v(t) = 0, i.e., when v(t) = 0
9t2 – 81t + 162 = 0 2
6t + 6t – 36 = 0
t2 – 9t + 18 = 0 (t + 3)(t – 2) = 0
(t – 3)(t – 6) = 0 t = 2, –3 is inadmissible.
t = 3, 6.
v(t)
The object is stationary at t = 3 and at t = 6.
The object is advancing (moving to the right)
when v(t) > 0, i.e., when 9t2 – 81t + 162 > 0
t2 – 9t + 18 > 0.
v(t)
Since v(t) < 0 for 0 ≤ t < 2, the particle is moving

to the left during this interval. The particle is
stationary at t = 2. Since v(t) > 0 for t > 2, the
particle is moving to the right for 2 < t ≤ 3. The
From the graph, we conclude that the object is positions of the particle at times 0, 2, and 3 are
advancing in the intervals 0 ≤ t < 3 or 6 < t ≤ 8. 40, –4, and 13, respectively.
The object is retreating (moving to the left) when
v(t) < 0. From the graph, we conclude that the t=3
object is retreating in the interval 3 < t < 6. t=2 t=0
–4 0 13 40
c. The velocity is not changing when a(t) = 0.
9 The total distance travelled by the particle during
Solving 18t – 81 = 0 gives t = .
2 the first three seconds is 44 + 17 = 61.

7. + 8000
a. (ii) C(900) = 900 When x = 3, y = ± 33.
dy
There are two possible values for :
= $8030 dt
8030 dy 12 4 dy 12 4
b. (ii) The average cost per item is = $8.92. = – = – or = – = .
900 dt 33 3 d t –33 3
1
c. (ii) The marginal cost is C'(x) = . 11. The volume of the spherical piece of ice at any time
2x
1 4
Thus, C'(900) = = $0.017. t is given by V = πr 3. To find the rates of change
60 3
The cost of producing the 901st item
of the volume and radius, we differentiate the
is C(901) – (900) = 8030.017 – 8030
equation with respect to t:
= $0.017.
dV dr
= 4πr 2 .
8. C(x) = 3x2 + x + 48 dt dt
a. The average cost of producing x units is given by dV
We are given that = –5. When r = 4, we
dt
C(x)

C(x) = dr dr 5
x have –5 = 64π and = – –0.025 cm/min.
dt dt 64π
3x2 + x + 48
= The surface area of a sphere is A = 4πr 2.
x
48 dA dr
= 3x + 1 + . Thus, = 8πr .
x dt dt
Hence, (4) = $25, C
C(3) = $26, C (5) = $25.60,
and
C(6) = $27.
dA

5 5

When r = 4, = 8π(4) – = – cm2/min.
dt 64π 2
48 Since the ice is melting, both the radius and the

b. We first graph y = 3x + 1 + , using the window surface area are decreasing.
x
xmin = 1, xmax = 10, ymin = 20, and ymax = 30.
12. The volume of sand in the pile at any time t is
One way of estimating the minimum value is to
1 1
use the trace function. We can use the ZOOM V = πr 2h = πh3, since h = r.
3 3
box to get a more accurate estimate of the
minimum value. A second method to estimate To find the rates of change of the volume and the
the minimum value of C (x) is to use the height, we differentiate the equation with respect to t:
CALCULATE mode and press the minimum dV dh dh dV
= πh2 and = /πh2.
function. Enter a left bound (3.5), a right bound dt dt dt dt
(4.5), and an estimate (4, or a value close to 4).
To find the value of h when V = 1050, we solve:
The minimum will then be displayed. In this case,
1
the minimum value displayed will be 25. 1050 = πh3
3

9. a. We differentiate both sides of the equation with
h= 3150 10
respect to t:
3
π
dx h=r
x
dx d y d y dt
2x + 2y = 0 and = – .
dt dt dt y r
dy
To determine the value of , we need the value
dt
dx When the volume of sand in the pile is 1050 m3, the
of x, y, and .
dt height of the pile is increasing at the rate:
dh 10 1
= = m/h.
dt 100π 10π
e3e–2x
14. e. – b. C(10) = 39.95(1.05)10 = 65.07
ex
Ten years from now, a mechanical inspection of
= e3–2x+x
your car will cost $65.07.
= e3–x
c. C(10) = 40.64 = C0(1.05)10
f. (e4x)3
= e12x 40.64
C0 = = 24.95
(1.05)10
15. b. 3x2 – 3 = 81x The price of an oil change today is $24.95.
3x –3 = 34x
2
2
x –3 = 4x 19. a. V(t) = 30 000(1 – 0.25)t, t in years from purchase
2
x – 4x – 3 =0 date.

16 + 12
x = 4 ± b. The value of the car two years after the purchase
2 date is V(2) = 30 000(0.75)2 = $16 875.
= 2 ± 7
c. V(t) = 30 000(0.75)t = 3000
2x x
d. 2 – 12(2 ) + 32 = 0
1
(2x)2 – 12(2x) + 32 = 0 (0.75)t =
10
(2x – 4)(2x – 8) = 0
t ln(0.75) = –ln 10
xx = 4 or xx = 8
x = 2 or x = 3 –ln 10
t = =˙ 8
x ln(0.75)
e. e = 1
x = ln 1 In approximately eight years, the car will be
=0 worth $3000.
f. e2x + ex – 2 = 0
(ex)2 + ex – 2 = 0
1

22. f. log4 = log4(2–3)
8
3
(e + 2)(ex – 1) = 0
x
= log4(4– 2)
ex = –2, inadmissible since ex > 0 3
for all x = –
2
x
or e = 1 k. 10–10log3
x=0
1
= 10log3

80 000 10
16. N(t) =
1 + 10e–0.2t 1
= log3
10
a. The number of subscribers after six months will be: 10

80 000 1
N(6) = =˙ 19 940. = 10
1 + 10e–1.2 3
b. Eventually, the number of subscribers will be: l. a8logaa
4
80 000 = a logaa
lim N(t) = lim
t→∞ t→∞ 10 = a4
1 + 0
e .2t
80 000 1
= 24. c. 2log 3 – log(x2 + 1) = log 9 – log
x2 + 1
1+0 2

= 80 000. 9
= log 2

x +1
18. a. C(t) = C0(1 + 0.05)t, where C0 is the present cost
of goods and t is in years from now.

2
d. log x – 4log(x – 5) + log
x+1 c. 50 = 10log(I 1012)
3
1 2
5 = log(I 1012)

= log x – log(x – 5)4 + log [(x + 1)2]3 I 1012 = 105
I = 10 –7
= 1.0 10–7
1

x(x + 1)3
= log
(x – 5)4 d. 110 = 10log(I 1012)
11 = log(I 1012)

26. c. x – 3log3243 = 4 log2512 I 1012 = 1011
1
x – 3(5) =
2 4 log229
I = 10–1 = 1.0 10–1
x – 15 = 2.9
x = 33
e. 2 log3(4x + 1) = 4
log3(4x + 1) = 2
4x + 1 = 32
4x = 8
x =2
f. log12x – log12(x – 2) + 1 = 2
x
log12 = 1
x–2
x
= 121
x–2
x = 12x – 24
11x = 24
24
x =
11
j. (log x)2 + 3log x – 10 =0
(log x + 5)(log x – 2) =0
log x = –5 or log x =2
x = 10–5 or x = 102
27. SL = 10log(I 1012)
a. SL = 10log(2.51 10–5 1012)

= 10log(2.51 107)
= 10[log 2.51 + log 107)
= 10[0.3997 + 7)
=˙ 74 dB
b. SL = 10log(6.31 10–4 1012)

= 10[log6.31 + 8]
= 10[0.80 + 8]
= 88 dB
The sound level in the room is bearable to the
human ear.

Chapter 8 • Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions

e–x
3
4. a. log232 4. c. f(x)
x
Since 32 = 25, log232 = 5.
–3x2e–x (x) – e–x
3 3
f'(x) =
b. log100.0001 x2
Since 0.0001 = 10 – 4, log100.0001 = –4. e3t
2
d. s =
t2
c. log1020 + log105
= log10(20 5) ds
= 6te3t (t2) – 2t(e3t )
2 2
= log10100 dt
= log10102
2e3t [3t2 – 1]
2
=2 =
t3
d. log220 – log25 e2t
h. g(t) =

20 1 + e2t
= log2
5
2e2t(1 + e2t) – 2e2t(e2t)
= log24 g'(t) =
(1 + e2t)2
=2
2e2t
e. 3 2log35 =
(1 + e2t)2
= (3log 5)23
= 52 1
5. a. f'(x) = (3e3x – 3e–3x)
= 25 3
3 = e3x – e–3x
f. log3(539–325–2)
3 f'(1) = e3 – e–3
= log353 + log39–3 + log325–2
c. h'(z) = 2z(1 + e–z) + z2(–e–z)
= log353 + log33–6 + log35–3
h'(–1) = 2(–1)(1 + e) + (–1)2(–e1)
= 3log35 – 6 – 3log35
= –2 – 2e –e
= –6 = –2 – 3e
5. a. log280, b = e 7. y = ex
dy
loge80 Slope of the tangent is = ex.
= dx
loge2
Slope of the given line is –3.
ln 80 1
= Slope of the perpendicular line is .
ln 2 3
1
=˙ 6.322 Therefore, ex = :
3
b. 3log522 – 2log515, b = 10 x ln e = ln 1 – ln 3
x = –ln 3

log 22 log 15
= 3 10 – 2 10 =˙ –1.099.
log105 log105
3log1022 – 2log1015
=
log105
=˙ 2.397
186 Chapter 8: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

dny
The point where the tangent meets the curve has 11. b. n = (–1)n(3n)e–3x
dx
x = –ln 3 and y = 3–ln3
12. In this question, y is an implicitly defined function
1
= . of x.
3
dy dexy
The equation of the tangent is a. – = 0
dx dx
1 1
y – = (x + ln 3) or y = 0.3x + 0.6995.

3 3 dy dy
–e xy (1)y + x = 0
dx dx
8. The slope of the tangent line at any point is given by
dy dy dy
= (1)(e –x) + x(–e–x) –ye xy – xe xy = 0
dx dx dx
= e–x(1 – x).
At the point (0, 1), we get
At the point (1, e–1), the slope is e–1(0) = 0. The
equation of the tangent line at the point A is dy dy
1 – 1 – 0 = 0 and = 1.
–1
y – e = 0(x – 1) or y = . dx dx
e
The equation of the tangent line at A(0, 1)
9. The slope of the tangent line at any point on the is y – 1 = x or y = x + 1.
dy
curve is = 2xe–x + x2(–e–x) d
dx b. (x2ey) = 0
dx
= (2x – x2)(e–x) dy
2xey + x2ey = 0
2x – x2 dx
= .
ex
Horizontal lines have slope equal to 0. At the point (1, 0), we get
dy dy
We solve = 0 2 + = 0
dx dx
x(2 – x) dy
= 0. and = –2.
ex dx
The equation of the tangent line at
Since ex > 0 for all x, the solutions are x = 0 and
B(1, 0) is y = –2(x – 1) or 2x + y – 2 = 0.
x = 2. The points on the curve at which the tangents
c. It is difficult to determine y as an explicit
4
are horizontal are (0, 0) and 2, 2 .
e function of x.
5 x x
10. If y = (e5 + e–5), 13. a. When t = 0, N = 1000[30 + e0] = 31 000.
2

5 1 x 1 x
then y' = e 5 – e– 5 ,
2 5 5
dN
dt 1 –t
30
100 –t
b. = 1000 0 – e 30 = – e 30
3
dN 100 –2
c. When t = 20h, = – e 3 =˙ –17 bacteria/h.

5 1 1 x x dt 3
and y'' = e + e
5
–
5
2 25 25 t
–
d. Since e 30 > 0 for all t, there is no solution
25 2
1 5 x x
= (e5 + e– 5) dN
to = 0.
dt
1 Hence, the maximum number of bacteria in

= y.
25 the culture occurs at an endpoint of the interval
of domain.
Chapter 8: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 187

5

When t = 50, N = 1000[30 + e–3] =˙ 30 189. 15. a. The given limit can be rewritten as
The largest number of bacteria in the culture is eh – 1 e0+h – e0
lim = lim
31 000 at time t = 0. h→0 h h→0 h
This expression is the limit definition of the
ds 1 1 –t
14. a. v = = 160 – e 4
dt 4 4 derivative at x = 0 for f(x) = ex.
= 40(1 – e )
t

4
f'(0) = lim
h→0 h
e0+h – e0

dex
Since f'(x) = = ex, the value of the given

dv 1 –t t
– dx
b. a = = 40 e 4 = 10e 4
dt 4 limit is e0 = 1.
t
–
From a., v = 40(1 – e 4), e2+h – e2
b. Again, lim is the derivative of ex at x = 2.
v t
– h
which gives e = 1 – . 4 h→0
40 e – e2
2+h
Thus, lim = e2.
v
1
Thus, a = 10 1 – = 10 – v.
40 4 h→0 h
dy d2y
16. For y = Aemt, = Amemt and 2 = Am2emt.
c. vT = limv dt dt
t→∞
t
– Substituting in the differential equation gives
vT = lim 40(1 – e 4)
t→∞ Am2emt + Amemt – 6Aemt = 0
1
= 40 lim 1 – t
t→∞
e4
Aemt(m2 + m – 6) = 0.
Since Ae ≠ 0, m2 + m – 6 = 0
mt
1 (m + 3)(m – 2) = 0
= 40(1), since lim t = 0 m = –3 or m = 2.
t→∞
e4
The terminal velocity of the skydiver is 40 m/s. 17. a. Dxsinh x = cosh x
d. Ninety-five per cent of the terminal velocity is
95
1

Dxsinh x = Dx (ex – e–x)
2
(40) 38 m/s. 1
100 = (ex + e–x) = cosh x
2
To determine when this velocity occurs, we solve
t b. Dxcosh x = sinh x
40(1 – e– 4) = 38 1
38 Dxcosh x = (ex – e–x) = sinh x
t
1 – e– 4 = 2
40 1
c. Dxtanh x =
t 1 (cosh x)2g
e 4 =
–
20 sinh x
t tanh x =
e4 = 20 cosh x
t sinh x
and = ln 20, Since tanh x = ,
4 cosh x
which gives t = 4 (Dxsinh x)(cosh x) – (sinh x)(Dxcosh x)
ln 20 =˙ 12 s. Dxtanh x =
(cosh x)2

The skydiver’s velocity is 38 m/s, 12 s after jumping. 1 1 1 1
ex + e–x ex + e–x – ex – e–x ex – e–x
The distance she has fallen at this time is 2 2 2
________________________________________ 2
=
S = 160(ln 20 – 1 + e–ln20) (cosh x)2
1
(e2x + 2 + e–2x) – (e2x – 2 + e–2x)
1
= 160 ln 20 – 1 +
20 4
=
(cosh x)2
=˙ 327.3 m. 1
(4)
4
= 2
(cosh x)
1
= 2
(cosh x)
Exercise 8.2
1 1
b. f (t) = 1n
t–1
3t + 5
2. Since e = lim (1 + h) , let h = . Therefore,

n
n 3t + t 3t + 5 – 3(t – 1)
h→0
f'(t) =
t–1 (3t + 5)2

e = lim 1 + .
1 n

1n →0
1
n

20 20 – 12
f'(5) =
4 202
But as →0, n→∞. 8
n =
4 20
1

n
Therefore, e = lim 1 + .
n 1
=
n→∞
10
If n = 100, e =˙ 1 +
1 100
100 = 0.1
= 1.01100 6. a. f (x) = ln (x2 + 1)

=˙ 2.70481. 1
f'(x) = 2 (2x)
Try n = 100 000, etc. 1+x
2x
= 2
1+x
4. f. g(z) = 1n (e–z + ze–z)
Since 1 + x2 > 0 for all x, f'(x) = 0 when 2x = 0,
1
e–z + ze–z
g'(z) = –e–z + (e–z – ze–z) i.e., when x = 0.
1
–ze–z b. f(x) = (1n x + 2x)3
=–z 1

2 1
e + ze–z f'(x) = (ln x + 2x)–3 + 2
1
3 x

u
h. h(u) = e ln u 2
1
+ 2
x

1
= e ln u
u
2
= 2
3(ln x + 2x)3
h'(u) = e ln u + e

1 1 1 1 1 2
u u f'(x) = 0 if + 2 = 0 and (ln x + 2x)3 ≠ 0.
2u 2 2 u x
1 1
+ 2 = 0 when x = –.
1 1
1
= e e1 ln u +
2 2
u
u
u
x 2
Since f(x) is defined only for x > 0, there is no
solution to f'(x) = 0.
i. f(x) = ln
x–1
x2 + 1
c. f (x) = (x2 + 1)–1 ln(x2 + 1)

1

x2 + 1 2x(x – 1) – (x2 + 1)

f'(x) = –(x2 + 1)–2 (2x)ln(x2 + 1) + (x2 + 1)–1
2x

x2 + 1

2
f'(x) = 2x(1 – ln(x + 1))
x–1 (x – 1)2 =
(x2 + 1)2
Since (x2 + 1)2 ≥ 1 for all x, f'(x) = 0,
x – 1 x2 – 2x – 1
=
x2 + 1 (x – 1)2 when 2x(1 – ln(x2 + 1)) = 0.
Hence, the solution is
x2 – 2x – 1 x = 0 or ln (x2 + 1) = 1
=
(x – 1)(x2 + 1) x2 + 1 = e
x = ±
e – 1.
5. a. g(x) = e2x–1 ln (2x – 1)
1
g'(x) = e2x–1(2) ln (2x – 1) + (2)e2x–1
2x – 1
g'(1) = e2(2) ln (1) + 1(2) e1
= 2e

ln x
3
7. a. f(x) = 11. v(t) = 90 – 30 ln(3t + 1)

x
1 a. At t = 0, v(0) = 90 – 30 ln(1) = 90 km/h.
ln x
3

= –30 –90
x b. a = v'(t) = 3 =

3t + 1 3t + 1

1
x – ln x
1 x 90
f'(x) = c. At t = 2, a = – =˙ –12.8 km/h/s.
3 x2 7
d. The car is at rest when v = 0.
We solve:
At the point (1, 0), the slope of the tangent line is
v(t) = 90 – 30 ln(3t + 1) = 0

1 1–0
f'(1) =
3 1 ln(3t + 1) = 3
3t + 1 = e3
1
= . e3 – 1
3 t = = 6.36 s.
3
1

The equation of the tangent line is y = x – 1
3 12. a. pH = –log10(6.3 10–5)
or x – 3y – 1 = 0.
= –[log106.3 + log1010–5]
b. Use the y = button to define f(x) and set the window =˙ –[0.7993405 – 5]
so –1 ≤ x ≤ 4 and –2 ≤ y ≤ 0.5. =˙ 4.20066
Select 2ND DRAW and pick menu item five to draw The pH value for tomatoes is approximately 4.20066.
the tangent at the point (1, 0). t

b. H(t) = 30 – 5t – 25(e– 5 – 1)
c. The calculator answer is y = 0.31286x – 0.31286. t

This can be improved using the ZOOM feature. ln(30 – 5t – 25(e– 5 – 1))
pH = –
ln 10
1 1
The line defined by 3x – 6y – 1 = 0 has slope .
t

8. = – ln(55 – 5t – 25e– 5)
2 ln 10
dy 1

For y = ln x – l, the slope at any point is = .
t

dx 2 d 1 –5 + 5e– 5
pH = – t
1 1 dt ln 10
Therefore, at the point of tangency = , 55 – 5t – 25e– 5

x 2

t
or x = 2 and y = ln 2 – 1. 1 –1 + e– 5

The equation of the tangent is = – t

ln 10
11 – t – 5e– 5
1

y – (ln 2 – 1) = x – 2

2
d 1 –1 + e–2
or x – 2y + (2 ln 2 – 4) = 0 When t = 10 s, pH = –
dt ln 10 1 – 5e–2

2
1 e –1
9. a. For a horizontal tangent line, the slope equals 0. =
ln10 e2 – 5
We solve:

=˙ 1.16.

f'(x) = 2(x ln x) ln x + x
1

= 0
x d 2F
x=0 or ln x = 0 or ln x = –1 13. 2 = F – 18ke–2S
dS
1
No ln in the domain x = 1 x = e–1 = F = k(e–s – 6e–2S)
e
The points on the graph of f(x) at which there are dF
= k(–e–s + 12e–2S)

1 1 dS
horizontal tangents are , 2 and (1, 0).
e e d 2F
2 = k(e–s – 24e–2S)
dS
b. Graph the function and use the TRACE and CALC = k(e–s – 6e–2S – 18e–2S)
dy dy = k(e–S – 6e–2S ) – 18ke–2S
features to determine the points where = 0.
dx dx = F – 18ke–2S
c. The solution in a. is more precise and efficient.

1
14. a. We assume y is an implicitly defined function of x, b. S3 = 1 + 1 + = 2.5
2!
and differentiate implicitly with respect to x. 1 1 ·
S4 = 1 + 1 + + = 2.6
2! 3!

dy dy 1
(1)(e4) + x(ey) + ln x + y = 0 1 2 1 ·
dx dx x S5 = S4 + = 2 + = 2.7083
4! 3 24
At the point (1, ln 2) the derivative equation 1 · 1 ·
S7 = S6 + = 2.716 + = 2.71805
simplifies to 6! 720
dy dy

(1)(eln2) + (1)(eln2) + ln (1) + ln 2(1) = 0 ln x, if x > 0
dx dx 17. a. y = lnx =
ln (–x), if x < 0
dy
2 + 2 + 0 + ln 2 = 0

dx 1
dy , if x > 0
x
=

dy –2 – ln 2 dx 1
= –1, if x < 0
dx 2 –x

The slope of the tangent to the curve at (1, ln 2) 1
dy , if x > 0
2 + ln 2 = x
is – dx 1
2 , if x < 0
x
b. = 0
ln xy d 1
Thus, lnx = for all x ≠ 0.
dx x
1
ln(xy) = 0

2 dy 1 2
b. = 2 =
ln(xy) = 0 dx 2x + 1 2x + 1
xy = e0 = 1

dy 1
1 c. = 2x lnx + x2
y = dx x
x
dy 1 = 2x lnx + x
= –2
dx x
1
The slope of the tangent to the curve at , 3
3 Exercise 8.3
is –9.
x
d ln(2 + h) – ln 2 32
15. By definition, ln x = lim 2. e. f(x) = 2
dx h→0 h x
1
= . 1
ln 3(32)(x2) – 2x(32)
x x
x
2
The derivative of ln x at x = 2 is f'(x) =
x4
ln (2 + h) – ln2 1
lim = .
x x

h 2 x ln 3(32) – 4(32)
=
h→0
2x4
16. a. x

32[x ln 3 – 4]
1 + n1 = 1 + nn1 + 2! n
+ + …
n(n – 1) 1 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 1 =
n 2 3
3! n 2x4
1
2! 1
n 1
3!
1
n 2

= 1 + 1 + (1) 1 – + (1) 1 – 1 – + …
n log5 (3x2)
f.
x+1
1
= 1 + 1 + 21! lim 1 – n1 + 31! lim 1 – n11 – n2 + …
n
lim 1 +
n→∞ n n→∞ n→∞
1 1 1
–
(6x)(
x + 1) – (x + 1) 2 (log53x2)
1 1 ln 5(3x2) 2
Thus, e = 1 + 1 + + + … f'(x) =
2! 3! x+1

t+1 b. When using a graphing calculator it is necessary to
3. a. f(t) = log2
2t + 7 use the ZOOM function to get the x-coordinate
close to 5.
f(t) = log2(t + 1) – log2(2t + 1)
1
f'(t) = –
2
(t + 1)ln 2 (2t + 1)ln 2
6.
t–5
y = 20 10
10
To find the point where the curve crosses the y-axis,
1 2 set t = 0.
f'(3) = –
4 ln 2 13 ln 2 1
–
Thus, y = 20(10 2)
20
13
= –
8 =
52 ln 2 52 ln 2 10
= 210
.
5
=
52 ln 2 The point of tangency is (0, 210
).
The slope of the tangent is given by
b. h(t) = log3[log2(t)]

dy t–5
1
= 20 1010 (ln 10) .
dx 10
1 1
h'(t) = 2 ln 10
ln 3(log2t) ln 2(t) At (0, 210
) the slope of the tangent is .

10
1 1
h'(8) = 2 ln 10
ln 3 log28 8(ln 2) The equation of the tangent is y – 2
10 = (x – 0)
10
1 1 or 2 ln 10x – 10
y + 20 = 0
=
3 ln 3 8 ln 2
7. a. For f(x) = log2(log2(x)) to be defined, log2x > 0.
1 For log2x > 0, x > 20 = 1.
=
24 (ln 3)(ln 2)
Thus, the domain of f (x) is x > 1.

dy 1(2x – 3) b. The x-intercept occurs when f (x) = 0.
5. a. = log10(x 2 – 3x)(ln 10(10 2x–9)2) + 10 2x–9
dx ln 10 (x 2 – 3x)
Thus, log2(log2x) = 0

dy 7 log2x = 1
At x = 5, = 2log1010[ln 10(10)) + 10
dx ln 10 x = 2.
The slope of the tangent is given by

7
= 20 ln 10 + 1 1
ln 10 f'(x) = .
(log2x)(ln 2) x ln 2
=˙ 49.1.
At x = 2, the slope is
When x = 5, y = 10(log1010)
= 10.
f'(2) =
1
(1)(ln 2)
1
2 ln 2
1
Equation is y – 10 = 49.1(x – 5) or y = 49.1x – 237.5. = .
2(ln 2)2

dP
c. It is difficult to directly graph logarithm functions b. In 1988, t = 21 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e21 0.20015
dt
having a base other than 10 or e.
=˙ 6.69469 109 dollars/annum.
2
8. s = 40 + 3t + 0.01t + ln t
dP
a.
ds 1
v = = 3 + 0.02t + In 1998, t = 31 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e31 0.20015
dt t dt
When t = 20, v = 3 + 0.4 + 0.05 =˙ 49.5417 109 dollars/annum.

= 3.45 cm/min.
Note the continuing increase in the rates of increase of
dv 1
b. a = = 0.02 – 2 the debt payments.
dt t
When a = 0.01,
10. a. For an earthquake of intensity I,

1 I
0.02 – 2 = 0.01 R = log10 .
t I0
1 For an earthquake of intensity 10I,
2 = 0.01
t
2
t = 100
10I
R = log10 .
I0
= log + log 10

t = 10. I
I
10 10
After 10 minutes, the acceleration is 10 cm/min/min. 0
= log + 1.
I
9. P = 0.5(109) e0.20015t I
10
0
The Richter magnitude of an earthquake of

dP
a. = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e0.20015t intensity 10I is 1 greater than that of intensity I.
dt
dP b. R = log10I – log10I0
In 1968, t = 1 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e0.20015
dt

dR 1
=
dt I ln 10 dI
– 0
dt
dI
dP We are given that = 100 and I = 35.
In 1978, t = 11 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e11 0.20015 dt
dt

dR
Thus, =
1
dt 35 ln 10 100 =˙ 1.241 units/s.
In 1978, the rate of increase of debt payments was When the intensity of an earthquake is 35 and
$904,670,000/annum compared to $122,250,000/annum increasing at the rate of 100 units/s, the Richter
in 1968. magnitude is increasing at the rate of 1.24 units/s.

1
11. b. Rewrite y = 7x as y = exln7 and graph using y = . Since et ≠ 0, 1 + ln t – = 0,
t
c. The factor ln 7 is a power used to transform y = ex 1
ln t = – 1.
t
to y = (ex)ln7.
Therefore, t = 1 by inspection.
ln x 1 e1
12. b. Rewrite y = log5x as y = = ln x, and g (1) = = 2.7
ln 5 ln 5 1 + ln 1
graph using y = .
e12
1 1 g(12) = =˙ 46 702
c. Since < 1, multiplying ln x by causes 1 + ln 12
ln 5 ln 5
The maximum value is about 46 202 and the
the graph of y = ln x to be compressed vertically. minimum value is 2.7.
c. m(x) = (x + 2)e–2x on –4 ≤ x ≤ 4
Exercise 8.4 m'(x) = e–2x + (–2)(x + 2)e–2x
Let m'(x) = 0.
1. a. f(x) = e–x – e–3x on 0 ≤ ≤ 10 e–2x ≠ 0, therefore, 1 + (–2)(x + 2) = 0
f'(x) = –e–x + 3e–3x –3
x =
Let f'(x) = 0, therefore e–x + 3e–3x = 0. 2
Let e–x = w, when –w + 3w3 = 0. = –1.5.
w (–1 + 3w2) = 0. m(–4) = –2e8 =˙ –5961
1 m(–1.5) = 0.5e3 =˙ 10
Therefore, w = 0 or w2 =
3 m(4) = 6e–8 =˙ 0.0002
1 The maximum value is about 10 and the minimum
w = ± .
3 value is about –5961.
1
But w ≥ 0, w = + .
1 –x 1
3
t2 + 1
d. s(t) = ln
+ 6 ln t on 1.1 ≤ t ≤ 10
t2 – 1
When w = , e = ,
3 3 = ln (t2 + 1) – ln (t2 – 1) + 6 ln t
–x ln e = ln 1 – ln3 2t 2t 6
s'(t) = – +
t2 + 1 t2 – 1 t
ln3 – ln 1
x = Let s'(t) = 0,
1
–4t + 6(t2 – 1)(t2 + 1)
= ln3 = 0 or –4t + 6(t4 – 1) = 0
t(t2 + 1)(t2 – 1)
=˙ 0.55. 3t4 – 2t – 3 = 0
f(0) = e0 – e0 t =˙ 1.2 (using a calculator).
=0
f(0.55) =˙ –4.61
1.12 + 1

s(1.1) = ln 2 + 6 ln (1.1) =˙ 2.9
1.1 – 1
f(100) = e–100 – e–300 =˙ 3.7
Absolute maximum is about 3.7 and absolute
minimum is about –4.61.
1.22 + 1

s(1.2) = ln 2 + 6 ln (1.2) =˙ 2.8
1.2 – 1
et
b. g(t) = on 1 ≤ t ≤ 12
1 + ln t

102 + 1

s(10) = ln 2 + 6 ln (10) =˙ 13.84
10 – 1
The maximum value is about 13.84 and the
et(1 + ln t) – 1t(et)
minimum is about 2.8.
g'(t) =
(1 + ln t)2
Let g'(t) = 0:
1
et(1 + ln t) – (et) = 0
t

a. P(x) = 106[1 + (x – 1)e–0.001x], 0 ≤ x ≤ 2000

4. 1
Now, S'(x) = –k 2x ln x + x2
Using the Algorithm for Extreme Values, we have x
P(0) = 106[1 – 1] = 0 = –kx(2 ln x + 1).
P(2000) = 106[1 + 1999e–2] =˙ 271.5 106.
Now,
1
1
S'(x) = 0 when ln x = – since x ≥ , x ≠ 0
2 10
P'(x) = 106 [(1)e–0.001x + (x – 1)( –0.001)e–0.001x] 1
–
x =e 2
= 106e–0.001x (1 – 0.001x + 0.001)
=˙ 0.6065.
Since e–0.001x > – for all x,
S(0.1) = 0.023k
P'(x) = 0 when 1.001 – 0.001x = 0
1
–
1.001 S(e 2) = 0.184k
x = = 1001.
0.001 S(0.9) = 0.08k
P(1001) = 106[1 + 1000e–1.001] =˙ 368.5 106 The maximum speed of the signal is 0.184k units when
The maximum monthly profit will be 368.5 106 x =˙ 0.61.
dollars when 1001 items are produced and sold.
7. C(h) = 1 + h(ln h)2, 0.2 ≤ h ≤ 1

b. The domain for P(x) becomes 0 ≤ x ≤ 500. 1
C'(h) = (ln h)2 + 2h ln h
P(500) = 106[1 + 499e–0.5] = 303.7 106 h
= (ln h)2 + 2 ln h
Since there are no critical values in the domain, the
= ln h (ln h + 2)
maximum occurs at an endpoint. The maximum
C'(h) = 0 when ln h = 0 or ln h = –2
monthly profit when 500 items are produced and
h =1 or h = e–2 =˙ 0.135.
sold is 303.7 106 dollars.
Since the domain under consideration is
5. R(x) = 40x2e–0.4x + 30, 0 ≤ x ≤ 8 0.2 ≤ h ≤ 0.75, neither of the critical values
We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values: is admissible.
R'(x) = 80xe–0.4x + 40x2(–0.4)e–0.4x C(0.2) =˙ 1.52
= 40xe–0.4x (2 – 0.4x) C(0.75) =˙ 1.06
Since e–0.4x > 0 for all x, R'(x) = 0 when The student’s intensity of concentration level is lowest
x = 0 or 2 – 0.4x = 0 at the 45 minute mark of the study session.
x = 5.
8. P(t) = 100(e–t – e–4t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 3
R(0) = 30
P'(t) = 100(–e–t + 4e–4t)
R(5) =˙ 165.3
= 100e–t(–1 + 4e–3t)
R(8) =˙ 134.4
Since e–t > 0 for all t, P'(t) = 0 when
The maximum revenue of 165.3 thousand dollars is
4e–3t = 1
achieved when 500 units are produced and sold.
1
e–3t =
6. The speed of the signal is S(x) = kv(x) 4

1 –3t = ln (0.25)
= kx2 ln
x –ln (0.25)
t =
2
= kx (ln 1 – ln x) 3
= –kx2 ln x. = 0.462.
r R 9R P(0) = 0
Since x = , we have ≤ r ≤
R 10 10 P(0.462) =˙ 47.2
1 r 9 P(3) =˙ 4.98
≤ ≤
10 R 10 P'(t) = 100(4e–4t)
1 9 400
≤ x ≤ . = > 0 for all t
10 10 e4t

Since there are no critical values in the given interval, the 9. C = 0.015 109e0.07533t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 100
maximum value will occur at an endpoint. C
a.
P(0) = 0
P(3) =˙ 4.98
The highest percentage of people spreading the rumour is
4.98% and occurs at the 3 h point.
t
0 100
9. C = 0.015 10 e 9 0.07533t
dp
a. = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e0.20015t dC
dt b. = 0.015 109 0.07533e0.07533t
dt
dp
In 1968, t = 1 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e0.20015 In 1947, t = 80 and the growth rate was
dt
=˙ 0.1225 109 dollars/year dC
= 0.46805 109 dollars/year.
dt
dp
In 1978, t = 11 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e11x0.20015 In 1967, t = 100 and the growth rate was
dt
=˙ 0.90467 109 dollars/year dC
In 1978 the rate of increase of debt payments was dt
$904 670 000/year compared to $122 250 000/year The ratio of growth rates of 1967 to that of 1947 is
in 1968. 2.1115 109 4.511
9 = .
dp 0.46805 10 1
b. In 1987, t = 20 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e20x0.20015
dt The growth rate of capital investment grew from
=˙ 5.48033 10 dollars/year
9 468 million dollars per year in 1947 to 2.112 billion
dollars per year in 1967.
dp
In 1989, t = 22 and = 0.5(109)(0.20015)e22x0.20015
dt c. In 1967, the growth rate of investment as a
=˙ 8.17814 109 dollars percentage of the amount invested is
2.1115 109
c. In 1989, P = 0.5(109)(e20x0.20015) 9 100 = 7.5%.
28.0305 10
=˙ 27.3811 109 dollars
d. In 1977, t = 110
In 1989, P = 0.5(109(e22x0.20015) C = 59.537 109 dollars
=˙ 40.8601 109 dollars
dC
dt
Year Amount Paid Rate of Change % e. Statistics Canada data shows the actual amount of
1987 $27.3811 10 9
$5.48033 10 /year 20.02
9 U.S. investment in 1977 was 62.5 109 dollars. The
error in the model is 3.5%.
1989 $40.8601 109 $8.17814/year 20.02
f. In 2007, t = 140.
The expected investment and growth rates are
dC
C = 570.490 109 dollars and = 42.975 109
dt
dollars/year.

k t

10. C(t) = (eat – e–bt), b > a > 0, k > 0, t ≥ 0 11. a. The growth function is N = 25.
b–a t
The number killed is given by K = e3.
k
C1(t) = (–ae–at + be–bt) After 60 minutes, N = 212.
b–a
C1(t) = 0 when be–bt – ae–at = 0 Let T be the number of minutes after 60 minutes.
be–bt = ae–at The population of the colony at any time, T, after
the first 60 minutes is
b ebt
= = e(b–a)t P=N–k
a eat

b 60 + T T

(b – a)t = ln = 2 – e3, T ≥ 0
a 5
dP

60+T 1 1 T
ln (b) – ln (a)
t = = 2 5 ln 2 – e3
b–a dt 5 3
b
a
b
a
Since > 1, ln > 0 and hence the value of t is a

T ln 2
5
1 T
= 212+5 – e3
3
k

positive number. If t = 0, C(0) = (1 – 1) = 0

ln 2 1 T
T
b–a = 212 25 – e3
5 3
t→∞ t→∞
k
Also, lim C(t) = lim 1 1
–
b – a eat ebt dP ln 2 T 1 T
= 0 when 212 25 = e3
dt 5 3
ln 2

T T
k or 3

= (0 – 0) = 0 212 25 = e3.
b–a 5
–x
Since f(x) = e is a decreasing function throughout We take the natural logarithm of both sides:
its domain, if k1 < k2 then e–k > e–k
ln 2 T

ln 3.212 + ln 2 =
T
1 2
5 5 3
1 ln 2
7.4404 = T –
3 5
7.4404
T = = 38.2 min.
0.1947
12
At T = 0, P = 2 = 4096.
x
0 At T = 38.2, P = 478 158.
dP
For T > 38.2, is always negative.
Since a < b, at < bt where a, b, t are all positive. dt
Thus, e–at > e–bt for all t > 0. The maximum number of bacteria in the colony
Hence, C(t) > 0 for all t > 0. occurs 38.2 min after the drug was introduced. At
Since there is only one critical value, the largest this time the population numbers 478 158.
concentration of the drug in the blood occurs at 60+T T

b. P = 0 when 2 5 = e3
ln b – ln a
t = 60 + T T
b–a ln 2 =
5 3

C(t) 1 ln 2
12 ln 2 = T –
3 5
T = 42.72
The colony will be obliterated 42.72 minutes
t
0 lnb – lna after the drug was introduced.
b–o

