Physics Notes Class 9: Phase 1 CHAPTER (1to5)

Physics – Class IX IBN-AL-HAYTHAM
NOTES
Physics Notes
Class 9 th
PHASE 1
CHAPTER (1to5)
TOPIC WISE MCQs, SHORT+LONG
QUESTIONS
Rana Muhammad Salman (M. Phil Physics)

Lecturer Cadet College Pasrur
Founder of Ibn-al-Haytham Academy of Science
Rana Muhammad Salman (M. Phil. Physics)
Lecturer Cadet College Pasrur & Founder of Ibn-al-Haytham Academy of Science
Unit 1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND
Physics – Class IX IBN-AL-HAYTHAM NOTES 1
MEASUREMENTS
Physics Notes
Class 9 th

MEASUREMENTS
INSTRUCTIONS
i. These Notes are according to all Punjab Text Book Boards.
ii. Topic wise MCQ’s, Short Questions and long questions are given.
iii. All Board questions (2013 to 2017) with proper answers are given in topic wise sequence.
iv. After going through these notes every student can obtain maximum marks.
v. Read your text book and attempt questions from these notes.
vi. Answers of all questions are taken from Punjab Text Book Board.
vii. Note that just hints are given in long questions according to text book, must draw
diagrams of the relative topics.

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Chapter 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENTS

MCQs
1.1 INTRO+BRANCHES OF PHYSICS MCQs
1 The word “science” is derived from
a) Urdu b) Latin c) Arabic d) English
2 The branch of physics which deals with study of motion of objects its causes and effects is called
a) Dynamics b) Kinematics c) Sound d) Mechanics
3 The study of internal structure of the earth is called
a) Atomic physics b) Geo physics c) Sound d) Heat
4 The branch of physics in which the structure and properties of an atom is studied in
a) Geo physics b) Sound c) Heat d) Atomic Physics
5 Motion of the objects is studied in:
a) Mechanics b) Dynamics c) Kinematics d) Heat
1.3 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS MCQs
1 One meter is equal to
a) 10cm b) 100cm c) 1000cm d) 100mm
2 5 liter is equal to
a) 5 × 10−3 𝑚3 b) 5 × 103 𝑚3 c) 5 × 10−3 𝑐𝑚−3 d) 5× 103 𝑐𝑚3
3 Identify base quantity
a) Force b) Area c) Distance d) Speed
4 One liter is equal to -------- milliliter
a) 10^2 b) 10^5 c) 10^4 d) 10^3
5 Kilogram is
a) Basic unit b) Derived unit c) Basic quantity d) Derived quantity
6 The basic quantity is
a) Volume b) Torque c) Mass d) Momentum
7 Base unit is
a) Pascal b) Newton c) Watt d) Kilogram
8 The number of base units in SI (System international) is
a) 3 b) 4 c) 7 d) 9
9 Which of the following is not derived unit?
a) Pascal b) Kilogram c) Watt d) Newton
10 One cubic meter is equal to
a) 100L b) 1000L c) 10L d) 0.1L
11 Amount of a substance in terms of number is measured in
a) Gram b) Mole c) Kilogram d) Newton
1.4 PREFIXES MCQs
1 One mega meter is equal to
a) 10^2 m b) 10^6 m c) 10^-6 m d) 10^3 m
2 Which is the smallest quantity?
a) 0.01g b) 2mg c) 100𝜇𝑔 d) 5000ng
3 One Giga gram is equal to
a) 10^6 g b) 10^3 g c) 10^9 g d) 10^-6 g
4 One micro meter is equal to
a) 10^3 m b) 10^-3 m c) 10^6 m d) 10^-6 m
5 An interval of 200𝝁s is equivalent to
a) 2× 10−4 𝑠 b) 0.02s c) 0.2s d) 0.01s
6 One pico meter is equal to
a) 1012m b) 106m c) 10−12 𝑚 d) 10 -6m
7 One giga is equal to
a) 103 b) 106 c) 1012 d) 109

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8 One femto is equal to

a) 10^-12 b) 10^12 c) 10^-15 d) 10^155
9 One tera is equal to
a) 10^-12 b) 10^12 c) 10^-18 d) 10^18
1.5 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION MCQs
1 Standard from of 6400km is
a) 64 × 102 𝑘𝑚 b) 6.4 × 103 𝑘𝑚 c) 64 × 10−2 𝑘𝑚 d) 64 × 10−3 𝑘𝑚
2 The scientific notation of 0.00580 is equal to
a) 5.8 × 103 b) 5.8 × 102 c) 5.8 × 10−2 d) 5.8 × 10−3
1.6 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS MCQs
1 Least count of meter rod is
a) 0.1mm b) 1mm c) 0.01mm d) 1cm
2 Least count of Vernier calipers is
a) 0.01m b) 0.01mm c) 0.001cm d) 0.01cm
3 Which instrument is most suitable to measure the internal diameter of test tubes
a) Meter rod b) Measuring scale c) Vernier calipers d) Screw gauge
4 Least count of Vernier calipers is
a) 0.01mm b) 1mm c) 1cm d) 0.01cm
5 Least count of screw gauge is
a) 0.01mm b) 1cm c) 1mm d) 0.001m
MASS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS MCQs
1 Weight is measured by
a) Spring balance b) Beam balance c) Mass d) Lever balance
2 What is the least count of Mechanical Stop watch
a) 0.01s b) 0.001s c) 0.0001s d) 0.1s
3 A measuring cylinder is used to measure
a) Mass b) Area c) Volume d) Level of liquid
1.7 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES MCQs
1 The number of significant figures in 0.00580Km is
a) 6 b) 3 c) 5 d) 2
2 0.027 has significant digits
a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2
Short Questions.
1.1 INTRO+BRANCHES OF PHYSICS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define physics. Write any two names of its branches.
Ans: Physics is a branch of Science that deals with matter, energy and their relationship between them.
Branches of physics:
1) Mechanics. 2) Atomic Physics. 3) Nuclear Physics. 4) Plasma Physics.
5) Geophysics.
2 Describe two advantages of physics in daily life?
Ans: In our daily life, we hardly find a device where Physics is not involved.
1) Electricity is used not only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy that drives fans and electric
motors etc.
2) The means of communication such as radio, TV, telephone and computer are the result of applications of
Physics.
3 Define geophysics and mechanics.
Ans: Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.
Mechanics:
It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects .
4 Define Plasma physics and Nuclear physics.
Ans: Plasma physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter - the fourth state of matter.

