Cse3213 07 Digitalsignals w2010
Cse3213 07 Digitalsignals w2010
Cse3213 07 Digitalsignals w2010
Digital Transmission
Fundamentals
Characterization of Communication Channels
Fundamental Limits in Digital Transmission
Communication channel
z Bandwidth Wc is range of
frequencies passed by channel
How good is a channel?
z Performance: What is the maximum reliable
transmission speed?
z Speed: Bit rate, R bps
z Reliability: Bit error rate, BER=10-k
z Focus of this section
z Cost: What is the cost of alternatives at a
given level of performance?
z Wired vs. wireless?
z Electronic vs. optical?
z Standard A vs. standard B?
Ideal Low-Pass Filter
z Ideal filter: all sinusoids with frequency f<Wc are
passed without attenuation and delayed by τ seconds;
sinusoids at other frequencies are blocked
1 ϕ(f) = -2πft
1/ 2π
0
f
Wc f
Example: Low-Pass Filter
z Simplest non-ideal circuit that provides low-pass filtering
z Inputs at different frequencies are attenuated by different amounts
z Inputs at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts
-45o
-90o
f
Example: Bandpass Channel
Amplitude Response
A(f)
Wc f
1 ms
t
z Let x(t) input to ideal lowpassπfilter that has zero delay and
Wc = 1.5 kHz, 2.5 kHz, or 4.5 kHz
sin( π )cos(2π1000t)
4
x(t) = -0.5 +
π 4
sin( 2π )cos(2π2000t) + sin(3π )cos(2π3000t) + …
4 4
+
π 4 π 4
z Wc = 1.5 kHz passes only the first two terms
z Wc = 2.5 kHz passes the first three terms
z Wc = 4.5 kHz passes the first five terms
Amplitude Distortion
1.5 (a) 1 Harmonic
1
0.5 z As the channel
0
bandwidth
0
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.625
0.75
0.875
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
increases, the
output of the
1.5 (b) 2 Harmonics channel
1
0.5
resembles the
0
input more
0.125
0.375
0.625
0.875
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-0.5
-1
-1.5
closely
(c) 4 Harmonics
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.125
0.375
0.625
0.875
0.25
0.75
0
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Digital Binary Signal
1 0 1 1 0 1
+A
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
-A
15
T
Data Rate Limits: Nyquist Theorem
Intersymbol Interference – the inevitable filtering effect of any practical
channel will cause spreading of individual
data symbols that pass through the channel
• this spreading causes part of symbol energy
to overlap with neighbouring symbols causing
intersymbol interference (ISI)
• ISI can significantly degrade the ability of the
data detector to differentiate a current symbol
from the diffused energy of the adjacent symbols
impulse response:
narrow pulse delayed pulse with ringing
Bandwidth:
B[Hz]
Ts = 1/2B
As the channel bandwidth B increases, the width of the impulse response decreases
⇒ pulses can be input in the system more closely spaced, i.e. at a higher rate. 16
Data Rate Limits: Nyquist Theorem
Impulse Response – response of a low-pass channel (of bandwidth B) to
a narrow pulse h(t), aka Nyquist pulse:
sin(2πBt)
s(t) =
2πBt
1
• zeros: where sin(2πBt)=0 ⇒ t=
2B
1.2
1.21
0.81
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.20
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 t
-7T -6T -5T T
-4 T
-3 T
-2 T -0.4 0
-1-0.2 T1 T2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 7
-0.4
1
TS =
2B 2
3
2B
2B
17
What is the minimum pulse/bit duration time to avoid significant ISI?!
Data Rate Limits: Nyquist Theorem
Example [ system response to binary input 110 ]
1 2
0TS 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
TS TS
-1 -2
New pulse is sent every TS sec ⇒ data rate = 1/TS [bps] = 2B [bps]
1 pulse ⎡ pulses ⎤
rmax = = 2W = 2B ⎢ ⎥
TS second ⎣ second ⎦
18
Maximum signaling rate that is achievable through an ideal low-pass channel.
Data Rate Limits: Nyquist Theorem
Nyquist Law – max rate at which digital data can be transmitted over a
communication channel of bandwidth B [Hz] is
max
amplitude if spacing between
levels becomes too
small, noise signal
can cause receiver to
make wrong decision
min
amplitude
19
Data Rate Limits: Nyquist Theorem
20
Data Rate Limits: Shannon Law
Shannon Law – maximum transmission rate over a channel with bandwidth
B, with Gaussian distributed noise, and with signal-to-noise
ratio SNR=S/N, is
Solution:
We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line as
C = B log2 (1 + SNR) =
= 3000 log2 (1 + 3162) =
= 3000 log2 (3163)
22
Data Rate Limits
Example [ data rate / number of levels ]
We have a channel with a 1 MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 63; what is the
appropriate bit rate and number of signal level?
Solution:
First use Shannon formula to find the upper limit on the channel’s data-rate
Although the Shannon formula gives us 6 Mbps, this is the upper limit. For better
performance choose something lower, e.g. 4 Mbps.
Then use the Nyquist formula to find the number of signal levels.
C = 2 ⋅ B ⋅ log2M [bps]