12. Let t be the number of minutes assigned to study for b. We need to determine when the derivative of the
the first exam and 30 – t minutes assigned to study for
the second exam. The measure of study effectiveness
dP
dt d2P
growth rate is zero, i.e., when
dt2
= 0.
for the two exams is given by
dP –104(–99e–t) 990 000e–t
E(t) = E1(t) + E2(30 – t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 30 = =
dt (1 + 99e–t)2 (1 + 99e–t)2

t 30–t
= 0.5(10 + te–10) + 0.6 9 + (30 – t)e–20 d2P –990 000e–t(1 + 99e–t)2 – 990 000e–t(2)(1 + 99e–t)( –99e–t)
=
dt2 (1 + 99e–t)4
1
1

t t 30–t 30–t
E'(t) = 0.5 e–10 – te–10 + 0.6 –e–5 + (30 – t)e–20
10 20 –990 000e–t(1 + 99e–t) + 198(990 000)e–2t
=
t 30–t (1 + 99e–t)3
= 0.05e–10 (10 – t) + 0.03e–5 (–20 + 30 – t)
d2P
t 30–t = 0 when 990 000e–t(–1 – 99e–t + 198e–t) = 0
–
= (0.05e + 0.03e
10
–
5 )(10 – t) dt2
99e–t = 1
E'(t) = 0 when 10 – t = 0 et = 99
t = 10 (The first factor is always a positive number.) t = ln 99
3 =˙ 4.6
E(0) = 5 + 5.4 + 18e–2 = 14.42
After 4.6 days, the rate of change of the growth rate is zero.
E(10) = 16.65
At this time the population numbers 5012.
E(30) = 11.15
For maximum study effectiveness, 10 h of study should dP 990 000e–3
c. When t = 3, = =˙ 1402 cells/day.
be assigned to the first exam and 20 h of study for the dt (1 + 99e–3)2
second exam. dP 990 000e–8
When t = 8, = =˙ 311 cells/day.
dt (1 + 99e–8)2
13. The solution starts in a similar way to that of 12. The The rate of growth is slowing down as the colony is getting
effectiveness function is closer to its limiting value.

t 25–t
E(t) = 0.5(10 + te–10) + 0.6 9 + (25 – t)e–20 .
The derivative simplifies to Exercise 8.5

t 25–t
E'(t) = 0.05e–10 (10 – t) + 0.03e–20 (5 – t). 3. a. y = f(x) = xx
This expression is very difficult to solve analytically. ln y = x ln x

By calculation on a graphing calculator, we can 1 dy 1
= ln x + x
determine the maximum effectiveness occurs y dx x
when t = 8.16 hours. dy
= xx(ln x + 1)
dx
aL
14. P =
a + (L – a)e–kLt f'(e) = ee(ln e + 1) = 2ee
a. We are given a = 100, L = 10 000, k = 0.0001.
b. s = et + te
6 4
10 10
P = = = 104(1 + 99e–t)–1 ds
100 + 9900e–t 1 + 99e–t = et + ete–1
dt

P ds
When t = 2, = e2 + e 2e–1
dt
t
0

3
(x – 3)2
x+1 1

c. y = y = xx
(x – 4)5
1 ln x
ln y = ln x =
Let y = f(x). x x

1
ln y = 2 ln(x – 3) + ln(x + 1) – 5 ln(x – 4) 1

(x) – (ln x)(1)
3 1 dy x
=

1 dy 2 1 5 y dx x2
= + –
y dx x – 3 3 (x + 1) x – 4 1

dy xx(1 – ln x)
dy
2 1
= y + –
dx
5
x – 3 3 (x + 1) x – 4 =
dx x2
dy
2
4 24 3
1
5
f'(7) = f(7) + – We want the values of x so that = 0.
1

dx
xx(1 – ln x)
= – = –
32 27 4 =0
243 24 27 x2
1

4. y = x(x2) Since xx ≠ 0 and x2 > 0, we have 1 – ln x = 0
The point of contact is (2, 16). The slope of the ln x = 1
tangent line at any point on the curve is given by x = e.
1
dy
. We take the natural logarithm of both sides and The slope of the tangent is 0 at (e, e e).
dx
differentiate implicitly with respect to x. 7. We want to determine the points on the given curve
y = x(x )
2
at which the tangent lines have slope 6. The slope

ln y = x2 ln x of the tangent at any point on the curve is given by
1

y dy
= 2x ln x + x
dx
dy
dy
dx
4
= 2x + .
x
At the point (2, 16), = 16(4 ln 2 + 2). To find the required points, we solve:
dx
4
The equation of the tangent line at (2, 16) is 2x + = 6
x
y – 16 = 32(2 ln 2 + 1)(x – 2).
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
1 (x – 1)(x – 2) = 0
5. y =
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) x = 1 or x = 2.
The tangents to the given curve at (1, 1) and
We take the natural logarithm of both sides and
(2, 4 + 4 ln 2) have slope 6.
dy
differentiate implicitly with respect to x to find ,
dx
the slope of the tangent line. 8. We first must find the equation of the tangent at
dy
In y = ln (1) – ln (x + 1) – ln (x + 2) – ln (x + 3) A(4, 16). We need for y = xx.
dx
1

y dy 1 1 1
= – – –
dx x+1 x+2 x+3
In y = x ln x

1 dy 1 –1 1
1
The point of contact is 0, .
6
y
= x 2 ln x + x
dx 2

x

1 dy 1 1 1
1 11
11
At 0, , = –1 – – = – = –.
6 dx 6 2 3 6 6 36
ln x + 2
=
2x
1

6. y = xx, x > 0 dy (ln 4 + 2)
At (4, 16), = 16 = 4 ln 4 + 8.
We take the natural logarithm of both sides and dx 4
dy The equation of the tangent is
differentiate implicitly with respect to x to find ,
dx y – 16 = (4 ln 4 + 8)(x – 4).
the slope of the tangent.
The y-intercept is –16(ln 4 + 1).

–4 4 ln 4 + 4 (x + 2)(x – 4)5
The x-intercept is + 4 = . d. y =
ln 4 + 2 ln 4 + 2 (2x3 – 1)2

1 4 ln 4 + 4 ln y = ln (x + 2) + 5 ln (x – 4) – 2 ln (2x3 – 1)
The area of ∆OBC is (16)(ln 4 + 1),

2 ln 4 + 2
1 dy 1 5 12x2
= + – 3
32(ln 4 + 1)2 y dx x + 2 x – 4 2x – 1
which equals .
ln 4 + 2
9.
1

s(t) = t , t > 0
t
dy (x + 2)(x – 4)5 1
=
dx 3
(2x – 1) 2
5
+ – 3
12x2
x + 2 x – 4 2x – 1
1
a. ln (s(t)) = ln t

x + 3
ex
t f. y = 2
Differentiate with respect to t:

1

ln y = ex ln (x2 + 3)2

1
t – ln t
1 t ex
s'(t) = = ln (x2 + 3)
s(t) t2 2
1 – .
= ln t
t2
1

y dy ex ex
= ln (x2 + 3) +
dx 2 2
2x

x2 + 3
x + 3 ln (x + 3) +

ex x x
1 – ln t 1 – ln t
1 dy e e 2x
Thus, v(t) = s(t) = t t . = 2 2

t 2
t2 dx 2 2 x2 + 3

1
–t 30

2x
t2 – (1 – ln t)(2t) g. y =
1 – ln t
Now, a(t) = v'(t) = s'(t)
t2
+ s(t)
t4
. x
Substituting for s(t) and s'(t) = v(t) gives ln y = 2x[ln 30 – ln x]

1 – ln t 2t ln t – 3t

1
dy –1

1 2 1
a(t) = t t + t t = 2[ln 30 – ln x] + 2x
t 2
t4 y dx x
tt
1

= 4 [1 – 2 ln t + (ln t)2 + 2t ln t – 3t] x

30 2x
= [2 ln 30 – 2 ln x – 2]
t
1

h. exy = ln (x + y)
2
b. Since t and t are always positive, the velocity is zero when
t
1 – ln t = 0 or when t = e.
1

dy 1

dy
exy x + y = 1 +
dx x+y dx
e e
a(e) = 4 [1 – 2 + 1 + 2e – 3e]

e dy 1 1
xe xy – = + yexy
1
dx x+y x+y
e e
= – 3
e
1
= –e e
1
–3 + ye xy
dy x + y 1 + (x + y) yexy
= =
dx 1 x (x + y)exy – 1
xe xy –
x +y
Review Exercise
x ln x
2. b. y =
ex
ln y = ln x + ln (ln x) – ln ex
= ln x + ln (ln x) – ex
1

y dy 1 1 1
= + – 1
dx x ln x x
x ln x 1
=
ex
1

+ – 1
x x ln x
e2x – 1
3. b. f (x) = [ln (3x2 – 6x)]4 7. y=

e2x + 1
6x – 6
f '(x) = 4[ln (3x2 – 6x)]3 2
3x – 6 dy 2e2x(e2x + 1) – (e2x – 1)(2e2x)
=
dx (e2x + 1)2
Let f'(x) = 0, therefore, ln(3x2 – 6x) = 0
2e4x + 2e2x – 2e4x + 2e2x
3x2 – 6x = 1 =
(e2x + 1)2
3x2 – 6x – 1 = 0
4e2x

6 ± 48 = 2x
x = (e + 1)2
6
6 ± 43 1 – e4x – 2e2x + 1
= Now, 1 – y2 =
6 (e2x + 1)2
3 + 23
= e4x + 2e2x + 1 – e4x + 2e2x – 1
3 =
or (e2x + 1)2
6x – 6 4e2x dy
2 = 0 = 2x 2 =
3x – 6 (3 + 1) dx
6x – 6 = 0 8. y = ekx
x = 1.
2
a. y' – 7y = 0
But 3x – 6x > 0 or 3x(x – 2) > 0.
kekx – 7ekx = 0
Therefore, x > 2 or x < 0.
ekx(k – 7) = 0
3 + 23
3 + 23
Only solution is x = and . k = 7 since ekx ≠ 0
3 3
ln x2 b. y'' – 16y = 0
6. y =
2x k2ekx – 16ekx = 0
2 ln x ekx(k2 – 16) = 0
=
x k = ± 4, since ekx ≠ 0

1 c. y'' – y'' – 12y' = 0
2 x – 2 ln x
dy x k3ekx – k2ekx – 12kekx = 0
=
dx x2 kekx(k2 – k – 12) = 0
2 – 2 ln x kekx(k + 3)(k – 4) = 0
=
x2 k = –3 or k = 0 or k = 4, since ekx ≠ 0
dy 2 – 2 ln 4
At x = 4, =
dx 16 9. The slope of the required tangent line is 3.
1 – ln 4 The slope at any point on the curve is given by
= .
8 dy
= 1 + e–x.
y = 2 ln 4
At x = 4, dx

4
To find the point(s) on the curve where the tangent
ln 4
= . has slope 3, we solve:
2
The equation of the tangent is 1 + e–x = 3
e–x = 2
ln 4 1 – ln 4
y – = (x – 4). –x = ln 2
2 8
x = –ln 2.
8y – 4 ln 4 = (1 – ln 4)x – 4 + 4 ln 4
The point of contact of the tangent is
(1 – ln 4)x – 8y + 8 ln 4 – 4 = 0
(–ln 2, –ln 2 – 2).
The equation of the tangent line is
y + ln 2 + 2= 3(x + ln 2) or 3x – y + 2 ln 2 – 2 = 0.

10. The slope of the tangent line to the given curve at 3 ln (t)
Now, lim+ g(t) = lim+ = 0
any point is t→1 t→1 2t
1
e x(1 + ln x) – ex g(e) =
3

dy x 23
=
dx (1 + ln x)2 =˙ 0.552
For t > e, ln t > 1 and g'(t) < 0
At the point (1, e), the slope of the tangent Thus, the maximum measure of effectiveness of this
e–e
is = 0. medicine is 0.552 and occurs at t = 2.718 h after the
1
medicine was given.
Since the tangent line is parallel to the x-axis, the
normal line is perpendicular to the x-axis. The line 13. m(t) = t ln (t) + 1 for 0 < t ≤ 4
through (1, e) perpendicular to the x-axis has m'(t) = ln (t) + 1
equation x = 1. m'(t) = 0 when ln (t) + 1 = 0
t = e–1

–1
dN t 1 t For 0 < t < e , m'(t) < 0.
11. a. = 2000 e– 20 – te– 20
dt 20 Thus, m(t) is decreasing over this interval.
lim+ (t ln t + 1) = 1 (by investigating the graph of m(t))
t

t
= 2000e– 20 1 –
t→0
20 m(e–1) =˙ .632
m(4) =˙ 6.545
t dN
Since e– 20 > 0 for all t, = 0, During the first four years, a child’s ability to memorize is
dt
lowest at 0.368 years of age and highest at four years.
t
when 1 – = 0
20 m (t)
t = 20.
The growth rate of bacteria is zero bacteria per
day on day 20.
1
1
b. When t = 10, N = 2000[30 + 10e–2] 0.6
t
0 1 4
=˙ 72 131 e
3
m =
72 131
+ 1000
=˙ 41.81. 14. a. c1(t) = te–t; c1(0) = 0
On day 10, there will be 42 newly infected mice.
c1' (t) = e–t – te–t
ln(t 3) = e–t(1 – t)
12. g(t) =
2t Since e–t > 0 for all t, c1' (t) = 0 when t = 1.
3 ln t Since c1' (t) > 0 for 0 ≤ t < 1, and c1' (t) < 0 for all
= , t > 1
2 1
t > 1, c1(t) has a maximum value of =˙ 0.368

3 e
2t – (3 ln t)(2) at t = 1 h.
t
g'(t) =
4t2 c2(t) = t 2e–t; c2(0) = 0
6 – 6 ln t c2' (t) = 2te–t – t2e–t

=
4t 2 = te–t(2 – t)
Since t > 1, g'(t) – 0 when 6 – 6 ln t = 0 c2' (t) = 0 when t = 0 or t = 2.
ln t = 1
t = e.

Since c2' (t) > 0 for 0 < t < 2 and c2' (t) < 0 for all T(x)
4
t > 2, c2(t) has a maximum value of 2 =˙ 0.541 at
e
t = 2 h. The larger concentration occurs for drug c2.
b. c1(0.5) = 0.303
x
c2(0.5) = 0.152 0
In the first half-hour, the concentration of c1 increases
from 0 to 0.303, and that of c2 increases from 0 to 0.152.
'
Thus, c1 has the larger concentration over this interval.
1

15. T(x) = 10 1 + (0.9)–x
x

1 1
a. T'(x) = 10 –2 (0.9)–x + 10(1 + )(0.9)–1(–1)(ln(0.9))
x x 0 2.62
x
1
x 1
= 10(0.9)–x –2 – ln(0.9) 1 +
x
b. Since (0.9)–x > 0 for all x, T'(x) = 0 when 1

16. v(x) = Kx2 ln
x
1 ln(0.9)
–2 – ln(0.9) – = 0.
x x
1
x
a. v(x) = 2x2 ln = –2x2 ln x
To find an approximate solution, we use
l(0.9) =˙ – 0.1. The quadratic equation becomes
1 1
v = 2 (ln 2)
2 4
1 0.1
–2 + 0.1 + = 0 ln 2
x x =
2
0.1x2 + 0.1x – 1 = 0, x ≠ 0
= 0.347
x2 + x – 10 = 0
–1 ±
x =
1 + 40
1
b. v'(x) = –4x ln x – 2x2
x
2
= –4x ln x – 2x
= 2.7, since x ≥ 0.
Note: Using ln(0.9) =˙ – 0.105 yields x =˙ 2.62.

1
v' = 2 ln 2 – 1
2
Since T'(x) < 0 for 0 < x < 2.62, and T'(x) > 0 for x > 2.62, =˙ 1.386
T(x) has a minimum value at x = 2.62.
17. C(t) = K(e–2t – e–5t)
1
a. lim C(t) = lim K
t→∞ t→∞ 1
–
e 2t e 5t
= K(0 – 0)
=0

b. C'(t) = K(–2e –2t + 5e –5t) 2. f(t) = ln (3t2 + t)
2
C'(t) = 0 when –
5
+ = 0
e2t e5t
1
f'(t) = 2
3t + t
13
(6t + 1)
5 2 Thus, f'(2) = .

= 14
e5t e2t
3. y = xln x, x > 0
5
= e5t–2t = e3t dy
2 To find , we take the natural logarithm of both
dx

5
3t = ln
2
sides and differentiate implicitly with respect to x.
y = xln x
ln y = ln x ln x = (ln x)2
5

ln
3
2
t = =˙ 0.305
1

y dy
= 2 ln x
dx 1

x
The point of contact is (e, e).
The rate is zero at t = 0.305 days or 7.32 h.
Chapter 8 Test
1
At this point,
e
dy
= 2
dx
dy
1

e
= 2.
dx
1. y = e – 2x2
The slope of the tangent at (e, e) is 2.
dy
a. = –4xe–2x
2
dx 4. x2y + xln x = 3y, x > 0

2
b. y = ln (x – 6) We differentiate implicitly with respect to x.
dy
=
dx x2 – 6
1

2x =
2x

x2 – 6
dy
2xy + x2 + ln x + x
dx
1 dy
= 3
x dx
dy
c. y = 3x + 3x 2xy + ln x + 1 = (3 – x2)
2
dx
dy
= 3x2 + 3x
dx ln 3 (2x + 3) dy 2xy + ln x + 1
=
dx 3 – x2
e3x + e–3x
d. y =
2 Alternate Solution
dy 1 3x
= [3e – 3e–3x] y can be expressed explicitly as a function of x.
dx 2
x ln x
3 y = 2
= [e3x – e–3x] 3–x
2
dy (ln x + 1)(3 – x2) – x ln x (–2x)
=
e. y = (4x3 – x)log10(2x – 1) dx (3 – x2)2
dy
= (12x2 – 1)log10(2x – 1) + (4x3 – x)
dx
1
(2x – 1)ln 10 2
x2 ln x + 3 ln x – x2 + 3
=
(3 – x2)2
ln(x + 4) 5. Since e xy = x, xy = ln x.
f. y =
x3 ln x
y =

x

1
dy
x+4 x3 – ln(x + 4) 3x2 1
x – ln x
= dy x
dx x6 =
dx x2
x
– ln(x + 4) 1 – ln x
x+4 =
= x2
x4
dy 1 – ln 1
At x = 1, = = 1.
dx 1

Alternate Solution c. When v = 5, we have 10e–kt = 5
1
exy = x e–kt =
2
We differentiate implicitly with respect to x

dy

exy y + x = 1
dx
1

–kt = ln = –ln 2
2
dy 1 ln 2
x = –y t = .
dx e xy k
ln 2
When x = 1, y = 0. After s have elapsed, the velocity of the
k
dy 1 particle is 5 cm/s. The acceleration of the particle is
Thus, = 0 – 0 = 1
dx e –5k at this time.
6. y'' + 3y' + 2y = 0 9. We have Profit = Revenue – Cost:

y = eAx, y' = AeAx, y'' = A2eAx
P(p) = 4000[e0.01( p–100) + 1] – 50p, 100 ≤ p ≤ 250
The differential equation is
We apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values:
A2eAx + 3AeAx + 2eAx = 0
eAx(A2 + 3A + 2) = 0 P'(p) = 4000[e0.01( p–100)(0.01)] – 50.
(A + 1)(A + 2) = 0, eAx ≠ 0 For critical values, we solve P'(p) = 0
A = –1 or A = –2. 40e0.01( p–100) – 50 = 0
5
7. The slope of the tangent line at any point on the e0.01(p–100) =
4
dy 0.01(p – 100) = ln(1.25)
curve is given by .
dx p – 100 = 100 ln(1.25)
dy
= 3x ln 3 + ln x + 1 p = 100 ln(1.25) + 100
dx
=˙ 122.3.
At A(1, 3), the slope of the tangent is 3 ln 3 + 1. Since the number of jackets produced must be an
integer, we evaluate P for p = 100, 122, 123, and 250.
1
The slope of the normal line is – . P(100) = 3000
3 ln 3 + 1
P(122) = 2884.81
The equation of the normal line is P(123) = 2884.40
1 P(250) = 9426.76
y – 3 = – (x – 1).
3 ln 3 + 1 The maximum profit of $9426.76 occurs when 250
jackets are produced and sold. The price per jacket is
8. v(t) = 10e–kt
given by Revenue ÷ number of jackets. Thus, selling
a. a(t) = v'(t) = –10ke–kt
price per jacket is
= –k(10e–kt)
= –kv(t) R(250) 21 926.76
=
Thus, the acceleration is a constant multiple of 250 250
the velocity. As the velocity of the particle = $87.71.
decreases, the acceleration increases by a
factor of k.
b. At time t = 0, v = 10 cm/s.

Chapter 9 • Cur ve Sketching
Review of Prerequisite Skills 3. a. y = x7 – 430x6 – 150x3
dy
2. c. t2 – 2t < 3 = 7x6 – 2580x5 – 450x2
dx
t2 – 2t – 3 < 0 dy
If x = 10, < 0.
(t – 3)(t + 1) < 3 dx
Consider t = 3 and t = –1. dy
If x = 1000, > 0.
dx
The curve rises upward in quadrant one.
> 0 –1 < 0 3 > 0
c. y = xln x – x4
The solution is –1 < t < 3.
2
d. x + 3x – 4 > 0
dy
dx
1
= x + ln x – 4x3
x
(x + 4)(x – 1) > 0 = 1 + ln x – 4x3
Consider t = –4 and t = 1.
dy
If x = 10, < 0.
dx
dy
> 0 –4 < 0 1 > 0 If x = 1000, < 0.
dx
The solution is x < –4 or x > 1. The curve is decreasing downward into quadrant
four.
x2 + 3x – 10
4. b. lim
x→2 x –2 5. b. f (x) = x5 – 5x4 + 100
(x + 5)(x – 2) f'(x) = 5x4 – 20x3
= lim Let f'(x) = 0:
x→2 x–2
5x4 – 20x3 = 0
= lim (x + 5) 5x3(x – 4) = 0
x→2
x = 0 or x = 4.
=7
x x<0 0 0<x<4 4 x>4
f'(x) + 0 – 0 +
Exercise 9.1
Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
2 2
1. c. f(x) = (2x – 1) (x – 9)
f'(x) = 2(2x – 1)(2)(x2 – 9) + 2x(2x – 1)2 x–1
d. f(x) =
Let f'(x) = 0: x2 + 3
2(2x – 1)(2(x2 – 9) + x(2x – 1)) = 0 x2 + 3 – 2x(x – 1)
f'(x) =
2(2x – 1)(4x2 – x – 18) = 0 (x2 + 3)2
2(2x – 1)(4x – 9)(x + 2) = 0
1 9 Let f'(x) = 0, therefore, –x2 + 2x + 3 = 0.
x = or x = or x = –2. Or x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
2 4

1 (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
The points are , 0 , (2.24, –48.2), and (–2, –125).
2 x = 3 or x = –1
x x < –1 –1 –1 < x < 3 3 x>3
f'(x) – 0 + 0 –
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
Chapter 9: Curve Sketching 207

e. f(x) = xln(x) y
1
f'(x) = ln x + (x)
x
= ln x + 1
Let f'(x) = 0:
ln x + 1 = 0 x
–2 (–1, 0) 1 3 5
ln x = –1
1
x = e–1 = = 0.37.
e
x x≤ 0 0 < x < 0.37 0.37 x > 0.37

9. f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c
f'(x) No values – 0 –
f'(x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b
Graph Decreasing Increasing Since f(x) increases to (–3, 18) and then decreases,
f'(3) = 0.
6. f'(x) = (x – 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) Therefore, 27 – 6a + b = 0 or 6a – b = 27. (1)
Let f'(x) = 0: Since f(x) decreases to the point (1, –14) and then
then (x – 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 increases, f'(1) = 0.
x = 1 or x = –2 or x = –3. Therefore, 3 + 2a + b = 0 or 2a + b = –3. (2)
Add (1) to (2): 8a = 24 and a = 3.
x x < –3 –3 –3 < x < –3 –2 –2 < x < 1 1 x>1
When a = 3, b = 6 + b = –3 or b = –9.
f'(x) – 0 + 0 – 0 + Since (1, –14) is on the curve and a = 3, b = –9,
then –14 = 1 + 3 – 9 + c
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing
c = –9.
The function is f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 9x – 9.
7. g'(x) = (3x – 2) ln(2x2 – 3x + 2)
Let g'(x) = 0:
10. f (x)
then (3x – 2) ln(2x2 – 3x + 2) = 0
3x – 2 = 0 or ln(2x2 – 3x + 2 ) = 0
2
x = or 2x2 – 3x + 2 = e0
3
1
2x2 – 3x + 2 = 1 x
–5 1
2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
(2x – 1)(x – 1) = 0
1
x = or x = 1.
2 11. a. f (x)
1 1 2 2
x x < < x < < x < 1 x>1
2 2 3 3
f'(x) – + – + 2
1
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing x
–1 1
208 Chapter 9: Curve Sketching

b. y 14. Let x1, x2 be in the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, such that x1 < x2.
Therefore, f(x2) > f(x1), and g(x2) > g(x1).
In this case, f(x1), f(x2), g(x1), and g(x2) < 0.
2
1 Multiplying an inequality by a negative will reverse
x
its sign.

–2 –1 0 1 2
Therefore, f(x2) g(x2) < f(x1) g(x1).
But L.S. > 0 and R.S. > 0.
Therefore, the function fg is strictly increasing.
c. y
Exercise 9.2
2x
3. b. f(x) =
x2 + 9
x 2(x2 + 9) – 2x(2x) 18 – 4x2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 f'(x) = =
(x2 + 9)2 (x2 + 9)2
Let f'(x) = 0:
therefore, 18 – 2x2 = 0
x2 = 9
12. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
x = ±3.
f'(x) = 2ax + b
–b
Let f'(x) = 0, then x = . x x < –3 –3 –3 < x < 3 3 x>3
2a
–b f'(x) – 0 + 0 –
If x < , f'(x) < 0, therefore the function
2a
Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Local Decreasing
is decreasing. Min Max
–b
If x > , f'(x) > 0, therefore the function Local minimum at (–3, –0.3) and local maximum
2a
at (3, 0.3).
is increasing.
c. y = xe–4x
13. Let y = f(x) and u = g(x). dy
= e–4x – 4xe–4x
Let x1 and x2 be any two values in the interval dx
a ≤ x ≤ b so that x1 < x2. dy
Let = 0, e–4x(1 – 4x) = 0:
dx
Since x1 < x2, both functions are increasing:
e–4x ≠ 0 or (1 – 4x) = 0
f(x2) > f(x1) (1)
1
g(x2) > g(x1) (2) x = .

4
yu = f(x) g(x).
(1) (2) results in f(x2)
g(x2) > f(x1)g(x1). x
1
x <
1

1
x >

4 4 4
The function yu or f(x) g(x) is strictly increasing.
f'(x) + 0 –
y f (x)
Graph Increasing Local Max Decreasing
g(x)
1 1 1
At x = , y = e–1 = .
4 4 4e

x
a x1 1 1
x2 b Local maximum occurs at , .
4 4e

d. y = ln(x2 – 3x + 4) d. y = ln(x2 – 3x + 4)
dy 2x – 3 x-intercept, let y = 0,
=
dx x2 – 3x + 4 ln x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
dy x2 – 3x + 4 = 1
Let = 0, therefore, 2x – 3 = 0 x2 – 3x + 3 = 0.
dx
No solution, since 0 = 9 – 12 < 0
3
x = = 1.5. y-intercept, let x = 0,
2
y = ln 4
x x < 1.5 1.5 x > 1.5 = 1.39.
f'(x) – 0 + y
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing

2
Local minimum at (1.5, ln 1.75).
1
2x
4. b. f(x) =
x2 + 9 x
The x-intercept is 0 and the y-intercept is 0. 1 2
1
x
3
5. b. s = –t2e–3t
ds
= –2te–3t + 3e–3t(t2)
dt
ds
Let = 0.
dt
c. y = xe–4x
te–3t[–2 + 3t] = 0
x-intercept, let y = 0,
0 = xe–4x 2
t = 0 or t = .
Therefore, x = 0. 3
y-intercept, let x = 0, 2 2 2
t t<0 t=0 0 < t < t = t >
y = 0. 3 3 3
ds
+ 0 – 0 +
y dt
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Local Increasing

Max Min
1
( 14 , 4e )
x
2

Critical points are (0, 0) and , –0.06 .
3
Tangent is parallel to t-axis.

1

c. y = (x – 5)3 7. e. f(x) =
x2 – 2x
+2

–2
dy 1 2x – 2
= x – 5 3
f'(x) =
dx 3 2x
2
– 2x+2
1 Let f'(x) = 0, then x = 1.
= 2
3(x – 5)3 Also, x2 – 2x + 2 ≥ 0 for all x.
dy x x<1 x=1 x>1

≠ 0
dx
The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a f'(x) – 0 +
maximum or minimum. The tangent is not
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing
parallel to x-axis.
1 Local minimum is at (1, 1).

f. y = x2 – 12x3
f (x)
dy 1

–2

= 2x – 12x 3
dx 3
4
= 2x – 2
x3
x
dy 4
Let = 0. Then, 2x = 2 :
dx x3
5

2x3 = 4
5

x3 = 2
g. f(x) = e–x
2
3 5

x = 2 =
5
23 f'(x) = –2xe–x
2
Let f'(x) = 0, then x = 0.

x =˙ 1.5.
Critical points are at x = 0 and x = 1.5.
x x<0 0 x>0
x x<0 x=0 0 < x < 1.5 x = 1.5 x > 1.5 f'(x) + 0 –

dy
– undefined – 0 + Graph Increasing Local Max Decreasing
dx
Graph Decreasing Vertical Decreasing Local Increasing When x = 0, e0 = 1.

Tangent Min
Local maximum point is at (0, 1).
Critical points are at (0, 0) and (1.5, –11.5). f (y)
Local minimum is at (1.5, –11.5).
Tangent is parallel to y-axis at (0, 0).
Tangent is parallel to x-axis at (1.5, –11.5).
x
–1 1

h. f(x) = x2 ln x 10. y = ax2 + bx + c
1

f'(x) = 2x ln x + x2
x
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
= 2x ln x + x Since a relative maximum occurs at
Let f'(x) = 0: x = 3, then 2ax + b = 0 at x = 3.
2x ln x + x = 0 Or, 6a + b = 0.
x(2 ln x + 1) = 0 Also, at (0, 1), 1 = 0 + 0 + c or c = 1.
1 Therefore, y = ax2 + bx + 1.
x = 0 or ln x = –.
2 Since (3, 12) lies on the curve,
But, x > 0, then x ≠ 0, 12 = 0a + 3b + 1
1
x = e–2 = 0.61. 9a + 3b = 11
6a + b = 0.
x 0 < x < 0.61 0.61 x > 0.61 Since b = –6a,
then 9a – 18a = 11
f'(x) – 0 +
–11
or a =
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing 9
22
Local minimum is at x = 0.61 and f(0.61): b = .
3
= 2(0.61) ln 0.61 + 0.61 –11 22
The equation is y = x2 + x + 1.
= –0.64. 9 3
Critical point is (0.61, –0.64).
11. a. '
f (x)
2
1
x
x
–1 1
–1
b. '
9. f (x)
(–1, 6)
1
x
–1 1
–1
(3, 1)
x
–3 –1 1 2 3 4

c. ' x x < –2 –2 –2 < x < 0 0 0<x<3 3 x>3
f'(x) – 0 + 0 – 0 +
Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Local Decreasing Local Increasing

Min Max Min
x Local minimum is at (–2, –73) and (3, –198).

Local maximum is at (0, –9).
13. a. y = 4 – 3x2 – x4
dy
' = –6x – 4x3
d. dx
dy
Let = 0:
dx
–6x – 4x3 = 0
x –2x(2x2 + 3) = 0
–2 –1 0 1 2
–3
x = 0 or x2 = ; inadmissible.
2
x x<0 0 x>0
dy
12. f(x) = 3x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d + 0 –
dx
a. f'(x) = 12x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx + c Graph Increasing Local Max Decreasing
At x = 0, f'(0) = 0, then f'(0) = 0 + 0 + 0 + c
Local maximum is at (0, 4).
or c = 0.
At x = –2, f'(–2) = 0, y
–96 + 12a – 4b = 0. (1)
Since (0, –9) lies on the curve,
–9 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + d
or d = –9.
Since (–2, –73) lies on the curve,
–73 = 48 – 8a + 4b + 0 – 9
x
–8a + 4b = –112
or 2a – b = 28 (2)
Also, from (1): 3a – b = 24
2a – b = –28
a = –4
b = –36. b. y = 3x5 – 5x3 –30x
The function is f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3 – 36x2 – 9. dy
= 15x4 – 15x2 – 30
dx
b. f'(x) = 12x3 – 12x2 – 72x dy
Let = 0:
Let f'(x) = 0: dx
x3 – x2 – 6x = 0
15x4 – 15x2 – 30 = 0
x(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0.
x4 – x2 – 2 = 0
Third point occurs at x = 3,
(x – 2)(x2 + 1) = 0
2
f(3) = –198.
x2 = 2 or x2 = –1
x = ±2; inadmissible.

dy x–3
At x = 100, > 0. 6. a. y =
dx x+5
x–3 x–3
Therefore, function is increasing into quadrant lim+ = –∞, lim– = +∞ (1)
x→–5 x + 5 x→–5 x + 5
one, local minimum is at (1.41, –39.6) and local
maximum is at (–1.41, 39.6). Vertical asymptote at x = –5.
y x–3 x–3
lim = 1, lim = 1 (2)
x→∞ x + 5 x→–∞ x + 5
30 Horizontal asymptote at y = 1.
dy x + 5 – x + 3 8
15 = = 2 (3)
dx (x + 5)2 (x + 5)
x dy
–2 –1 1 2 Since ≠ 0, there are no maximum or
dx
–15 minimum points.
–30 y
f(x) 1
14. h(x) =
g(x) x
Since f(x) has a local maximum at x = c, then –5
f'(x) > 0 for x < c and f'(x) < 0 for x > c.
Since g(x) has a local minimum at x = c, then
g'(x) < 0 for x < c and g'(x) > 0 for x > c.
f(x)
h(x) =
g(x) t2 – 2t – 15
c. g(t) =
t–5
f'(x)g(x) – g'(x)f(x)
h'(x) =
[g(x)]2 Discontinuity at t = 5.
If x < c, f'(x) > 0 and g'(x) < 0, then h'(x) > 0. (t – 5)(t + 3)
lim– = lim– (t + 2) = 8
If x > c, f'(x) < 0 and g'(x) > 0, then h'(x) < 0. t→5 t–5 t→5
Since for x < c, h'(x) > 0 and for x > c, h'(x) < 0.
lim+ (t + 3) = 8
Therefore, h(x) has a local maximum at x = c. t→5
No asymptote at x = 5. The curve is of the form

Exercise 9.3 t + 3.
g(x) g(t)
2. f(x) =
h(x)
8
Conditions for a vertical asymptote:
h(x) = 0 must have at least one solution s, and
lim f(x) = ∞.
x→xl
Conditions for a horizontal asymptote:

x
lim f(x) = k, where k ∈ R, 5
x→∞
or lim f(x) = k where k ∈ R.

x→–∞
Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the

highest power of g(x) must be one more than
the highest power of k(x).

15
d. p(x) = x Horizontal asymptote. (2)
6 – 2e
6 1
(2 + x)(3 – 2x) – – 2
2
x x
Discontinuity when 6 – 2ex = 0 lim = lim = –2
x→∞ x2 – 3x x→∞ 1 – 3x
ex = 3
6
x = ln 3 =˙ 1.1. – 1x – 2
2
x
lim = –2
15 15
x→–∞ 1 – 3x
lim– x = +∞, lim+ x = +∞ (1)
x→1.1 6 – 2e x→1.1 6 – 2e
Horizontal asymptote at y = –2.

Vertical asymptote at x =˙ 1.1.
y
15
Horizontal asymptote: lim x = 0 from below, (2)
x→∞ 6 – 2e
15 15
lim x = from above.
x→∞ 6 – 2e 6
x
3
–15(–2ex)
p'(x) = (3)
(6 – 2ex)2 –2
x
True if e = 0, which is not possible. No maximum or
minimum points.
y
10
3 f. P =
n2 + 4
2
No discontinuity
1 lim p = 0, lim p = 0
n→∞ n→∞
x
1 dp –10(2n)
=
dn (n2 + 4)2
dp
= 0, then n = 0
dn
Maximum point is at (0, 2.5).
(2 + x)(3 – 2x)
e. y = P
x2 – 3x
Discontinuity at x = 0 and x = 3 (1)
2
(2 + x)(3 – 2x)
lim+ = +∞
x→0 x2 – 3x 1
(2 + x)(3 – 2x)
lim– = –∞ n
x→0 x2 – 3x
(2 + x)(3 – 2x)
lim+ = +∞
x→3 x2 – 3x
(2 + x)(3 – 2x)
lim– = –∞
x→3 x2 – 3x
Vertical asymptotes at x = 0 and x = 3.