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Nuclear physics:
It deals with the properties and behavior of nuclei and the particles within the nuclei.
5 Define atomic physics and Nuclear physics.
Ans: Atomic physics:
It is the study of the structure and properties of atoms.
Nuclear physics:
It deals with the properties and behavior of nuclei and the particles within the nuclei.
6 Define heat and sound.
Ans: Heat:
It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound:
It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and applications.
7 Define term light.
Ans: It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical instruments.
8 Define term Electricity and magnetism.
Ans: It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship with magnetism.
1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is meant by physical quantities? Give an example.
Ans: All measurable quantities are called physical quantities.
Examples:
Length, mass, time and temperature etc. are all physical quantities.
2 Which base quantities have units mole and kelvin?
Ans: Mole:
Mole is unit of base quantity “Amount of a substance.”
Kelvin:
Kelvin is unit of base quantity “Temperature.”
3 Write names of seven base quantities.
Ans: Name Symbol
length L
Mass m
Time t
Electric current I
Intensity of light L
Temperature T
Amount of substance n
4 Define physical quantities and derived quantities.
Ans: 1) Physical quantities:
All measurable quantities are called physical quantities.
Examples:
Length, mass, time and temperature etc. are all physical quantities.
2) Derived quantities:
The quantities that are expressed in terms of base quantities are called derived quantities.
Examples:
Area, volume, speed, force, work etc. are derived quantities.
Find the base quantities involved in each of the following derived quantities:
5
1) Work. 2) Force.
Ans: Work: Work= (mass) (
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
) (length)
Work is derived from base quantities mass, length and time. (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)2
Formula:
Work= (Force) (Displacement). (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)2
Work= (mass) ( )
Work= (mass) (acceleration) (length) (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)2
Force= (mass) (acceleration)--------(1)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Acceleration= ------------(2)
(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)2
Now:
Work= (mass) (acceleration) (length)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Work= (mass) ( ) (length)
(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)2

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Force:
Force is derived from base quantities mass, length and time.
Formula:
Force= (mass) (acceleration)
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Force= (mass) ( )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Force= (mass) ( )
(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Force = (mass) ( )
(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)2
6 Define base quantities and write names of two base quantities.
Ans: Base quantities are the quantities on the basis of which other quantities are expressed.
Examples:
Length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, intensity of light and the amount of a substance.
7 Define base units.
Ans: The units that describe base quantities are called base units.
Examples:
Second, ampere, kelvin, kilogram, meter.
8 Define derived quantities and write names of two base quantities.
Ans: Those physical quantities which are expressed in terms of base quantities are called derived quantities.
Examples:
Area, volume, speed, force, work, energy, power, electric charge, electric potential.
9 Define base units.
Ans: The units that describe base quantities are called base units. Each base quantity has its SI unit.
1.3 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What role SI units have played in the development of science?
Ans: The Si unit has brought consistency and uniformity in measurements, calculations and quoting results by different
scientists in different parts of the world. SI units are very helpful to exchange scientific and technical information at
the international level.
2 Define International system of units.
Ans: The international system of units is a scientific method of expressing the magnitudes or quantities of important
natural phenomena. There are seven base units in the system, from which other units are derived. This system was
formerly called the meter-kilogram second (MKS) System.
3 What is unit
Ans: Once a standard is set for a quantity then it can be expressed in terms of that standard quantity. This standard
quantity is called unit.
4 Define base units? Give one example.
Ans: The units that describe base quantities are called base units.
Example:
Kilogram is a base unit of Mass base quantities.
5 Define derived units? Give two examples.
Ans: The units used to measure derived quantities are called derived units.
Example:
1) Unit of velocity is meter-per second (m/s).
2) Unit of acceleration is meter-per Second Square (ms-2).
3) Unit of force is Newton (N).
6 Write the names of four derived units.
Ans: 1) Unit of velocity is meter-per second (m/s).
2) Unit of acceleration is meter-per Second Square (ms-2).
3) Unit of force is Newton (N).
4) Unit of volume is m3.
5) Unit of pressure is Pascal (P).
6) Unit of charge is Coulomb (C).
1.4 PREFIXES SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is meant by prefixes? Write some examples.
Ans: Prefixes are the words or letters added before a unit and stand for the multiples or sub-multiples of that unit.
Example:
Kilo (k), mega (M), gega (G), mili (m), micro (µ).
MEASUREMENTS
1.5 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION SHORT QUESTIONS

Define scientific notation and express 0.00580 in scientific notation? OR What is meant by scientific
1
notation? Give example.
Ans: A way to express a given number as some power of ten multiplied by a number between 1 and 10 is called scientific
notation.
Example:
0.00580=5.80×10-3
2 Estimate your age in seconds. OR change 15 years into seconds.
Ans: Supposed age of a person =15 years.
Total days in one year =365 days.
Total days in 15 years=15×365= 5475days.
Total hours in 5475 days=5475×24=131,400 hours.
Total minutes in one hour=60 minutes.
Total minutes in 131,400 hours=131,400×60=7884000 minutes.
Total seconds in one minute=60seconds.
Total seconds in 788400 minutes= 7884000×60
15 years of age = 473040000
15 years of age =4.7×108s.
3 Write standard form of 384000000m and 0.00045s.
Ans: 1) 384000000=3.84×108
2) 0.00045=4.5×10-4
4 Estimate 14 years in seconds.
Ans: Supposed age of a person =14 years.
Total days in one year =365 days.
Total days in 14 years=14×365= 5110days.
Total hours in 5110 days=5110×24=122640 hours.
Total minutes in one hour=60 minutes.
Total minutes in 122640 hours=122640×60=7358400 minutes.
Total seconds in one minute=60seconds.
Total seconds in 7358400 minutes= 7358400×60
14 years of age = 441504000 seconds
14 years of age =4.415×108seconds.
1.6 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is meant by least count?
Ans: The smallest reading that can be taken by using any measuring instrument is called least count.
2 Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?
Ans: Zero error is necessary in measuring instrument to obtain an extremely correct value by means of applying zero
correction.
3 What do you understand by the zero error of measuring instrument?
Ans: 1) Any error in the measuring instruments that can affect the reading is called zero error.
2) Zero error may be positive or negative.
3) If an instrument measured more than zero error will be positive.
4) If an instrument measured less than zero error will negative.
5) The measured vale will be less or more than the actual value.
4 What you mean by zero error and zero correction?
Ans: Zero error:
If a measuring instrument does not measure the correct value of measurement, then it will have zero error.
Zero correction:
After knowing zero error, correction is applied which is called zero correction.
5 How do we need to measure extremely small intervals of time?
Ans: In nature and also in physics, there are so many phenomenons which vary with respect to the extremely small
interval of time and for their experimental measurement we need to measure extremely small intervals of time.
6 Write down the formula to calculate the least count of screw gauge.
Ans: Formula:
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

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7 When the zero error of screw gauge will be positive?