2x2 + 9x + 2 3–x
7. b. f(x) = 9. a. f(x) =
2x + 3 2x + 5
x3 Discontinuity is at x = –2.5.
) 2
2x + 3 2x + 9x + 2 3–x
lim – = –∞
2x2 + 3x x→–2.5 2 x+5
6x + 2 3–x
6x + 9 lim = +∞
2x + 5
x→–2.5
+
–7
Vertical asymptote is at x = –2.5.
2x2 + 9x + 2
f(x) = Horizontal asymptote:
2x + 3
3–x 1 3–x 1
7 lim = –, lim = –.
= x + 3 – x→∞ 2x + 5 2 x→–∞ 2x + 5 2
2x + 3
1
Horizontal asymptote is at y = –.
Oblique asymptote is at y = x + 3. 2
x3 – x2 – 9x + 15 –(2x + 5) – 2(3 – x) –11

d. f(x) = f'(x) = = 2
x2 – 4x + 3 (2x + 5)2 (2x + 5)
x3 Since f'(x) ≠ 0, there are no maximum or

2
x – 4x + 3 ) 3 2
x – x – 9x + 15 minimum points.
x3 – 4x2 3x 3
y-intercept, let x = 0, y = = 0.6
3x2 – 12x + 15 5
3x2 – 12x 9 3–x
x-intercept, let y = 0, = 0, x = 3
6 2x + 5
y
6
f(x) = x + 3 +
x2 – 4x + 3
Oblique asymptote is at y = x + 3. 2
1
8. b. Oblique asymptote is at y = x + 3. x
–1 1 2 3
–3 –3
Consider x > and x < .
2 2
Consider x = 0.
2
f(0) = and for the oblique asymptote y = 3. 1
3 d. s(t) = t +
t
Therefore, the oblique asymptote is above the
Discontinuity is at t = 0.
–3
curve for x > .
2

1

lim+ t + = +∞
t→0 t

The curve approaches the asymptote from below. 1
lim– t + = –∞
Consider x = –2. t→0 t
8 – 18 + 2 Oblique asymptote is at s(t) = t.
f(–2) =
–1
1
=8 s'(t) = 1 – 2
t
For the oblique asymptote, y = 1.
Let s'(t) = 0, t 2 = 1
Therefore, the curve is above the oblique
t = ±1.
asymptote and approaches the asymptote
from above.

g(x)
t t < –1 t = –1 –1 < t < 0 0<t<1 t=1 t>1
s'(t) + 0 – – 0 +
x
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Decreasing Local Increasing
Max Min
Local maximum is at (–1, –2) and local minimum is

at (1, 2).
s(t)
2 t2 + 4t – 21
f. s(t) = , t ≥ –7
1 t–3
t (t + 7)(t – 3)
1 2 =
(t – 3)
–1
Discontinuity is at t = 3.
–2
(t + 7)(t – 3)
lim+ = lim+ (t + 7)
x→3 t – 3) x→3
= 10
2x2 + 5x + 2
e. g(x) =
x+3 lim– (t + 7) = 10
x→3
Discontinuity is at x = –3.
There is no vertical asymptote.
2x2 + 5x + 2 5 The function is the straight line s = t + 7, t ≥ –7.
= 2x – 1 +
x+3 x+3
g
Oblique asymptote is at y = 2x – 1.
lim+ g(x) = +∞, lim– g(x) = –∞

x→–3 x→–3
(4x + 5)(x + 3) – (2x2 + 5x + 2)

g'(x) =
(x + 3)2
2x2 + 12x + 13 t
= –7
(x + 3)2
Let g'(x) = 0, therefore, 2x2 + 12x + 13 = 0:
ax + 5
11. f(x) =
–12 ±
144 – 104 3 – bx
x =
4
Vertical asymptote is at x = –4.
x = –1.4 or x = –4.6. Therefore, 3 – bx = 0 at x = – 5.
That is, 3 – b(–5) = 0
x x < –4.6 –4.6 –4.6 < x < –3 –3 –3 < x < –1.4 x = 1.4 x > –1.4
3
b = .
g'(x) + 0 – Undefined – 0 + 5
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Vertical Decreasing Local Increasing Horizontal asymptote is at y = –3.

Max Asymptote Min
ax + 5
lim = –3
x→∞ 3 – bx
Local maximum is at (–4.6, –10.9) and local
minimum is at (–1.4, –0.7).

a + 5x

(4x – 2)(x2 – 9) – 2x(2x2 – 2x)
x→∞

ax + 5
lim = lim
3 – bx x→∞
3
x – b
–a
=
b
f'(x) =
(x2 – 9)2
a 4x3 – 2x2 – 36x + 18 – 4x3 + 4x2

But – = –3 or a = 3b. =
b (x2 – 9)2
3 9 2x2 – 36x + 18
But b = , then a = . =
5 5 (x2 – 9)2
x2 + 1 x + 1x Let f'(x) = 0, 2x2 – 36x + 18 = 0

12. a. lim = lim or x2 – 18x + 9 = 0.
x→∞ x + 1 x→∞
1 + 1x
18 ± 182 – 36
=∞ x =
2
x2 + 2x + 1 (x + 1)(x + 1) x = 0.51 or x = 17.5
lim = lim
x→∞ x+1 x→∞ (x + 1) y = 0.057 or y = 1.83.
= lim (x + 1)
x→∞ x –3 < x < 0.51 0.51 0.51 < x < 3 3 < x < 17.5 17.5 x > 17.5
=∞ f'(x) + 0 – – 0 +
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Decreasing Local Increasing
x→∞ x+1
x2 + 1 x2 + 2x + 1
b. lim –
x+1 Max Min
x2 + 1 – x2 – 2x – 1 Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local

= lim minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
x→∞ x+1
–2x f (x)
= lim
x→∞ x + 1
= lim –2 = –2
x→∞
1 + 1x
x
2x2 – 2x 1 2 3 17.5
13. f(x) =
x2 – 9
Discontinuity is at x2 – 9 = 0 or x = ±3.
lim+ f(x) = +∞
x→3
lim– f(x) = –∞
x→3
lim+ f(x) = –∞ x2 3x 7
14. y =
x→–3 x 2
lim– f(x) = +∞
x→–3 x1
Vertical asymptotes are at x = 3 and x = –3. ) 2
x + 2 x + 3x + 7
x2 + 2x
Horizontal asymptote:
x+7
lim f(x) = 2 (from below)
x→∞ x+2
lim f(x) = 2 (from above) 5
x→∞
Horizontal asymptote is at y = 2. x2 + 3x + 7 5
y = = x + 1 +
x+2 x+2
Oblique asymptote is at y = x + 1.

Exercise 9.4 c. s = t + t–1
ds 1
= 1 – , t≠ 0
2. a. y = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 10 dt t2
ds
dy For critical values, we solve = 0:
= 3x2 – 12x – 15 dt
dx 1
dy 1 – 2 = 0
For critical values, we solve = 0: t
dx
3x2 – 12x – 15 = 0 t2 = 1
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 t = ±1.
(x – 5)(x + 1) = 0 The critical points are (–1, –2) and (1, 2).
x=5 or x = –1 d 2s 2
2 = 3
The critical points are (5, –105) and (–1, 20). dt t
d 2s
d 2y At t = –1, = –2 < 0. The point (–1, –2) is a
Now, 2 = 6x – 12. dt
dx
d 2s
local maximum. At t = 1, 2 = 2 > 0. The point
dt
d 2y
At x = 5, 2 = 18 > 0. There is a local minimum (1, 2) is a local minimum.
dx
at this point.
d. y = (x – 3)3 + 8
2
dy
At x = –1, 2 = –18 < 0. There is a local dy
dx = 3(x – 3)2
dx
maximum at this point.
x = 3 is a critical value.
The local minimum is (5, –105) and the local The critical point is (3, 8).
maximum is (–1, 20)
d 2y
2 = 6(x – 3)
25 dx
b. y=
x2 + 48 d 2y
At x = 3, 2 = 0.
dx
dy 50x
= – The point (3, 8) is neither a relative (local)
dx (x2 + 48)2
dy dy maximum or minimum.
For critical values, solve = 0 or does
dx dx
not exist.
Since x2 + 48 > 0 for all x, the only critical point
25

is 0, .
48
d 2y
2 = –50(x2 + 48)–2 + 100x(x2 + 48)–3 (2x)
dx
50 200x2
=– 2 2 +
(x + 48) (x2 + 48)3

d 2y 50 25
At x = 0, 2 = –2 < 0. The point 0, is a
dx 48 48
local maximum.

3. a. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve d. For possible points of inflection, solve
dy2
d2y
2 = 0: 2 = 0:
dx dx
6x – 8 = 0 6(x – 3) = 0
4 x = 3.
x = .
3
4 4 4
Interval x < x = x > Interval x<3 x=3 x>3
3 3 3
f''(x) <0 =0 >0 f''(x) <0 =0 >0
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Graph Concave Point of Concave

of f(x) Down Inflection Up of f(x) Down Inflection Up
4
20

The point , –14 is a point of inflection.
3 27
(3, 8) is a point of inflection.
b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve 4. a. f(x) = 2x3 – 10x + 3 at x = 2

d 2y f'(x) = 6x2 – 10
2 = 0: f''(x) = 12x
dx
f''(2) = 24 > 0
200x2 – 50x2 – 2400
=0 The curve lies above the tangent at (2, –1).
(x2 + 48)3
1
150x2 = 2400. b. g(x) = x2 – at x = –1
x
Since x2 + 48 > 0:
1
x = ±4. g'(x) = 2x + 2
x
2
g''(x) = 2 – 3
Interval x < –4 x = –4 –4 < x < 4 x=4 x>4 x
g''(–1) = 2 + 2 = 4 > 0
f''(x) >0 =0 <0 =0 >0 The curve lies above the tangent line at (–1, 2).
Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave c. s = et ln t at t = 1
of f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
ds et
= et ln t +
dt t
–4, 2654 and 4, 2654 are points of inflection. ds2
et et et
2 = et ln t + + – 2
dt t t t
d 2s 3 d 2s
c. 2 = 2 At t = 1, 2 = 0 + e + e – e = e > 0.
dt t dt
The curve is above the tangent line at (1, 0).
Interval t<0 t=0 t>0 w

d. p = 2 at w = 3

w +1
f''(t) <0 Undefined >0 1
–
p = w(w2 + 1) 2
Graph Concave Concave
Undefined

of f(t) Down Up dp 1
– 1 3
–
= (w2 + 1) 2 + w – (w2 + 1) 2 (2w)
dw 2
1 3
– –
The graph does not have any points of inflection. = (w2 + 1) 2 – w2(w2 + 1) 2

d 2p 1 3
–
3
–
2 = –(w 2 + 1) 2 (2w) – 2w(w2 + 1) 2 + 7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second
dw 2
derivative test to determine the type of critical points

3

5
w2 (w2 + 1)–2 2w that may be present.
2
d 2p 3 6 81
At w = 3, 2 = – – + 8. a. f(x) = x4 + 4x3
dw 1010 10 10 100 10
(i) f'(x) = 4x3 + 12x2
9
= – < 0. f''(x) = 12x2 + 24x
10010
For possible points of inflection, solve f''(x) = 0:

The curve is below the tangent line at 3, .

3
10 12x2 + 24x = 0
12x(x + 2) = 0
5. (i) a. f''(x) > 0 for x < 1
x = 0 or x = –2.
Thus, the graph of f(x) is concave up on x < 1.
f''(x) ≤ 0 for x > 1. The graph of f(x) is concave
down on x > 1. Interval x < –2 x = –2 –2 < x < 0 x=0 x>0
(i) b. There is a point of inflection at x = 1. f''(x) >0 =0 <0 =0 >0
(i) c. y Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
" of f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
x The points of inflection are (–2, –16) and (0, 0).

1
y
(ii) If x = 0, y = 0.
For critical points, we solve f'(x) = 0:
y = f (x)
2 4x3 + 12x2 = 0
4x2(x + 3) = 0
x
1 x = 0 or x = –3.
(ii) a. f''(x) > 0 for x < 0 or x > 2 Interval x < –3 x = –3 –3 < x < 0 x = 0 x>0
The graph of f(x) is concave up on x < 0 or x > 2.
f'(x) <0 0 >0 =0 >0
The graph of f(x) is concave down on 0 < x < 2.
(ii) b. There are points of inflection at x = 0 and x = 2. Graph Local
Decreasing Increasing Increasing
of f(x) Min
(ii) c.
"
If y = 0, x4 + 4x3 = 0
x3(x + 4) = 0
0 2
x = 0 or x = –4.
The x-intercepts are 0 and –4.
y = f (x)
2 y
0 2
–4 –3 –2 –1
x
6. For any function y = f(x), find the critical points,

i.e., the values of x such that f'(x) = 0 or f'(x) does not
exist. Evaluate f''(x) for each critical value. If the value –27
of the second derivative at a critical point is positive,
the point is a local minimum. If the value of the second
derivative at a critical point is negative, the point is a
local maximum.
b. y = x – ln x Interval x<0 x=0 x>0
dy 1 dy
(i) = 1 – <0 =0 >0
dx x dx
Graph of Local
d 2y 1 Decreasing Increasing
2 = 2 y = f(x) Min
dx x
d 2y lim (ex + e–x) = ∞
Since x > 0, 2 > 0 for all x. The graph of x→–∞
dx
y = f(x) is concave up throughout the domain. lim (ex + e–x) = ∞
x→∞
(ii) There are no x– or y-intercepts (x > ln x for y y

all x > 0).
dy 1
For critical points, we solve = 0: 1
dx x x
1
1 – = 0
x
x = 1.
Interval 0<x<1 x=1 x>1 y

dy
<0 =0 >0
dx
Graph of Local
Decreasing Increasing 2
y = f(x) Min
x
y
4w2 – 3
d. g(w) =
w3
1
(1, 1) 4 3
= – , w≠ 0
w w3
x
1 4 9
(i) g'(w) = –2 + 4
w w
c. y = ex + e–x
9 –4w2
=
dy w4
(i) = ex – e–x
dx 8 36
g''(w) = 3 – 5
d 2y w w
2 = ex + e–x > 0, since ex > 0 and e–x > 0 for all x.
dx 8w2 – 36
=
The graph of y = f(x) is always concave up. w5
dy For possible points of inflection, we solve
(ii) For critical points, we solve = 0: g''(w) = 0:
dx
ex – e–x = 0 8w2 – 36 = 0, since w5 ≠ 0
1
ex = x 9
e w2 =
2
(ex)2 = 1
3
ex = 1, since ex > 0 w = ± .
x = 0.
2
There are no x-intercepts (ex + e–x > 0 for all x).
The y-intercept is 1 + 1 = 2.

3 3
Interval w < – w = –
3 3
– <w<0 <w<0 <
3
w =
3
w >
9. The graph is increasing when x < 2 and when
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 < x < 5.
g'(w) <0 =0 >0 <0 0 >0 The graph is decreasing when x > 5.
Graph Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave
The graph has a local maximum at x = 5.
of g (w) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x = 2.
The graph is concave down when x < 2 and
82

3 when 4 < x < 7.
The points of inflection are –, –
2 9 The graph is concave up when 2 < x < 4 and
when x > 7.
and 32, 892 . The graph has points of inflection at x = 2, x = 4,
and x = 7.
(ii) There is no y-intercept. The y-intercept of the graph is –4.
3
The x-intercept is ± . y
2
For critical values, we solve g'(w) = 0:
9 – 4w2 = 0 since w4 ≠ 0 x
1234 5678
3
w = ± .
2 –4
3 3 3 3 3 3
Interval w < – w = – – < w < 0 0 < w < w = w >
2 2 2 2 2 2
g'(w) <0 =0 >0 >0 =0 <0 10. f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + c

Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Increasing Local Decreasing f'(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx
g(wP) Min Max f''(x) = 6ax + 2b
Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum, f(2) = 12a +
4w2 – 3 4w2 – 3
lim– 3 = ∞, lim+ = –∞ 4b = 0.
w→0 w w→0 w3
Since (1, 5) is an inflection point, f''(1) = 6a + 2b = 0.
w→–∞
4

w w
3

w→∞
4
w w
3
lim – 3 = 0, lim – 3 = 0 Since the points are on the graph,
a + b + c = 5 and
Thus, y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x = 0 is
8a+
4b+
c=
11
a vertical asymptote. 7a + 3b = 6
9a + 3b = 0
y
2a = –6
a = –3
b=9
–3 –3 3
2 2 2 c = –1.
–3
x
3 3
2 2 2
Thus, f(x) = –3x3 + 9x2 – 1.
y
(2, 11)
(1, 5)
x
–1 1 2

1

11. f(x) = (x + 1)2 + bx–1 The point midway between the x-intercepts has
1 1
– b
f'(x) = (x + 1) – bx –2
2 x-coordinate –.
2 2a
1 3
f''(x) = –(x + 1)–2 + 2bx–3 The points of inflection are (0, 0) and
4
–2b,a –1b6a .
4
Since the graph of y = f(x) has a point of inflection 3
at x = 3:
x3 – 2x2 + 4x 8x – 8
1 –3 2b 13. a. y = =x–2+ (by division
–(4) 2 + = 0 x2 – 4 x2 – 4
4 27
of polynomials). The graph has discontinuities at
1 2b
– + = 0 x = ±2.
32 27

8x – 8
27 lim x – 2 + = –∞
b = . x→–2– x2 – 4 = –2 is a vertical
64 asymptote.
12. f(x) = ax4 + bx3 x→–2
+ 8x – 8
lim x – 2 + 2 = ∞
x –4

f'(x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2
f''(x) = 12ax2 + 6bx x→2 8x – 8
lim– x – 2 +
= –∞
x2 – 4 = 2 is a vertical
asymptote.
lim x – 2 + = ∞
For possible points of inflection, we solve f''(x) = 0: 8x – 8
2
12ax2 + 6bx = 0 x→2
+ x –4
6x(2ax + b) = 0
When x = 0, y = 0.
b
x = 0 or x = –. x(x2 – 2x + 4) x[(x – 1)2 + 3]
2a Also, y = = .
x2 – 4 x2 – 4
The graph of y = f''(x) is a parabola with x-intercepts Since (x – 1)2 + 3 > 0, the only x-intercept is x = 0.
b 8x – 8
0 and –. Since lim 2 = 0, the curve approaches the
2a x→∞ x – 4
We know the values of f''(x) have opposite signs value x – 2 as x→∞. This suggests that the line
when passing through a root. Thus, at x = 0 and at
y = x – 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by
b
x = –, the concavity changes as the graph goes the limit lim [x – 2 – f(x)] = 0. Similarly, the
2a x→∞
through these points. Thus, f(x) has points of curve approaches y = x – 2 as x → –∞.
b dy
inflection at x = 0 and x = –. 8(x2 – 4) – 8(x – 1)(2x)
= 1 +
2a dx (x2 – 4)2
To find the x-intercepts, we solve f(x) = 0
x3(ax + b) = 0 8(x2 – 2x + 4)
=1–
(x2 – 4)2
b
x = 0 or x = –.
a dy
We solve = 0 to find critical values:
dx
8x2 – 16x + 32 = x4 – 8x2 + 16
x4 – 16x2 – 16 = 0
x2 = 8 + 45 (8 – 45 is inadmissible)
x =˙ ± 4.12.

Interval x< x= –4.12 –2< x 2<x x= x> b. f(x) = 4x3 + 18x2 + 3
–4.12 –4.12 <x<2 <2 < 4.12 4.12 4.12
The graph is that of a cubic polynomial with
dy leading coefficient negative. The local extrema
>0 =0 <0 <0 <0 0 >0
dx
will help refine the graph.
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Local Increasing
of y Max Min dy
= 12x2 + 36x
dx
dy
lim y = ∞ and lim y = –∞ To find the critical values, we solve = 0:
x→∞ x→–∞ dx
–12x(x – 3) = 0
y x = 0 or x = 3.
The local extrema are (0, 3) and (3, 57).
d 2y
2 = –24x + 36
dx
–4.12 –2 2 4.12
x 3
2
The point of inflection is , 30 .
y (3, 57)
3
x
Exercise 9.5
1. a. y = x3 – 9x2 + 15x + 30
1
We know the general shape of a cubic polynomial c. y = 3 + 2
with leading coefficient positive. The local extrema (x + 2) 1
We observe that y = 3 + 2 is just a
will help refine the graph. (x + 2)
dy 1
= 3x2 – 18x + 15 translation of y = .
dx x2
1
dy
Set = 0 to find the critical values: The graph of y = 2 is
dx x
y
3x2 – 18x + 15= 0
x2 – 6x + 5 = 0
(x – 1)(x – 5) = 0
x = 1 or x = 5.
The local extrema are (1, 37) and (5, 5).
x
y
(1, 37)
30 1
(3, 21)
The reference point (0, 0) for y = 2 becomes
x
1
the point (–2, 3) for y = 3 + . The vertical
(x + 2)2
(5, 5)
x asymptote is x = –2, and the horizontal asymptote
is y = 3.

dy 2
= –, hence there are no critical y
dx (x + 2)3
points.
(2, 48)
d 2y 6
2 = 4 > 0, hence the graph is always
dx (x + 2) (3, 45)
concave up. x
y
(–2, –80)
2
3
2x
–2
x e. y =
x2 – 25
There are discontinuities at x = –5 and x = 5.
4 3 2
lim–
x→–5
2x
= –∞
x2 – 25 and lim
→–5
+ 2x
=∞
x2 – 25
d. f(x) = x – 4x – 8x + 48x
We know the general shape of a fourth degree
polynomial with leading coefficient positive. The
lim–
x→5
2x
= –∞
x2 – 25 and lim
→5
+ x
2x
2 = ∞
– 25
local extrema will help refine the graph.
x = –5 and x = 5 are vertical asymptotes.
f'(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 – 16x + 48
For critical values, we solve f'(x) = 0 dy 2(x2 – 25) – 2x(2x) 2x2 + 50
= = – < 0 for
x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 = 0. dx 2
(x – 25) 2
(x2 – 25)2
Since f'(2) = 0, x – 2 is a factor of f'(x).
The equation factors are (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0. all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing
The critical values are x = –2, 2, 3. throughout the domain.

f''(x) = 12x2 – 24x – 16 2

Since f''(–2) = 80 > 0, (–2, –80) is a local minimum. 2x x
lim = lim
Since f''(2) = –16 < 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum. x→∞ x2 – 25 x→∞ 25
1 –
Since f''(3) = 20 > 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum. x2
=0 y = 0 is a horizontal
The graph has x-intercepts 0 and –3.2.
asymptote.

2
The points of inflection can be found by solving
x
f''(x) = 0: lim =0
25
1 –
x→–∞
3x2 – 6x – 4 = 0 x2
6 ±
84
x = d 2y 4x(x2 – 25)2 – (2x2 + 50)(2)(x2 – 25)(2x)
6 2 = –
dx (x2 – 25)4
1 5
x =˙ – or . 4x3 + 300x 4x(x2 + 75)
2 2 = =
(x2 – 25)3 (x2 – 25)3
There is a possible point of inflection at x = 0.

y
Interval x < –5 –5 < x < 0 x=0 0<x<5 x>5
d 2y
<0 >0 =0 <0 >0 0.4
dx2
Graph Concave Concave Point of Concave Concave x
of y Down Up Inflection Down Up –1 1
y
6x2 – 2
g. y =
x3
6 2
= – 3
x x
There is a discontinuity at x = 0.
x
6x2 – 2 6x2 – 2
lim– 3 = ∞ and lim+ = –∞
x→0 x x→0 x3
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no
1
y-intercept. The x-intercept is ± .
3
dy 6 6 –6x2 + 6
= –2 + 4 =
1 –x 2 dx x x x4
f. y = e2

2π dy
= 0 when 6x2 = 6
dx
The graph of y = f(x) is always above the x-axis. The
x = ±1
1
y-intercept is =˙ 0.4.
2π
Interval x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 0 0<x<1 x=1 x>1
dy 1 –x 2
= e2 (–x) dy
dx 2π <0 =0 >0 >0 =0 <0
dx
Graph of Decreas- Local Increasing Increasing Local Decreas-
dy
= 0 when x = 0. Thus, (0, 0.4) is a critical point. y = f(x) ing Min Max ing
dx
There is a local minimum at (–1, –4) and a local

d 2y 1 x 2x 2
2 = e–2 (–x)( –x) + e–2 (–1) maximum at (1, 4).

dx
2 π
d 2y 12 24 12x2 – 24
2 = – =
1 x2 dx x3 x5 x5
= e–2 (x2 – 1)

2π d 2y
For possible points of inflection, we solve 2 = 0
d 2y dx
When x = 0, 2 < 0. Thus, (0, 0.4) is a local (x5 ≠ 0):
dx
12x2 = 24
maximum. Possible points of inflection occur when
x = ± 2.
x2 – 1 = 0 or x = –1 and x = 1.
Interval x < –2 x = –2 –2 < x < 0 0 < x < 2 x = 2 x > 2
Interval x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 1 x=1 >1 d 2y
2 <0 =0 >0 <0 =0 >0
dx
2
dy
2 >0 =0 <0 =0 >0 Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave
dx y = f(x) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
y Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
21π e = 0 and lim 21π e = 0

x2 x2
– –
lim 2 2
x→∞ x→∞

s
5
There are points of inflection at –2, – and
2
5

2, .
2 50
6 2
– 3
2
6x – 2 x x
lim 3 = lim = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ 1
t
6 6 160
– 3
x x x+3
lim = 0 i. y =
x = –∞ x x2 – 4
There are discontinuities at x = –2 and at x = 2.
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
y –
x→–2
x+3
lim
= ∞ and lim
x2 – 4 x→–2+
x+3
= –∞
x2 – 4
x→2
x+3
lim– x+3
= –∞ and lim
x2 – 4 x→2
=∞
x2 – 4 –
There are vertical asymptotes at x = –2 and x = 2.
x
–1 1 3
When x = 0, y = –. The x-intercept is –3.
4
dy (1)(x2 – 4) – (x + 3)(2x)
=
dx (x2 – 4)2
–x2 – 6x – 4
50 =
h. s = , t≥ 0 (x2 – 4)2
1 + 5e–0.01t dy
50 For critical values, we solve = 0:
When t = 0, s = . dx
6 x2 + 6x + 4 = 0
ds
= 50(–1)(1 + 5e–0.01t )–2 (5e–0.01t)( –0.01) 6 ±
36 – 16
dt x = –
2
2.5e–0.01t
=
(1 + 5e–0.01t)2 = –3 ± 5
=˙ –5.2 or –0.8.
ds
Since > 0 for all t, s is always increasing.
dt

lim
t→∞
50
1 + 5e–0.01t= 50 Interval
x<
–5.2
x=
–5.2
–5.2 <
x < –2
–2 <
x < –0.8
x=
–0.8
–0.8 <
x<2
x>2
dy

50 <0 =0 >0 >0 =0 <0 <0
lim =0 dx
t→–∞ 1 + 5e–0.01t
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
of y ing Min ing ing Max ing ing
Thus, s = 50 is a horizontal asymptote for large
values of t, and s = 0 is a horizontal asymptote
for large negative values of t. It can be shown that
there is a point of inflection at t =˙ 160.

dy
For critical values, we solve = 0:

1 3 dx
+ 2
x x 4
lim y = lim =0 1 – 2 = 0
4 (x – 1)
x→∞ x→∞
1 – 2
x
(x – 1)2 = 4

1 3
+ 2 x–1 =±2
x x
lim =0 x = –1 or x = 3.
4
1 – 2
x→–∞
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Interval x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 1 1<x<3 x=3 x>3
y dy
>0 =0 <0 <0 =0 >0
dx
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Graph Increas- Local Decreasing Decreasing Local Increas-
of y ing Max Min ing
d 2y 8
2 = 3
x dx (x – 1)
–2 2
d 2y
For x < 1, 2 < 0 and y is always concave down.
dx
d 2y
For x > 1, 2 > 0 and y is always concave up.
dx
x2 – 3x + 6
j. y = The line y = x – 2 is an oblique asymptote.
x–1
4 y
= x – 2 +
x–1
x−2
)
x – 1 x2 – 3x + 6 (3, 3)
x2−
x
–2x + 6 x
−
2x
2 –2
4
(–1, –5)

x – 3x + 6 2 –6
lim– = –∞
x→1 x–1

x2 – 3x + 6
lim = ∞
x→1+ x–1 k. c = te–t + 5
Thus, x = 1 is a vertical asymptote. When t = 0, c = 5.
The y-intercept is –6. dc
= e–t – te–t = e–t (1 – t)
There are no x-intercepts (x2 – 3x + 6 > 0 for all x dt
in the domain). Since e–t – te–t = e–t (1 – t)
dy 4 Since e–t > 0, the only value for which
= 1 – 2
dx (x – 1)
dc
= 0 is t = 1.
dt

Interval t<1 t=1 t>1 Interval 0<x x= 0.05 x=1 x>1
< 0.05 0.05 <x<1
dc
>0 =0 <0
dt dy
<0 =0 >0 0 >0
Graph Increasing Local Max Decreasing dx
of c Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Station- Increas-
of y ing Min ing ary Point ing
lim (te–t + t) = 5
x→∞
There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 1.
lim (te–t + t) = –∞

x→–∞
d 2y 1 1 ln x
2 = 3(ln x)2 + 6(ln x) = 3 (ln x + 2)
d 2c dx x x x
2 = –e–t – e–t + te–t = e–t (t – 2)
dt d y2
2 = 0 when ln x = 0 or ln x = –2
2
d c dx
2 = 0 when t = 2 x = 1 or x = e–2 =˙ 0.14
dt
Interval t<2 t=2 t>0 Interval 0<x x= 0.14 x=1 x>1

dc2 < 0.14 0.14 <x<1
2 <0 =0 >0
dt
d 2y
Graph Concave Point of Concave 2 >0 =0 <0 =0 >0
dx
of c Down Inflection Up
Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
of y Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
y lim [x(ln x)3] = ∞

x→∞
(1, 5.37) y
(2, 5.27)
5
x x
–1 1 2
1 2
–1
3
l. y = x(ln x) , x > 0

dy 1 2. y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
= (ln x)3 + x(3)(ln x)2 = (ln x)2(ln x + 3)
dx x
Since (0, 0) is on the curve d = 0:
dy
= 0 when ln x = 0 or ln x = –3 dy
dx = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
x = 1 or x = e–3 =˙ 0.05 dx
dy
At x = 2, = 0.
dx
Thus, 12a + 4b + c = 0.

Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a + 4b + 2c = 4 or The only critical values occur when 4 – e2x = 0
4a + 2b + c = 2. e2x = 4
d 2y 2x = ln 4
2 = 6ax + 2b 4
dx x = ln
d 2y 2
Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, 2 = 0 when = ln 2.
dx
x = 0. For x < ln 2, g'(x) > 0
Thus, 2b = 0
For x > ln 2, g'(x) < 0
b = 0.
Thus, (ln 2, 2) is a local maximum point.
Solving for a and c:

12a + c = 0 8ex 8
lim 2x = lim =0
4a + c = 2 x→∞ e +4 x→∞
e + 4x
x Hence, the x-axis
8a = –2 e is a horizontal

8ex 0 asymptote.
1 lim
a = – 2x = = 0
4 x→–∞ e +4 0+4
c = 3.
1
The cubic polynomial is y = –x3 + 3x. It is very cumbersome to evaluate g''(x). Since there
4
is a horizontal tangent line at the local maximum
The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by
(ln 2, 2) and the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote, it
setting y = 0:
is reasonable to conclude that there are two points
1 of inflection. (It can be shown to be true.)
–x(x2 – 12) = 0
4
y
x = 0, or x = ± 23.
1 (ln 2, 2)
Let y = f(x). Since f(–x) = x3 – 3x = –f(x), f(x) is an
4 2
odd function. The graph of y = f(x) is symmetric
when reflected in the origin.
x
y
1
4. y = ex +
x x
–2 2
–4 1

ex + 1
lim ex + = –∞ and lim = ∞
x→0– x x→0+ x
Thus, the y-axis is a vertical asymptote.
8ex
3. g(x) = 2x + 4 dy 1
e = ex – 2
There are no discontinuities. The graph is always dx x
dy
8
above the x-axis. The y-intercept is . To find the critical values, we solve = 0:
5 dx
1
8ex(e2x + 4) – 8ex(e2x)2) ex – 2 = 0
g'(x) = x
(e2x + 4)2
This equation does not have a simple analytic
8ex(4 – e2x)
=
(e2x + 4)2 d 2y
solution. Solving 2 = 0 is even more cumbersome.
dx

1 k–x
We use a different approach to sketch y = ex + . 5. f(x) =
x k2 + x2
We use the method of adding functions. The given There are no discontinuities.
1
1
function is the sum of y1 = ex and y2 = . The y-intercept is and the x-intercept is k.
x k
(–1)(k2 + x2) – (k – x)(2x)
y f'(x) =
(k2 + x2)2
x2 – 2kx – k2
=
(k2 + x2)2
1
x For critical points, we solve f'(x) = 0:
x2 – 2kx – k2 = 0
x2 – 2kx + k2 = 2k2
(x – k)2 = 2k2
x – k = ± 2 k
For x > 0, the sum of the two functions is always x = (1 + 2)k or x = (1 –2)k.
positive. The resulting graph will be in the first
1
quadrant. The graph of y2 = dominates for values
x Interval x< x =˙ –0.41k < x =˙ x>
x
near 0, and the graph of y1 = e dominates for large –0.41k 0.41k x < 2.41k 2.41k 2.41k
values of x. It appears that this branch of the graph
f'(x) >0 =0 <0 =0 >0
will have a relative minimum value. (A calculator
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
dy
solution of = 0 verifies a relative minimum at of f(x) ing Max ing Min ing
dx

x =˙ 0.703.) k 1
2 –
1
For x < 0, the graph of y2 = dominates the sum.
x
lim
x→∞
k–x

= lim
k2 + x2 x→∞ x

k2
x
2 + 1
=0
x

There are no points of inflection. k 1
2 –
x x
lim =0
x→–∞ k2
y 2 + 1
x
Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
3.44
y
x
0.703 (ln 2, 2)
2

1 2 x
6. g(x) = x3 (x + 3)3 7. a. f(x) =
There are no discontinuities. 2
x +1
1 2

2 1 2 1
g'(x) = x–3(x + 3)3 + x3 (x + 3)–3 (1) x
3 3 =
x + 3 + 2x
= 2

3x (x + 3)
3

3
3(x + 1)
1 = 2 1
3x3(x + 3)3
1
x 1 + 2
x
x+1 x
= 2 1
lim f(x) = lim , since x > 0

x3(x + 3)3 x→∞ x→∞
1
x 1+2
x
g'(x) = 0 when x = –1.
g'(x) doesn’t exist when x = 0 or x = –3.
1
= lim

x→∞
1
1 2
Interval x < –3 x = –3 –3 < x x = –1 –1 < x x=0 x>0 x
< –1 <0 =1
g'(x) >0 Does <0 =0 >0 Does >0 y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the right hand
Not Not
branch of the graph.
Exist Exist
x
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Local Increasing Increasing lim f(x) = lim , since x = –x for x < 0

of g (x) Max Min x→–∞ x→–∞
1
–x 1 + 2
x
There is a local maximum at (–3, 0) and a local minimum
at (–1, –1.6). The second derivative is algebraically 1
= lim
complicated to find. It can be verified that

x→–∞
1
– 1 + 2
–2 x
g''(x) =
5

2.

x (x + 3)3
3
= –1
y = –1 is a horizontal asymptote to the left hand
Interval x < –3 x = –3 –3 < x < 0 x=0 x>0 branch of the graph.
g''(x) >0 Does Not >0 Does Not <0 y

Exist Exist
1
Graph Concave Cusp Concave Point of Concave
g(x) Up Up Inflection Down x
y
–1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
x
–1
(–1, –1.6) –2

b. g(t) =
t2 + 4t –
t2 + t Review Exercise
(t
2
+ 4t – t
2
+ t )(t
2
+ 4t + t
2
+ t) 1. a. y = enx
=
dy
= nenx
dx
3t
= d 2y

t + 4t +
2
t2 + t 2 = n2enx
dx
3t
= 1
b. f(x) = ln(x + 4)2

t 1 + 4 + t 1 + 1
t t
1
3 3 = ln(x + 4)
lim g(t) = = , since t = t for t > 0 2
1+1 2

t→∞
1 1 1
f'(x) = =
3 3 2 x+4 2(x + 4)
lim g(t) = = –, since t = –t for t < 0

t→–∞ –1 – 1 2 1 1 1
f''(x) = – 2 = –2
2 (x + 4) 2(x + 4)
3 3
y = and y = – are horizontal asymptotes. et – 1
2 2 c. s=
et + 1
8. y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
ds et(et + 1) – (et – 1)(et)
dy =
= 3ax2 + 2bx + c dt (et + 1)2
dx
d 2y
b
2 = 6ax + 2b = 6a x +
dx 3a =
2et
t
(e + 1)2
d 2y
For possible points of inflection, we solve 2 = 0:
dx d 2s 2et(et + 1)2 – 2et(2)(et + 1)(et)
b 2 =
x = –. dt (et + 1)4
3a
d 2y
The sign of 2 changes as x goes from values less 2e2t + 2et – 4e2t
dx =
(et + 1)3
–b –b
than to values greater than . Thus, there is a point
3a 3a 2et(1 – et)
–b =
of inflection at x = . (et + 1)3
3a
b dy

–b 2 –b

At x = , = 3a + 2b + c = c – .
3a dx 3a 3a
b2
3a d. g(t) = ln (t +
1 + t2)
1
1 + 121 + t
1
–
g'(t) = 2 2
(2t)
t +
1 + t2
t
1 + 2

1+t
=
t +
1 + t2
1
+ t2 + t

1 + t2
=
t + 1 + t2
1
=

1 + t2

1 3
g''(t) = –(1 + t2)–2 (2t) There is a local minimum at (–1, e2). The tangent
2
line at (–1, e2) is parallel to the x-axis.
–t
= 3 x–3
c. h(x) =
(1 + t2)2 x2 + 7
(1)(x2 + 7) – (x – 3)(2x)
h'(x) =
3. No. A counter example is sufficient to justify the (x2 + 7)2
conclusion. The function f(x) = x3 is always 7 + 6x – x2
increasing yet the graph is concave down for x < 0 =
(x2 + 7)2
and concave up for x > 0. (7 – x)(1 + x)
=
(x2 + 7)2
y Since x2 + 7 > 0 for all x, the only critical values
occur when h'(x) = 0. The critical values
are x = 7 and x = –1.
x
Interval x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 7 x = 7 x>7
h'(x) <0 =0 >0 =0 <0
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas-
4. 3
a. f(x) = –2x + 9x + 20 2 of h(t) ing Min ing Max ing
f'(x) = –6x2 + 18x
For critical values, we solve: 1
There is a local minimum at –1, – and a
2
f'(x) = 0
–6x(x – 3) = 0 1

local maximum at 7, . At both points, the
14
x = 0 or x = 3. tangents are parallel to the x-axis.
f''(x) = –12x + 18
d. k(x) = ln (x3 – 3x2 – 9x)
Since f''(0) = 18 > 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum
The domain of k(x) is the set of all x such that
point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is
x3 – 3x2 – 9x > 0.
horizontal at (0, 20). Since f''(3) = –18 < 0,
Let g(x) = x2 – 3x2 – 9x.
(3, 47) is a local maximum point. The tangent to
The x-intercepts of the graph of g(x) are found by
the graph of f(x) is horizontal at (3, 47).
solving g(x) = 0:
e–2t x(x2 – 3x – 9) = 0
b. g(t)
t2
3 ±
9 + 36
g(t) = e–2tt–2, t ≠ 0 x = 0 or x =
2
g'(t) = –2e–2tt–2 + e–2t(–2t–3) 3 ± 35
=
2e–2t(t + 1) 2
= – = 4.85 or –1.85.
t3
The graph of y = g(x) is
Since e–2t > 0 for all t, and g(t) has a discontinuity
at t = 0, the only critical value is t = –1. y
–1.85
Interval t < –1 t = –1 –1 < t < 0 t>0 x
0 4.85
g'(t) <0 =0 >0 <0
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increas- Decreas-
of g(t) ing ing

ln w2
Thus, the domain of k(x) is –1.85 < x < 0 or x > 4.85. 7. a. f(w) =
w
3x2 – 6x – 9
k'(x) = . = (2 lnw)(w –1)
x3 – 3x2 – 9x

Since the denominator x3 – 3x2 – 9x > 0, the only 2
f'(w) = (w–1) + (2 lnw)(–w–2)
critical values of k(x) result from w
3x2 – 6x – 9 = 0
= 2w–2 – 2w–2 lnw
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = –1 or x = 3 (this value is not in the domain).
1
f''(w) = –4w–3 + 4w–3 lnw – 2w–2
w
= –6w–3 + 4w–3 lnw
Interval –1.85 < x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 0 x > 4.85
4 lnw – 6
k'(x) >0 =0 <0 >0 =
w3
Graph Increasing Local Decreasing Increasing
For possible points of inflection, we solve f''(w) = 0.
of k(x) Max
Note: w3 ≠ 0.
4 lnw = 6
Thus, (–1, ln 5) is a local maximum. The tangent line 3
w = ± e2
is parallel to the x-axis at (–1, ln 5).
2x
6. a. y = Interval
3
w < –e2
3
w = –e2
3
–e2 < 0<w w = e2
3
w > e2
3
x–3 3
w<0 < e2

2x 2x f''(w) <0 =0 >0 <0 =0 >0
lim = –∞ and lim+ = ∞
–
x→3 x–3 x→3 x–3
Graph Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave
Therefore, x = 3 is a vertical asymptote. f(w) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
x–5
b. g(x) =

x+5 3 3
There is a discontinuity at x = –5. The points of inflection are –e2, – 3
e2
x–5
x–5
lim = ∞ and lim = –∞
x→–5– x+5 x→–5+ x+5
3 3
and e2, 3 .

e2
Therefore, x = –5 is a vertical asymptote.
s b. g(t) = tet
c. s = x
2e – 8 g'(t) = et + tet
There is a discontinuity when 2ex – 8 = 0 or x = ln 4. g''(t) = et + et + tet = et (t + 2)
Since et > 0, g''(t) = 0 when t = –2.
x→ln 4–
5

x→ln 4+
5
lim x = –∞ and lim x = ∞
2e – 8 2e – 8
Therefore, x = ln 4 is a vertical asymptote.
Interval t < –2 t = –2 t > –2
x2 – 2x – 15
d. f(x) =
x+3 g''(t) <0 =0 >0
(x + 3)(x – 5)
= Graph Concave Point of Concave
x+3
of g(t) Down Inflection Up
= x – 5, x ≠ –3
There is a discontinuity at x = –3.
2
There is a point of inflection at –2, –2
e
lim+ f(x) = –8 and lim– f(x) = –8
x→–3 x→–3
There is a hole in the graph of y = f(x) at (–3, –8).

y –2a + 2a + b
8. Hence, = 0 and b = 0.
10
4
Since (2, –1) is on the graph of g(x):
2a + b
–1 =
4 –2
2a + 0 = 2
x a = 1.
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 Therefore g(x) = .
(x – 1)(x – 4)
b. There are discontinuities at x = 1 and at x = 4.
–6
lim– g(x) = ∞ and lim+ g(x) = –∞
x→1 x→1
9. c. (i)
lim– g(x) = –∞ and lim+ g(x) = ∞
y x→4 x→4
x = 1 and x = 4 are vertical asymptotes.

The y-intercept is 0.
x 4 – x2
–1 1 2 3 g'(x) =
(x – 5x + 4)2
2
g'(x) = 0 when x = ± 2.
–3
Interval x x = –2 –2 < 1<x<2 x=2 2< x>4

(ii) < –2 x<1 x<4
y g'(x) <0 0 >0 >0 0 <0 <0

of g(x) ing Min ing ing Max ing ing
–5 1 5
x
1
There is a local minimum at –2, – and a local
9
maximum at (2, –1).
–3
y
ax + b
10. a. g(x) =
(x – 1)(x – 4)
ax + b –2
x
= 1 4
x2 – 5x + 4
–1
2
a(x – 5x + 4) – (ax + b)(2x – 5)
g'(x) =
(x2 – 5x + 4)2
Since the tangent at (2, –1) has slope 0, g'(2) = 0.

2x2 – 7x + 5
11. a. f(x) = 12. a. y = x4 – 8x2 + 7
2x – 1
This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous
2
f(x) = x – 3 + for all x. The y-intercept is 7.
2x – 1
The equation of the oblique asymptote is y = x – 3. dy
= 4x3 – 16x
x−3 dx
)
2x – 1 2x2 – 7x + 5 = 4x(x – 2)(x + 2)
2x2−
x The critical values are x = 0, –2, and 2.
–6x + 5
–6x+
3
2 Interval x < –2 x = –2 –2 < x=0 0<x x=2 x>2
x<0 <2
x→∞ x→∞
lim [y – f(x)] = lim x – 3 – x – 3 +
2
2x – 1
dy

dx
<0 =0 >0 =0 <0 =0 >0
= lim –
= 0
2 Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
x→∞ 2x – 1 of y ing Min ing Max ing Min ing
4x3 – x2 – 15x – 50 There are local minima at (–2, –9) and at (2, –9), and
b. f(x) = a local maximum at (0, 7).
x2 – 3x
18x – 50 y
f(x) = 4x + 11 +
x2 – 3x
7
4x 11
)
x2 – 3x 4x3 – x2 – 15x – 50
x
4x3− 2
12x
–5 –2 –1 1 2 3
2
11x – 15x
11x2−
33x
18x – 50 (–2,–9) (2,–9)
lim [y – f(x)] 3x – 1
x→∞ b. f(x) =
x+1
x→∞ 18x – 50
= lim 4x + 11 – 4x + 11 +
x2 – 3x
= 3 –
4
x+1
1
From experience, we know the graph of y = – is
18 50
– x
x x2 y
= lim
3
x→∞
1 –
x
3
=0
x
–1 1
–1
The graph of the given function is just a

1
transformation of the graph of y = –. The
x
vertical asymptote is x = –1 and the horizontal
asymptote is y = 3. The y-intercept is –1 and
1
there is an x-intercept at .
3
x2 + 1
c. g(x) = 2 y
4x – 9
x2 + 1
=
(2x – 3)(2x + 3)
3
The function is discontinuous at x = – and
2
3 x
at x = .
2
lim3– g(x) = ∞
x→–
2
lim3+ g(x) = –∞
x→–
2
d. y = 3x2 ln x, x > 0
lim3– g(x) = –∞

x→ dy 1
2
= 6x ln x + 3x2 = 3x(2 ln x + 1)
dx x
lim3+ g(x) = ∞
x→–
2 Since x > 0, the only critical value is when
3 3
Hence, x = – and x = are vertical asymptotes. 2 ln x + 1 = 0
2 2
1
1
The y-intercept is –. ln x = –
9 2
1
1
x = e 2 = .
–
2x(4x2 – 9) – (x2 + 1)(8x) – 26x e

g'(x) = =
(4x2 – 9)2 (4x2 – 9)2
1 1 1
Interval 0 < x < x = x >
g'(x) = 0 when x = 0. e e e
dy
<0 =0 >0
dx
3 3 3 3
Interval x < – – < x < 0 x=0 0 < x < x >
2 2 2 2 Graph of Decreasing Local Min Increasing
y
g'(x) >0 >0 =0 <0 <0
d 2y
Graph
g(x)
Increasing Increasing Local
Max
Decreasing Decreasing
dx
1
x
2 = 6 ln x + 6x + 3 = 6 ln x + 9
d 2y 3
2 = 0 when ln x = –
There is a local maximum at 0, – .
1
9 dx 2
x = e–2
3
1
1 + 2
x 1 1 3 3 3
lim g(x) = lim 9 = 4 and x→–∞
lim g(x) = Interval 0 < x < e–2 x = e–2 x > e–2
x→∞ x→∞
4 – 2 4
x d 2y
2 <0 =0 >0
1 dx
Hence, y = is a horizontal asymptote.
4 Graph of Concave Point of Concave
y Down Inflection Up

y
The second derivative changes signs on opposite
1

sides of x = –4. Hence, –4, – is a point
9
of inflection.
0.2 0.6
x
0.5 1 y
(0.6, –1.7)
x
e. h(x) = –4 –2
x
x2 – 4x + 4 2
x
= 2 = x(x – 2)–2
(x – 2)
t2 – 3t + 2
There is a discontinuity at x = 2 f. f(t) =
t–3
lim– h(x) = ∞ = lim+ h(x)
x→2 x→2 2
= t +
Thus, x = 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept t–3
is 0. Thus, f(t) = t is an oblique asymptote. There is a
h'(x) = (x – 2)–2 + x(–2)(x – 2)–3(1) discontinuity at t = 3.
x – 2 – 2x lim f(t) = –∞ and lim f(t) = ∞
= t→3– t→3+
(x – 2)3
Therefore, x = 3 is a vertical asymptote.
–2 – x
= 3 2
(x – 2) The y-intercept is –.
3
h'(x) = 0 when x = –2. The x-intercepts are t = 1 and t = 2.
2
Interval x < –2 x = –2 –2 < x < 2 x>2 f'(t) = 1 – 2
(t – 3)
h'(x) <0 =0 >0 <0 2
f'(t) = 0 when 1 – 2 = 0
(t – 3)
Graph of Decreas- Local Increas- Decreas-
h(x) ing Min ing ing (t – 3)2 = 2
t – 3 = ± 2
1 t = 3 ± 2.
There is a local minimum at (–2, –).
8
1 Interval t < 3 – 2 t= 3 – 2 3<t t= t>

x
lim h(x) = lim =0 3 – 2 <t<3 < 3 + 2 3 + 2 3 + 2
1 – x + x4
4
x→∞ x→∞
2
f'(t) >0 =0 <0 <0 =0 >0
Similarly, lim h(x) = 0

x→–∞ Graph of Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. f(t) ing Max ing ing Min ing
h''(x) = –2(x – 2)–3 – 2(x – 2)–3 + 6x(x – 2)–4

= –4(x – 2)–3 + 6x(x – 2)–4 (1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local
minimum.
2x + 8
= 4
(x – 2)
h''(x) = 0 when x = –4

s
y 10
(4.4, 5.8)
(1.6, 0.2)
t
–1 1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
100
h. P =
1 + 50e–0.2t
100
g. s = te–3t + 10 When t = 0, P = =˙ 1.99
51
At t = 0, s = 10.
dP
ds = –100(1 + 50e–0.2t)–2 (50e–0.2t)(–0.2)
= e–3t + te–3t (–3) = e–3t (1 – 3t) dt
dt
1000e–0.2t
ds 1 =
Since e > 0, = 0 when t = .
–3t (1 + 50e–0.2t)2
dt 3
dP
Since > 0 for all t, the graph is always increasing.
dt
1 1 1
Interval
ds
t <
3
t =
3
t >
3
lim
t→∞
100
1 + 50e–0.2t
= 100 and lim
t→–∞
100
1 + 50e–0.2t
=0
>0 0 <0
dt Thus, P = 100 is a horizontal asymptote for large
Graph Increasing Total Decreasing positive values of t, and P = 0 (the horizontal axis)
of s Maximum
is a horizontal asymptote for large negative values
13, 10 + 31e is a local maximum point.

of t. It can be shown that there is a point of inflection
at t =˙ 20.
1
Since s is always decreasing for t > , and te–3t
3 P
1
is positive for t > , the graph will always be 100
3
above the line s = 10, but it is approaching the line
s = 10 as t → ∞. Thus, s = 10, it is a horizontal
asymptote. Since s is continuous for all t, has a
t

1 1 20
local maximum at , 10 + e , and has
3 3
s = 10 as a horizontal asymptote, we conclude
that there is an inflection point at a value of
1
t > . (It can be shown that there is an
3
2
inflection point at t = .)
3

P = 104te–0.2t + 100, t ≥ 0

13. x2 + 1 x2 + 1
14. y = ln , > 0
dP x2 – 1 x2 – 1
a. = 104[e–0.2t + te–0.2t(–0.2)]
dt
Since x2 + 1 > 0 for all x, for y to be defined,
= 104e–0.2t [1 – 0.2t] x2 – 1 > 0. The domain is x < –1 or x > 1.
y can be written as y = ln(x2 + 1) – ln(x2 – 1).
dP 1
= 0 when t = = 5.
dt 0.2 dy 2x 2x
Thus, = –
dP dP dx x2 + 1 x2 – 1
Since > 0 for 0 ≤ t < 5 and < 0 for t > 5,
dt dt
–4x
the maximum population of the colony is = = –4x(x4 – 1)–1
x4 – 1
P = 104(5)e–1 =˙ 18 994 and it occurs on the fifth day
after the creation of the colony. d 2y
2 = –4(x4 – 1)–1 – 4x(–1)(x4 – 1)–2(4x3)
dx
b. The growth rate of the colony is the function
dP –4x4 + 4 + 16x4 4 + 12x4
. The rate of change of the growth rate is = = .
dt (x4 – 1)2 (x4 – 1)2
d 2P
= 104[e–0.2t(–0.2)(1 – 0.2t) + e–0.2t(–0.2)] d 2y
dt 2 Since x ≠ ± 1, 2 is positive for all x in the domain.
dx
= 104e–0.2t[0.04t – 0.4].
2x + 4
15. a. f(x) =
d 2P x 2 – k2
To determine when starts to increase, we need
dt 2
2(x2 – k2) – (2x + 4)(2x)
d 3P f'(x) =
. (x2 – k2)2
dt3
d 3P 2x2 + 8x + 2k2
= 104[e–0.2t(–0.2)(0.04t – 0.4) + e–0.2t(0.04)] = –
dt3 (x2 – k2)2
= 104e–0.2t[0.12 – 0.008t] For critical values, f'(x) = 0 and x ≠ ± k:

x2 + 4x + k2 = 0
= 80e–0.2t (15 – t)
–4 ±
16 – 4
k2
3 3 x = .
dP dP 2
Since > 0 for 0 ≤ t < 15 and < 0 for
dt3 dt3
d 2P For real roots, 16 – 4k2 ≥ 0
t > 15, is increasing from the moment the
dt 2 –2 ≤ k ≤ 2.
colony is formed and continues for the first The conditions for critical points to exist
15 days. are –2 ≤ k ≤ 2 and x ≠ ±k.
100
t
5 10 15 20

b. There are three different graphs that result for d. x = –3, x = 4
values of k chosen.
e. f''(x) > 0
(i) k = 0
f. –3 < x < 0 or 4 < x < 8
y
g. (–8, 0), (10, –3)
2. a. g(x) = 2x4 – 8x3 – x2 + 6x

g'(x) = 8x3 – 24x2 – 2x + 6
To find the critical points, we solve g'(x) = 0:
x 8x3 – 24x2 – 2x + 6 = 0
4x3 – 12x2 – x + 3 = 0
Since g'(3) = 0, (x – 3) is a factor.
(ii) k = 2
(x – 3)(4x2 – 1) = 0
y 1 1
x = 3 or x = – or x = .
2 2
Note: We could also group to get
4x2(x – 3) – (x – 3) = 0.
x b. g''(x) = 24x2 – 48x – 2

2

1
2
1 17

Since g'' – = 28 > 0, –, – is a
2 8
local maximum.
(iii) For all other values of k, the graph will be

1
2
1 15
Since g'' = –20 < 0, , is a
2 8
similar to that of 1(i) in Exercise 9.5. local maximum.
y Since g''(3) = 70 > 0, (3, –45) is a

local minimum.
3. y
x (–1, 7)
6
(1, 4)
(3, 2)
x
Chapter 9 Test –4
1. a. x < –9 or –6 < x < –3 or 0 < x < 4 or x > 8
b. –9 < x < –6 or –3 < x < 0 or 4 < x < 8
c. (–9, 1), (–6, –2), (0, 1), (8, –2)

x2 + 7x + 10
4. g(x) = 5. g(x) = e2x(x2 – 2)
(x – 3)(x + 2)
g'(x) = e2x(2)(x2 – 2) + e2x(2x)
The function g(x) is not defined at x = –2 or x = 3.
= 2e2x(x2 + x – 2)
At x = –2, the value of the numerator is 0. Thus,
To find the critical points, we solve g'(x) = 0:
there is a discontinuity at x = –2, but x = –2 is not a
2e2x(x2 + x – 2) = 0
vertical asymptote.
(x + 2)(x – 1) = 0, since e2x > 0 for all x
At x = 3, the value of the numerator is 40. x = 3 is a
x = –2 or x = 1.
vertical asymptote.
(x + 2)(x + 5) x + 5 Interval x < –2 x = –2 –2 < x < 1 x=1 x>1

g(x) = = , x ≠ –2
(x – 3)(x + 2) x – 3
g'(x) >0 0 <0 0 >0
lim g(x) = lim
x→–2– x→–2–
x+5
x–3 Graph of Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
g(x) ing Max ing Min ing
3
= –
5 2
The function g(x) has a local maximum at –2, 4 and a
lim g(x) = lim
x→–2+ x→–2+
x+5
x–3 local minimum at (1, –e2).
e
3
= –
5 2x + 10
6. f(x) =
x2 – 9
3
There is a hole in the graph of g(x) at –2, – .
5 =
2x + 10

x+5 (x – 3)(x + 3)
lim– g(x) = lim–
x→3 x→3 x–3 There are discontinuities at x = –3 and at x = 3.
}
= –∞
lim f(x) = ∞
x→–3–
x = –3 is a vertical asymptote.
x+5
lim+ g(x) = lim+
x→3 x→3 x–3 lim f(x) = –∞
x→–3+
}
=∞ lim– f(x) = –∞
x→3
x = 3 is a vertical asymptote.
There is a vertical asymptote at x = 3. lim+ f(x) = ∞
x→3
Also, lim g(x) = lim g(x) = 1.

10
The y-intercept is – and x = –5 is an x-intercept.
x→∞ x→–∞
Thus, y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote. 9

2(x2 – 9) – (2x + 10)(2x)
f'(x) =
y (x2 – 9)2
–2x2 – 20x – 18
=
(x2 – 9)2
1 For critical values, we solve f'(x) = 0:
–2 x2 + 10x + 9 = 0
x
–5 3
(x + 1)(x + 9) = 0
x = –1 or x = –9.
Interval x < –9 x = –9 –9 < –3 < x = –1 –1 < x>3

x < –3 x < –1 x<3
f'(x) <0 0 >0 >0 0 <0 <0

f(x) ing Min ing ing Max ing ing

–9, –19 is a local minimum and (–1, –1) is a local
b. f'(x) = 3x2 + 6x
= 3x(x + 2)
maximum. The critical points are (–2, 6) and (0, 2).
2 10
+ f''(x) = 6x + 6
x x2
lim f(x) = lim 9 = 0 and
Since f''(–2) = –6 < 0, (–2, 6) is a local maximum.
x→∞ x→∞
1 – 2 Since f'(0) = 6 > 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
x

2 10
+ y
x x2
lim f(x) = lim =0
9
x→–∞ x→–∞
1 – 2
x
(–2, 6)
y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y 2
x
x
–5 –3 3
2

9. y = x3 (x – 5)
5 2

= x3 – 5x3
dy 5 2 10 –1
= x3 – x 3
dx 3 3
7. y = x2 + ln (kx)
5 –1
2
= x + ln k + ln x = x 3(x – 2)
3
5(x – 2)
dy 1 =
= 2x + 3x3
1

dx x
dy
d 2y 1 The critical values are x = 2 when = 0,
2 = 2 – 2 dx
dx x dy
and x = 0 when does not exist.
The second derivative is independent of k. There is not dx
enough information to determine k.
Interval x<0 x=0 0<x<2 x=2 x>2

8. f(x)= x3 + bx2 + c
a. f'(x) = 3x2 + 2bx dy >0 Does Not <0 =0 >0

Since f'(–2) = 0, 12 – 4b = 0 dx Exist
b = 3. Graph of Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
Also, f(–2) = 6. y = f(x) ing Max ing Min ing
Thus, –8 + 12 + c = 6
c = 2. d 2y 10 1 10 4
2 = x–3 + x–3
dx 9 9
=
9
10 x + 1
4
x3

There are possible points of inflection at
x = –1 and x = 0.

Interval x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 0 x = 0 x>0
<0 =0 >0 Does >0
d 2y
Not
dx 2 Exist
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave
Cusp
y = f(x) Down Inflection Up Up
The y-intercept is 0. There are x-intercepts at 0 and 5.
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
10. y = x2 ekx + p
dy
= 2xekx + x2(kekx)
dx
= xekx (2 + kx)
2 dy
a. When x = , = 0.
3 dx
2 2
3 2
Thus, 0 = e3k 2 + k .
3
2 2
Since e3k > 0, 2 + k = 0
3
k = –3.
b. The parameter p represents a vertical translation of

the graph of y = x2e–3x.

et – e–t
Chapters 3–9 5. d. s=
et + e–t
x3 – 8 ds [et + e–t][et + e–t]–(et – e–t)(et – e–t)
2. c. lim =
x→2 x – 2
dt (et + e–t)2
(x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
= lim e2t + 2 + e–2t –(e2t – 2 + e–2t)
x→2 x–2 =
(et + e–t)2
= lim x2 + 2x + 4 4
x→2 =
(et + e–t)2
= 12
(
2 + x – 2) 2 + x + 2)
( f. s = (1n t + et)t
f. lim
x→0
2x (2+ x + 2)
= lim
2+x–2
ds 1

= + et t + ln t + et
dt t
x→0
x2 (2
+ x + 2) = 1 + tet + ln t + et
1
= lim
2(
2 + x + 2)
3x
x→0 1
6. c. w= +
x
1
=
3 – x1
1
4 dw 1 1 –
= 3x +
2
2
dx 2 x
2–x
4. b. y =

1
x2 1 x 3x2 – 1
= 2 2

2 3x + 1 x2

dy 2 – (x + h) 2 – x
= lim – 1
dx h→0 (x + h)2 x2 1 (3x2 – 1)2

=
2 3

2x2 – x2(x + h) – (2 – x)(x2 + 2xh + h2) x2
= lim
h→0 hx2(x + h)2
2x– x3 – x2h – 2x2 + x3 – 4xh + 2x2h – 2h2 + xh2 h. 1n (x2y) = 2y

= lim
h(x2)(x + h)2

h→0
1 dy dy
2 x2 + 2xy = 2
2 2
h[–x – 4x + 2x – 2h + xh] xy dx dx
= lim
h→0 h(x2)(x + h)2 1 dy 2 dy
+ = 2
2
x – 4x y dx x dx
=
x4

dy 1 2
2 – =
x–4 dx y x
=
x3

dy 2 y 2y
= =
dx x 2y – 1 2xy – x

12. y2 = e2x + 2y – e

2 + 3t
8. c. s =3
2 – 3t When y = 2, therefore 4 = e2x + 4 – e
e2x = e

1
2 + 3t
s = 3 2
2x = 1
2 – 3t
1
x =
2

1
ds 1 2 + 3t 3(2 – 3t)–(–3)(2 + 3t)
–
= 3 2
2 y2 = e2x + 2y – e
dt 2 2 – 3t (2 – 3t)
dy dy
2y = 2e2x + 2

1

3 2 – 3t
12 + 12t dx dx
=
2
2
2 2 + 3t (2 – 3t) 1
At x = , y = 2:
2
dy dy
18 4 = 2e + 2
= 1 dx dx
3
(2 + 3t)2(2 – 3t)2 dy
2 = 2e
dx
f. x3 + 3x2y + y3 = c3
dy
= e.
dy dy dx
3x2 + 6xy + 3x2 + 3y2 = 0
dx dx
dy 2 13. x2 – xy + 3y2 = 132
(3x + 3y2) = –3x2 – 6xy
dx Using implicit differentiation:
dy –3(x2 + 2xy) –(x2 + 2xy) dy dy
= = 2x – y – x + 6y = 0
dx 3(x2 + y2) x2 + y2 dx dx
dy
ds The slope of x – y = 2 is 1, therefore, = 1.
9. = et + tet (2t)
2 2
dx
dt Substituting,
ds 2x – y – x + 6y = 0 or x + 5y = 0
At x = π, = eπ + πeπ (2π)
2 2
dt Substitute x = –5y into x2 – xy + 3y2 = 132:

= eπ (1 + 2π 2). 25y2 + 5y2 + 3y2 = 132
2
At t = π, s = πeπ or the point is (π,πeπ ).

2 2
33y2 = 132
y2 = 4
The equation is
y = ±2
y –πeπ = eπ (1 + 2π 2)(x – π).
2 2
y = 2 or y = –2
x = –10 or x = 10.
10. y = e kx, y' = kekx, y'' = k2ekx, y''' = k3ekx
The equations are y – 2 = x + 10 or y = x + 12,
a. y'' – 3y' + 2y = 0 and y + 2 = x – 10 or y = x – 12.
k2ekx – 3kekx + 2ekx = 0
14. Note: the point (3, 2) is not on the curve y = x2 – 7.
Since ekx ≠ 0,
Let any point on the curve be (a, a2 – 7):
k2 – 3k + 2 = 0
(k – 2)(k – 1) = 0 dy dy
= 2x or at x = a = 2a.
k = 2 or k = 1. dx dx
Equation of the tangent is
b. y''' – y'' – 4y' + 4y = 0
y –(a2 – 7) = 2a(x – a).
ekx[k3 – k2 – 4k + 4] = 0 or k3 – k2 – 4k + 4 = 0
Since (3, 2) lies on the line, therefore,
k2(k – 1) + 4(k – 1) = 0
2 – a2 + 7 = 2a(3 – a)
(k – 1)(k – 2)(k + 2) = 0
a2 – 6a + 5 = 0
k = 1, 2 or –2
(a – 5)(a – 1) = 0
a = 5 or a = 1

If a = 5, the equation of the tangent is Let x represent the horizontal distance and s the
y – 18 = 10(x – 5) or y = 10x – 32. length of the string.
If a = 1, the equation of the tangent is s 2 = x2 + 502
y + 6 = 2(x – 1) or y = 2x – 8. ds
Determine when s = 100.
dt
1 Differentiate with respect to t:
15. Slope of 3x + 9y = 8 is –.
3
ds dx
The slope of the tangent is 3: 2s = 2x
dt dt
dy 1 dx
= 1 + = 3 and when s = 100, x2 = 1002 – 502
dx x dt
x = 503.
1 ds
Therefore, 1 + = 3 Therefore, 100 = 503(3)
x dt
1
= 2 dA 32
x = m/s.
dt 2
x = 2. 20.
dy 3 4
When x = 2, y = 2 + ln 2, and = = m.
dx 2
The equation of the tangents is r

3
y –(2 + ln 2) = (x – 2) or 6x – 2y –(2 ln 2 + 2) = 0 5m
2
h
17. b. Average velocity in the fourth second is
s(4) – s(3) –4 –(4)
= = 0.
4–3 1
18. a. Surface area is A = 4πr2. Let r represent the radius of the water and h the
height of the water. The volume of water is
dA
Determine : 1
dt V = πr 2h.
3
dA dr
= 8πr .
dt dt r 4
b. =
dr h 5
When = 2 and r = 7,
dt
5
dA h = r
= 8π(2)(7) = 112 mm2/s. 4
dt
1 5
x V = πr 2( r)
19. 3 4
5πr3
=
12
50 m s

dh
c. Determine when r = 3 m or 300 cm: 160(80t) – 200(200 – 100t) = 0
dt
5πr3 160(80t) = 200(200 – 100t) = 0
v = 160(80t) + 200(100t) = 200 200
12
32 800t = 40 000
dv 5π dv
= (3r2) t =˙ 1.22
dt 12 dt
The time is 1 h 13 min or at 14:13.
5π dr
= r2 .
4 dt 100
23. b. w = 4 –
When v = 10 000, r = 300: 22 + 25
dw
5π dr = –200z(z2 + 25)–2
10 000 = (300)2 dz
12 dt
200z
=
dr 4 10 000 4 (z2 + 25)2
= = .
dt 5 π 90 000 45π dw
For extreme points, = 0.
dz
5 dh 5 dr
But h = r or = Therefore, z = 0 and the point is (0, 0).
4 dt 4 dt
5 4 d 2w 200(z2 + 25)2 – 2(z2 + 25)(2x)200z
= =
4 45π dz2 (z2 + 25)2
1 d 2w
= cm/min. For a point of inflection, let = 0:
9π dz2
200(z2 + 25)2 – 800z2(z2 + 25) = 0
22. (z2 + 25)2 – 4z2(z2 + 25) = 0 or z2 + 25 – 4z2
T Q B
=0
2
3z = 25
25 5
z2 = or z = ±
P
3 3
100
w=4–
A 25
+ 25
3
300
Car B is travelling west and Car A is travelling south. = 4 –
100
BT = 2 100 = 1.

= 200 km 5 –5
The points of inflection are , 1 and .
TP = 80 t 3 3, 1
QT = 200 – 100t
d. y = x3e–2x
Let PQ = s, therefore,
s2 = (80t)2 + (200 – 100t)2 dy
= 3x2e–2x + (–2)(e–2x)x3 = 3x2e–2x – 2x3e–2x
dx
Differentiate with respect to t: dy
For extreme values, let = 0:
ds dx
2s = 160(80t) + 2(200 – 100t)(–100).
dt 3x2e–2x – 2x3e–2x = 0
ds
To determine when the two cars were closest, let = 0. 3x2 – 2x3 = 0
dt
x2(3 – 2x) = 0
3
x = 0 or x =
2
27
y = 0 or y = e–3.
8
3 27

Local extreme points are (0, 0) and , e–3 .
2 8
8
For points of inflection: 24. a. y =
x2 – 9
d 2y Discontinuity is at x = ±3.
2 = 6xe–2x – 6x2e–2x – 6x2e–2x + 4x3e–2x.
dx
d 2y 8
For point of inflection, let 2 = 0: lim = +∞
dx x→–3– x2 – 9
3
6x – 6x2 – 6x2 + 4x3 = 0 or 4x3 – 12x2 + 6x =0 lim 2 = –∞
x→–3+ x – 9
2x3 – 6x2 + 3x =0 8
lim 2 = –∞
x(2x2 – 6x + 3) =0 x→–3– x – 9
x = 0 or 2x2 – 6x + 3 8
=0 lim 2 = +∞
x→–3+ x – 9
3 + 3 3 – 3
or x = or x = . Vertical asymptotes at x = 3 and x = –3:
2 2
8 8
The points of inflection are (0, 0), lim 2 = 0 and lim 2 = 0.
x→∞ x – 9 x→∞ x – 9
3 + 3 (3 + 3)3 (3 3)

– +
Horizontal asymptote at y = 0:
, e ,
2 8
dy 16x
= –8(x2 – 9)–2(2x) = .
.
dx (x2 – 9)2
3 – 3 (3 – 3) 3 3–3
and , e
2 8 dy –16x
Let = 0, = 0. Therefore, x = 0.
dx (x2 – 92)
f. n = 10pe–p + 2
dn
= 10 e–p – 10 pe–p
8
The local maximum is at 0, – .
9
dp 4x3
b. y =
x2 – 1
d 2n
2 = –10e–p – 10e–p + 10 pe–p Discontinuous at x = ±1.
dp

dn 4x3
For extreme points, let = 0: lim– 2 = –∞
dp x→–1 x –1
10e–p – 10pe–p = 0
p=1
n = 10e–1 + 2.
lim+
x→–1
4x3

2 = +∞
x –1
The extreme point is (1, 10e–1 + 2) 4x3
lim– 2 = –∞
x→–1 x – 1
d 2n
For points of inflection, let 2 = 0:
dp 4x3
lim+ 2 = +∞
x→–1 x – 1
–10e–p – 10e–p + 10pe–p = 0
–20 + 10p = 0 Vertical asymptote is at x = 1 and x = –1.
p=2
n = 20e–2 + 2. 4x3 4x
y=2 = 4x +
The point of inflection is (2, 20e–2 + 2). x –1 x2 – 1
Oblique asymptote is at y = 4x.

dy 12x2(x2 – 1) – 2x(4x3)
=
dx (x2 – 1)2

dy
For extreme values, let = 0. P
dx
12x2(x2 – 1) – 8x4 = 0
4x2(x2 – 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = ±3
Critical points are (0, 0), (3, 63), (–3, –63).
n
10n2 –2 0 2
25. a. p = 2
n + 25
There are no discontinuities. b. y = x ln(3x)
The curve passes through point (0, 0). Note: x > 0 for y to be defined.
Determine extreme values and points of inflection: There is no y-intercept.
dp 20n(n2 + 25) – 2n(10n2) Determine extreme values and points of inflection:
=
dn (n2 + 25)2

dy 3
= ln 3x + x
dx 3x
500n
=
(n2 + 25)2 = ln 3x + 1
2
d y 3 1
d 2p 500(n2 + 25)2 – 2(n2 + 25)(2n)(500n) 2 = = .
2 = dx 3x x
dn (n2 + 25)4
dy
Let = 0, ln 3x = –1
500(25 – 3n2) dx
= .
(n2 + 25)3 3x = e–1
dp 1 1
Let = 0, therefore, 500n = 0 or n = 0 and p = 0. x = and y = –.
dn 3e 3e
d 2y
2 2 ≠ 0, no point of inflection
dp dx
Let 2 = 0
dn
1 d 2y
When x = , 2 > 0, therefore a minimum point
3n2 = 25 3e dx
25
n2 =
3
1 1

occurs at , – or (0.12, –0.12).
3e 3e
5
n = ±
3 y
=˙ ±2.9
p = 2.5 1
Points of inflection are at (2.9, 2.5) and (–2.9, 2.5).
d 2p x
When n = 0, 2 > 0, therefore a minimum point –1 1
dn
occurs at (0, 0).
10
Horizontal asymptote: lim = 10
n→∞ 25
1 + 2
10 = 10. n
and lim
n→∞ 25
1 + 2
n
Horizontal asymptote at y = 10.

3x y
c. y =
x2 – 4
Discontinuity is at x2 – 4 = 0 or x = ±2.
3x
lim = +∞
x→–2+x2 – 4
3x x
lim = –∞ –2 2
x→–2–x2 – 4
3x
lim = +∞
x→–2+x2 – 4
3x
lim = –∞
x→–2–x2 – 4 x2
d. y = 10– 4
Vertical asymptotes are at x = 2 and x = –2. y-intercept, let x = 0, y = 1.
Horizontal asymptote: Determine extreme values and points of inflection:

2
dy x –x
3x = – ln 10 104
lim 2 = 0
dx 2
x→∞ x – 4

d 2y –ln 10 –x –x
2
lim
3x
2 = 0.
2 = 104 + (ln 10)
x→–∞ x – 4 dx 2 2

2
–x –x
Horizontal asymptote at y = 0. = ln 10 104
2
Determine extreme values and points of inflection:

2 2
ln 10 –x x2 –x
dy 3(x2 – 4) – 3x(2x)
= = – 104 + (ln 10)2 104 .
dx (x2 – 4)2 2 4

2
dy –x –x
2
–3x – 12 Let = 0, therefore ln 10 104 = 0 or x = 0.
= dx 2
(x2 – 4)2
d 2y
Let 2 = 0, that is:
d 2y –6x(x2 – 4)2 – 2(x2 – 4)(2x)(–3x2 – 12) dx
2 =
dx (x2 – 4)4

2
ln 10 –x x2
104 –1 + ln 10 = 0
2 4
6x(x4 + 8x2 – 48)
=
(x2 – 4)4 x2
(ln 10) = 1
4
6x(x2 + 12)(x2 – 4) 4
= x2 =
(x2 – 4)4 ln 10
6x(x2 + 4) x = ±1.3
=
(x2 – 4)3 y = 0.38.
dy Points of inflection occur at (1.3, 0.38) and
Let = 0 or –3x2 – 12 = 0 (–1.3, 0.38).
dx
x2 = –4. d 2y
At x = 0, 2 < 0, therefore a maximum point
There are no real values for x. There are no dx
extreme points. occurs at (0, 1).
For points of inflection:
d 2y
2 = 0 or 6x(x2 + 4) = 0
dx
x = 0.
Point of inflection is (0, 0).

y 27.
x
–1 1
Let the radius be r and the height be h in cm.