Ans: Zero error will be positive if zero of circular scale is behind the index line. In this case, multiply the number of
divisions of the circular scale that has not crossed the index line with the least count of screw gauge to find zero
error.
8 Write two names of measuring instruments.
Ans: 1) Meter rule. 2) Measuring tape. 3) Vernier calipers 4) Screw gauge.
9 Define least count and also write least count of meter rod.
Ans: The smallest reading that can be taken by using any measuring instruments is called the least count.
least count of meter rod:
Least count of meter rod is 1mm.
10 What is the use of meter rod?
Ans: 1) A meter rod is a length measuring instrument.
2) A meter rod can measure the length up to 1mm because its least count is 1mm.
11 Differentiate between positive zero error and negative zero error?
Ans: Positive zero error Negative zero error
Zero error will be positive if zero line of the Vernier Zero error will be negative if zero line of Vernier scale
scale is on the right side of the zero the main scale. is on the left side of the main scale.
12 How many divisions are there on Vernier scale?
Ans: Vernier scale having 10 divisions over is such that each of division is 0.9mm.
13 What is meant by Vernier constant? OR how do we find the least count of Vernier calipers?
Ans: The difference between one small division on main scale division and one Vernier scale division is 0.1 mm. It is
called least count (LC) of the Vernier Callipers. Least count of the Vernier Callipers can also be found as given
below:
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Least count= 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
14 Define pitch of screw gauge.
Ans: As the thimble completes one rotation, the spindle moves 1 mm along the index line. It is because the
distance between consecutive threads on the spindle is 1 mm. This distance is called the pitch of screw on
the spindle.
15 What is meant by least count of screw gauge?
Ans: The minimum measurement can measure a screw gauge is called least count of screw gauge.
Value:
The least count of the screw gauge is 0.01mm or 0.001cm.
Formula:
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
16 What is screw gauge?
Ans: A screw gauge is an instrument that is used to measure small lengths with accuracy greater than a Vernier
Callipers. It is also called as micrometer screw gauge
17 Why a screw gauge measures more accurately than Vernier Callipers?
Ans: Least count of vernier callipers is 0.1mm and least count of screw gauge is 0.01mm. Thu measurements taken by
micrometer screw gauge are the most precise.
18 How to use digital stop watch?
Ans: 1) The digital stopwatch starts to indicate the time lapsed as the start/stop button is pressed.
2) As soon as start/stop button is pressed again, it stops and indicates the time interval recorded by it
between start and stop of an event.
3) A reset button restores its initial zero setting.
19 How is mechanical stop watch used?
Ans: 1) A mechanical stopwatch has a knob that is used to wind the spring that powers the watch.
2) This kind can also be used as a start-stop and reset button.
3) The watch starts when the knob is pressed once.
4) When pressed second time, it stops the watch while the third press brings the needle back to zero position.
20 Differentiate between mechanical stop watch and digital stop watch?
Ans: Mechanical stop watch Digital stop watch
1) A mechanical stopwatch can measure a time 1) Digital stopwatch is commonly used in
interval up to minimum 0.1 seconds. laboratories can measure a time interval as
2) A mechanical stopwatch shows reading small as 1/100 seconds or 0.01 seconds.

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through needles. 2) A digital stopwatch shows reading through

3) During measuring reading may be a human digits.
error in reading. 3) During measuring reading may not be a
human error in reading.
21 Define measuring cylinder and write its uses.
Ans: A measuring cylinder is a glass or transparent plastic cylinder. It has a scale along its length that
indicates the volume in milliliter (mL).
Uses:
1) They are used to measure the volume of a liquid or powdered substance.
2) It is also used to find the volume of an irregular shaped solid insoluble in a liquid by
displacement method.
MASS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is the function of balancing screw in a physical balance?
Ans: Balancing screws in a physical balance is used to bring the pointer a zero position.
2 What is the use of physical balance?
Ans: A physical balance is used in the laboratory to measure the mass of various objects by comparison.
3 Differentiate between electronic and physical balance?
Ans: Electronic balance Physical balance
1) Electronic balance is the most precise 1) A physical balance is used in the laboratory to
instrument of mass. measure the mass of various objects by
2) The least count of electronic balance is 0.001g comparison.
or 1mg. 2) The least count of physical balance is 0.01g or
10mg.
4 What is Electronic balance?
Ans: Electronic balance is a device which is used to measure the mass of objects. It comes in different ranges i.e. mg, g,
kg. Electronic balance is most sensitive balance.
1.7 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is meant by significant figures? How many significant figures are in 1.66×10-27kg?
Ans: All the digits that are known accurately and one estimated digit are called significant figures.
Number of significant figures:
Number of significant figures in 1.66×10-27kg are 3 (1, 6, 6) All the three digits are significant before power of 10.
2 Write down two rules to find significant digits in a measurement.
Ans: 1) Digits other than zero are always significant. 27 have 2 significant digits. 275 have 3 significant digits.
2) Zeros between significant digits are also significant. 2705 has 4 significant digits.
3) Final zero or zeros after decimal are significant. 275.00 have 5 significant digits.
3 Find the number of significant figures in 100.8s and express in scientific notation.
Ans: The number of significant figures in 100.8s is 4.
In scientific notation, 100.8s is written as 1.008×102s.
4 Round off 1.35 and 1.43.
Ans: 1.35 is rounded to 1.4 and 1.43 is also rounded to 1.4.
5 Find the number of significant figures in 0.00580km and express in scientific notation.
Ans: 0.00580km, the first two zero are not significant. They are used to space the decimal point. The digit 5, 8 and the
final zero are significant thus there are 3 significant figures.
In scientific notation, it can be written as 5.80×10-3km.
Long Questions.
1.4 PREFIXES LONG QUESTIONS
Express the following quantities using prefixes.
1
1. 5000g 2. 225×10-8s 3. 52×10-10kg
Ans: 2. 225 10−8 s :
1. 5000 g :
Multiplying and dividing by103 :
= 2.2 102 10−8 = 2.25 10−6 s = 2.25 s
5000 5000 3. 52 10−10 kg :
=  103 =  103 = 5  103 g = 5kg
10 3
1000 = 5.2 10 10−10 103 g = 5.2 104 10−10 g = 5.2 10−6 g

MEASUREMENTS
2 Your hair grows at the rate 1mm per day. Find their growth rate in nms-1.
Ans: Given:
growth rate = 1nm / day
growth rate = 110−3 m / day
To find:
growth ratein nms −1 = ?
Solution:
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 min utes
1min ute = 60sec onds
So :
1 day = 24  60  60 = 86400 s
Now we convert " m " in " nm "
110−3 m
as : −9
10−9
10
= 110−3 109 10−9
= 106 nm
Consequently :
106 nm
growth rate =
86400
growth rate in nms −1 = 11.57nms −1 − − − − − − − −( Answer ).
1.5 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION LONG QUESTIONS
1 There is an interval of 200µs change it into seconds and write answer in scientific notation.
Ans: 200  s = 200 10 −6 s
= 2  102  10−6 s
= 2  10−4 s = 0.0002 s. − − − − − −( Answer )
Nowin scientific notation :
0.0002 s = 2  10−4 s − − − − − −( Answer )
Rewrite following in standard form.
2
1. 1168×10-27 2. 32×105 3. 0.02×10-8
Ans: 1. 1168  10−27 :
= 1.168  103  10 −27 = 1.168 10 −24 − − − − − −( Answer )
2. 32  105 :
= 3.2  10  105 = 3.2  106 − − − − − −( Answer )
3. 0.02  10−8 :
2 2
=  10−8 = 2  10−8 = 2  10−2  10 −8 = 2  10 −10 − − − − − −( Answer )
100 10

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Write in standard form.

3
1. 6400km 2. 380000km 3. 3000000000ms/s
Ans: 1. 6400km :
Multiplying and dividing by "103 ":
6400m 6400m 64m
= 3
 103 km =  103 km =  103 km = 6.4  103 km − − − − − − − ( Answer )
10 1000 10
2. 380000km :
380000 380000 38
= 5
 105 km = 105 km =  105 km = 3.8 105 km − − − − − − − ( Answer )
10 100000 10
−1
3. 300000000ms :
300000000ms −1 3 108 ms −1
=  108
= 108 = 3 108 ms −1 − − − − − − − ( Answer )
108 108
1.6 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS LONG QUESTIONS
1 What are measuring instruments? Explain meter rule.
Ans: Measuring instruments are used to measure various physical quantities such as length ……….. The reading becomes
doubtful if the eye is positioned either left or right to the reading point. (Page 09).
2 What is meant by stopwatch? Describe about digital stopwatch?
Ans: A stop watch is an instrument which is used to measure the time interval of an event.
Digital stopwatch:
Digital stopwatches commonly used in laboratories can measure a time interval as small as 1/100 second or 0.01
second…….. A reset button restores its initial zero setting. (page 18-19)
3 Find the mass of a small stone by a physical balance.
Ans: See example1.3 on page 17.
A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale. The pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5 mm. What is its
4
least count?
Ans: Given:
division on the circular scale of screw gauge=50 divisions
pitch of the screw gauge=0.5mm
To find:
least count of the screw gauge=?
Solution:
As we know that:
pitch
least count=
No. of divisions on the circular scale
0.5
least count= = 0.01mm
50
least count=0.001cm − − − − − ( Answer ).

MEASUREMENTS
1.7 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES LONG QUESTIONS

Find the number of significant figures in each of the following values. Also express them in scientific
1 notations.
a) 100.8 s b) 0.00580 km c) 210.0 g
Ans:
See example1.4 on page 22.
A chocolate wrapper is 6.7 cm long and 5.4 cm wide. Calculate i t s a r e a u p t o r e a s o n a b l e number of
2
significant figures.
Ans: Given:
length of chocolate wrapper=6.7cm
width of chocolate wrapper=5.4cm
To find:
Area=?
Solution:
As we know that:
Area=length  width
Area=6.7  5.4
Area=36.18cm 2 − − − − − − − ( Answer )

Physics – Class IX IBN-AL-HAYTHAM NOTES Unit 2: KINEMATICS 1
Physics Notes
9th Class
Rana Muhammad Salman (M.Phil. Physics)

INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 2 K I N E M A T I C S
MCQs
2.2 TYPES OF MOTION MCQs
1 Brownian motion is
a) Linear motion b) Circular motion c) Vibratory motion d) Random motion
2 The motion of butterfly is
a) Circular motion b) Random motion c) Vibratory motion d) Rotatory motion
3 The types of motion are
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
4 A body has Translatory motion if it moves along a
Line without
a) Circle b) Curved path c) d) Straight line
rotation
5 A motion in which a body moves in a circular path is called
a) Random motion b) Vibratory motion c) Circular motion d) Rotatory motion
6 The irregular motion of an object is called
a) Vibratory motion b) Circular motion c) Rotatory motion d) Random motion
7 The motion of pendulum of a clock is
a) Linear b) Random c) Vibratory d) Rotatory
8 The motion of sea-saw is
a) Rotatory b) Random c) Vibratory d) circular
9 To and Fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as
a) Random motion b) Circular motion c) Vibratory motion d) Translatory motion
10 The motion of steering wheel is
a) Vibratory b) Random c) Linear d) Rotatory
11 The motion of an object about its own axis is
a) Circular motion b) Vibratory motion c) Rotatory motion d) Translator motion
12 The motion of a body about an axis is called
a) Circular motion b) Rotational motion c) Random motion d) Vibratory motion
13 The spinning motion of a body about its own axis is called
a) Vibratory motion b) Random motion c) Circular motion d) Rotatory motion
14 The motion of body in straight line is
a) Random motion b) Translatory motion c) Circular motion d) Linear motion
2.3 SCALARS AND VECTORS MCQs
1 Which is not a scalar quantity?
a) Distance b) Speed c) Power d) Displacement
2 Which one is a vector quantity
a) Displacement b) Power c) Speed d) Distance
3 Which quantity is scalar
a) Torque b) Velocity c) Power d) Force
2.4 TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION MCQs
1 A change in position in proper direction is called

a) Velocity b) Speed c) Distance d) Displacement
2 A change in position is called
a) Velocity b) Distance c) Displacement d) Speed
3 Unit of velocity is
Meter per second
a) Meter b) Second c) Meter per second d)
square