Minimize the surface area:
26. y 500 mL = 500 cm3
V = πr2h,
x 500 = πr2h
500
h =
y πr2
Let the length be y and the width be x in metres. A = 2πr2 + 2πrh

5x + 2y = 750 500
A = 2πr2 + 2πr
A = xy πr2
But, 2y = 750 – 5x 1000
A(r) = 2πr2 + , 1 ≤ r ≤ 15
r
750 – 5x
y = , 0 ≤ x ≤ 150
2 1000
A'(r) = 4πr –
r2

750 – 5x
A(x) = x
2 Let A'(r) = 0, 4πr3 = 1000:
5x2
= 375x – . 250
r3 =
2 π
A'(x) = 375 – 5x r =˙ 4.3.
Let A'(x) = 0, x = 187.5. A(1) = 1006.3, A(4.3) = 348.7, A(15) = 1480.4
Using the max min algorithm, The minimum amount of material is used when the
A(0) = 0 radius is 4.3 cm and the height is 8.6 cm.
A(187.5) = 14 062.5 m2
A(150) = 0.
The maximum area of the four pens is 14 062.5 m2.

28. Using the max min algorithm:
V(0) = 0
V(46.6) = 101 629.5 cm3
V(70) = 0.
The box of maximum volume has dimensions of 46.7 cm
by 46.7 cm by 46.6 cm.
Let the radius be r and the height h.

30. R(x) = x(50 – x2) = 50x – x3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 50
Minimize the cost: R'(x) = 50 – 3x2
C = 2πr2(0.005) + 2πrh(0.0025) For a maximum value, let R'(x) = 0:
V = πr2h = 4000 3x2 = 50
x =˙ 4.1.
4000
h = Using the max min algorithm:
πr2
R(0) = 0, R(4.1) =˙ 136, R (50) = 0.
C(r) = 2πr2(0.005) + 2πr
4000
πr2
(0.0025) The maximum revenue is $136 when the price
20 is about $4.10.
= 0.01πr2 + , 1 ≤ r ≤ 36
r
20 4000
C'(r) = 0.02πr – . 31. p =
r2 1 + 3e–0.1373t
For a maximum or minimum value, let C'(r) = 0.
a. For the maximum population, determine:
20
0.02πr – =0 4000
r2 lim –0.1373t = 4000.
t→∞ 1 + 3e
20
r3 =
0.02π The maximum population expected is 4000.
r =˙ 6.8 dp
b. = –4000(1 + 3e–0.1373t )–2(3 (–0.1373)e–0.1373t)
Using the max min algorithm: dt
C(1) = 20.03, C(6.8) = 4.39, C(36) = 41.27.
1647.6e–0.1373t
The dimensions for the cheapest box are a radius =
(1 + 3e–0.1373t)2
of 6.8 cm and a height of 27.5 cm.
2
dp 1647.6(–0.1373)(e–0.1373t)(1 + 3e–0.1373t ) – 2(1 + 3e–0.1373t)(–0.4119e–0.1373t)(1647.6e–0.1373t)
2

2 =
–0.1373t 4
29. a. dt (1 + 3e )
2
dp
Let
2 = 0. To find when the rate of change of the growth rate started
dt
h to decrease:
x Let 1647.6e–0.1373t(1 + 3e–0.1373t)[–0.1373 – 0.4119e–0.1373t + 0.8238e–0.1373t] = 0
x or 0.4119e–0.1373t = 0.1373
e–0.1373t = 0.3333
h + 2x = 140
ln 0.3333
h = 140 – 2x t =
–0.1373t
b. V = x2h =˙ 8
= x2(140 – 2x)
= 140x2 – 2x3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 70 The rate of change of the growth rate started to decrease after eight years.
V'(x) = 280x – 6x2
For a maximum or minimum value, let V'(x) = 0:
280x – 6x2 = 0
x(280 – 6x) = 0
280
x = 0 or x =
6
=˙ 46.7.
c. f 34. a. f (x) = 1 + (x + 3)2, –2 ≤ x ≤ 6
f'(x) = 2(x + 3)
For critical values, we solve f'(x) = 0:
2000 2(x + 3) = 0
x = –3, not in the domain.
1000
f (–2) = 1 + 1 = 2
t f (6) = 1 + 81 = 82
10
The minimum value is 2 and the maximum
value is 82.
f (x) = 1 + (x – 3)2, –2 ≤ x ≤ 6
d. Data must be collected for six more years. f'(x) = 2(x – 3)
For critical values we solve f'(x) = 0
32. f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d 2(x – 3) = 0
f'(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c x = 3.
f''(x) = 6ax + 2b f(–2) = 1 + 1 = 2
Relative maximum at (1, –7), therefore f'(1) = 0: f(3) = 1 + 0 = 1
3a + 2b + c = 0 (1) f(6) = 1 + 81 = 82
Point of inflection at (2, –11), therefore f ''(2) = 0: The minimum value is 1 and the maximum
12a + 2b = 0 value is 82.
6a + b = 0 (2) 1
b. f(x) = x + , 1 ≤ x ≤ 9
Since (1, –7) is on the curve, then x
a + b + c + d = –7 (3). 1 –3
f'(x) = 1 – x 2
Since (2, –11) is on the curve, then, 2
3
8a + 4b + 2c + d = –1 (4)
2x2 – 1
=
(4) – (3): 7a + 3b + c = –4 (5) 3

2x2
(5) – (1): 4a + b = –4
For critical values, we solve f'(x) = 0
6a + b = –0
or f'(x) does not exist:
–2a = –4 3

a=2 f'(x) = 0 when 2x2 – 1 = 0

3
b = –12. 1 2
x = .
Substitute in (1): 6 – 24 + c = 0 2
c = 18. Since x ≠ 0, there are no values for which f'(x)
Substitute in (3): 2 – 12 + 18 + d = – 7 does not exist. The critical value is not in the
d = –15. domain of f.
3 2
The function is f(x) = 2x – 12x + 18x – 15. 1
f (1) = 1 + = 2
1
33. y 1 1

f (9) = 9 + = 93
3
The minimum value of f is 2 and the maximum
1

value is 93.
x
12

ex
c. f (x) = , 0≤ x≤ 4 36. x2 + xy + y2 = 19
1 + ex
To find the coordinates of the points of contact of
ex(1 + ex) – ex(ex)
f'(x) = the tangents, substitute y = 2 in the equation of the
(1 + ex)2
given curve.
ex
= x2 + 2x – 15 = 0
(1 + ex)2
(x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
Since ex > 0 for all x, there are no critical values. x = –5 or x = 3
1 The points on the curve are (–5, 2) and (3, 2).
f (0) =
1+1 The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
1
= dy
2 curve is given by .
dx
e4 dy
f (4) = 4 =˙ .982 To find , we differentiate implicitly:
1+e dx
1
The minimum value of f is and the maximum dy dy
2 2x + (1)y + x + 2y = 0.
value is .982 dx dx
d. f (x) = x + ln (x), 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 dy dy
At (3, 2), 6 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 0
1 dx dx
f'(x) = 1 +
x dy 8
x+1 = –.
= dx 7
x
The equation of the tangent line to the curve at (3, 2) is
Since 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, there are no critical values.
8
f(1) = 1 + 0 = 1 y – 2 = –(x – 3) or 8x + 7y – 38 = 0.
7
f(5) = 5 + ln 5 =˙ 6.609
dy dy
The minimum value of f is 1 and the maximum At (–5, 2), –10 + 2 – 5 + 4 = 0
dx dx
value is 5 + ln5.
dy
= –8.
35. Let the number of $30 price reductions be n. dx
The resulting number of tourists will be 80 + n The equation of the tangent line to the curve at (–5, 2)
where 0 ≤ n ≤ 70. The price per tourist will be is y – 2 = –8(x + 5) or 8x + y + 38 = 0.
5000 – 30n dollars. The revenue to the travel agency
4
will be (5000 – 30n)(80 + n) dollars. The cost to the 37. y =
x2 – 4
agency will be 250 000 + 300(80 + n) dollars.
There are discontinuities at x = –2 and at x = 2.
Profit = Revenue – Cost

P(n) = (5000 – 30n)(80 + n) – 250 000 – 300(80 + n), 4
lim =∞
0 ≤ n ≤ 70 x2 – 4
x→–2–
x = –2 is a vertical asymptote.
lim = –∞
P'(n) = –30(80 + n) + (5000 – 30n)(1) – 300 4
2
= 2300 – 60n x→–2+x –4
1

P'(n) = 0 when n = 383

Since n must be an integer, we now evaluate P(n) for 4
lim 2 = –∞
n = 0, 38, 39, and 70. (Since P(n) is a quadratic function x→2– x –4
1

x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
lim = ∞
whose graph opens downward with vertex at 38 , we 3 4
2
know P(38) > P(39).) x→2+ x –4
P(0) = 126 000
P(38) = (3860)(118) – 250 000 – 300(118) = 170 080
P(39) = (3830)(119) – 250 000 – 300(119) = 170 070
lim
x→∞
4

= 0 = lim
x2 – 4 x→–∞
4

x2 – 4
P(70) = (2900)(150) – 250 000 – 300(150) = 140 000 Thus, y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
The price per person should be lowered by $1140
(38 decrements of $30) to realize a maximum profit
of $170 080.
dy –8x
= 4(–1)(x2 – 4)–2(2x) = 39. f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
dx (x2 – 4)2
f'(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
The only critical value is x = 0 (since x = ±2). Since the points (–2, 3) and (1, 0) are on the curve, we have
–8a + 4b – 2c + d = 3 (1)
Interval x < –2 –2 < x < 0 0 0<x<2 x>0 and a + b + c + d = 0. (2)
dy Since x = –2 and x = 1 are critical values and f (x) is a
>0 >0 =0 <0 <0
dx
Graph Local polynomial function, we have f'(–2) = 0 = f'. (1)
Increasing Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Thus, 12a – 4b + c = 0 (3)
of y Max
and 3a + 2b + c = 0 (4)
There is a local maximum at (0, –1). Solving the system of equations yields:
y from (1) + (2): –9a + 3b – 3c = 3
– 3a + b – c = 1 (5)
(5) + (4): 3b = 1
1
b = .
3
x
–2 –1 1 2
–1 (3) – (4): 9a – 6b = 0
9a = 2
2
a =
9
2 2 4
From (4): c = –3a – 2b = – – = –
3 3 3
38.
2 1 4
9 3 3 7

From (2): d = –(a + b + c) = – + – =
9
5w
2 1 4 7
Thus, (a, b, c, d) = , , –, .
9 3 3 9
h
w 40. a. y = x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 2, x = –1
dy
= 3x2 + 4x + 5
dh dw dx
We are given that = –2 m/week and = –3 m/week.
dt dt The slope of the tangent line at (–1, –2) is 4.
The volume of the portion of the iceberg above the water
1
is v = 5w2h. Thus, the slope of the normal line at (–1, –2) is –.
4
We differentiate the volume expression with respect to t: 1
The equation of the normal is y + 2 = –(x + 1)
4
dv dw dh or x + 4y + 9 = 0.
= 10 w h + 5w2 .
dt dt dt 1 1

2 b. y = x2 + x2, at (4, 2.5)
= –30wh – 10w
dy 1 –1 1 –3 x – 1
When h = 60 and w = 300, + x 2 – x 2 =
dx 2 2 3
2x2
dv 3
= –30(300)(60) – 10(300)2 The slope of the tangent line at (4, 2.5) is .
dt 16
= –1 440 000. 16
Thus, the slope of the normal line at (4, 2.5) is –.
The volume of the portion of the iceberg above water is 3
decreasing at the rate of 1 440 000 m3/week. The equation of the normal line is
5 16
y – = –(x – 4) or 32x + 6y – 143 = 0.
2 3

Appendix A
Exercise c. sin4x – cos4x = 1 – 2cos2 x
2 x L.S. = sin4x – cos4x

4. b. cos θ = – = and θ is an angle in the third
3 r = (sin2x + cos2x)(sin2x – cos2x)
quadrant.
= (1)(1 – cos2x – cos2x)
Since x2 + y2 = r2, 4 + y2 = 9
= 1 – 2cos2 x
y = –5. Therefore, sin4x – cos4x = 1 – 2cos2x.
5 5
Hence, sin θ = – and tan θ = . 1 tan x
3 2 d. = sec2x –
1 + sin x cos x
tan x
y R.S. = sec2x –
c. tan θ = –2 = and θ is an angle in the fourth cos x
x
quadrant.
sin x

cos
Since x2 + y2 = r2, 1 + 4 = r2
1 x
r = 5. = –
cos2x cos x
2 1
Hence, sin θ = – and cos θ = .
5 5 1 – sin x
=
cos2x
7. a. tan x + cot x = sec x csc x
L.S. = tan x + cot x
1 – sin x
=
sin x cos x 1 – sin2x
= +
cos x sin x
1 – sin x
sin2x + cos2x =
= (1 – sin x)(1 + sin x)
cos x + sin x
1
=
cos x + sin x 1
=
1 + sin x
R.S. = sec x csc x
=
1
cos x
1

1
sin x
1
1 + sin x
tan x
Therefore, = sec2x – .
cos x
= 8. a. 6 sin x – 3 = 1 – 2 sin x
cos x sin x
8 sin x = 4
Therefore, tan x + cot x = sec s csc x.
1
sin x =
sin x 2
b. tan x + sec x
1 – sin x
π 5π
sin x x = , .
L.S. = 6 6
1 – sin2x
x b. cos2x – cos x = 0
= sin
cox2x cos x (cos x – 1) = 0
R.S. = tan x sec x cos x = 0 or cos x = 1
sin x
=
cos x
1
cos x
π 3π
x = ,
2 2
or x = 0, 2π
sin x
=
cos2x
sin x
Therefore, = tan x sec x.
1 – sin2x
Appendix A 259
c. 2 sin x cos x = 0 4. sin(A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
sin 2x = 0 where 0 ≤ 2x ≤ 4π sin(A – B) = sin(A + (–B))
2x = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π = sin A cos(–B) + cos A sin(–B)
π 3π = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
x = 0, , π, , 2π
2 2
d. 2 sin2x – sin x – 1 = 0 5. a. cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
(2 sin x + 1)(sin x – 1) = 0 cos 2A = cos(A + A)
= cos A cos A – sin A sin A
1
sin x = – or sin x = 1 = cos2A – sin2A
2
7π 11π π b. cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1

x = , or x = cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
6 6 2
= cos2A – (1 – cos2A)
e. sin x + 3 cos x = 0 = 2cos2A – 1
sin x = –3 cos x
c. cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – sin2A – sin2A
tan x = –3
= 1 – 2sin2A
2π 5π
x = ,
3 3 7. a. cos 75° = cos (45° + 30°)
f. 2
2 sin x – 3 cos x = 0 = cos 45° cos 30° – sin 45° sin 30°
2(1 – cos2x) – 3 cos x = 0
2 – 3 cos x – 2 cos2x = 0
(2 + cos x)(1 – 2 cos x) = 0
1
=
2 3
–1
2 2 1

2
3 – 1
1 =
cos x = –2 or cos x = 22
2
π 5π
no solutions or x = , c. cos 105° = cos(60° + 45°)
3 3
= cos 60° cos 45° – sin 60° sin 45°

Exercise A1 1 3
= 1 – 1
2 2 2 2
3. a. sin(W + T) = sin W cos T + cos W sin T

1 –3
3
=
12 4
+
5
=
5 13 5 13 22
π
π π
36 + 20
= 8. a. sin + x = sin cos x + cos sin x
65 3 3 3
56
= 3 1
65 = cos x + sin x
2 2
b. cos(W – T) < sin (W + T)
3π
4 3π
4
3π
b. cos x + = cos x cos – sin x sin
4
cos(W – T) = cos W cos T + sin W sin T

1 1
4
=
12 3
+
5
= – cos x – sin x
5 13 5 13 2 2
48 + 15
=
65
63
=
65
260 Appendix A
x 1 π
9. Since cos A = = and 0 < A < , we have a. sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
r 3 2
12 + 12 + x2 = 0, so x = 8 = 22.
1 y π
1
= 2 –

10 –130
Since sin B = = and < B < π, we have
4 r 2 3
=
5
.
x2 + 12 = 16, so x = –15
b. cos 2A = 2cos2 A – 1
a. cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
–15
22

3 2
1
= – 1
= 2 – – 1
3 4 3 4 10

–
15 – 22 4
=
= 5
12
Since 2π < 2A < 3π and both sin 2A and cos 2A
b. sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
are positive, angle 2A must be in the first quadrant.
22
=
3
15 1
– +
4 3 1

4 11. a. cos4A – sin4A = cos 2A
L.S. = cos4 A – sin4 A
–2
30 + 1
= = (cos2 A – sin2 A)(cos2 A + sin2 A)
12
= cos2 A – sin2 A
c. cos 2A = 2cos2 A – 1 = cos 2A
= R.S.

1 2
= 2 – 1
3
The identity is true.
b. 1 + sin2α = (sin α + cos α)2

7
= – R.S. = (sin α + cos α)2
9
= sin2 α + 2sin α cos α + cos2 α
d. sin 2B = 2sin B cos B = 1 + sin 2α
= L.S.
–415
1
= 2
4 The identity is true.
–
=
8
15 c. sin(A + B)

sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B
L.S. = sin(A + B) sin(A – B)
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)(sin A cos B – cos A sin B)
y 1 3π
10. Since tan A = = and π < A < , we have = sin2 A cos2 B – cos2 A sin2 B
x 3 2
= sin2 A(1 – sin2 B) – (1 – sin2 A)sin2 B
1 + 1 + 3 = r , so r =
2 2 2 2
10, x = –3, and y = –1.
= sin2 A – sin2 A sin2 B – sin2 B + sin2 A sin2 B
y = sin2 A – sin2 B
= R.S.
A
x
0

P(–3, –1)
Appendix A 261
cos W – sin2W θ sinθ
d. = cot W f. tan =
cos2W + sinW – 1 2 1 + cosθ
sin θ
cos W – sin 2W R.S. =
L.S. = 1 + cos θ
cos 2W + sin W – 1
cos W – 2sin W cos W

=
sin 2 θ

2
= ______________

1 – 2sin2 W + sin W – 1
θ
1 + cos 2
cos W(1 – 2sin W) 2
=
sin W(1 – 2sin W) θ θ
= cot W 2 sin cos
2 2
=
= R.S. 2 θ
1 + 2cos – 1
The identity is true. 2
θ
sin2 θ sin
e. = 2csc2θ – tanθ =
2
1 – cos 2θ θ
cos
2
sin 2θ θ
L.S. = = tan
1 – cos 2θ 2
= L.S.
2sin θ cos θ
= The identity is true.
1 –(1 – 2sin2 θ)
cos θ 12. f (x) = sin 3x csc x – cos 3x sec x

=
sin θ Using the identities proven in question 12,
f (x) = sin 3x csc x – cos 3x sec x

R.S. = 2 csc 2θ – tan θ 1 1
= (3sin x – 4sin3x) – (4cos3x – 3cos x)
sin x cos x
2 sin θ
= – = 3 – 4 sin2x – 4cos2x + 3
sin 2θ cos θ
= 6 – 4(sin2x + cos2x)
2 sin2 θ = 2.
= –
2sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
1 + sin θ – cos θ θ
1 – sin2 θ 13. a. = tan
= 1 + sin θ + cos θ 2
sin θ cos θ
1 + sin θ – cos θ
cos2 θ L.S. =
= 1 + sin θ + cos θ
sin θ cos θ
θ θ θ
cos θ 1 + 2sin cos – (1 – 2sin2 θ )
= 2 2 2
sin θ = θ θ 2 θ
1 + 2sin cos + 2cos – 1
2 2 2
θ θ θ
2sin (cos + sin )
2 2 2
= θ θ θ
2cos (sin + cos )
2 2 2
θ
= tan
2
= R.S.
262 Appendix A
cos2W cot W – 1
b. = sin2 2β – 4sin 2β – 4 = 0, 0 ≤ 2β ≤ 4π
1 + sin2W cot W + 1
4 ± 42
cot W – 1 sin 2β =
R.S. = 2
cot W + 1
= 2 + 22, 2 – 22 (inadmissible)
cos W
– 1 sin 2 β = – 0.8284271247.
sin W
=
cos W Thus, possible values for 2β are 236°, 304°, 596°,
+ 1
sin W and 664°. Possible values for β are 118°, 152°, 298°, and

332°. Upon verification, the solutions are 152° and 298°.
cos W – sin W cos W + sin W
=
cos W + sin W cos W + sin W
15. b2 sin 2C + c2sin 2B = 2bc sinA
cos2W – sin2W In ∆ABD,BD = c cos B

=
cos W + 2sin W cos W + sin2W
2
and AD = c sin B.
In ∆ADC, DC = b cos C
cos 2W and AD = b sin C.
=
1 + sin 2W
The area of ∆ABC is
= L.S. 1
A = BCAD
The identity is true. 2
1
c. sin 3θ = 3sinθ – 4sin3θ = [C cos B + b cos C]AD
2
sin 3θ = sin(2θ + θ) 1
= c cos B
2 1
AD + b cos C
2
AD

= sin 2θ cos θ + cos 2θ sin θ 1 1
= c cos B c sin B + b cos C b sin C
= 2sin θ cos2θ + (1 – 2sin2θ)sin θ 2 2
1 1
= 2sin θ(1 – sin2θ) + sin θ – 2sin3θ = C 2 sin B cos B + b2 sin C cos C
2 2
= 3sin θ – 4sin3 θ 1 1
= C 2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2C
4 4
But, the area of ∆ABC is also
d. cos 3θ = 4cos3θ – 3cosθ
1
cos 3θ = cos(2θ + θ) A = bc sin A
2
= cos 2θ cos θ – sin 2θ cos θ 1 1 1
Thus, b2 sin 2C + C 2 sin 2B = bc sin A
4 4 2
= (2cos2θ – 1)cos θ – 2sin2θ cos θ
and b2 sin 2C + C 2 sin 2B = 2bc sin A.
= 2cos θ – cos θ – 2(1 – cos θ)cos θ
3 2
A
= 4cos3θ – 3cos θ
c b
14. sin β + cos β = sin β cos β
1

2
Thus, (sin β + cos β)2 = sin 2β
2 C
B
c cos B D b cos c
1
sin2β + 2sin β cos β + cos2β = sin2 2β
4
1
1 + sin 2β = sin2 2β
4
Appendix A 263
tan A – tan B
16. a. tan (A – B) = 18. In any ∆ABC:
1 + tan A tan B
A+B+C=π
sin(A – B) C = π – (A + B)
tan(A – B) =
cos(A – B)
sin A cos B – cos A sin B
=
C
2 π A+B
sin = sin –
2 2
cos A cos B + sin A sin B
A+B
= cos . (1)
sin A sin B 2
–
cos A cos B
=
sin A sin B
1 +
C
2
A–B
2sin sin
2
cos A cos B In
sin B
tan A – tan B
= Substitute (1) above to obtain:
1 + tan A tan B
c. tan 2A = tan(A + A)
A+B
2cos sin
.
2
A–B
2
tan A + tan A sin B
=
1 – tan A tan A
Using the identity in 17.b., this becomes
2 tan A
= sin A – sin B
1 – tan2A
sin B
sin 2A
Or, tan 2A = sin A
cos 2A = – 1.
sin B
2 sin A cos A
= a b a sin A
cos2A – sin2A But = or = .
sin A sin B b sin B
2 tan A
= .
1 – tan2 A c
Then 2sin sin
2 2
A–B

17. sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (1) a
= – 1
sin(A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B (2) b
Let A + B = x and A – B = y. a–b
= .
b
x+y x–y
Thus, A = and B = .
2 2
Exercise A2
a. Adding (1) and (2) gives

x+y x–y 1. l. y = 2x3 sin x – 3x cos x
sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos .
2 2 dy
= 6x2 sin x + 2x3 cos x – 3 cos x + 3x sin x
b. Subtracting (2) from (1) gives dx

x+y x–y = (6x2 + 3x) sin x + (2x3 – 3) cos x
sin x – sin y = 2 cos sin .
2 2
cos2x
n. y =
x
dy (–2 sin 2x)(x) – (cos 2x)(1)
=
dx x2
–2x sin 2x – cos 2x

=
x2
y = cos (sin 3x)
264 Appendix A
π 3

o. y = cos(sin 2x)
At , – , the slope of the tangent line is
dy 4 2
= (–sin(sin 2x))(2 cos 2x)
dx

5π
= –2 cos 2x sin(sin 2x)
–2sin = –1.
6
2 3
q. y = tan (x )
An equation of the tangent line is
dy
= 2 tan(x3)(sec2x3)(3x2)
3
dx
= 6x2 sec2x3 tan x3 π
y + = – x – .
2 4

dy
3. b. (cos (x + y)) 1 + = 0
r. y = ex (cos x + sin x) dx
dy
dy = –1
= ex(cos x + sin x) + ex(–sin x + cos x) dx
dx

= 2ex cos x dy
c. 2 sec2 2x = (–sin 3y) 3
dx
π
2. b. f(x) = tan x, x =
4 dy 2 sec2 2x
= –
dx 3 sin 3y
π

The point of contact is , 1 .
2

dy dy
d. = (–sin(xy)) y + x
The slope of the tangent at any point is f'(x) = sec2x. dx dx

π π
At , 1 the slope of the tangent line is sec2 = 2.
4 4
dy
(1 + x sin(xy)) = –y sin(xy)
dx
π
An equation of the tangent line is y – 1 = 2 x – .
4 dy
= –
dx
y sin(xy)
1 + x sin(xy)
π

d. f(x) = sin 2x, cos x, x = dy dy
2 e. sin y + x cos y + (sin(x + y)) 1 + = 0
dx dx
dy
π

The point of contact is , 0 . The slope of the
2
(x cos y + sin(x + y)) = –sin y – sin(x + y)
dx
tangent line at any point is f '(x) = 2 cos 2x – sin x. dy sin y + sin(x + y)

= –
dx x cos y + sin(x + y)

π
At , 0 , the slope of the tangent line is
2 d
π 4. cos x = –sin x
2 cosπ – sin = –3. dx
2
π
An equation of the tangent line is y = –3 x – .
2 Consider f(x) = cos x.
cos(x + h) – cos x
Thus, f '(x) = lim
h→0 h
π
π
e. f(x) = cos 2x + , x =
3 4 cos x cos h – sin x sin h – cos x
= lim
h→0 h
π 3
4 2
The point of contact is , – . The slope of the cos x(cos h – 1) – sin x sin h
= lim
h→0 h
π
tangent line at any point is f '(x) = –2sin 2x + .
3 cos h – 1 sin h
= cos x lim – sin x lim
h h

h→0

h→0
= cos x 0 – sin x 1
= –sin x
Appendix A 265
d d 1 π 5π
5. csc x = x 0 2π
dx dx sin x 4 4
d
= (sin x)–1 f(x) 1 2 –2 1
dx
y
= –(sin x)–2 cos x
2
cos x 1
= –
sin2 x x
0 π 2π
= – csc x cot x
– 2
d d 1
sec x = π
dx dx cos x The maximum value is 2 when x = and the
4
d 5π
= (cos x)–1 minimum value is –2 when x = .
dx 4
b. y = x + 2cos x, –π ≤ x ≤ π
= –(cos x)–2(–sin x)
We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values.
sin x
= f '(x) = 1 – 2 sin x
cos2x
Solving f '(x) = 0 yields:
= sec x tan x 1 – 2 sin x = 0
1
d d cos x sin x =
cot x = 2
dx dx sin x
π 5π
x = , .
(–sin x)(sin x) – (cos x)(cos x) 6 6
=
sin2 x
sin2x + cos2x π 5π
=– x –π π
sin2x 6 6
1 f(x) –5.14 2.26 0.89 1.14
= – = –csc2x
sin2x
π 5π
f(x) –π–2 +3 –3 π–2
sin x π cos x – 1 6 6
6. a. If x is in degrees, lim = and lim = 0.
x→0 x 180 x→0 x
y
b. If x is in degrees,
d π d π
sin x = cos x and cos x = – sin x.
dx 180 dx 180
x
–π π
Exercise A3
3. a. y = cos x + sin x, ≤ x ≤ 2π –π, –2
We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values.
f '(x) = –sin x + cos x π π
The maximum value is + 3 2.26, when x =
Solving f '(x) = 0 yields: 6 6
–sin x + cos x =0 and the minimum value is –π – 2 –5.14 when x = –π.
sin x = cos x
tan x =1
π 5π
x = , .
4 4
266 Appendix A
ds π π
4. The velocity of the object at any time t is v = . Since 0 ≤ θ ≤ , we discard the second case and θ = .
dt 2 3
Thus, v = 8(cos(10πt))(10π) π π
θ 0
= 80π cos(10πt). 3 2
dv d 2s
The acceleration at any time t is a = = . 33
dt dt 2 A(θ) 0 1
4
2
Hence, a = 80π (–sin(10πt))(10π) = –800π sin(10πt).
33
d 2s Since > 1, A(θ) attains its maximum when
Now, 2 + 100π 2s = –800π2 sin(10πt) + 100π2(8sin(10πt)) = 0. 4
dt
π π
θ = . Thus, a bending angle of radians will
5. π ds
π
Since s = 5 cos 2t + , v = = 5 –sin 2t +
4 dt 4 3 3
maximize the cross-sectional area of the channel.
π

= –10 sin 2t + ,
4 7. Let l be the length of the ladder, θ be the angle between
the foot of the ladder and the ground, and x
dv
π
and a = = –10 cos 2t +
dt 4 be the distance of the foot of the ladder from the fence,
as shown.
π
4
= –20 cos 2t + . x+1
l
1.5
Thus, = cos θ and = tan θ
x
The maximum values of the displacement, velocity, 1.5
x + 1 = l cos θ where x = .
and acceleration are 5, 10, and 20, respectively. tan θ
6. Let A(θ) be the cross-sectional area when the

bending angle is θ radians. We restrict θ to the
l
π
interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ , because bending past the wall
2 1.5
vertical will reduce the area. Since the channel is symmetrical,
A(θ) = Area(rectangle ABCD + 2 ∆ADE) θ

x 1
= ABAD + DEAD
1.5
Replacing x, + 1 = l cos θ
C D E tan θ
θ
1.5 1 π
1 l= + , 0 < θ <
1 sin θ cos θ 2
θ θ
1.5 cos θ sin θ
d = –
B 1 A l
+
dθ
2
sin θ
2
cos θ
From ∆ADE, AD = sin θ and DE = cos θ.
–1.5cos3θ + sin3θ
= .
π sin2θ cos2θ
Thus, A(θ) = (1)(sin θ). + (cos θ)(sin θ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
4
dl
To find the maximum value of A(θ), we apply the Algorithm for Solving = 0 yields:
Extreme Values: dθ
A'(θ) = cos θ – sin2 θ + cos2 θ sin3θ – 1.5 cos3θ = 0

Solving A'(θ) = 0 yields: tan3θ = 1.5
cos2θ – sin2θ + cos θ = 0

tan θ = 1.5
3
2cos2θ + cos θ – 1 = 0 θ 0.46365.

(2cos θ – 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
1
cos θ = or cos θ = –1.
2
Appendix A 267
The length of the ladder corresponding to this value 9. Let 0 be the centre of the circle with line segments
π – drawn and labelled, as shown.
of θ is l 4.5 m. As θ → 0+ and , l increases
2
A
without bound. Therefore, the shortest ladder that
goes over the fence and reaches the wall has a θθ
length of 4.5 m. R
8. Let P, the point on the shoreline where the light 0

beam hits, be x km from A at any time t, and θ be
x 20 R
the angle between the light beam and the line from
the lighthouse perpendicular to the shore. D
C y B
In ∆OCB, ∠COB = 2θ.

θ
1 y x
Thus, = sin 2θ and = cos 2θ,
R R
P x shoreline A so y = R sin 2θ and x = R cos 2θ.