4 One meter per second is equal to

1 1
a) 3.6 km/h b) 6.3 km/h c) 3.6
km/h d) 6.3 km/h
5 A sprinter completes its 100 meters race in 12s. Its average speed will be
a) 100 m/s b) 12 m/s c) 8 m/s d) 8.33 m/s
6 Falcon can fly at the speed of
a) 70 km/h b) 100 km/h c) 17 km/h d) 200 km/h
7 The speed of tiger is
8 A ball is thrown vertically upward, its velocity at the highest point is
a) 100 m/s b) 0 m/s c) -10 m/s d) 10 m/s
9 By dividing displacement of a moving body with time, we obtain
a) Acceleration b) Speed c) Deceleration d) Velocity
10 The distance covered in a unit time is called
a) Velocity b) Speed c) Uniform velocity d) acceleration
11 A train is moving at a speed of 36 km/h. Its speed expressed in m/s will be
a) 25 m/s b) 10 m/s c) 5 m/s d) 20 m/s
12 A train is moving at a speed of 72 km/h. Its speed expressed in m/s is
a) 5 m/s b) 10 m/s c) 20 m/s d) 25 m/s
13 A car is moving with speed of 20 m/s. Its speed in km/h is
14 Negative acceleration is also called
a) Deceleration b) Displacement c) Retardation d) Both B and C
15 The unit of acceleration is
a) Nm b) ms-2 c) m/s d) Kg/m
16 A car is moving at a speed of 10 m/s. its speed expressed in km/h is
17 A car, starts from rest and attains velocity 20 m/s in 8 seconds, the acceleration of car will be
a) 1.5 ms-2 b) 2.0 ms-2 c) 2.5 ms-2 d) 3.0 ms-2
18 a = ?
2.5 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION MCQs
1 The area of speed-time graph represents
a) Time b) Speed c) Velocity d) Distance
2 The slope of the distance-time graph gives
a) force b) Acceleration c) Momentum d) Speed
3 A straight line parallel to time axis on the distance time graph tells that the object is------
Moving with constant Moving with variable
a) At rest b) In motion c) d)
speed speed
If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance-time graph will be a straight line---
4
-----
a) Along time axis b) Along distance axis c) Parallel to time axis d) Inclined to time axis
2.6 EQUATIONS OF MOTION MCQs
1 Complete the equation vf =
1 𝑠
a) Vi-at b) Vi+ at2 c) Vi+at d)
2 𝑎
2 Complete the equation: vf2 – vi2 =
a) S b) Vav c) 2aS d) t
3 Third equation of motion is
a) S = vt b) Vf= vi+at c) vf2-vi2= 2aS d) F= ma

2.7 MOTION OF FREE-FALLING BODIES. MCQs

1 The acceleration of a body falling down freely is approximately
a) 10m2s-2 b) 10m2s-2 c) 10ms d) 10ms-2
2 What is value of “g” on the surface of earth
a) 10m2s-2 b) 10m2s-2 c) 10ms-2 d) 10ms
3 All freely falling objects have same acceleration pointed out by
a) Galileo’s b) Pascal c) Newton d) Kalvin
If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance-time graph will be a straight line---
4
-----
a) 1600N b) 1.6N c) 0.6N d) 160N
SHORT QUESTIONS
2.1 REST AND MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define Kinematics.
Ans: Kinematics is the study of motion of an object without discussing the cause of motion.
2 Differentiate between rest and motion. OR Define rest and motion.
Ans: Rest:
A body is set to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
Example:
A tree
Motion:
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings.
Example:
Moving car
2 Define motion also write its types.
Ans: A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings. Example: Moving car
Types: There are three types of motion.
(i) Translatory motion (Linear, circular, random)
(ii) Rotatory motion
(iii) Vibratory motion
2.2 TYPES OF MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Differentiate between Linear motion and random motion.
Ans: Linear motion:
Straight line motion of a body is known as linear motion.
Example:
Motion of an aero plan
Random motion:
The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion.
Example:
The flight of butterfly.
2 Define linear motion and write two examples.
Ans: Linear motion:
Examples:
(i). Motion of an aero plan (ii) A car moving on a straight road.
3 Differentiate between Translatory motion and linear motion.
Ans: 1) Translatory motion:
Translatory motion is a type of motion in which a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line
may be straight or curved.
Example: A car moving in a straight line has translational motion.
2) Linear motion:
Examples: Motion of an aero plan
4 Define Translatory motion and give an example.
Ans: Translatory motion:
Translatory motion is a type of motion in which a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may be
straight or curved.
Example:
A car moving in a straight line has translational motion.
5 Define circular and random motion.
Ans: 1. Circular motion:
The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion.
Example:
The motion of earth around sun.
2. Random motion:
Example:
6 Differentiate between circular motion and rotatory motion.
Ans: 1. Circular motion:
Example:
The motion of earth around sun.
2. Rotatory motion:
The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called rotatory motion.
Example:
The motion of Top.
4 Define rotatory motion and give an example.
Ans: Rotatory motion:
Example:
The motion of Top
8 Differentiate between rotatory and random motion.
Ans: 1. Rotatory motion:
Example:
The motion of Top.
2. Random motion:
Example:
9 Define vibratory motion and give example.
Ans: Vibratory motion:
To and Fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory motion. Example: Motion of cradle.
10 Differentiate between rotatory motion and vibratory motion.
Ans: 1. Rotatory motion:
Example:
The motion of Top.
2. Vibratory motion:
To and Fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory motion.
Example:
Motion of cradle.
11 Write types of motion.
Ans: There are three types of motion.
(i) Translatory motion (Linear, circular, random)
(ii) Rotatory motion
(iii) Vibratory motion
2.3 SCALARS AND VECTORS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 How are vector quantities important to use in our daily life?
Ans: Vector quantities are those quantities which are described completely by magnitude along with its direction. Such
as velocity, acceleration and force. If we want to find direction of moving object then we can do with the help of
vector quantities, so that’s why vector quantities are important to us in our daily life.
2 Define scalars and give two examples.
Ans: Scalars:
Those physical quantities which are described completely by its magnitude only are called scalars.
Examples:
Mass and time.
3 Differentiate between scalars and vectors.
Ans: 1) Scalars:
Examples:
Mass and time.
2) Vectors:
Vector quantities are those quantities which are described completely by magnitude along with its
direction.
Examples:
Velocity, acceleration and force.
4 Define vector and write the name of two vector quantities.
Ans: Vectors:
Vector quantities are those quantities which are described completely by magnitude along with its direction.
Examples:
Velocity, acceleration and force.
5 Write any five examples of vectors.
Ans: Five examples of vector quantities are:
i. Velocity ii. Acceleration iii. Force iv. Displacement v. Torque.
6 Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Ans: The quantities having direction cannot be added and subtracted like scalars.
Because scalar quantities have no any direction whereas vector quantities have direction.
7 Write two methods to represent vectors.
Ans: Symbolic representation:
Vectors are generally represented as bold letters F, a, d or a bar or arrow over their symbol such as 𝐹, 𝑎, 𝑑 or 𝐹⃗ , 𝑎⃗,
𝑑⃗.
Graphical Representation: Generally, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. The
lien AB with arrow head at B represents a vector V. The length of the line AB gives the magnitude of the vector V
on a selected scale. While the direction of the line from A to B gives the direction of the vector V.
8 How vector quantities are represented graphically?
Ans: Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow he which represents its direction and the
length of line segment gives its magnitude according to selected scale. AB is length of vector V and its direction is
from A to B.
𝑉̅
A B
2.4 TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Differentiate between distance and displacement.
Ans: Distance:
Length of a path between two points is called the distance between those points.
Distance is a scalar quantity.
Displacement:
Displacement is the shortest distance between two points which has magnitude and direction only.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
2 What is meant by position?
Ans: The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to some reference point called origin.
3 Define speed and write its formula and unit.
Ans: Speed:
The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.
Formula:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Speed =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Speed is a scalar quantity.

4 Convert 36 km/h to meter per second.

Ans: Given: 36 km/h
As we know that
1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 60x60 s = 3600 s
1
= 36 x 1000 x
3600
= 10 m/s
5 Convert 50 km/h speed of a body into m/s.
Ans: Given: 50 km/h
As we know that
1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 60x60 s = 3600 s
1
= 50 x 1000 x
3600
= 13.89 m/s
6 Convert 20 m/s speed into km/h.
Ans: Given: 20 m/s
As we know that
1 1 1
1m= km and 1 s = ℎ= 3600 ℎ
1000 60 𝑥 60
20 × 3600
= km/h
1000
= 72 km/h
7 Differentiate between speed and velocity.
Ans: 1) Speed: The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.
Formula:
Speed =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Speed is a scalar quantity.
2) Velocity:
The rate of displacement of a body is called velocity.
Formula:
𝒅
velocity = v =
𝑡
Velocity is a vector quantity.
8 Differentiate between variable and uniform speed.
Ans: Variable speed:
A body has variable speed if it does not cover equal distance in equal intervals of time. However short the interval
may be.
Uniform speed:
A body has Uniform speed if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time. However short the interval may be.
9 A sprinter completes its 100-meter race in 12 s. Find his average speed.
Ans: Given Data: Solution:
Distance = 100 m Average speed =
Time taken = 12 s 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
100 𝑚
To Find: Average speed =
12 𝑠
Average speed= v =? Average speed = 8.33 ms-1
10 Define terminal velocity.

Ans: Terminal velocity:
Uniform velocity attained by a free-falling body is called terminal velocity.
Example:
A paratrooper attains a terminal velocity with which it comes to ground.
11 Differentiate between uniform speed and uniform velocity.
Ans: Uniform speed:
A body has Uniform speed if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time however short the interval may be.
Uniform velocity:
A body has Uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time however short the interval
may be.
12 What is Lidar gun?
Ans: A LIDAR gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by laser pulse to make a series of

measurements of a vehicles distance from the gun. The data is then used to calculate the vehicles speed.
13 Define average velocity and write its formula.
Ans: Average velocity:
The change in total displacement with respect to total time taken is called average velocity.
Formula:
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
vav =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
14 Differentiate between variable and uniform velocity.
Ans: Variable velocity:
A body has variable velocity if it does not cover equal displacement in equal intervals of time. However short the
interval may be.
Uniform velocity:
A body has Uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time. However short the interval
may be.
15 Speed of a car is 72 km/h, convert into m/s.
Ans: Given: 72 km/h
As we know that
1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 60x60 s = 3600 s
1
= 72 x 1000 x
3600
= 2 x10 m/s
= 20 m/s
16 A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 km/h for 10 s. Find the distance travelled by it.
Ans: Given Data:
Uniform velocity = 36 km/h
As 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 60x60 s = 3600 s
1
= 36 x 1000 x
3600
= 10 m/s
Time taken = 10 s
To Find:
Distance travelled= S =?
Solution:
Distance travelled = S = v x t
S = 10 m/s x 10 s
S = 100 m
17 Define acceleration. Write its formula and unit.
Ans: Acceleration:
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity of body.
Formula:
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖
a=
𝑡
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
SI unit:
SI unit of acceleration is ms-2.
18 Define uniform acceleration. Write its unit and also write example.
Ans: Uniform acceleration:
A body has uniform acceleration if it has equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of time however short the
interval may be.
Unit:
Unit of acceleration is ms-2
Example:
1) Free falling bodies have uniform acceleration.
2) Example of uniform acceleration would be space capsule.
3) A high-speed lift starts from top of multi-storied building is experiencing constant acceleration.
19 What is retardation?
Ans: Retardation:
Acceleration of a body is negative if velocity of the body decreases. The direction of negative acceleration is
opposite to the direction in which the body is moving. Negative acceleration is also called retardation.

20 What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?

Ans: Positive acceleration:
Acceleration of a body is positive if velocity of the body increases with time. The direction of this acceleration is
same in which the body is moving without change in its direction.
Negative acceleration:
Acceleration of a body is negative if velocity of the body decreases. The direction of negative acceleration is
opposite to the direction in which the body is moving. Negative acceleration is also called retardation.
21 Can a body moving with at a constant speed have acceleration?
Ans: Yes, a body moving with constant speed has acceleration if it changes its direction or moving in a circular path.
22 A car starts from rest. Its velocity becomes 20 m/s in 8 s. Find its acceleration.
Ans: Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = o
Final velocity = vf = 20 m/s
Time taken = t = 8 s
To Find:
Acceleration = a =?
Solution:
𝒗𝒇 −𝒗𝒊
Acceleration = a =
𝑡
By putting values, we get
𝟐𝟎−𝟎
a= = 2.5 ms-2
𝟖
23 Write equations of motion for uniformly accelerating motion.
Ans: The equations of motion for uniformly accelerating motion are given below:
i. vf = vi + at
1
ii. S = vi t + a t2
2
iii. 2aS = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2
2.5 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What would be the shape of a speed –time graph of a body moving with variable speed?
Ans: When a body is moving with variable speed, the shape of its speed-time graph is not a straight line.
(Graph from text-book).
2 Draw the graph of constant speed.
Ans: (Graph from text-book).
2.6 EQUATIONS OF MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Write the second and third equation of motion.
Ans: The second and third equations of motion for uniformly accelerating motion are given below:
Second equation of motion:
1
S = vi t + a t2
2
Third equation of motion:
2aS = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2
2 A car travelling at 10 m/s accelerates uniformly at 2 ms-2. Calculate its velocity after 5 seconds.
Ans: Given Data: 𝒗𝒇 −𝒗𝒊
Acceleration = a =
Initial velocity of car =vi= 10 m/s 𝑡
By re-arranging we get
Acceleration = a = 2 ms -2
at = vf - vi
Time = t = 5 s
vf = vi + at …………...(i)
To Find:
Putting values in eq. (i)
Final velocity after 5 seconds =vf =?
vf = 10 + 2(5)
Solution:
As we know that vf=20 ms-1
3 Derive first equation of motion.

Ans: The slope of line AB gives the acceleration a of a body.
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶−𝐶𝐷
Slope of line AB = a = =
𝐴𝐶 𝑂𝐷
As BD = 𝑉𝑓 , CD =𝑉𝑖 and OD = t
Hence a=
𝑡
at =𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 vf=vi+at.