The area A of ∆ABD is
1
A = DBAC
The relationship between x and θ is 2
= y(R + x)
x
tan θ = = x. = R sin 2θ (R + R cos 2θ)
1
We differentiate implicitly with respect to t: = R2(sin 2θ + sin 2θ cos 2θ), where 0 < 2θ < π
dA
dθ dx = R2 (2cos 2θ + 2cos 2θ cos 2θ + sin 2θ(–2 sin 2θ)).
sec2θ = . dθ
dt dt
dA
We solve = 0:
dθ 1 π dθ
We know = (2π) = radians/min,
dt 6 3 2cos2 2θ – 2sin2 2θ + 2cos 2θ = 0
dx π 2cos2 2θ + cos 2θ – 1 = 0
so = sec2θ.
dt 3 (2cos 2θ – 1)(cos 2θ + 1) = 0
L
1
θ cos 2θ = or cos 2θ = –1
2
10 1 π
2θ = or 10 = π,
3
2θ = π (not in domain).
P 3 A
As 2θ → 0, A → 0 and as 2θ → π, A → 0. The
dx 10π
and dt = 3.
When x = 3, sec θ = 10 33
maximum area of the triangle is R2
4
When the runner is illuminated by the beam of light, π π
when 2θ = , i.e., θ = .
10π 3 6
the spot is moving along the shore at km/min.
3
268 Appendix A
10. Let the distance the man is from the street light at any 11. The longest pole that can fit around the corner is
time be x m, and the angle of elevation of the man’s determined by the minimum value of x + y. Thus,
line of sight to the light be θ radians, as shown. we need to find the minimum value of l = x + y.
0.8 y
4
θ 6 θ
x
2
x θ
1
4
The relationship between x and θ is tan θ = .
x
We differentiate implicitly with respect to t:
sec2θ
dθ
dt
4
= –2
x dx
.
dt 0.8 1
From the diagram, = sin θ and = cos θ.
y x
Since the man is approaching the light, x is decreasing,
dx 1 0.8 π
so = –2. Thus, l = + , 0 ≤ θ ≤ :
dt cos θ sin θ 2

dθ 8 8 cos2θ
Thus, = 2 = . l 1 sin θ 0.8 cos θ
dt sec2θ x x2 d = –
3 dθ cos θ
2 2
sin θ
When x = 3, cos θ =
5
dθ
dt
8
9
9

25
and = = 0.32.
0.8 sin3θ – cos3θ
= .
cos2θ sin2θ
dl
Solving = 0 yields:
dθ
5 0.8 sin3θ – cos3θ = 0

4
tan3θ = 1.25

tan θ = 1.25
3
θ
3 tan θ 1.077
When the man is 3 m from the street light, the angle θ 0.822.
of elevation of his line of sight to the light is 0.8 1
Now, l = + 2.5.
increasing at the rate of 0.32 radians/s. cos(0.822) sin(0.822)
When θ = 0, the longest possible pole would have a
π
length of 0.8 m. When θ = , the longest possible pole
2
would have a length of 1 m. Therefore, the longest pole
that can be carried horizontally around the corner is one
of length 2.5 m.
Appendix A 269
12. We want to find the value of x that maximizes θ. 6 3
Let ∠ADC = α and ∠BDC = β.
Thus, θ = α – β:
α 3 3
tan θ = tan(α – β)

tan α – tan β θ
= .
1 + tan α tan β
Thus, θ = α – β:
π π π
= – =
3 6 6
1
tan β =
3
π
β =
6
9
tan α = = 3
9 3 33
From the diagram, tan α = and tan β = . π
x x α = .
9 3 3
– π
x x As x → 0, both α and β approach and θ → 0.
Hence, tan θ = 2
27
1 + As x → ∞, both α and β approach 0 and θ → 0.
x2
Thus, the maximum viewing angle for Paul Kariya
9x – 3x
=
x2 + 27 π
is or 30°.
6
6x
= .
x2 + 27
We differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
dθ 6(x2 + 27) – 6x(2x)

sec2θ =
dx (x2 + 27)2
dθ 162 – 6x2
=
dx sec2θ(x2 + 27)2
dθ
Solving = 0 yields:
dx
162 – 6x2 = 0
x2 = 27
x = 33.
270 Appendix A
Appendix B
Exercise B1 f. The general antiderivative of f(x) = cosx sin4x is
1
F(x) = (sin x)5 + C.
2. a. The general antiderivative of f(x) = 12x2 – 24x + 1 5
1

1
is F(x) = 12 x3 – 24 x2 + x + C
3 2
Since F(0) = –1, we have:
1
F(0) = (sin 0)5 + C
= 4x3 – 12x2 + x + C. 5
Since F(1) = –2, we have: = C = –1.
F(1) = 4 – 12 + 1 + C = –2.
The specific antiderivative is F(x) = sin5x – 1.
Thus, –7 + C = –2
C = 5. 3. We wish to determine a function P(t) that gives the
The specific antiderivative is F(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + x + 5. population at any time t. We are given that the rate of
1

b. The general antiderivative of f (x) = 3x – sin x is change of the population is 3 + 4t3.
1

2 3
F(x) = 3 x2 + cos x + C
3
Using P'(t) = 3 + 4t3, we can determine P(t), the
general antiderivative:
3

= 2x2 + cos x + C.
Since F(0) = 0, we have:
3 4
P(t) = 3t + 4 t3 + C
4
4
F(0) = 0 + 1 + C = 0.
= 3t + 3t3 + C.
Thus, C = –1 and the specific antiderivative is In order to determine the specific population function,
3

F(x) = 2x2 + cos x – 1. we use the fact that the current population is 10 000,
1 i.e., P(0) = 10 000:
d. The general antiderivative of f(x) = e3x – is
2x P(0) = 10 000
1 1
F(x) = e3x – ln x + C. 0 + 0 + C = 10 000
3 2
C = 10 000.
Since F(1) = e3, we have:
Thus, the population at any time t is given by
1 1
F(1) = e3 – ln 1 + C 4

3 2 P(t) = 3t + 3t3 + 10 000. Six months from now
1 3 the population will be
= e – 0 + C = e3.
3 4

2 P(6) = 3(6) + 3(6)3 + 10 000

Thus, C = e3 and the specific antiderivative is = 10 081.
3
1 3x 1 2
F(x) = e – ln x + e3.
3 2 3 4. We first need to determine a function V(t) that gives
x2
e. The general antiderivative of f (x) = 3 is the volume of water in the tank at any time t. Since

x +1 the water is leaking from the tank at the rate of
1 3

1

F(x) = (2) (x + 1) + C.
2
t t
3 L/min, we have V' (t) = .
50 50
2 1

= (x3 + 1)2 + C 1 1
3 Thus, V(t) = – t2 + C
50 2
Since F(0) = 4, we have: 1
= –t2 + C.
2 1
100
F(0) = (0 + 1)2 + C
3 Since V = 400 L at time t = 0, C = 400.
2
= + C = 4. The volume of water in the tank at any time t is
3 1
10 V(t) = –t2 + 400.
Thus, C = and the specific antiderivative is 100
3
2 3 10
F(x) = x + 1 + .
3 3
Appendix B 271
To determine when the tank will be empty, we solve 6. Let the height of the tree at any time t be h(t).
V(t) = 0: We are given that:
1 20
– t2 + 400 = 0 h'(t) = m/year.
100 t + 30
t2 = 40 000 Thus, h(t) = 20 ln(t + 30) + C.
t = 200, t ≥ 0. Since h = 3 when t = 0:
The tank will be empty 200 min or 3 h 20 min from 3 = 20 ln(30) + C
the time at which there were 400 L of water in it. C = 3 – 20 ln(30).
Ten years later, the height of the tree will be
5. Let the measure of the inner radius of a water pipe h(10) = 20 ln(40) + 3 – 20 ln(30)

at any time t be r(t). We are given that 40
= 20 ln + 3
r'(t) = –0.02e–0.002t cm/year. 30
8.75 m.
1

a. Thus, r(t) = –0.02 e–0.002t + C
–0.002
= 10 e–0.002t + C. Exercise B2
Since r = 1 when t = 0:
1
1 = 10 e° + C 1. b. We are given v(t) = s'(t) = 3et – .
t+1
= 10 + C
Thus, s(t) = 3et – ln(t + 1) + C.
C = –9.
Since s(0) = 2:
The inner radius of a pipe at any time t is
3e° – ln(1) + C = 2
r(t) = 10e–0.002t – 9.
3–0+C=2
b. When t = 3 years, C = –1.
r(3) = 10 e(–0.002)(3) – 9 Thus, s(t) = 3et – ln(t + 1) – 1.
= 0.94
c. We are given v(t) = s'(t) = 2[1 – (t + 1)–2].
After three years, the inner radius of a pipe will
Hence, s(t) = 2[t – (–(t + 1)–1)] + C
be 0.94 cm.
c. The pipe will be completely blocked when r = 0. 1

= 2 t + + C.
t+1
To determine when this occurs, we solve r(t) = 0: Since s(0) = 0:
10 e–0.002t – 9 = 0
1

s 0 + + C = 0
1
9
e –0.002t
= 2+C=0
10
C = –2
–0.002t = ln(0.9), by definition
ln(0.9)
t =
1

and s(t) = 2 t + – 2.
t+1
–0.002
d. We are given v(t) = s'(t) = 3 cos(πt)
= 52.68.
The pipe will be completely blocked in
1

Thus, s(t) = 3 sin(πt) + C
π
approximately 52.7 years from the time when 3
= sin(πt) + C.
its inner radius is 1 cm. π
Since s(0) = –1:
3
sin(0) + C = –1
π
C = –1
3
and s(t) = sin(πt) – 1.
π
272 Appendix B
2. a. We are given a(t) = v'(t) = –2. Since s(0) = 0:
Thus, v(t) = –2t + C1. 5

4(1)2 – 0 + C2 = 0
Since v(0) = 10:
C2 = –4
0 + C1 = 10.
5

Hence, v(t) = s'(t) = –2t + 10 and s(t) = 4(t + 1)2 – 10t – 4.
and s(t) = –t2 + 10t + C2.
c. We are given that a(t) = v'(t) = cos(t) + sin(t).
Since s(0) = 0, 0 + 0 + C2 = 0.
Thus, v(t) = sin(t) – cos(t) + C1.
The velocity and position functions are
Since v(0) = 3:
v(t) = –2t + 10 and s(t) = –t2 + 10t.
sin(0) – cos(0) + C1 = 3
1

b. We are given that a(t) = v'(t) = (3t + 1)2. 0 – 1 + C1 = 3

2 1
3 C1 = 4.
Thus, v(t) = (3t + 1)2 + C1
3 3 Hence, v(t) = s'(t) = sin(t) – cos(t) + 4
2 3
and s(t) = –cos(t) – sin(t) + 4t + C2 .
= (3t + 1)2 + C1.
9 Since s(0) = 0:
Since v(0) = 0: –cos(0) – sin(0) + 4(0) + C2 = 0
2 3
(1)2 + C1 = 0 –1 + C2 = 0
9
2 C2 = 1
+ C1 = 0
9
2 and s(t) = –cos(t) – sin(t) + 4t + 1.
C1 = –.
9
2 3
2 d. We are given that a(t) = v'(t) = 4(1 + 2t)–2.
Hence, v(t) = s'(t) = (3t + 1)2 –
9 9
2 2
9 5 1
5
3
2
and s(t) = (3t + 1)2 – t + C2
9 1
2
Thus, v(t) = 4 –(1 + 2t)–1 + C1
4 5
2 = –2(1 + 2t)–1 + C1.
= (3t + 1)2 – t + C2.
135 9 Since v(0) = 0, –2(1)–1 + C1 = 0
Since s(0) = 0: C1 = 2.
4 5 2

(1) – 0 + C2 = 0
2 Hence, v(t) = s'(t) = – + 2
135 1 + 2t
4
C2 = –
135 1

and s(t) = –2 ln(1 + 2t) + 2t + C2
2
4 5
2 4
and s(t) = (3t + 1)2 – t – . = –ln(1 + 2t) + 2t + C2 .
135 9 135
Since s(0) = 8:
–ln(1) + 0 + C2 = 8
Alternate Solution
C2 = 8.
1

a(t) = v'(t) = 15(t + 1) 2
Thus, s(t) = –ln(1 + 2t) + 2t + 8.
2

3

v(t) = 15 (t + 1) + C1 2
3. a. Let the position of the stone above ground at any
3
3
time t be s(t). Since the only acceleration is due
= 10(t + 1) + C1 2
to the force of gravity, we know:
Since v(0) = 0:
a(t) = v'(t) = –9.81.
3

10(1)2 + C1 = 0 Thus, v(t) = –9.81t + C1.
C1 = –10 Since the stone is dropped, we know the initial
3

v(t) = s'(t) = 10(t + 1)2 – 10. velocity is 0 m/s:
v(0) = 0
2

5

s(t) = 10 (t + 1)2 – 10t + C2 –9.81(0) + C1 = 0
5
5
C1 = 0.
= 4(t + 1)2 – 10t + C2.
Appendix B 273
Hence, the velocity of the stone at any time t is c. The approximate velocity of the stone when it
v(t) = –9.81t. The position of the stone at any strikes the ground is
time t is the antiderivate of v(t). v(8.6) = –9.81(8.6) – 10
t2
So, s(t) = –9.81 + C2.
2
= –94.4 m/s.
Since the stone is dropped from a height of 5. a. From 3. a., v(t) = –9.81t + C1.
450 m, we know: The initial velocity is 10 m/s:
s(0) = 450 v(0) = 10
0 + C2 = 450. 0 + C1 = 10
The position of the stone at any time t is C1 = 10.
s(t) = –4.905t2 + 450. The velocity of the stone at any time t is
b. To determine when the stone reaches the ground, v(t) = –9.81t + 10. The position of the stone at
we solve s(t) = 0. any time t is the antiderivative of v(t).
–4.905t2 + 450 = 0 Thus, s(t) = –4.905t2 + 10t + C2
t2 = 91.74 Since s(0) = 450:
t = ± 9.58. 0 + 0 + C2 = 450
It takes approximately 9.58 s for the stone to C2 = 450
reach the ground.
and s(t) = –4.905t2 + 10t + 450.
c. The approximate velocity of the stone when it
b. To determine when the stone reaches the ground,
strikes the ground is
we solve:
v(9.58) = –9.81(9.58)
s(t) = 0
= –94 m/s. 2
–4.905t + 10t + 450 = 0
4. a. From 3. a., v(t) = –9.81t + C1.

100 –
t = –10 ±
4(–4.9
05)(45
0)
The initial velocity is –10 m/s: 9.81
v(0) = –10
10.7, 8.6.
0 + C1 = –10
It takes approximately 10.7 s for the stone to reach
C1 = –10.
the ground.
Hence, the velocity of the stone at any time t is
v(t) = –9.81t – 10. The position of the stone at c. The approximate velocity of the stone when it strikes
any time t is the antiderivative of v(t). the ground is
t2
Thus, s(t) = –9.81 – 10t + C2.
2
v(10.7) = –9.81(10.7) + 10
–95 m/s.
Since s(0) = 450:
0 + 0 + C2 = 450 6. Let the constant acceleration of the airplane be
2
and s(t) = –4.905t – 10t + 450. a m/s2. The velocity of the airplane at any time t is
v(t) = at + C1.
b. To determine when the stone reaches the ground,
Since the airplane starts from rest:
we solve:
v(0) = 0
s(t) = 0
2 0 + C1 = 0
–4.905t – 10t + 450 = 0
4.905t2 + 10t – 450 = 0 C1 = 0.

100
t = –10 ± 5)(–45
– 4(4.900) The velocity of the airplane at any time t is v(t) = at.
9.81
8.6, –10.7.
It takes approximately 8.6 s for the stone to reach
the ground.
274 Appendix B
The position of the plane at any time t is the Let the time it takes to stop after applying the
antiderivative of v(t). brakes be T. We know that v(T) = 0.
t2 Thus, –10T + C1 = 0
Thus, s(t) = a + C2.
2 C1 = 10T.
We know that s(0) = 0. Since the braking distance is 50 m, s(T) = 50.
Thus, 0 + C2 = 0
Thus, –5T 2 + C1T = 50
C2 = 0.
Since C1 = 10T, –5T 2 + 10T 2 = 50
The position of the airplane at any time t is
t2 5T 2 = 50
s(t) = a.
2 T 2 = 10
Let the elapsed time from start to liftoff be T. T =
10.
Thus, v(T) = aT = 28 The velocity of the car when the brakes were first
T2 applied is v(0) = C1 = 1010
and s(T)= a = 300.
2
32 m/s.
600 150
Solving for T yields T = = s.
28 7
The constant acceleration of the airplane is 9. Let the position the stone is above ground at any
time be s(t). The acceleration of the stone due to
28
a=
150 1.3 m/s2. gravity is a(t) = –9.81.
Thus, v(t) = –9.81t + C1.
7
Since the stone is dropped from rest,
80 000
7. First, change 80 km/h to = 22.2 m/s and v(0) = 0
3600
100 000 0 + C1 = 0
100 km/h =
3600 C1 = 0.
= 27.2 m/s. Thus, v(t) = –9.81t.
Let acceleration be a. Now, s(t) = –4.905t2 + C2.
Therefore, v(t) = at + C.
The initial position of the stone is s(0) = C2.
When t = 0, v = 22.2, therefore, 22.2 = 0 + C
Thus, the height of the building is C2.
or C = 22.2
Let the time it takes for the stone to reach the
v(t) = at + 22.2.
ground be T s.
When t = 5, v = 27.2, therefore, 27.2 = 5a + 22.2
We are given v(T) = –50 m/s.
a = 1.12.
2
Thus, –9.81T = –50
The acceleration is 1.1 m/s .
50
T = .
9.81
8. We are given that the acceleration of the car is
We also know that s(T) = 0.
a(t) = –10 m/s2.
Hence, –4.905T 2 + C2 = 0
Thus, the velocity of the car during the braking
period is v(t) = –10t + C1.
C2 = 4.905
50 2
9.81
The distance that the car travels during the braking 127.
interval is s(t) = –5t2 + C1t + C2. The height of the building is approximately
Since s(0) = 0: 127 m.
0 + 0 + C2 = 0
C2 = 0.
Appendix B 275
Exercise B3 We also know that P(20) = 250 000,
so 250 000 = 150 000e20k
1. a. Let P represent the population of the bacteria 5
e20k =
culture after t hours. We are given that 3
dP
= kP, where k > 0.
dt
20k = ln
5
3
The population at any time t is given by

5
P(t) = Ce kt. ln
3
We know P(0) = 200, so 200 = Cek(0) = C. k=
20
The population function is P(t) = 200ekt.
1
We also know that P = 600,
2
0.026.
k

so 600 = 200e2 Hence, the population at any time t after 1980 is
k
P(t) = 150 000e0.026t.
e =3
2
k b. In 2010, t = 30
= ln(3)
2 P(30) = 150 000e(0.026)(30)
k = 2 ln(3) 327 221.
2.2.
3. a. Let P be the amount of Polonium–210 present at
Hence, the population at any time t is given by
any time t.
P(t) = 200e2.2t.
dP
We are given that = kP, where k < 0.
b. After 20 minutes, the population is dt

1 The half-life of Polonium–210 present at any
P = 200e(2.2)(3)
1
3 time is P(t) = Cekt.

416. We know that P(0) = 200, so 200 = Cek(0) = C.
The half-life of Polonium–210 is 140 days,
c. We solve:
P(140) = 100.
P(t) = 10 000
Thus, 100 = 200e140k
200e2.2t = 10 000
1
e2.2t = 50 e140k =
2
2.2t = ln(50)
140k = ln(0.5)
ln(50)
t = ln(0.5)
2.2 k =
140
1.8.
–0.005.
The population will be 10 000 after 1.8 h.
Hence, the mass of Polonium–210 remaining
after t days is given by P(t) = 200e–0.005t.
2. a. Let P represent the population at any time t
after 1980. b. The amount of Polonium–210 remaining after
dP 50 days is
We are given that = kP, where k > 0.
dt P(50) = 200e–0.005(50)
The population at any time t is P(t) = Cekt. 156 mg.
We know that P(0) = 150 000,
so 150 000 = Cek(0) = C.
The population function is P(t) = 150 000ekt.
276 Appendix B
c. We want to determine the number of days it takes The population equation becomes
for the mass of Polonium–210 remaining to be 16 000
P(t) =
5 mg. 1 + 0.6e16 000kt
We solve: 5 = 200e–0.005t We also know that P(20) = 12 000.
5 16 000
e–0.005t = Hence, 12 000 =
200 1 + 0.6e16 000k(20)
–0.005t = 1n(0.025) 4
1 + 0.6e320 000k =
3
ln(0.025)
t = 1
–0.005
3
≅ 738. e320 000k =
0.6
It takes approximately 738 days for 200 mg of
Polonium–210 to decay to 5 mg.
1
320 000k = ln
1.8
4. Let P be the population of Central America at any
time t.
1
ln
1.8
k=
dP 320 000
We are told that = 0.035y.
dt
Thus, the population at any time t is P(t) = Ce0.035t. –1.8368 10–6.
Let the population be P0 at a given starting point 16 000
The population equation is P(t) =
in time. 1 + 0.6e–0.029389t
Hence, we know P(0) = P0, so P0 = Ce0.035(0) = C In 2005, the population of the town will be
and the population function becomes P(t) = P0e0.035t.
16 000
We want to find the value of t so that P(t) = 2P0 P(55) =
1 + 0.6e–0.029389(55)
doubles the initial population.
14 296.
Thus, 2P0 = P0e0.035t
e0.035t = 2
6. Since Easter Island has a carrying capacity of 25 000
0.035t = ln(2)
rabbits, the rabbit population at any time t is given by
ln(2)
t = the Logistic Model. The population equation is
0.035
25 000
19.8. P(t) = .
1 + Ce25 000kt
It takes approximately 20 years for the population of Using 1995 as the starting time, P(0) = 20 000 .
Central America to double. 25 000
Thus, 20 000=
1 + Ce25 000k(0)
5. Since the town has a limiting population of 16 000, 1 + C = 1.25
the population at any time t is represented by the C = 0.25.
Logistic Model. The differential equation satisfied The population equation becomes
by the population P is 25 000
dP P(t) = .
= kP(16 000 – P). 1 + 0.25e25 000kt
dt We also know that P(3) = 22 000.
The solution to this differential equation is 25 000
16 000 Hence, 22 000 =
P(t) = . 1 + 0.25e75 000k
1 + Ce16 000kt
25
Using 1950 as our starting point in time, 1 + 0.25e75 000k =
22
P(0) = 10 000. 3

16 000 2 2 6
Thus, 10 000= e75 000k = =
1 + Ce16 000k(0) 0.25 11
1 + C = 1.6
C = 0.6.
Appendix B 277

6 1
7500k = ln 15 ln
11 2
t= 9.46.
25 000k = ln.
1
3
6
11
1
ln
3
Note: The population equation has the value of 25 000k The server has about 9.5 min.
as part of the exponent of e. As such, we can use this
value which does not require us to find the value of k. 8. The temperature of the coil at any time t is
The rabbit population of Easter Island at T(t) = 27 + Cekt.
We know that T(0) = 684.

25 000
any time t is P(t) = .
1 6 t
Thus, 684 = 27 + Cek(0)
1 + 0.25e ( )ln
3 11
C = 657.
The temperature function becomes T(t) = 27 + 657ekt.
7. Using the given information, the differential equation We also know that T(4) = 246.
that describes the temperature of the potato at any Hence, 246 = 27 + 657e4k
time t is 1
dT e4k =
= k(T – 20). 3
dt
The general solution is T(t) = 20 + Cekt.
1
4k = ln
3
Since the initial temperature is 80°C, we know
k = ln.
1 1
T(0) = 80. 4 3
Thus, 80 = 20 + Cek(0) 1 t
The temperature function is T(t) = 27 + 657e4 ln( 3) .
1

C = 60.
To find out how long it will take the coil to cool to a
The temperature function becomes
temperature of 100°C, we solve:
T(t) = 20 + 60ekt.
T(t) = 100
We also know that T(15) = 40.
1 t
100 = 27 + 657e4 ln(3)
1

Hence, 40 = 20 + 60e15k
1
e15k = 1 1 t
1
e4 ln(3) =

3 9

1
15k = ln
3
1
1

ln t = ln
4 3
1
9
k = ln.
1 1
15 3
1 t

1
4 ln
9
The temperature function is T(t) = 20 + 60e ( )
1

15 ln 3 t = = 8.
To find how long the restaurant server has to get the
1
ln
3
potato to a customer’s table, we solve T(t) = 50:
It will take 8 min for the coil to cool from 684°C to
1 t
50 = 20 + 60e ( )
1

15 ln 3 100°C.
1 t
1
e15 ln(3) =
1

2
1
1

ln t = ln
15 3
1
2
278 Appendix B
Answers
C H A P T E R 1 P O LY N O M I A L F U N C T I O N S e. 3x3 4 (x 4)(3x 12) 44
Review of Prerequisite Skills f. x3 2x 4 (x 2)(x2 2x 2)
1. a. (P r)2 b. (4n 1)2 c. (3u 5)2 d. (v 3)(v 1) g. 4x3 6x2 6x 9 (2x 3)(2x2 3)
e. (2w 1)(w 1) f. (3k 1)(k 2) g. (7y 1)(y 2) h. 3x3 11x2 21x 7 (3x 2)(x2 3x 5) 3
h. (5x 1)(x 3) i. (3v 5)(v 2) i. (3x 2)(2x2 1) 7
2. a. (5x y)(5x y) b. (m p)(m p) c. (1 4r)(1 4r) j. 3x3 7x2 5x 1 (3x 1)(x2 2x 1)
d. (7m 8)(7m 8) e. (pr 10x)(pr 10x) 8. a. No. b. Yes. c. No. d. No. e. Yes. f. Yes. g. Yes. h. No.
f. 3(1 4y)(1 4y) g. (x n 3)(x n 3) i. No. j. Yes. The degree of the remainder is less.
h. (7u x y)(7u x y) i. (x2 4)(x 2)(x 2) 9. a. x3 3x2 14x 53, R 220
3. a. (k p)(x y) b. (f g)(x y) c. (h 1)(h2 1) b. 2x3 2x2 x 1 c. 4x2 8x 16
d. (x d)(1 x d) e. (2y z 1)(2y z 1) d. x4 x3 x2 x 1
f. (x z y)(x z y) 10. x 6, x 1
4. a. 2(2x 3)(x 1) b. 4(7s 5t)(s t) 11. x2 x 1 with R 5
c. (y r n)(y r n) d. 8(1 5m)(1 2m) 12. x2 x
e. (3x 2)(2x 3) f. (y 1)(y2 5) g. 10(3y 4)(2y 3) 13. x2 3x 2
h. 2(5x2 19x 10) i. 3(3x 4)(3x 4) 14. r(x) 0
5. a. (12x 4y 5u)(12x 16y 5u) b. g(1 x)(1 x) 15. 0, 1
c. (y 1)(y4 y2 1) d. (n2 w2)2 16. a. r 0 b. 1, 2, 3, 4; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; 1, 2, 3, ..., n 1
e. (x 14y z)(7x 2y 7z) f. (u 1)(4u 3)(2u 1) 17. a. x3 4x2 5x 9 (x 2)(xv 6x 7) 5
g. (p 1 y z)(p 1 y z) h. (3y2 2)2 x2 6x 7 (x 1)(x 5) 2 b. Yes.
c. r r1 (x 2)r2 or r2x (r1 2r2)
1 2
i. (ax m)(bx n) j. x x
Exercise 1.4
Exercise 1.2 1. Find f (1).
1. f (x) x2 5x 4 47 171
2. a. 10 b. 13 c. 8 or 5.875 d. 8 or 21.375
2. f(x) 3x 4 3. a. 12 b. 3 c. 25 d. 1 e. 17 f. 16
3. f (x) 2x2 5x 3
4. a. 2 b. 58 c. 13 d. 0 e. 11 f. 5 g. 1 h. 3
4. f(x) 2x2 7x 4
5. a. 4 b. 2 c. 5
5. f(x) 2x3 5x2 21x 36
6. m 2, g 1
6. f (x) x3 15x 20 4 13
7. f (x) x3 x2 14x 24 7. m 9, g 9
8. f(x) 2x3 x2 13x 6 8. 24x 73
9. f(x) x4 10x3 35x2 52x 24 9. 42x 39
10. f (x) 2x1 10. a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1 e. 9
11. a. V 0.0374t3 0.1522t2 0.1729t 11. f(x) 2
b. maximum volume of 0.8863 L at 3.2 s 12. a. (x2 x 3)(x2 x 3) b. (3y2 2y 2)(3y2 2y 2)
12. a. f (t) t3 27t2 3t 403t b. 1999 c. 57 000 c. (x2 2x 5)(x2 2x 5)
d. (2x2 2x 3)(2x2 2x 3)
Exercise 1.3
1. a. 17 5(3) 2 b. 42 7(6) 0 c. 73 12(6) 1 Review Exercise
d. 90 6(15) 0 e. 103 10(10) 3 f. 75 15(5) 0 1. a. y b. y
2. a. The remainder is not zero. b. The remainder is zero. x
c. possible solution from Question 1: 1.d. 15; 1.f. 5 x
d. 15 f. 5 –3 2
3. The dividend equals the product of the divisor and the quotient
added to the remainder of the division.
c. y d. y
4. a. x 2 b. x2 3x 2 c. 5 d. x3 x2 8x 9
5. f(x) 3x2 8x2 8x 26
x x
6. f (x) x4 x2 0 1 3 –2 2 4
7. a. x3 3x2 x 2 (x 2)(x2 5x 11) 20
b. x3 4x2 3x 2 (x 1)(x2 5x 2)
c. 2x3 4x2 3x 5 (x 3)(2x2 2x 3) 14
d. 3x3 x2 x 6 (x 1)(3x2 2x 1) 7
Student Text Answer Key 279

e. y f. y C H A P T E R 2 P O LY N O M I A L
E Q U AT I O N S A N D I N E Q U A L I T I E S
x x
Review of Prerequisite Skills
2 –4 –3 1 11
1. a. 3 b. no solution c. 4 or 2.75 d. 1
2. a. x 7
g. h. 6 7 8
y y
b. x 6
x x 5 6 7
–2 4 –1 2
c. x 4.5
–5 –4.5 –4
i. y j. d. x 2
y
–3 –2 –1
x x 3. a. 0 b. 15 c. 10 d. 0
0 53
–2 3 –2 –1 3 4 4. a. 2 b. 13 c. 52 d. 8
5. a. (x 6)(x 8) b. (y 2)(y 1) c. (3x 7)(x 1)
d. 3(x 5)(x 5) e. (3x 1)(2x 3) f. x(x 8)(x 7)
k. y l. y g. 4x(x 5) h. 3x(x 2)(x 2) i. 2(3x 2)(x 3)
4
x x
6. a. 0, 4 b. 3, 2 c. 3, 2 d. 6, 3 e. 5, 3 f. 1, 7
7 1
–3 2 –2 3 g. 1, 3 h. 3, 0, 3 i. 3, 4
1 i35

7. a. 1.5, 5.5 b. 2.3, 0.6 c. 6 d. 5.7, 0.7
f (x) x3 5x2 10x 11 3 i31

2. a. e. 3, 0.5 f. 1.5, 0.7 g. 4 h. 6, 1 i. 8.3, 0.7
b. f(x) 2x3 3x2 12x 4
c. f (x) x4 14x2 5x 1 Exercise 2.1
d. not enough information given 1. 0
e. not enough information given 2. a. (x 5) b. Divide.
3. a. x3 2x2 3x 1 (x 3)(x2 x 6) 17 3. (x 1), (x 2), (x 3)
b. 2x3 5x 4 (x 2)(2x2 4x 13) 22 4. a. Yes. b. No. c. Yes. d. No. e. No. f. Yes.
c. 4x3 8x2 x 1 (2x 1)(2x2 3x 2) 3 5. b. x 3 c. x2 x 1
d. x4 4x3 3x2 3 (x2 x 2)(x2 5x 10) 6. b. x 2 c. x2 4x 3
7. a. (x 1)(x2 x 3) b. (x 2)(x 1)(x 1)
20x 17
22 c. (y 1)(y2 20y 1) d. (x 1)(x2 x 4)
4. a. 3 b. 1 c. 33 d. 1 e. 9 e. (y 2)(y2 y 1) f. (x 4)(x2 5x 2)
5. a. x3 2x2 x 2 (x 1)(x 1)(x 2) g. (x 2)(x 3)(x2 7x 2) h. (x 2)(x 8)(x2 1)
b. x3 3x2 x 3 (x 3)(x 1)(x 1) 8. 2.5
c. 6x3 31x2 25x 12 (2x 3)(3x 1)(x 4) 9. 1.5
1
6. a. k 2 b. r 2, g 5 10. a. (x 3)(x2 3x 9) b. (y 2)(y2 2y 4)
Chapter 1 Test c. (5u 4r)(25u2 20ur 16r2)
1. a. 2(3x 56)(3x 56) b. (pm 1)(m2 1) d. 2(10w y)(100w 10wy y2)
c. 2(3x 2)(2x 3) d. (x y 3)(x y 3) e. (x y uz)(x2 2xy y2 xuz yuz u2z2)
2. a. b. f. (5)(u 4x 2y)(u2 4ux 2uy 16x2 16xy 4y2)
y y
12. b. x3 x2y xy2 y3 c. (x 3)(x3 3x2 9x 27)
x
13. b. x4 x3y x2y2 xy3 y4
x
0 c. (x 2)(x4 2x3 4x2 8x 16)
2
–2 1 3 14. b. xn1 xn2y xn3y2 ... yn1
17. If n is odd.
3. a. q(x) x2 7x 20 r(x) 44 18. (x y)(x4 x3y x2y2 xy3 y4)
b. q(x) x2 3x 3 r(x) 11 19. No.
4. Yes.
Exercise 2.2
5. 40 1 5 1 2 1 1
6. k 3 1. a. 2, 2, 1, 5 b. 3, 3 c. 1, 2, 2, 4
1 1 1 1 3
7. a. Yes. b. f (x) 2x3 3x2 5x 8 d. 1, 2, 4, 2, 4, 8 e. 1, 3, 2, 2,
14 5 1 1 1 3
8. c 3, d 3 3, 6 f. 1, 2, 3, 6, 2, 2
9. (x 3)(x 3) 2. 5(2x 3)(x 2)
3. 2(x 3)(4x 3)(x 2)
280 Student Text Answer Key

b
4. a. (2x 1)(x2 x 1) b. (x 2)(x 1)(5x 2) 16. x1 x2 x3 x4 a,
(x 2)(2x 1)(3x 1) d. (x 3)(2x 5)(3x 1) c
c. x1x2 x1x3 x1x4 x2x3 x2x4 x3x4 a,
e. (x 2)(x 2)(5x2 x 2) f. (3x 1)(2x 1)(3x 2) d e
x1x2x3 x1x2x4 x1x3x4 x2x3x4 a, x1x2x3x4 a
g. (x 2)(3x 2)(x2 x 1) h. (x 4)(4x 3)(x2 1)
5. a. (x 2)(px2 (p q) 7q) b. (x 1)(ax 2)(bx 1) Exercise 2.5
1. a. f (x) 0 for x 3, 0 x 4 f (x) 0 for 3 x 0,
Exercise 2.3 x 4 b. f (x) 0 for 2 x 1, x 4 f(x) 0
1. the factors of 8 for x 2, 1 x 4 c. f (x) 0 for x 3, 0 x 2
2. (x 1)(x 2)(x 4) 0 f(x) 0 for 3 x 0
3. a. f (x) kx(x 2)(x 3) b. f(x) 2x(x 2)(x 3) 2. a. 0 x 2 b. 3 x 1 c. 2 x 5
4. a. f(x) k(x 1)(x 1)(x 2) d. x 3 or x 0.5 e. x 2 f. x 3, 0 x 3
1
b. f (x) 2(x 1)(x 1)(x 2) g. x 1, 1 x 5 h. x 2, 0.5 x 1
5. a. f (x) k(x 2)(x 1)(x 1)(x 3) i. 3.1 x .2 or x
3.3 j. R
1
b. f (x) 2(x 2)(x 1)(x 1)(x 3) 3. a. 30 b. t 59.15 °C c. t 270.50 °C
6. (x 1)(x 2)(5x 3) 0
7. 2 –4 10
8. a. 4, 5 b. 1 3i c. 0, 2, 5 d. 0, 2, 2 e. 1, 0, 1
3 3 3i3

f. i, 1 g. 1, 0, 4 h. 2, 4 i. 2, 3, 3 –30
j. 2, 3, 4 k. 1, 1, 2 l. 3, 3, 4 m. 5, 1 3 4. between 1.96 and 4.16 s

1 33
5. 3.27 w 3.30 in cm
n. 2, 2
Exercise 2.6
7 17
1 3 1
9. a. 1, 4 b. 4, 1, 4 c. 2, 3 5 d. 0, 2, 2 1. a. 10 b. 19 c. 4 d. 6
2. a. b.
1 3
i 7 13

e. 3, 2 f. i, 7 g. 2, 2 h. 2, 2
–2 0 2 –3 0 3
2 x 2 x 3 or x 3
1 23
10. a. 1, i, 3 b. 2, 1, 1 3i,
, i3 2 c. d.
–4 0 4 –2 0 2
1 1 1 2
1 34
c. 2, 1, 2, 3 d. 3, 4, 3, 4 e. 3 ,
3 4 x 4 x
2 or x 2
f. 8, 2, 3 i21 3. a. 3 f(x) b. 5 g(x)
11. 5 cm
12. a. 7.140, 0.140 b. 2.714, 1.483, 3.231 c. 1, 0.732, 2732 x x
d. 2.278, 1.215, 1.215, 2.278 3 –5

13. 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm
14. 6.64 m c. d.
5 h(x) 6 m(x)
15. 3.1 s
Exercise 2.4 x x
5 9 7 8
1. a. 5, 11 b. 2, 2 c. 3, 3 –5 –2.5 2
2. a. x2 3x 7 0 b. x2 6x 4 0 c. 25x2 5x 2 0
d. 12x2 13x 3 0 e. 3x2 33x 2 0
3. a. x2 10x 21 0 b. x2 3x 40 0 e. 4 f(x) f. 1 g(x)
c. 3x2 10x 3 0 d. 8x2 10x 3 0
e. 125x2 85x 12 0 f. x2 4x 5 0 x x
4. 6 4
3
1
5. 6, k 21
6. x2 4x 13 0 4. a. b.
y y
7. 2x2 37x 137 0
8. x2 7x 9 0
x x
9. 16x2 97x 4 0
–2 2 –1 1
10. x2 10x 5 0
11. 4x2 40x 1 0
12. 8x2 40x 1 0 c. y d. y
b c d
13. x1 x2 x3 a, x1x2 x1x3 x2x3 a, x1x2x3 a
x x
14. 2x3 13x2 22x 8 0 0 0
2 –4
15. x3 10x2 31x 32 0

e. y f. y g. 2.8 x .72 or .72 x 2.8
(–1, 1) (1, 1) h. 1.44 x 1 or x 1.38
1 10
x x 17. a. 3, 4 b. 4 x 2 c. x 1 or x
4
1 18. 5 cm
Chapter 2 Test
6. a. y b. y 1. No.
2. a. (x 1)(x2 4x 2) b. (x 1)(2x 3)(x 3)
x x c. (x 1)(x 1)3
–3 3 3. (3x 2)(x2 2x 2)
3 3i3 3 i3 1
4. a. 3, 2 b. 1, 2 c. 0, 2, 3 d. 2, 1
c. y
5. x2 8x 20 0
6. Yes.
x
7. a. 2 x 3 or x 2 b. 2 x 0 or x
2
–1 1
c. x 7 or x 2
8. a. 3 zeros, positive, cubic (3rd)
4 8 b. 2 zeros, positive, quartic (4th)
7. a. x 4, 3 b. x 3, 3 c. 6 x 12
1 7 c. 3 zeros, negative, cubic (3rd)
d. x
1 or x 9 e. 2 x 2 f. no solution 9. a. 173.9 cm b. 6.52 kg
4 1 2
8. a. 1 b. 0.8 c. 4, 3 d. x 2 e. x 5
5 CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO
f. x 1 or x
3 g. 2, 4 h. 0
CALCULUS
9. none
10. Review of Prerequisite Skills
f(x) 2 2 5
1. a. 3 b. 2 c. 12 d. 1 e. 3 f. 3 g. 4 h. 4 i. 6
x 4 1
j. 1 k. 1 0 l. 1
–2 2. a. y 4x 2 b. y 2x 5
c. y 5 0 d. 2x 3y 12 0 e. 6x 5y 36 0
f. x y 2 0 g. 6x y 2 0 h. 4x y 0
Review Exercise i. 7x y 27 0 j. 3x y 6 0 k. x 3 0
1. a. (x 3) b. (3x 2) l. y 5 0
2. a. y a(x 4)(x 1)(x 2) b. y (x 4)(x 1)(x 2) 5 3 5
3. a. No. b. Yes. 3. a. 52 b. 13 c. 0 d. 52
4. (x 5)(x2 x 1) 4. a. 6 b. 3 c. 9
3 35
5. a. 4 b. 3 1
3 5. a. 2 b. 1 c. 5 d. 1 e. 106
6. a. (x 1)(x2 x 1) 52 63 6 6 43 3 3
6. a. 2 b. 3 c. 3 d. 6
b. (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) c. (2x 3y)(4x2 6xy 9y2)
d. 3(x 2x pr)(x2 4xw 4w2 prx 2wpr p2r2) 57
e.
20 15 103
f. 6 43 g.
8. a. (2x 3)(x2 x 1) b. (x 1)(3x 5)(3x 1) 9 2
9. a. Yes b. No 66 152 20 25
h. 13 i. 19
10. a. (3x 1)(x2 x 1) b. (2x 5)(x2 3x 1)
c. (5x 1)(3x 1)(2x 1) 2 3 9 13
7. a.
52 b. 63 6 c. 57 4 d. 66 152
11. a. 2.5 b. 0, 5, 5 c. 2, 1 i 3 d. 1, 3, 3
3 21
1 i3
1
e. -4, 4, 2i f. 1, 2 g. 2, 2 e. f.
1
3 7
7
23
3 3i3 1 i3 8. a. (x 2)(x 2) b. x(x 1)(x 1) c. (x 3)(x 2)
h. 1, 3, 2 , 2 i. 1 5, 1 i2

d. (2x 3)(x 2) e. x(x 1)(x 1) f. (x 2)(x2 2x 4)
12. a. x 1.414 b. x 10.196, 0.196 g. (3x 4)(9x2 12x 16) h. (x 2)(x2 3)
c. x 1.377, 0.274, 2.651 d. x 1.197 i. (x 1)(x 2)(2x 3)
e. x 2.857, 1.356 f. x 5.67 9. a. x 僆 R b. x 僆 R c. x
5, x 僆 R d. x 僆 R
13. x2 3 and k 1 e. x 1, x 僆 R f. x 僆 R g. x
9, x 僆 R h. x 0, x 僆 R
14. x2 5x 2 0 1
i. x 5, x 僆 R j. x 4, 1, 5, x 僆 R k. x 3, 2, x 僆 R
1
15. a. x1 x2 2, x1x2 2 b. 15x2 x 2 0 l. x 2, 1, 5, x 僆 R
2
c. x 6x 13 0 d. x2 3, k 1
2
e. x x 4 0 f. 4x x 2 0
2 2 Exercise 3.1
5 1
16. a. 4 x 2 b. x 2 or x
1 c. x 0 1. a. 3 b. 3 c. 3
d. 1 x 1 or x 2 e. x 0 f. R 1 7
2. a. 3 b. 13

3. a. x y 0 b. y 8x 6 c. 3x 5y 15 0 8. a. 8 b. 2 c. 2
d. x 5 0 9. 5
1 1
4. a. 4 h b. 75 15h h2 c. 108 54h 12h2 h3 10. a. 0 b. 0 c. 5 d. 2 e. 5 f. does not exist
1 3 1
1 h e. 6 3h f. 12 6h h g. 4(4 h) h. 4 2h
d. 2 11. a. does not exist b. 2 c. 2 d. does not exist
13. m 3, b 1
1 h5 1
5. a.
16 h 4

b.
h2 5
h42
c.
5 h 5
14. a 3, b 2, c 0
1 1
1 15. b. 6, 4 c. 2000 d. 22 years after the spill, or 82 years in total.
6. a. 6 3h b. 3 3h h2 c.
9h3

7. a. P(2, 8) Exercise 3.4
100
4. a. 1 b. 1 c. 9 d. 53 e. 2 f. 3
Q Slope of PQ
5. a. 2 b. 2
7 7 1 1 1
(3, 27) 19 7. a. 4 b. 4 c. 7 d. 1 e. 3 f. 27 g. 0 h. 2 i. 2 j. 4 k. 4
(2.5, 15.625) 15.25 1 1 3
l.
7

m. 2 n. 4 o. 1
(2.1, 9.261) 12.61
1 1 1 1 1
(2.01, 8.120601) 12.0601 8. a. 12 b. 27 c. 6 d. 2 e. 12 f. 12
2 1 3 1
(1, 1) 7 9. a. 0 b. 0 c. 4 d. 1 e. 0 f. 3 g. 16 h. 4 i. 2 j. 2
(1.5, 3.375) 9.25 1
k. 2x l. 3
2
(1.9, 6.859) 11.41
(1.99, 7.880599) 11.9401
10. a. does not exist b. does not exist c. does not exist d. 0
V 22.4334
11. b. V 0.08213T 22.4334 c. T 0.08213
b. 12 c. 12 6h h2 d. 12 13. a. 27 b. 1 c. 1
8. a. 12 b. 5 c. 12
1 1 5
14. a. 0 b. 0
9. a. b. c. 1
15. a. 0 b. 0 c. 2
2 4 6
1 1 16. 2
10. a. 2 b. 2 c.
25
1 1 3 1 1 17. No.
11. a. 1 b. 1 c. 9 d. 4 e. 10 f. 4 g. 6 h. 16 18. b 2
5
16. 4 19. m 6, b 9
17. 1600 papers/month
Exercise 3.5
18. (2, 4)
4. a. 3 b. 0 c. 0 d. 3 e. 3, 2 f. 3
26 28
19. 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3
28 26
5. a. x 僆 R b. x 僆 R c. x 0, 0 x 5, x 5, x 僆 R
d. x
2, x 僆 R e. x 僆 R f. x 僆 R
Exercise 3.2
7. continuous everywhere
1. 0 s and 4 s
8. No.
2. a. slope of the secant between two points (2, s(2)) and (9, s(9))
9. 0, 100, 200, and 500
b. slope of the tangent at (6, s(6))
10. Yes.
3. slope of the tangent to y x at (4, 2)
11. discontinuous at x 2
4. a. between A and B b. greater
12. k 16
7. a. 5 m/s, 25 m/s, 75 m/s b. 55 m/s c. 20 m/s
13. a 1, b 6
8. a. i) 72 km/h ii) 64.8 km/h iii) 64.08 km/h c. 64 km/h
14. a. 1, 1, does not exist b. discontinuous at x 1
9. a. 15 terms b. 16 terms/h
1
10. a. 3 mg/h Review Exercise
1
11. 5 1. a. 3 b. 7 c. 2x y 5 0
0 s/m 1 1 1 5
12 2. a. 3 b. 2 c. 27 d. 4
12. 5ºC/km
3. a. 2 b. 2
13. 2 s, 0 m/s
4. a. 5 m/s; 15 m/s b. 40 m/s c. 60 m/s
14. a. $4800 b. $80/ball c. 0 x 8
1 5. a. 0.0601 g b. 6.01 g/min c. 6 g/min
15. a. 6 b. 1 c. 10 6. a. 7 105 tonnes b. 1.8 105 tonnes/year
2
18. 200 m /m
c. 1.5 105 tonnes/year d. 7.5 years
Exercise 3.3 7. a. 10 b. 7, 0 c. t 3, t 4
8 9. a. x 1, x 1 b. do not exist
1 b.
1. a. 1
4. a. 5 b. 10 c. 100 d. 8 e. 4 f. 8 10. not continuous at x 3
2
5. 1 11. a. x 1, x 2 b. lim f(x) 3, lim f(x) does not exist
x→1 x→2
6. a. 0 b. 2 c. 1 d. 2
7. a. 2 b. 1 c. does not exist

37
12. a. does not exist b. 0 c. 7, does not exist C H A P T E R 4 D E R I VAT I V E S
1 1 Review of Prerequisite Skills
13. 3 b. 2
1
1. a. 511 b. a8 c. 418 d. 8a6 e. 6m13 f. 2p g.
a2b7 h. 48e
18
x f(x) x f(x) b
i.
2a6
1.9 0.34483 0.9 0.52632 7

2

2. a. x 6 b. 4x4 c. a 3
1.99 0.33445 0.99 0.50251
3 3
1.999 0.33344 0.999 0.50025 3. a. 2 b. 2 c. 5 d. 1
2.001 0.33322 1.001 0.49975 4. a. x 2y 5 0 b. 3x 2y 16 0 c. 4x 3y 7 0
2.01 0.33223 1.01 0.49751
5. a. 2x2 5xy 3y2 b. x3 5x2 10x 8
c. 12x2 36x 21 d. 13x 42y e. 29x2 2xy 10y2
2.1 0.32258 1.1 0.47619
f. 13x3 12x2y 4xy2
14. 15x y5 8
6. a. 2, x 2, 0 b.
4y2(y 2) , y 5 c. 9 , h k

x f(x) 2 11x 8x 7 4x 72
(x y)2 , x y e. 2x(x 1)
d. f.
–0.1 0.29112 (x 2)(x 3)
–0.01 0.28892 7. a. 2a(5a 3) b. (2k 3)(2k 3) c. (x 4)(x 8)
–0.001 0.2887 d. (y 14)(y 3) e. (3a 7)(a 1) f. (6x 5)(x 2)
0.001 0.28865 g. (x 1)(x 1)(x2 1) h. (x y)(x2 xy y2)
i. (r 1)(r 1)(r 2)(r 2)
0.01 0.28843
8. a. (a b)(a2 ab b2)
0.1 0.28631
b. (a b)(a4 a3b a2b2 ab3 b4)
c. (a b)(a6 a5b a4b2 a3b3 a2b4 ab5 b6)
15. a.
d. (a b)(an1 an2b an3b2 ... abn2 bn1)
x f(x) 32 43 6 30 172 11 46

9. a. 2 b. 3 c. 23 d. 5
2.1 0.24846
2.01 0.24984 Exercise 4.1
2.001 0.24998 1. a. x 僆 R, x 2 b. x 僆 R, x 2 c. x 僆 R d. x 僆 R, x 1
2.0001 0.25 e. x 僆 R f. x 2, x 僆 R
1
1
c. 4 4. a. 2 b. 9 c. 2

3 3
2
5. a. 2x 3 b. d.
(x 2)2 c. 2
16. a. 10, slope of the tangent to y x2 at x 5 3x 2 x3
2
1
b. 4, slope of the tangent to y x at x 4 6. a. 7 b.
(x 1)2 c. 6x
1 1 7. 4, 0, 4
c. 16, slope of the tangent to y x at x 4
8. 8 m/s, 0 m/s, 4 m/s
1 3
147 , slope of the tangent to y x at x 343
d. 9. x 6y 10 0
3 10. a. 0 b. 1 c. m d. 2ax b
17. a. 2 b. 5a2 3a 7 c. does not exist d. 1 e. 12 f. 4 12. a and e, b and f, c and d
1 3 3 3 2
3 13. 1
g. 3 h. 10a i. 7 j. 5 k. 1 l. 1 m. 2 n. 2
14. f ‘(0) 0
1 1
o.
5

p. 3 q. 0 r. 16 s. 48 t. 4 u. 2 15. 3
1
16. f (x) (x 3) 3 , answers will vary
Chapter 3 Test
5. 13 Exercise 4.2
1
4
6. 2. a. 4 b. 0 c. 4x 1 d.
2x
e. 12x2 f. 3x2 2x g. 2x 5
3
1 3
7. 2 h. 3 j. 18x k. x l. 3x4
3 2 i. x 4
8. x y 2 0 3x
dy
9. a. does not exist b. 1 c. 1 d. 1, 2 3. a. d
x
2x 3 b. f ‘(x) 6x2 10x 4
10. a. 1.8 105 b. 4000 people/year 2
c. v‘(t) 18t2 20t4 d. s‘(t) t3, t 0 e. f ‘(x) 6x5
11. a. 1 km/h b. 2 km/h ds
f. h‘(x) 4x 11 g. dt 4t3 6t2 h. g‘(x) 20x4
16 h 4

12. dy 3
h i. d
x
x4 x2 x j. g‘(x) 40x7 k. s‘(t) 2t3 2
13. 31 21 dy
7 3 1 1 l. g‘(x) 7f ‘(x) m. h‘(x) x
8 n. m
14. a. 12 b. 5 c. 4 d. 4 e. 6 f. 12 4 2
dx
5

18 4. a. 2x 5 b. 5x 3 c. 9x 2 d. 8x7 8x9
15. a 1, b 5
1 2 4 3
17. k 8 1
e. 2x 3
2x3
3x 3
f. 2x 2 6x2 g. 18x4 4x3
1 2 1 1
3 1
h. 18x3 2x 2 i. 100x4 x 3 j. 2x 2 9x 2

3
1
k. 1.5x0.5 3x1.25 l. x2 2x 2 Exercise 4.4
1
1 dy ds
5. a. 4t 7 b. 5 t2 c. 2t 6 2. f ‘(x) 1, g‘(x) 2x 3 , h‘(x)
2x6 , d
x
8x, dt 1
1 x 2x 2
13 7 2x 3x 4 2
191 11
6. a. 4 b. 2 4. a.
(x 1)2 b. (x 1)2 c. (t 5)2 d. (x 3)2 e. (2x2 1)2
4
1
7. a. 12 b. 5 c. 2 d. 12 2x 5x 6x 5 x 4x 3
2 x 6x 1
2 2
f. h.
(x2 3)2 g. (1 x2)2

(x2 3)2 i. (3x2 x)2
1
8. a. 9 b. 2 c. 4 d. 7 13 7 200 7
5. a. 4 b. 2
5 c. 841 d. 3
9. a. 6x y 4 0 b. 18x y 25 0 c. 9x 2y 9 0
6. 9
d. x y 3 0 e. 7x 2y 28 0 f. 5x 6y 11 0
7. 9, 5, (1, 5)
27 3
10. x 18y 125 0
11. 8 or 8 9. a. (0, 0), (8, 32) b. (1, 0)
12. No 10. p‘(1) 75.36, p‘(2) 63.10
14. (1, 0) 11. 4x 6y 5 0
15. (2, 10), (2, 6) 12. a. 20 m b. 1.1 m/s
17. a. y 3 0, 16x y 29 0; 13. ad bc 0
b. 20x y 47 0, 4x y 1 0
18. 7 Exercise 4.5
19. a. 50 km b. 0.12 km/m 1. a. 0 b. 0 c. 1 d. 15 e. x2 1 f. x 1
20. 0.29 min, 1.71 min 2. a. f (g(x)) x, x
0; g(f(x)) x, x 僆 R; f °g g °f
1 1
21. 20 m/s x2 1 , x 僆 R; g(f(x)) x2 1, x 0; f °g g °f
b. f (g(x))
22. (1, 3), (1, 3) 1
, x 2; g(f (x))

1 2x
c. f (g(x)) 1
23. (0, 0) x2
x , x 2 or
1 x 0; f °g g °f
25. 1 n, approaches 1
2x,1, xx 33
1
3. a. 3x 1 b. c. (3x 1)3
26. a. f ‘(x) x1

1 1
x3 e.
d. x 1
f. 3x3 1 g.
3x 2
h. 3xx 1
f ‘(x) does not exist at (3, 9).

1
6x, x 2 i.
(x 1)3
b. f ‘(x) 6x, 2 x 2

4. a. f (x) x4, g(x) 2x2 1 b. f (x) x, g(x) 5x 1
6x, x 2 1 5
c. f (x) x, g(x) x 4 d. f(x) x 2 , g(x) 2 3x
f ‘(x) does not exist at (2
, 0), (2
, 0).
e. f(x) x(x 1), g(x) x2 2

1, x 1 f. f(x) x2 9x, g(x) x 1
1, 1 x 0 5. g(x) x3
c. f ‘(x)
1, 0 x 1 6. f (x) (x 7)2
1, x 0 7. f (x) (x 3)2
f ‘(x) does not exist at (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0). 8. g(x) x 4 or g(x) x 4
9. u(x) 2x or u(x) 2x 4
Exercise 4.3 x 1
1. a. 2x 4 b. 6x2 2x c. 12x 17 d. 8x 26 x 1 b. x 11. 2, 3 12. a. x
10. a.
e. 45x8 80x7 2x 2 f. 8t3 2t
Exercise 4.6
2. a. 15(5x 1)2(x 4) (5x 1)3
2. a. 8(2x 3)2 b. 6(5 x)5 c. 6x(x2 4)2 d. 15x2(7 x3)4
b. 6x(3 x3)5 15x2(3x2 4)(3 x3)4
e. 4(4x 3)(2x2 3x 5)3 f. 5(5x x2)4(5 2x)
c. 8x(1 x2)3(2x 6)3 6(1 x2)4(2x 6)2
g. 6x(2 x2)2 h. 4(1 2x 3x2)(1 x x2 x3)3
4. a. 9 b. 4 c. 9 d. 6 e. 36 f. 22 g. 671 h. 12 2 5
5. 10x y 8 0 i. 12(2 x)3[(2 x)4 16]2 j. 4x 1

k. 5x 7
2
6. a. (14, 450) b. (1, 0)
x 10x x 1
7. a. 3(x 1)2(x 4)(x 3)2 (x 1)3(x 3)2 l. x2 3

m.
(x2 16)6 n.
x2 43
o.
2x(x 1)2
2(x 1)3(x 4)(x 3) 1

b. 2x(3x2 4)2(3 x3)4 12x3(3x2 4)(3 x3)4 2(1 u ) 3 5 2(x 2) (x 1) 2
p. 3 2 2x 5 r. x
q. 3 2

u
12x4(3x2 4)2(3 x3)3 6 6
1 2x
8
3. a. x
3 b. 6x
8. 30 x4 c. (x 1)2 d. (x2 4)2 e. x3 f. (9 x2)2
9. a. f ‘(x) g‘(x)g2(x) ... g11(x) g1(x) g‘2(x) g‘3(x) ... g11(x) 10x 1 4(2x 1) (1 x)2(x 2)
g.
g1(x) g2(x) g‘3(x) ... g11(x) ... (5x2 x)2 h. (x2 x 1)5 i. x3
n(n 1) (3x 1)(x 3)
g1(x) g2(x) ... gx1(x) g‘11(x) b. 2 4. a. 3(3x 5)(x 4)2(x 3)5 b.
10. f (x) 3x 6x 5
2 (1 x2)2
11. a. 1 b. f ‘(x) 2x, x 1 or x 1; c. 4(2x 1)3(2 3x)3(7 12x)
2(x
2 3x 1)
f ‘(x) 2x, 1 x 7 c. 4, 0, 6 d. (x2 1)2 e. 3x2 (3x 5)(4x 5)

(2x 1)(2x 5)
f. g. 4x3(1 4x2)2(1 10x2) 92 92
(x 2)4 14. c. (0, 0), 32, 2 , 32
, 2 d. 14
48x(x2 3)3
h. (x2 3)5 i. 6x(2x 3x 3)(x 3) (x 3)
3 2 2 3
15. a. 50
3
3.68 b. 1
1 16. a. 9, 19 b. 1.7 words/min, 2.3 words/min
j. 3
k. 12(4 3t3)3(1 2t)5(9t3 3t2 4) 30t
(1 x2) 2 17. a. 9 t2)3
(
b. Yes. The limit of N(t) as t → 0 is 0.
1
l. 18. a. x2 40 b. 6 gloves/week
(1 x)1 x2
x
91
5. a. 3
7
19. a. 750 3 2x2 b. $546.67
6 b. 48 5
20. 4
6. x 0, x 1
1 Chapter 4 Test
7. 4
3. f ‘(x) 1 2x
1 1 2
8. 60x y 119 0 4. a. x2 15x6 b. 60(2x 9)4 c.
3

x3

x2
3
9728 1
7 f. 8 g. 48608
9. a. 52 b. 78 c. 54 d. 320 e. 2 5(x2 6)4(3x2 8x 18) 16x3 14x 4x5 18x 8
d. (3x 4)6 e.

3
6x2
72
f. x 5
10. 10
42 5. 14
11. 25 40
6. 3
12. 6
7. 60x y 61 0
13. a. h‘(x) p‘(x)g(x)r(x) p(x)q‘(x)r(x) p(x)q(x)r‘(x) 75
8. 32 p.p.m./year
b. 344
9. 4,
256
1 1
2x(x 3x 1)(1 x)
2 2
15. (1 x)4
10. (1, 0), 3, 27
1 32
17. (a 1)d (c 1)b
11. a 1, b 1
Technology Extension
3
b. i) 6 ii) 3 iii) 32 iv) 6 v) 4 vi) 4 vii) 6 viii) 1 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–4
1. y 2. y
Review Exercise
1 4
2. a. 4x 5 b. x6
2
c.
(4 x)2
x
x
1 –1 2
3 28 1
3. a. 2x 5 b. 3x2 c. 4x 4
d. 20x5 e.
3x5 f. (x 3)2
–3 1 4
2x 12x 1 7x 2
g. j.
(x2 5)2 h. (3 x2)3 i. 2
2x 7x2
4x 1 3. y 2x3 3x2 24
4 6x2 4. a. x2 x 2 b. 3x2 13x 50, R: 153
k. 60x3(5x4 )2 5
l. x 7

5(x3 4) 5 c. x2 x 5, R: 5x 4
2x 2
3 x 3x 2 4 5 5. 27
4. a. x3 b.
2 (7x 3) c. x2x d.
2
x3 e.
(3x 5)2 6. 6
3x 1 1 x 7. 3
f. x1
g. 3 h. x2 9
i. 1, x 4 8. (x 2) is a factor.
2 3x (
x
2)5
j. 2x 6 9. (x 3) and (x 1)
2x2 1 (2x 5)3(2x 23) 10. a. (x 4)(x 2)(x 5) b. (x 2)(x 2)(x 5)
5. a. 20x3(x 1)(2x 6)5 b. c. (x 1)4
2
x 1 c. (2x 1)(x 2)(x 2) d. (5x 2)(x2 2x 5)
1
x2 15 318(10x 1)5 1)2
12x(x2 1 11. a. 1, 2, 2 b. 2, 2, 3i, 3i c. 1, 2, 3 d. 1, 1, 2
d. 43 e. (3x 5)7 f. 3
(x2 1)4 g. 2 1 1 3i
3(x2 5)
(x 1) 2 e. 1, 1, 3 f. 3, 2
h. (x
2)2(x2 16x 27)
9)3(11x2 5
12. 4, 2
i. 6(1 x2)2(6 2x)4(3x2 6x 1) 13. x2 77x 4 0
(3x 2)(15x 62)
2 2
14. a. 2 x 3 b. 2 x 1, x
3
j. x2 5
15. a. 3 x 7
6. a. g‘(x) f (x2) • 2x b. h‘(x) 2f (x) 2xf ‘(x) 17
b. 1 x 4 c. x 5 or x 3
92 25
8 16. a. 13 m/s b. 15 m/s
7. a. 9 b.
289 c. 5
2 17. 5
8. 3
18. a. 3 b. 1 c. 3 d. 2 e. No.
9. 2 23 , 5, 1
3
19. Answers will vary.
10. a. i. 2, 0 ii. 0, 1,
3
20. at x 2
11. a. 160x y 16 0 b. 60x y 61 0
21. 2
12. 5x y 7 0
13. (2, 8), b 8 22. x3

1 1 1 1
23. a. 5 b. does not exist c. 9 d. 2 e. 1
2 f. 4 ii) 1 t 3, 7 t 9 iii) 3 t 7
24. a. 6x 1 b. x2 5. v(t) t2 4t 3, a(t) 2t 4, direction changes at t 3
1
25. a. 8x 5 b. 3x2(2x3 1) 2 c. 6(x 3)2 and t 1 returns to original position at t 3
d. 4x(x2 3)(4x5 5x 1) (20x4 5)(x2 3)2 6. a. positive at t 1, negative at t 4
(4x 1) (84x 80x 9)
2 4 2 b. neither at t 1, positive at t 4
e. (3x 2)4 c. negative at t 1, positive at t 4
f. 5[x2 (2x 1)3]4[2x 6(2x 1)2] 7. a. 2t 6 b. 3 s
26. 4x 36 10 8. a. t 4 b. 80 m
27. 8x 16y 65 0 9. a. 3 m/s b. 2 m/s2
3 5 1 3
3x2 35 7 105 35
28. 冤
(x3 2)2 (x3 2) 5冥 • (x3 2)2
18 4 10. a. v(t) 2t 2 2t 2 , a(t) 4t 2 4t 2 b. t 5 c. t 5

29. 3 d. 0 t 3 e. t 7
30. a. 4t 6 b. 46 people/year c. 2002 11. a. 25 m/s b. 31.25 m c. t 5, 25 m/s
12. a. Velocity is 98 m/s, acceleration is 12 m/s2. b. 38 m/s
C H A P T E R 5 A P P L I C AT I O N S O F 13. a. v(t) 6 2t, a(t) 2, 19 m b. v(t) 3t2 12,
D E R I VAT I V E S a(t) 6t, 25 m
14. 1 s, away
14 1
15. b. v(0) 5 3k, s(t 3k) 9k3 30k2 23k
5. a. 5 b. 13 c. 3, 1 d. 2, 3 e. 2, 6 f. 3, 0, 1 g. 0, 4 16. No.
1 1 9
h. 2, 2, 3 i. 2, 1 17. b. v(t) 1, a(t) 0
6. a. x 3 b. x 0 or x 3 c. 0 x 4 Exercise 5.3
7. a. 25 cm2 b. 48 cm2 c. 49 cm2 d. 36 cm2 dA d
S d
s
1. a. dt 4 m /s b. dt 3m /min c. dt 70 km/h, t .25
2 2
8. a. S 56 cm2, V 48 cm3 b. h 6 cm, S 80 cm2
dx d y d

c. r 6 cm, S 144 cm2 d. h 7 cm, V 175 cm3 d. dt dt e. dt 1
0 rad/s
9. a. V 972 cm3, S 324 cm2 2. a. decreasing at 5.9ºC/s b. 0.577 m c. let T ‘‘(x) 0.
b. V 36 cm3, S 36 cm2 c. r 3, S 36 cm2 3. 100 cm2/s, 20 cm/s
5000兹10
苶 4. a. 100 cm3/s b. 336 cm2/s
苶 cm, V
d. r 5兹10 3 cm3
9
5. 40 cm2/s
10. a. 16 cm3 b. 9 cm c. 2 cm 5 5
6. a. 6 m/s b. 3 m/s
11. a. S 54 cm2, V 27 cm3 b. S 30 cm2, V 5兹5苶 cm3
1
c. S 72 cm2, V 24兹3 苶 cm3 d. S 24k2 cm2, V 8k3 cm3 7. km/h
4
Exercise 5.1 8. 9 m/s
x x x2 y 2
3x
2. a. y b. y c. 5 9
x
y d. , y 0 e. 9. 8 m/min
2xy y2 20y3 f. 16y
10. 214 m/s
13x 3x 2y3 2x 2y x2 y
g.
48y h. 6xy2
i. j.
2y 5 k. , y 0
y2 2x x 11. 5兹苶 13 km/h
1
1 3x2y y3 兹y苶 y 12. a. 72 cm/s b. 0.01 cm/s c. 0.04 cm/s
l. 1 5y4 m. n. o.
3y2 x3 兹x苶 x 13.
1
3. a. 2x 3y 13 0 b. 2x 3y 25 0 2 m/min, 94 min
c. 3兹苶 3x 5y 15 0 d. 11x 10y 81 0 15. 0.46 m3/a
2
4. (0, 1) 16. cm/min
3兹5苶 3兹5
苶
5. a. 1 b. 冢 5 , 兹苶5冣, 冢 5 , 兹苶 5冣 5兹3
17. V
苶 2
s (s-side of triangle)
2
6. 10 兹3苶
7. 7x y 11 0 18. 4 m/min
8. x 2y 3 0 19. 144 m/min
3x2 8xy 20. 62.83 km/h
9. a. 4x2 3 4
21. 8
10. a. 1 b. 1 c. 1 d. 2 5 cm/s, 25 cm/s
l2 x2 y2
12. x 4 0, 2x 3y 10 0 22. x2 y2 4, k2
(l k)2 1

15. x2 y2 8x 2y 1 0, x2 y2 4x 10y 11 0 23. 96 m/s
Exercise 5.2 Exercise 5.4

1 3
2. a. 90x8 90x4 b. 4x 2 c. 2 1. a. Yes. The function is continuous.
3. a. v(t) 10t 3, a(t) 10 b. v(t) 6t2 3b, a(t) 12t b. No. There is a discontinuity at x 2.
c. v(t) 1 6t2, a(t) 12t3 d. v(t) 2t 6, a(t) 2 c. No. The left side of the domain is not defined.
1 1 1 3 d. Yes. The function is continuous on the domain given.
e. v(t) 2(t 1) 2 , a(t) 4(t 1) 2
2. Absolute Maximum Absolute Minimum
27
f. v(t) 54
(t 3)2 , a(t) (t 3)3
a. 8 12
4. a. i) t 3 ii) 1 t 3 iii) 3 t 5 b. i) t 3, t 7 b. 30 5

c. 100 100 12. a. $15 b. $12.50, $825
d. 30 20 14. r 2.285 m, h 9.146 m or 915 cm
3. a. maximum 3 at x 0, minimum 1 at x 2 15. 5.91 m from stronger light
b. maximum 4 at x 0, minimum 0 at x 2 2 4 3
16. r 3r0, velocity 2
c. maximum 0 at x 0, 3, minimum 4 at x 1, 2 7 r0 A
d. maximum 0 at x 0, minimum 20 at x 2 Review Exercise
e. maximum 8 at x 1, minimum 3 at x 2 3x2 y3 2 2xy
1. a.
5y4 b. x
3 c.
3y2(x 1)2 d. 3x2 y4
16
f. maximum 3 at x 4, minimum 0 at x 0 2 3
14x6y y 5 5x 5 2
52
4. a. maximum 5 at x 10, minimum 4 at x 2 e. , y 0 f.
7y2 10x7 3
5
3x
b. maximum 4 at x 4, minimum 3 at x 9 or x 1 5
2. a. 4 b. 0
1
c. maximum 1 at x 1, minimum 2 at x 0 4 4
3. 5, 5
d. maximum 47 at x 3, minimum 169 at x 3
4. f ‘(x) 4x3 4x5, f ”(x) 12x2 20x6
e. maximum 2 at x 1, minimum 2 at x 1
8 16 5. 72x7 42x
f. maximum 5 at x 2, minimum 1
7 at x 4 1 1
4 4 7. v(t) 2t 2t 3
, a(t) 2
(2t 3
5. a. minimum velocity 5 m/s, maximum velocity 3 m/s )3
5 10
b. minimum velocity of 4 as t → 8. v(t) 1 t2, a(t) t3
6. 20
9. v(t) 0 for 0 t 2, v2 0, v(t) 0 for t 2
9 9 9
7. a. 80 km/h b. 50 km/h
8. maximum 0.0083, minimum 0.00625 10. a. maximum 0, minimum 52 b. maximum 16, minimum 65
9. 0.049 years c. maximum 20, minimum 12
10. 70 km/h, $31.50 11. a. 62 m b. yes, 2 m beyond the stop sign
11. 245 12. x y 3 0
3
12. 300 13. maximum velocity 2 33 at t 3 , minimum velocity 2 at
t0
Exercise 5.5 14. 250
1. L W 25 cm 15. a. i) $2200 ii) $5.50 iii) $3.00, $3.00 b. i) $24 640
2. If the perimeter is fixed, then the figure will be a square. ii) $61.60 iii) 43.21, $43.21 c. i) $5020 ii) $12.55
3. 300 m 150 m iii) $0.025, $0.024 98 d. i) $2705 ii) $6.762 5
4. L 82.4 cm, W 22.4 cm, h 8.8 cm iii) $4.993 75, $4.993 76
5. 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm 16. 2000
6. 100 cm2 17. a. Object is moving away from its starting position.
7. a. r 5.4 cm, h 10.8 cm b. h:d 1:1 b. Object is moving towards its starting position.
8. a. 15 cm2 b. 30 cm2 c. The largest area occurs when the 1 3
18. a.
4 m/h b. 50 m/h
length and width are each equal to one-half of the sides adjacent
to the right angle. 19. 2 cm2/s
9. a. AB 20 cm, BC AD 20 cm b. 15 3 104 cm3 20. 210
cm3/s
10. a. h 1.085 m, equal sides 0.957 m b. Yes. All the wood 85

would be used for the outer frame. 21. 5
11. t 0.36 h 22. decreasing; 3.75 m/s
50
14. a. r cm and no square b. r 7 cm, w 14 cm 2
23. a. t 3 s b. maximum c. a 0, accelerating
15. 17
2
16. Both slopes ab. 24. 27.14 cm 27.14 cm 13.57 cm
2 5 25. large: 189.9 m 63.2 m; small 37.98 m 63.2 m
17. 2
43k 3 26. base is 11.6 d 31.6 d, h 4.2 d
18. 9 27. r 4.3 cm, h 8.6 cm
28. Run the pipe 7199 m along the river from A, then cross to R.
Exercise 5.6
29. 10:35
1. a. $1.80/L b. $1.07/L c. 5625 L
30. either $204 or $206
2. a. 15 terms b. 16 term/h c. 20 terms/h
31. Run the pipe from P to a point 5669 m along the shore from A
3. a. t 1 min b. 1.5 d. maximum e. decreasing
in the direction of the refinery. Then run the pipe along the
4. h 15 000 m, C $6000/h
shore.
5. 375 m 250 m
6. W 24.0 m, L 40.8 m, h 20.4 m Chapter 5 Test
7. r 43 mm, h 172 mm x 2y
1.
y 2x
8. 10 586 m south of the power plant
9. $22.50 2. 3x 4y 7 0
10. 6 nautical miles/h
11. 139 km/h

3. a. 4 m/s b. 2 s, 4 s c. 12 m/s2 d. towards x2 3 2

b 2 1 2 25
4. 240 m2/s 3. a.
3y3 b. c. x4 d. x 3 y 12 e. f
x7y
a 3a3b
5 7 1
9
5. a. 512 cm3/min 4. a. 8x2 b. 8 c. 81 d. 8a 4 e. 3p2 f. 2a2 g. a6 h. 5 12 i. t 6
dr
b. Rate of change in volume depends on both dt and the (p q2)3 x1 3t2 2 3p5 1
dv 5. a. 12 b. a b c. q d.
2x4 e.
4 f.
t p7
radius. The larger the radius, the larger dt will be.
1 4x x x 1
6. 1.6 cm2/min 6. a. x2 x x 2
b. x2 c. x 3 d. x
9
7.
20 m/min
1 1 1
7. By the law of exponents, (am)n amn, so 64 6 (82) 6 8 3 .
8. minimum is 0.536, maximum is 1.6
9. 7.1 m/s Exercise 6.2
10. 250 m 166.7 m 1.
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
11. 162 mm 324 m 190 m
y
1 1 x
a. 1 decreasing 0 b 1 x 1, y
2 2
CHAPTER 6 THE EXPONENTIAL x 1, y 2
FUNCTION
b. 1 increasing b1 x 1, y 4 y 4x
Review of Prerequisite Skills x 1, y
1
9 4
1. a. 64 b. 9 c. 27 d. 16
y
1 1 x
1 5 1 9 c. 1 decreasing 0 b 1 x 1, y
2. a. x7 b. m2 c. 5
27b3 d. w e. 4
3 3
x 1, y 3
1 3 64 9
3. a. 2
5 b. 2 c. 27 d. 4 d. 1 increasing b1 x 1, y 8 y 8x
1 1
4. a. 2 b. 3 c. 2 x 1, y
8
5. a. y y2 5. b. i) vertical shift of 4 units
y1 ii) vertical shift of 3 units 2. a. positive b. always increases c. 1
c. vertical shift upwards of 4 3. a. positive b. always decreases c. 1
units 4. Find b in the point (1, b) on the graph
y3
d. A positive constant shifts
x Exercise 6.3
graph upwards. A negative
1.
constant shifts graph Equation of Function Is y-intercept
downwards. Asymptote
a. y 5 increasing 4
6. a. 1
y y1 6. b. i) compressed by 2 b. y4 increasing 5
ii) stretched by a factor of 2 c. y0 decreasing 4
y2
c. vertical stretch by factor of 3
d. y2 decreasing 3
x and shifted upwards 25 units
e. y 1 increasing 1
d. c 0, a reflection in the
x-axis f. y1 decreasing 6
y3 0 c 1, a compression of a 2. a. i) y 5 ii) 8 iii) increasing iv) domain: x 僆 R,
factor of c range: y 5, y 僆 R
c 1, a stretch of a factor of c 3. a. i) y 4 ii) 2 iii) decreasing iv) domain: x 僆 R,
7. a. range: y 4 y 僆 R
y 7. b. i) shift 5 units to the right
y1 y2 4. The graph of y abx c can be sketched with asymptote
ii) shift 3 units left and
y c and y-intercept y a c, and if b 1, it always
reflected in the x-axis
increases or if 0 b 1, it always decreases.
c. shift 6 units to the left
x and 7 units down Exercise 6.4
5
y3 d. A positive constant 1. 948 000
causes a shift to the left. 2. $21 600
1
A negative constant 3. a. P 5000(1.07)5 b. i) 6125 ii) 13 800 c. 10 years
4
causes a shift to the right. 4. $221 000
5. $9500
Exercise 6.1 6. $0.65
1 100 7. 0.22 g
1. a. 49 b. 0.16 c. 81 d. 125 e. 4 f. 64 g. 16 h. 1 i. 9
1 1 1 8. a. 20 days b. 5 days ago c. 10 days ago d. 25 days ago
j. 1 k. 6561 l. 3 m. 2 n. 210
1024 o. 729 9. a. $4.14 b. i) 8 years ii) 35 years ago
x2 9a 8 x 5
2. a. y2 b. x4y4 c. b
4 d. 3 6 b 5x

gh2 e. x y f. c g. 2y6 h. 4y2 10. a. 28 g b. 2 g c. 7 h
t
11. a. 15 h b. A 160 15 c. 174 mg d. 11.5 mg
1 a6b3 b3 1
i.
25x4y2 j. c3 k. a6 l. b
8
2

12. 5 h b. 320 5. a. i) y 5 ii) 3 iii) decreasing iv) domain: x 僆 R,
14. a. 783 000 b. 2032 range: y 5, y 僆 R
15. $1075 b. y
16. B 2
x
Exercise 6.5
–1 1 2
1. b. y 996.987(1.143)x c. 3794 d. 17 h 15 min
–2
2. a. y 0.660(1.462)x b. 6.45 billion c. 2061 y-intercept
of –3
3. a. y 283.843(1.032)x b. 317 348 c. 2062 –4
4. a. y 9.277(2.539)x b. 105 c. 1977
asymptote:
5. Answers will vary. –6 y = –5
6. graphing, finite differences
6. $10 330
Review Exercise 7. 2729
72 1
1. a. 1
7 b. 6 c. 27 d. 400 8. 3.5 min
1 9 1 25 9. a. y .660(1.462)x b. 43 billion c. 4.65 m2/person
2. a. 8 b. 2
5 c. 2 d. 8 d. Answers will vary.
1

3. a. a2q b. x 18 c. xb d. 27pq
2 2 10. a. f(x) 2x 3
1
4. a. 1 x1 x or x2(x 5)(x 3) b. x 2 (1 x)(1 x)
5 3
CHAPTER 7 THE LOGARITHMIC
1
FUNCTION AND LOGARITHMS