2.7 MOTION OF FREE-FALLING BODIES. SHORT QUESTIONS

1 Define gravitational acceleration and write its value and SI unit.
Ans: The acceleration of a freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It is denoted by g.
Value:
Its value is 10ms-2
SI unit:
Its SI unit is ms-2.
Equation:
The gravitational acceleration can be defined by the formula given below:
𝑮𝑴
𝒈 = 𝟐𝒆
𝑹
LONG QUESTONS
2.2 TYPES OF MOTION LONG QUESTIONS
1 Define Translatory motion and write its types with examples. OR Describe types of motion in detail. OR
Define motion and explain its types by examples.
Ans: 1) Translatory motion:
Translatory motion is a type of motion in which a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line
may be straight or curved.
Example: A car moving in a straight line has translational motion
2) Circular motion:
Example: The motion of earth around sun.
3) Random motion:
Example:
4) Linear motion:
Examples:
(i). Motion of an aero plan.
(ii) A car moving on a straight road.
5) Rotatory motion:
Example:
The motion of Top.
6) Vibratory motion:
To and Fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory motion.
Example:
Motion of cradle.
2.3 SCALARS AND VECTORS LONG QUESTIONS
1 What is meant by vectors? Explain representation of vector.
Ans: Vectors: Vector quantities are those quantities which are described completely by magnitude along with its
direction.
Examples: Velocity, acceleration and force.
Representation of Vectors: Vectors are represented by two methods.
i. Symbolic representation
ii. Graphical representation
Symbolic representation: Vectors are generally represented as bold letters F, a, d or a bar or arrow over their
symbol such as 𝐹, 𝑎, 𝑑 or 𝐹⃗ , 𝑎⃗, 𝑑⃗.
Graphical Representation: Generally, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. The
lien AB with arrow head at B represents a vector V. The length of the line AB gives the magnitude of the vector V
on a selected scale. While the direction of the line from A to B gives the direction of the vector V.
2 Explain scalar and vector quantities and give examples.
Ans: 1. Scalars:
Examples:
Mass and time.

The magnitude of a quantity means its numerical value with an appropriate unit such as 2.5 kg, 40 s 1.8
m etc.
2. Vectors:
Vector quantities are those quantities which are described completely by magnitude along-with its
direction.
Examples:
Velocity, acceleration and force
Explanation:
Consider a table……………………... ……………………………………...talking about a vector.
2.4 TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION LONG QUESTIONS
1 Describe and explain uniform speed and uniform velocity.
Ans: Uniform Speed: A body has Uniform speed if it Uniform Velocity: A body has Uniform velocity if it covers
covers equal distance in equal intervals of time equal displacement in equal intervals of time. However short
however short the interval may be. the interval may be.
Uniform speed is a scalar quantity. Uniform velocity is a vector quantity.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Formula: v = Formula: v =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
A train starts from rest with an acceleration of 0.5 ms -2. Find its speed in km/h when it has moved
2
through 100m.
Ans: Given Data: Taking square root on both sides:
Initial velocity of train = vi = 0
Acceleration of train = a = 0.5 ms-2 √𝑣𝑓2 = √100
Distance moved = d = 100 m vf = 10 ms-1
To Find:
Speed in km/h = vf =? vf =
𝟏𝟎×𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
Solution: 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Using third equation of motion 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎

2aS = 𝑣 2 - 𝑣 2 vf =
𝑓 𝑖 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Putting values, we get
2 (0.5) 100 = vf2 – (0)2 vf =36kmh-1
100 = vf – 0
2
Vf2 =100
A cyclist completes half round of a circular track of radius 318 m in 1.5 minutes. Find its speed and
2
velocity.
Ans: Velocity:
Given Data: As we know that
Radius of circular track = r = 318 m Displacement in circular track = 2 x r
Time taken = t = 1.5 min = 1.5 x 60 s = 90 s = 2 x 318 m= 636 m
To Find: Velocity = v =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 636
=
Speed = v =? 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 90
Velocity = v =? Velocity = 7.07 ms -1
Solution:
As we know
Distance in circular track = π x radius
Distance in circular track= 3.14 x 318 m = 999 m
Speed:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 999
Speed = v = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 90
Speed = 11.1 ms-1
3 A car starts from rest. Its velocity becomes 20 m/s in 8 seconds. Find acceleration.
Ans: Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = o
Time taken = t = 8 s
To Find:
Acceleration = a =?
Solution:

Acceleration = a =
𝑡
20−0
a= = 2.5 ms-2
8
4 Explain in detail the uniform velocity and uniform acceleration.

Ans: Uniform velocity: A body has Uniform velocity if it Uniform acceleration: A body has uniform
covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time. acceleration if it has equal changes in velocity in equal
However short the interval may be. intervals of time however short the interval may be.
Uniform velocity is a vector quantity. Unit: Unit of acceleration is ms-2
Formula: v =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Example. Free falling bodies have uniform
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 acceleration.
5 Find the retardation produced when a car moving ant velocity of 30m/s slows down uniformly to 15m/s in
5s.
Ans: Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 30m/s
Time taken = t = 5s
To Find:
Retardation =- a =?
Solution:
As we know that:
Acceleration = a =
𝑡
15−30
a= = -3 ms-2
5
Since negative acceleration is known as retardation. Thus retardation of car would be 3 ms-2.
2.6 EQUATIONS OF MOTION LONG QUESTIONS
Derive first equation of motion with the help of speed time graph. OR prove with the help of graph v f=
1
vi+at
Ans: Consider a body moving with ……………………………………………………………………………………...vf = vi + at.
𝟏
2 Prove with the help of speed time graph S = vit+ at2. Prove 2nd equation of motion with the help speed
𝟐
time graph. OR Derive second equation of motion.
1
Ans: Consider a body moving with ……………………………………………………………………………………... S = v i t + a t2
2
3 Prove it graphically by diagram 2aS = vf2-vi2 OR Prove that third equation of motion with the help of
speed time graph. OR Derive third equation of motion.
Ans: Consider a body moving with …………………………………………………………………………………….2aS = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2
4 A car has a velocity of 10 m/s. Its acceleration at 0.2 ms-2 for half minute. Find the distance travelled
during this time and final velocity of the car.
Ans: Given Data:
Velocity of car = vi = 10 m/s
Acceleration = a = 0.2 ms-2
Time = t = 30 s
To Find:
(a) Distance travelled = S=?
(b) Final velocity = vf =?
Solution:
(a) Using second equation of motion
1
S = vi t + a t2
2
1
S = (10) (30) + (0.2) (30)2
2
1
S = 300 + (0.2) (900)
2
= 300 + 90
S= 390 m
(b) Using first equation of motion
vf = vi + at
vf = 10 + (0.2) (30)
= 10+6
vf = 16 ms-1
5 A train slows down from 80 km/h with a uniform retardation of 2 ms -2. How much time it will take to
attain a speed of 20 km/h?
Ans: Given Data:
80 ×1000
Initial speed = vi = 80 km/h = = 22.2 m/s
60 ×60
20 ×1000
Final velocity = vf = 20 km/h = = 5.6 m/s
60 ×60
Retardation = a = 2 ms-2
To Find:
How much time taken = t =?
Solution:
Using first equation of motion
vf = vi + at
By re-arranging we get
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
t=
𝑎
5.6−22.2
t=
−2
t = 8.3 s
6 A boy throws a ball vertically up. It returns to the ground after 5 seconds. Find (i) The maximum
height reached by the ball. (ii) The velocity with which the ball is thrown up.
Ans: Given Data:
Time taken by the ball for up and down motion = t = 5 s
Gravitational acceleration = g = -10 ms-2
Velocity at maximum point = vf = 0 m/s
To Find:
(a) Initial velocity = vi =?
(b) Maximum height =S= h =?
Solution:
As we know that
𝑡 5
Time taken by the ball to go up is half that of total time = = = 2.5 s
2 2
(a) Using first equation of motion under gravitational acceleration
vf = vi + gt
0 = vi – 10 (2.5)
0 = vi -25
25 = vi
vi = 25 m/s
(b) Using second equation of motion
1
h = vi t + a t2
2
1
h = (25) (2.5) - (10) (2.5)2
2
h = 62.5 – 31.25 = 31.25 m
h = 31.25 m
2.7 MOTION OF FREE-FALLING BODIES. LONG QUESTIONS