1 4 3
c. x3(x 4)(x 3) or x 1 x (1 x) d. x 2 (x 5)(x 5)
1 x Review of Prerequisite Skills
5. a. y 8x b. y 3 2. a. positive b. increasing c. 1
6. a. i) y 6 ii) 4 iii) increasing iv) x 僆 R, y 6, y 僆 R 3. a. positive b. decreasing c. 1
b. y 4. approximately 7700
5. 32 h
2
x 6. a. 6.59 g b. 520 years
–2 Exercise 7.1
–4 1 1
1. a. log39 2 b. log91 0 c. log 1 4 2 d. log365 2
–6 2
2 1
e. log279 3 f. log28 3
1 2
2. a. 53 125 b. 70 1 c. 52 25 d. 71 e. 3 9
7. a. i) y 3 ii) 8 iii) decreasing iv) domain: x 僆 R, 1 1
7
range y 3, y 僆 R 3

f. 9 2 27
b. y 3. a. 1.5682 b. 0.6198 c. 3 d. 1.7160 e. 0.1303 f. 4.7214
4. y = 5x
5.
y y
8 y = 5–x
y=3 y = log5x
x x
x
y = log 1 x
8. 1 638 400 5
9. 8 days
10. a. y 29040.595(1.0108)x b. 34 487 1 5
6. a. 3 b. 2 c. 4 d. 2 e. 3 f. 3 g. h. 4 i.
c. 2011 11. a. i) 0.8 million/year ii) 3.79 million/year 2 4
5 1 3 12 4
iii) fivefold increase b. i) 0.38 million/year 7. a. 0 b. c. d. e. f.
2 2 4 5 3
ii) 2.77 million/year iii) sevenfold increase 1
8. a. 125 b. 16 c. 3 d. 3 e. f. 16
3
Chapter 6 Test 10. y
5 1
1. a. 8 b. 25 c. 8 d. 16 e. 6 f. 5
11

8
2. a. a3 b. 9x4y2 c. x6y7 d. x2a e. xp q pq f. x 12
2 2
1
6
3. x 2 4
4. positive, b 1, increases; 0 b 1, decreases; b 1, 4 y = 3x + 3–x
constant
2
x
–4 –2 2 4
11. 23

Exercise 7.2 Exercise 7.4
1. a. logax logay b. logmp logmq 2. 10 times
2. a. loga(xw) b. loga(sr) 3. 60 dB
3. a. logbx logby b. logar logas 4. 5.06
1 3 5. 100 times
4. a. 4log613 b. 2log51.3 c. log7x d. loga6
3 4
5. a. logbx logby logbz b. logax logay logaz 6. 40 000 times
6. 7. a. 5 times
y c)
5 8. 5 times
4 b) 9. 32 000 times
3
a) 10. 10 000
2
1 d) 11. 10 000
12. 13
1 3 9 x 13. 3.2 107 mol/L
14. 3.2 107 mol/L
7. y c) Exercise 7.5
6
5 1. a. 1.892 b. 2.477 c. 0.656 d. 1.116
4 b) 3. a. y b. y
3 1
2 a)
1 d) x 1
x 1 2 3
1 3 9 x
–1
1
8. a. 3 b. 5 c. 2 d. 2 e. 5 f. 3 c. y d. y
9. a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4 f. 7 g. 3 h. 2 i. 3 4
2 4 3 1
logax logay b. logax logay logaw 2
10. a. 2
3 3 2 2
23 11 5 3
c. logax logay d. logax logay x
8 3 4 4
11. a. 1.347 b. 0.1084 c. 1.4978 d. 1.8376 e. 0.1513 1 2 3 x
f. 2.0614 –2 –1 1 2
2
12. a. 2.5 b. 6.93 c. d. 0.4889 e. 2.6178 f. 0.5831
3
13. a. 2.45 b. 0.83 c. 0.09 d. 0.59 e. 5.5 f. 2.4 g. 1.93
h. 0.64 4. Graph is reflected in y-axis.
3 4
xy
5 2 ] b. log5
2
x4 Review Exercise
14. a. loga[ log5w3 2
w y
1. a. 3 b. 3 c. 2.5 d. 3
15. a. vertical translation of 1 unit up 1
2. a. 2 b. 6 c. 3 d. 5
b. vertical stretch of a factor of 2, vertical translation of 3
1 11
upwards c. vertical stretch of a factor of 3, upward vertical 3. a. 8 b. 2 c. 8 d. 3 or 2
translation of 3 units 4. twice as intense
77 23 5. 100 000 times
16. a. b.
12 12
17. a. i) increases by 3 log2 or 0.9 ii) decreases by 3log2 or 0.9 6. 2.4 106 mol/L
b. i) increases by 5log4 or 3.01 ii) decreases by 5log5 or about 7. vertical stretch by a factor 2, translated 2 units up
3.5 8. a. 1.894 b. 2.202
Exercise 7.3 Chapter 7 Test

1 2
1. a. 16 b. 81 c. 6 d. 49 1. a. 3 b. 3 c. 4 d. 4 e. t f. 3
2. a. 1.46 b. 1.11 c. 2.32 d. 1.16 2. a. 4 b. 2
4 1 1 61
3. vertically stretch by factor 2, translated 2 units up
3. a. 72 b. c. 4 d. 8
3 1 e. 64 f. 2 4. a. 8 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3
4. a. 1 b. 5 c. 2 d. 2 e. 3 5. Log of a negative number does not exist.
5. y logax is defined only if x 0 and a 0. 6. 16.87 h
6. 4 years, 3 months 7. 6.3 times
7. 2400 years 8. 1000 times
8. 6 years 9. 4.90 109 mol/L
9. 1450; no.
10. 81 Cumulative Review—Chapters 5–7
11. 2.23 1011 x x 5 2x 4x y y2 2
1. a. y b. 4
y
c. d. e.
32y 4 x2 x2
f. 3
2. a. 2x 3y 13 0 b. 27x 11y 59 0

c. x y 2 0 d. 25x 6y 37 0 4. a. y‘ 6x2ex b. y‘ e3x(1 3x)
3
2 3t2 1
4 12 c. f ‘(x) x1ex (3x2 x1) d. s‘ 2e3t t3
3
3. a. 5x4 15x2 1; 20x3 30x b. x3 ; x
4
2x 1
e. f ‘(x) ex
f. h‘(t) 2tet 3et
3
5
c. 2x 2 ; 3x 2 d. 4x3 4x5; 12x2 20x6
2
2x
4. a. 20x3 60x2 42x 6 b. 60x3 72x 2 2e2t
g. p‘ (1 ew)ewe h. g‘(t)
w

5. a. s(t) 3t3 40.5t2 162t; v(t) 9t2 81t 162; (1 e2t)2
1
a(t) 18t 81 b. stationary 3, 6; advancing 0 t 3, 5. a. p‘(1) e3 e3 b. f ‘(0) e c. h‘(1) (2 3e)
6 t 8; retreating 3 t 6 c. 4.5 d. 0 t 4.5 6. a. x 2y 2 0 b. y 0.499999958335x 1
e. 4.5 t 8 c. Clearly the calculator is giving a 12 decimal place
6. a. v(t) 6t2 6t 36 b. a(t) 12t 6 c. 61 1
approximation to slope 2, which is very awkward to use.
7. i) a. $4600 b. $5.11 c. $5.00 ii) a. $8030
7. x 3y (1 ln3) 0
b. $8.92 c. $0.02
8. y e1 0
8. a. $26, $25, $25.60, $27
4 4 9. (0, 0) and (2, 4e2)
9. a. , b. 1000 dny
3 3 11. a. 3e3x, 9e3x, 27e3x b. (1)n3ne3x
dxn
10. a. 0.2 p.p.m./year b. 0.15 p.p.m. 12. a. x y 1 0 b. 2x y 2 0
5 c. In order to use the calculator, the equations must be
11. Radius is decreasing at
64 cm/min and surface area is
reorganized to define y as a function of x. This is not easy to do
decreasing at 2.5cm2/min.
1 with the relations given in this question.
12.
10 m/h dN 102 t

13. a. 31 000 b. d t 3 e
30 c. decreasing at 17 per hour
14. a. 1 b. 2x1 c. 1 d. 243 e. e3x f. e12x d. 31 000 t
14. a. v 401 e 4 c. 40 m/s

15. a. 3 b. 1, 3 c. 9 d. 2, 3 e. 0 f. 0
16. a. 19 940 b. 80 000 d. t 4 ln20, s 160(ln20 0.95)
17. 26 15. a. 1 b. e2
18. a. C(t) P(1.05)t, 0 t 10 b. $65.07 c. $24.95 16. m 2 or 3
19. a. V(t) 30 000(0.75)t, t
0 b. $16 875 c. 8 years
20. y 1200(0.6)t, 0 t 4 Exercise 8.2
1 3
22. a. 2 b. 4 c. 5 d. 3 e. 3 f. 2 g. 1 h. 0.342 1. A natural logarithm has base e; a common logarithm has base 10.
1
i. 2 j. 7 k. l. a
310
4 2. n 100 10 000 100 000 109
23. a. log 2 log 3 b. log x log y log z c. log 5 (n + n1)n 2.70481 2.71815 2.71827 2.7182818
1 1
d. 2log(x 1) 2log(x 1)
e. 4[log(x2 4) 5logx] f. loga4 5 5 2x 15 1 3t 4t 2
3. a.
5x 8 b. x2 1 c. t d. 2(x 1) e. t3 2t2 5
x4 x3y2 9 x
3
x1
2z 3
24. a. log
3 x b. log2z c. log x2 1

d. log x5 f.
4
2(z2 3z)
25. a. 3.58 b. 0.63 c. 1.89 d. 0.6 e. 1.29 f. 3.91 4. a. 1 ln x b. x
1 2 ln x
c. 1 d. x e. et t ln t
3(ln x)2 1
24 3
1 g. 2.8 h. 1 i. 14
26. a. 3 b. 2 c. 51 d. 10 e. 2 f. 1
ze z t 1) lnu
u

2 u u
e (t ln t e
j. 105, 102 f. h. 1
ez zez g. t(ln t)2
27. a. 74 dB b. Yes. c. 1.0 107 W/m2 d. 0.1 W/m2 2x 2x 1
i.
(x2 1)(x 1)
C H A P T E R 8 D E R I VAT I V E S O F 1
5. a. g‘(1) 2e b. f ‘(5) 10 c. g‘(1) 2e 5.436563657. The
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
CALC button produces a value g‘(1) 5.43657, which is
FUNCTIONS
accurate to only 4 decimal places. For f ‘(5), the CALC button
Review of Prerequisite Skills produces in the first approximation x 5.042553 and
1 1 9 f ‘(x) 0.0983198. The theoretical result is 0.1. The ZOOM
1. a. 9 b. 4 c. 9 d. 4.
2. a. log5625 4 b. log41 6 2 c. logx3 3
1 must be used to improve the accuracy.
6. a. 0 b. no solution c. 0, e1
d. log10450 W e. log3z 8 f. logaT b
1
7. a. x 3y 1 0 c. The first approximation answer on a
3. a. 112 121 b. 125 3 x c. a4 1296 d. bw A window with domain 1 x 4 is y 0.31286x 0.31286.
4. a. 5 b. 4 c. 2 d. 2 e. 25 f. 6 This can be improved by using the ZOOM feature. Notice the
5. a. 6.322 b. 2.397 equation is not as easy to use as the theoretical result.
Exercise 8.1 8. x 2y (2 ln 2 4) 0
1. The graphs are identical. 9. a. (1, 0), (e1, e2) c. The theoretical approach gives more
2. The Power Rule is valid only when the function has the variable accurate values in less time.
x in the base and a constant for the exponent. 10. x 2y 2 ln 2 0
90 90
3. a. y‘ 3e3x b. s‘ 3e3t5 c. y‘ 20e10t1 d. y‘ 3e3x 11. a. 90 km/h b. c. km/h/s d. 6.36 s
3t 1 7
1
e. y‘ (2x 6)e56xx f. y‘ 2e x x 2
2
12. a. 4.2 b. 1.16
(2 ln 2)
14. a. b. 9
2

1
15. 2 4. a. 1001 b. 500
5. five hundred units
16. b. S3 2.5, S4 2.6, S5 2.7083, S6 2.716, S7 2.71805
1 2 6. 0.61
2x 1 c. 2x ln x x
17. a. x b. 3
7. at t 4h
Exercise 8.3 8. 47.25% when t 0.46h
1. a. 3 ln 2(23x) b. ln 3.1(3.1x) 3x2 c. 3 ln 10(103t5) 9. b. Growth rate in 1967 4.511 times growth rate in 1947.
3x2 4x c. Growth rate in 1967 is 7.5% of total invested.
d. ln 10(2n 6)(1056nn ) e.
2
ln 5(x3 2x2 10)
d. total $59.537 billion, growth rate 4.4849 billion per
2 2t 3
annum. e. $62.5 billion, error was 3.5% f. Total
2
f. t
ln 10(1 x2) g. 2(ln 7)t(7 ) h. 2 ln 2(t2 3t)
$570.48959 billion and the rate of growth will be
i. 2(ln 3)x(3x
2
3)
$42.97498 billion.
2 (ln 2t 1) x2 2 ln 5 ln 4
t 2 (ln b ln a)
2. a. t2 b. x ln 2 [xlog2x(ln 2) 1] c.
2 10. t
ln 3 (b a)
x
t 2 3 [x ln 3 4]
2 11. a. 478 158 at t 38.2 min b. 42.7 min
d. 2t log10(1 t)
(1 t)ln 10 x e.

2x3 12. for course one, 10 h; for course two, 20 h
2x1 13. for course one, 8.2 h; for course two, 16.8 h
f.
(x 1)1
log(3x ) 2
x ln 5 2x1 14. a. Graph P
10000
5 1 99et . b. 4.595 days, P 5000
3. a. 1 c. At t 3, growth rate is 1402 cells per day; at t 8, the
52 ln 2 b. 24 ln 2 ln 3
3ln 10 growth rate has slowed down to 311 cells per day.
4. 4
5. a. y 20 ln 10
ln 10 x 10 520 ln 10 ln 10
7 7 Exercise 8.5
1. a. 1) b. 152
10x (10 x (321) c. t(1)
c. A first approximation, using the DRAW tool, gives
y 53.05x 255.3. The theoretical calculation for the slope is d. ex(e1) ex
(x 1)(x 3)2 1 2 3
2. a. x x ln x b. x 1 x 3 x 2
2 ln x
20 ln 10 ln 10 49.091 763. To guarantee that the
7
(x 2)3
calculator is accurate to 3 decimal places, the ZOOM must be x
c. x x 2x
ln x 1
d. tt (1 ln t)
used until the x-coordinate value is accurate to 5 0.0005. x
4
6. 10 ln 10x 5y 10 10 0 3. a. 2ee b. e(e 2e1) c. 2 7
1
7. a. x 1 b. At x 2, f ‘(2) 2(ln 2)2 . c. The calculator does 4. 32(1 2 ln2)x y 16(3 8 ln 2) 0
11
not do base 2 logarithmic calculations. In this case, a double 5. 36
conversion will be required to convert the given function to 1
6. (e, e e )
base e. 7. (1, 1) and (2, 4 4 ln 2)
8. a. 3.45 cm/m b. 10 min
32(1 ln 4)2
Rate in1978 7.4 8.
Rate in 1968 1 . b. The rate of increase for
9. a. As a ratio, (2 ln 4)
1 1

t t (1 ln t)
(1 ln t)1 ln t 2t
1 ln t
tt t
1998 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1988. 9. a. v t2 a
t4
10. b. 1.24 units/s 1
11. b. Rewrite 7x as ex ln 7. c. The graph of y ex is stretched b. t e and a e e 3)
vertically by a factor of ln 7. 10. e e
1
12. c. The factor ln5 causes a vertical compression of the function Review Exercise
y lnx. 2
3t 3x2 6x6 3x 5x
t3 1 c. x3 3x2 6x d. (5 6x)e
1. a. 2e2x3 b. 2
e
x e x
Exercise 8.4 x
ex ex f. (ln 2)e 2
e. x e
1. Calculator first approximations are
2 t4

x x x ln x 1 c.
x ln x 1 1 2t3 ln (3t)
Absolute Maximum Absolute Minimum 2. a. ex(x 1) b. e t
2 t4
a. 0.384 90 0 (x 2)(x 4) 1 5
(2x3 1)2 x 2 x 4 2x3 1
e. (et 1)2
5 12x 2 2e t
b. 46702.77 2.718 28 d.
c. 10.043 5961.9
x2 3 e
f. ex x2 3
x x
d. 13.8355 2.804 40 x2 3 ln
2x [1 y(x y)exy]
g. x (2 ln 30 2 2 ln x) h.
2. 30
Absolute Maximum Absolute Minimum
[x(x y)exy 1]
2
a. 0.3849 0 3 23 3 23
33 3. a. 1 b. ,
e12 3 3
b. e
1 ln 12 1 10(ln 10)2
3 4. a.
109 b. 0
ln10
c. e 2e8 1
2 5. a. t b. 10e10x(10x 2)
d. 6 ln 10 ln 101 ln 99 2.810 08
3. a. 5 b. 20 c. (54.9, 10) e. P grows exponentially to point I, 6. (1 ln 4)x 8y (8 ln 4 4) 0
then the growth rate decreases and the curve becomes concave
down.

8. a. 7 b. 4, 4 c. 3, 0, 4 6. The function is increasing when x 3 or 2 x 1 or
9. 3x y 2 ln 2 2 0 x 1. The function is decreasing when 3 x 2.
10. x 1 1 2
7. The function is increasing when 2 x 3 or x 1.
11. a. day 20 b. 42 1 2
12. 2.718 h The function is decreasing when x 2 or 3 x 1.
9. f (x) x3 3x2 9x 9
13. highest at 4 years, lowest at 0.368 years
14. a. c2 b. c1 11. a. f (x) increases on x 4, decreases for x 4, x 4
15. a. T ‘(x) 10(0.9x)0.10536 x x2 b. 2.62
0.10536 1 b. f(x) increases when 1 x 1, x 1 and 1
ln 2
c. f(x) decreases when 2 x 3, x 2 and 3
16. a. 2 b. 2ln 2 1 14. strictly decreasing
17. a. 0 b. C‘(t) k(5e5t 2e2t) c. 7.32 days
Exercise 9.2
Chapter 8 Test 2. b. (0, 0), (4, 32)
2
x 3. a. (2, 16) is local minimum (10, 0) is a local maximum,
1. a. 4xe2x b. x 23x)(ln 3)(2x 3)
2
x2 6 c. (3
1 8x 2x
3 (2, 16) is a local minimum
d. 2(3e3x 3e3x) e.
(2x 1)ln 10 (12x 1)log10(2x 1)
2
b. 3, 3 is local minimum, 3, 3 is local maximum
1 1
x 3 ln(x 4)
x4
c. 4, 4e is local maximum d. 2, ln4 is local minimum
1 1 3 7
f.
x4
13 4. x-Intercept y-Intercept
2. 1
4
a. 22, 22, 0 0
3. 2
2xy 1 ln x b. 0 0
4.
3 x2 c. 0 0
5. 1 d. none ln 4
6. 2, 1 5. a. (0, 3) is a local minimum, tangent parallel to x-axis; (2, 27)
7. x (1 28 ln 3)y (4 84 ln 3) 0 is a local maximum, tangent parallel to x-axis
ln 2
8. b. 10 cm/s c. t k, a 5k cm/s2 b. (0, 0) is a local maximum, tangent parallel to t-axis;
9. a. $87.70 b. $9426.76
23, 94e2 is a local minimum, tangent parallel to t-axis
CHAPTER 9 CURVE SKETCHING c. (5, 0) is neither d. (0, 1) is a local minimum, tangent
parallel to x-axis; (1, 0) has tangent parallel to y-axis (1, 0)
3 5 5
has tangent parallel to y-axis e. (0, 0) is neither, tangent
1. a. 2, 1 b. 2, 7 c. 2, 2 d. 2, 3 1 parallel f. (0, 0) has tangent parallel to y-axis; (1.516, 11.5)
7
2. a. x 3 b. x 2 c. 1 t 3 d. x 4 or x 1 has tangent parallel to x-axis at a local minimum
4. a. 0 c. 0 d. 0 7. a. (2, 21) is a relative maximum
(x2 2x 3) b. (3, 20) is a local maximum, (3, 16) is a local minimum
5. a. x3 6x2 x2 b. c. 2xex
2

(x2 3)2
d. x4(5ln x 1) c. (2, 4) is a local maximum, (1, 5) is a local minimum
6. a. x 8
2
8 2 d. no critical points e. (1, 1) is a local minimum
x 3 b. x 7 x 1 f. (0, 0) is neither, (1, 1) is a local minimum
Exercise 9.1 1
g. (0, 1) is local maximum h. e 2 , 0.184 is local minimum
1. a. (0, 1), (4, 33) b. (0, 2) c. 2, 0, (2, 125), 4, 48.2
1 9
8. At x 6, there is a local minimum. At x 2, there is a local
d. (1,3) minimum. At x 1 there is a local maximum.
2. Function is increasing when f ‘(x) 0, whereas it is decreasing 11 22
10. y 9x2 3x 1
when f ‘(x) 0.
12. a. y 3x4 4x3 36x2 9 b. (3, 198) c. local minima at
3. a. rises up into quadrant I b. rises up into quadrant I
(2, 73), (3, 198); local maxima at (0, 9)
c. drops down into quadrant IV d. rises up into quadrant I
13. a. local maximum at (0, 4)
4. Increasing Decreasing Horizontal
b. local maximum at (2, 282); local minimum at
a. OK OK (1, 4), (2, 1)
(2, 282)
b. (1, 2), (1, 4)
c. none Exercise 9.3
d. (2, 3) 1. a. vertical asymptotes x 2, x 2; horizontal asymptote
5. Increasing Decreasing y 1 b. vertical asymptote x 0; horizontal asymptote
a. x 2 or x 0 2 x 0 y0
b. x 0 or x 4 0 x 4 5
3. a. 2 b. 5 c. 2 d.
c. x 1 or x 1 1 x 0 or 0 x 1
d. 1 x 3 x 1 or x 3
1 1
e. x e 0 x e
f. x 1 x1

4. Discontinuities Vertical Asymptotes Review Exercise
1
a. x 5 x 5 1. a. y‘ nenx, y” n2enx b. f ‘(x)
2(x 4) ,
b. x2 x2 1 2et d2S 2et(1 et)
c. t 3 t 3 f ”(x)
2(x 4)2 c. s‘ (et 1)2 , s‘‘ dt2 (et 1)3

d. x3 none 1 t
d. g‘(t) , g”(t) 32
e. x ln 2 x ln 2 1 t2
(1 t2)
f. x0 no asymptotes 2. Increasing Decreasing Derivative 0
5. a. y 1 from below as x → , from above as x → a. x 1 x1 x1
b. y 0 from above as x → , from below as x → b. x 3 or x 7 1 x 3 x 1, x 7
c. y 3 from above as t → , from below as t → or 3 x 1 or 3 x 7
d. no horizontal asymptote 4. a. (0, 20), is a local minimum; tangent is parallel to x-axis.
7. a. y 3x 7 b. y x 3 c. y x 2 d. y x 3 (3, 47) is a local maximum; tangent is parallel to x-axis.
8. a. As x → f(x) is above the line. b. (1, e2) is a local minimum; tangent is parallel to x-axis.
b. As x → f (x) is below the line.
a d
c. 1, 12 is a local minimum; tangent is parallel to x-axis.
10. a. y c b. x c, c 0 and ax b k(cx d)
9 3 7, 114 is a local maximum; tangent is parallel to x-axis.
11. a 5 b 5
d. (1, ln 5) is a local maximum; tangent is parallel to x-axis.
12. b. 2
5. a. a x b or x e b. b x c c. x a or d x e
14. y x 1
d. c x d
Exercise 9.4 6. Discontinuity Asymptote Left Side Right Side
1. Point A Point B Point C Point D a. at x 3 x3 y → y →
a. negative negative positive positive b. at x 5 x 5 g(x) → g(x) →
b. negative negative positive negative c. at x ln 4 x ln 4 s → s →
c. negative zero negative positive d. at x 3 none f (x) → 8 f (x) → 8
d. negative zero negative positive 3 3
7. a. e 2 , 32 b. (2, 2e2)
2. a. (1, 18) is a local maximum, (5, 90) is a local minimum e
b. 0, 4 9. a. i) Concave up on 1 x 3, concave down on x 1
8 is a local maximum
25
or x 3. b. Points of inflection when x 1 or x 3.
c. (1, 2) is a local maximum, (1, 2) is a local minimum
ii) a. Concave up on 5 x 1 or x 5, concave down
d. neither
on x 5 or 1 x 5. b. Points of inflection when
3. a. (2, 36) b. 4, 64 , 4, 64 c. no points d. (3, 8)
25 25

x 5, x 1, x 5.
4. a. 24, curve is above b. 4, curve is above c. e, curve is 10. a. a 1, b 0
910
above d.
11. a. y x 3
1000 , curve is below b. y 4x 11 13. a. 18 994 when t 5 b. when t 0
5. b. i) 1 ii) 0, 2 15. a. k 2 and x k
6. For any y f (x)
(1) evaluate y f ‘(x) and solve f ‘(x) 0 to get at least one Chapter 9 Test
solution, x1. 1. a. x 9 or 6 x 3 or 0 x 4 or x 8
(2) evaluate y f ‘‘(x) and calculate f ‘‘(x1). b. 9 x 6 or 3 x 0 or 4 x 8
(3) if f ‘‘(x1) 0, then curve is concave down; if f ‘‘(x1) 0 then c. (9, 1), (6, 2), (0, 1), (8, 2) d. x 3, x 4
curve is concave up. e. f ”(x) 0 f. 3 x 0 or 4 x 8 g. (8, 0), (10, 3)
2. a. critical points: 2, 8, 2, 8, (3, 45) b. 2, 8 is a
7. Step 4: Determine the type of critical point by using either the 1 15 1 17 1 15
first derivative test or the second derivative test.
local maximum; 2, 8 is a local minimum; (3, 45) is a
1 17
8. a. i) (2, 16), (0, 0) b. i) none c. i) none local minimum
3 82
d. i) 9 2 9
3 82
2

, ,
, 4. discontinuities at x 2, x 3; vertical asymptote is x 3;
hole in the curve is at 2, 5
3
10. f (x) 3x3 9x2 1
27 5. local minimum at (1, e ), local maximum at (2, 2e4)
2
11. 6
4 11
7. k 4
12. inflection points are (0, 0), 2
a , 16a3
b b4
8. a. f(x) x3 3x2 2
Exercise 9.5 10. k 3
1
2. y 4x3 3x
Cumulative Review Chapters 3–9
7. a. y 1 as x → , y 1 as x → 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 1. a. 2 5, 2 52 , 2 53 , 2 54 , ... 2 b. 2, 6, 12, 2
0; 0
b. y 2 as x → , y 2 as x →
2 1 2 1 1 x 1
2. a. 3 b. 2 c. 12 d. 5 e. 0 f. 4 g. 3 h.
2x
i. 2
3. 3x2 10x 10
x4
4. a. 2t 10 b. x
3

5. a. 25t4 100t3 6t2 34t 35 34. Absolute Maximum Absolute Minimum
x4 4x3 18x2 15 4 a. 82 2
b. (x2 2x 5)2 c. ew(2 w) d.
(et et)2 1
b. 93 2
1

e. ex ln x x f. (1 ln t) et(1 t)
c. e
4 1

2x 1 3x2 1 1 e4 2
6. a. (2t 5)e(t 5t) b.
2
x2 x 1 c. 2x323x2 1
d. 6.61 1
y exy
1

d. 3 2 t e(2tlnt) e.
1

3
r ln a r f. exy x

35. $1140
36. 8x y 38 0, 8x 7y 38 0
3 2y
g. x(a2 x2) 2 h.
2xy x 38. 901 800 m3/week
2 1 4 7
3
7. 4 39. f (x) 9x3 3x2 3x 9
2a 3bw 40. a. x 1 440 000 4y 9 0 b. 32x 6y 143 0
8. a. 2r(1 r ln 2) 2e2r(r2 r) b. a bw
2
18 bx 2
c. d. ex 2ex e. A P P E N D I X A D E R I VAT I V E S O F
1

3
a2y
(2 3t) 2 (2 3t) 2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
x(x 2y)
f.
(x2 y2)
Review Exercise
y x y
9. e (1 22)x y 23e 0
2 2
1. a. r b. r c. x
3 2 5 11
10. a. 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 2 2. a. 2 b. 4 c. 2 d. 6 e. 2 f. 3 g. 4 h. 6
10(y2 6xy x2) b
3. a. b b. a c. a d. a e. b f. b
11.
(y 3x)3
12. e 12 5
4. a. cos 1
3 , tan 12

13. x y 12 0 or x y 12 0
5 5

14. 10x y 32 0 and 2x y 8 0 b. sin
3 , tan 2
15. 6x 2y (2 ln 2 2) 0 2 1
16. a. 7 m b. 8.5 m/s, 9.3 m/s c. 1.5 m/s2, 0.4 m/s2 d. 10 m/s c. sin
5

, cos
5
17. a. 1 mm/s b. 0 c. 2 mm/s2 d. cos 0, tan is undefined
18. a. 112 mm2/s b. 56 mm/s2 5. a. per: , amp: 1 b. per: 4, amp: 2
2
33 c. per: 2, amp: 3 d. per: 6, amp: 7
19.
2 m/s 3
dr e. per: 2, amp: 5 f. per: , amp: 2
dv
20. a. dt is rate of increase of volume; dt is rate of increase of 5 3
8. a. 6 or 6 b. 0 or 2 or 2 or 2
dh 5r3
radius; dt is rate of increase of height b. V 1 2
3 7 11
c. 0 or 2 or or 2 or 2 d. 2 or 6 or 6
1
c.
9 cm/min
2 5 5
e. 3 or 3 f. 3 or 3

1
21. a
k(1 2ln v) Exercise A1
22. 14:13 2. a. sin R
23. a. (3, 91), (2, 34); 2, 282 b. (0, 3.6); , 1,
1 1 5 56
3

3. a. 65
3e3 3 27e3 5. c. 1 2 sin2A
, 1 c. e e , 2 d. 2 , 8 ; (0, 0),
5 1 1 3
3
e
, 2 2
1
3 1
3 1 3 1
3
(3 3
3 3 ) (3 3) 7. a. b. c. d.
,
3
, e 22
22
22
22
2 8
cos x sin x
3 cos x sin x cos x sin x
3 3 (3 3 3)3
8. a. b. c.
, e 3 1
2 8 d. sin x
2 2 2
e. 2 e , (2 e ), (0, 0), 6 e ,

1 1 3
, 52 , t2 2
, 56 2 2
15
22
230
1 7 15

9. a. b. c. 9 d.

3 12 12 8

6 , 5
6 e f. (1, 10e
2 1 2); (2, 20e2 2)
3 4
24. a. x 3, x 3, y 0; 0, 9 b. x 1, x 1, y 4x;
8 10. a. 5 b. 5
12. 2
, 63
(0, 0), (3 ), (3
, 63
)
13. 2
26. 14 062.5 m2 14. 2.65º and 5.2º
27. r 4.3 cm, h 8.6 cm 16. c.
2 ta
nA
1 tan2 A
28. r 6.8 cm, h 27.5 cm
29. a. h 140 2x b. V 101 629.5 cm3; x 46.7 cm, Exercise A2
h 46.6 cm 1. a. 2 cos 2x b. 2x sin x c. 2 cos x sin x
30. x 4.1 d. (3x2 2)cos(x3 2x 4) e. 8 sin(4x) f. cos x x sin x
1 1
31. a. 4000 b. 8 d. 6 g. 3 sec23x h. 9 cos(3x 2) i. 0 j. x
2 cos x
32. f (x) 2x3 12x2 18x 15 k.
1
sinx l. 6x2 sin x 2x3 cos x 3 cos x 3x sin x
2x
2x sin 2x cos 2x
m. 2 cos 2x n. x2 o. 2 cos 2x sin(sin 2x)

cos x
p. 2 q. 6x2 sec2x3 tan x3 r. 2ex cos x Exercise B2
(1 cos x)
1. a. 3t 2 4 b. 3et ln(t 1) 1 c. 2t
t 1 2
8 3 1

2 2 x 3 b. y 1 2x 4 c. y 2x
3
2. a. y 1
3
d. sin (t) 1
3

d. y 3x 2 e. y 2 x 4 2. a. 2t 10, t2 10t
1 2se
c2 2x y sin (xy)
cos y b. 1 c. 3 sin 3y d.
3. a. 2 3
2 4 5
2 4
1 x sin(xy) b. 9(3t 1) 2 9,
135 (3t 1) 9 t 135
2

sin y sin(x y) c. sin t cos t 4, cos t sin t 4t 1
e.
x cos y sin(x y) 2
d. 2, ln(1 2t) 2t 8
5. csc x cot x; sec x tan x; csc2x 1 2t
sin x d 3. a. 4.905t2 450 b. 9.58 s c. 94 m/s
6. a. lim x
180 b. dx sin x 180 cos x

x→0 4. a. 4.905t2 10t 450 b. 8.6 s c. 94.4 m/s
d cos x 5. a. 4.905t2 10t 450 b. 10.7 s c. 95 m/s
sin x
dx 180
6. 1.3 m/s2
Exercise A3 7. 1.1 m/s2

1. y x 2 8. 32 m/s
5
2. y 6 x 3 9. 127 m
3. a. maximum 2 ; minimum 2 b. maximum 2.26;
Exercise B3
minimum 5.14 1. a. 200e2•2t b. 416 c. 1.8 h
4. v 80 cos(10t); a 8002 sin(10t) 2. a. 150 000e0.026t b. 327 221
5. 5, 10, 20 3. a. 200e0.005t b. 156 mg c. 738 days

6. 3 rad 4. 20 years
7. 4.5 m 5. 14 296
10 25000
8. 3 km/min 6. 1 6
3 ln 11 t
1 0.25e
33 2
9. 4 R 7. 9.5 min
10. 0.32 rad/s 8. 8 min
11. 2.5 m

12. 6 rad
A P P E N D I X B A N T I D E R I VAT I V E S
Exercise B1
3 1
1. a. 2x c b. 2x2 4x c c. x4 3x3 c d. 2ln x c
3
3 2 1 1 1
e. 2x4 3x 2 c f. x
2x2 3x3 c g. cos 2x c

1 2 3
h. 2ex c i. 9(x3 1) 2 c j. ln(sin x) c
2
3 3 4
2. a. 4x3 12x2 x 5 b. 2x 2 cos x 1 c. 4x 4x 3 8
1 1 2 2 10 5 sin x
d. 3e3x 2 ln x 3e3 e. 3
x3 1 3 f. 1
5
3. 10 051
4. 200 min
5. a. 10e0.002t 9 cm b. 0.94 cm c. 52.7 years
6. 8.75 m

Harcourt - Solutions - Advanced Functions and Introductory Calculus

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Harcourt - Solutions - Advanced Functions and Introductory Calculus

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Contents

Chapter 1 • Solutions ..............1 Chapter 4 • Solutions .............73

Chapter 2 • Solutions .............17 Chapter 5 • Solutions ...........101

Chapter 3 • Solutions .............51 Chapter 6 • Solutions ...........147

Chapter 8 • Solutions ...........186

Chapter 9 • Solutions ...........207

Investigation 1: Cubic Functions

2. There can be 1, or 3 real roots of a cubic equation.

in the upper right of the first quadrant.

Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 1

Investigation 2: Quartic Functions

quadrant; draw a smooth curve through intercepts.

5. If the coefficient of x4 is negative, the quartic function is a

x Also includes the reflections of

2 Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions

Investigation 1: Cubic Functions

2. x f (x) ∆ f (x) ∆2 f (x) ∆2 f (x)

For quadratic functions, the second finite differences are constant.

x f (x) ∆ f (x) ∆2 f (x)

3 –2 0 – ( –2) = 2 4–2=2 f ( 3) = 9a + 3b + c = –2 …(3)

4 0 4–0=4 6–4 =2 Solving these equations, we have

Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 3

4 49 72 – 49 = 23 27 – 23 = 4 Substituting into (4), 3 (1) + b = –2

4 Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions

Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = x – 5x + 4.

Substituting into (1), 2 – 5 – 21 + d = 12

Therefore, the function is

Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 5

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x)

6 120 100 6 396

7 220 Since ∆3f(x) is constant, the function is of the form

Solving the equations, (2) – (1) 7a + 3b + c = 4 K…(5)

(2) – (1) 7a + 3b + c = –10 …(5) (3) – (2) 19a + 5b + c = 30 K…(6)

(3) – (2) 19a + 5b + c = 0 …(6) (4) – (3) 37a + 7b + c = 68 …(7)

(4) – (3) 37a + 7b + c = 16 …(7) (6) – (5) 12a + 2b = 26 …(8)

(6) – (5) 12a + 2b = 10 …(8) (7) – (6) 18a + 2b = 38 …(9)

(7) – (6) 18a + 2b = 16 …(9)

Therefore, the function is f ( x ) = x 3 – x 2 – 14 x + 24 .

6 Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions

Solving the equations, 12. a.

Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 7

Since the remainder is 0, 2x + 3 is a factor of

8 Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions

x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 = ( x – 2)[( x + 1)( x + 5) ] + ( x – 2)[( 2) ] + 5

Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 9

= –13 5. a. Since the remainder is 1 when the divisor is

(3) – k (3) – 2(3) + (3) + 4 = 16

d. When f(x) is divided by 2x + 3, the remainder is –27k = –54

When f(x) is divided by x + 2 , the remainder is m ( –1) + g( –1) – ( –1) + 3 = 3

r = f ( –2) – m + g = –1. (1)

When the divisor is x + 2 , the remainder is –7.

10 Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions

–27m + 9g = –7 (2) Expanding ( x + 3)( x + 5) = x 2 + 8 x + 15

8. Solution 1: Using the Remainder Theorem

Similarly, f ( –5) = ( –2)( 0) q( x ) + ( –5 A + B)

Chapter 1: Polynomial Functions 11

So, f ( x ) = ( x – 1)( x + 2) q( x ) + Ax + B ( 2) Let x = –2 , then f ( –2) f ( –2) = 0 q( x ) + r

= 3. 11. In order to have a multiple of (x + 5), there must be

10. If the remainder is 3 when x + 2 is divided into f (x), b. 9y4 8y2 4