1 A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. The stone hits the ground after 5 seconds. Find (a) the height
of the tower (b) the velocity with which the stone hits the ground.
Ans: Given Data:
Initial speed = vi = 0
Gravitational acceleration = g =10 ms-2
Time =t= 5 s
To Find:
(a) Height of tower = S = h =?

(b) Final velocity = vf =?

Solution:
(a) Using Second equation of motion
1
h = vi t + g t2
2
1
h = (0)(5) + (10) (5)2
2
250
h=0+
2
h = 125 m
(b) Using third equation of motion
2gh = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2
2(10) (125) = 𝑣𝑓2 - (0)2
2500 = 𝑣𝑓2
𝑣𝑓2 = 2500
Taking square root on both sides
vf = 50 ms-1
2 A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. The stone hits the ground after 5 seconds. Find the height of the
tower.
Initial speed = vi = 0 Using Second equation of motion
Gravitational acceleration = g =10 ms-2 1
h = vi t + g t2
2
Time =t= 5 s 1
To Find: h = (0)(5) + (10) (5)2
2
250
Height of tower = S = h =? h=0+
2
h = 125 m
Remaining Numericals and examples from book

1 A train starts from rest. It moves through 1 km in 100 s with uniform acceleration. What will be
its speed at the end of 100 s.
Ans: Given Data:
Initial speed = vi = 0
Distance moved = S= 1 km =1000 m
Time = t= 100 s
To Find:
Final velocity=vf =?
Solution:
Using Second equation of motion
1
S = vi t + a t2
2
1
1000 = (0) (100) + a (100)2
2
1000 = 0+ a (5000)
1000 = 5000a
1000
a=
5000
a = 0.2 ms-2
Using first equation of motion
vf = vi + at
vf = (0) + (0.2) (100)
vf = 20 ms-1

2 A tennis ball is hit vertically with a velocity of 30 ms-1. It takes 3 s to reach the highest point.
Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. How long it will take to return to ground?
Ans: Given Data: (b) Initial velocity = vi = 0
Initial velocity = vi = 30 ms-1 Maximum height =h= 45m
Time taken by the ball = t = 3 s Using second equation of motion
Gravitational acceleration = g = -10 ms-2 1
h = vi t + g t2
2
Velocity at maximum point = vf = 0 m/s 1
To Find: 45 = (0)(t) + (10)t2
2
(a) Maximum height reached=h=? 45 = 0+ 5t2
(b) Time taken by the ball to come back to 45 = 5t2
ground=t=? 5t2= 45
45
Solution: t2 =
5
(a) Using second equation of motion t2 = 9
1
Taking square root on both sides
h = vi t + g t2 t = 3s
2
1 As the ball reached the maximum height and then
h = (30)(3)+ (-10)(3) 2
2 came back to ground.
h = 90-45 Total time = time taken by the ball in reaching
h = 45 m maximum height + time taken by the ball to come
back to ground
t=3+3
t = 6s
3 A car moves with uniform velocity of 40 ms-1 for 5 s. It comes to rest in the next 10 s with uniform
deceleration. Find (a) deceleration (b) total distance travelled by the car.
Ans: Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 40 ms-1
Final velocity =vf = 0
Time = t = 10 s
To Find:
(a) Deceleration=a=?
(b) Distance covered by the car=S=?
Solution:
(a) Using first equation of motion
vf = vi + at
0 = 40 + a (10)
-40 = 10a
10a=-40
−40
a=
10
a = -4 ms-2
(b) Using equation
S = v × t ⇒ S = 40 x 10⇒ S = 400 m
4 A cricket ball is hit vertically upwards and returns to ground 6 s later. Calculate (i) maximum
height reached by the ball. (b) Initial velocity of the ball.
Ans: Given Data:
Final velocity =vf = 0
Gravitational acceleration =g = -10 ms-2
Total time taken by the ball = t = 6 s
To Find:
(c) Maximum height reached =h=?
(d) Initial velocity =vi =?
Solution:
(a) Using first equation of motion
vf = vi + gt
𝑡 6
Time taken by the ball to reach maximum height is= = = 3 s
2 2
0 = vi +(-10) (3)
0 = vi -30
vi=30 ms-1
(b) Using third equation of motion

2gh = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2
2(-10) h= (0)2 – (30)2
-20 h = - 900
20 h= 900
2 h = 90
h = 45 m
5 A bicycle accelerates at 1 ms-2 from an initial velocity of 4 ms-1 for 10 s. Find the distance moved by
it during this interval of time.
Initial velocity = vi = 4 m/s Using second equation of motion
Acceleration = a = 1 ms-2 1
S = vi t + a t2
2
Time = t = 10 s 1
To Find: S= (4)(10) + (1) (10)2
2
Distance moved = S=? S = 40 + 50
S = 90 m
6 A car travels with a velocity of 5 ms-1. It then accelerates uniformly and travels a distance of 50 m. If
the velocity reached is 15 ms-1, find the acceleration and the time to travel this distance.
Ans: Given Data: (b) Using first equation of motion
Initial speed = vi = 5 ms-1 vf = vi + at
Final velocity = vf =15 ms-1 15 = 5 + (2) t
Distance= S = 50 m 15-5 = 2t
To Find: 10 = 2t
(a) Acceleration =a=? 10
t= =5
(b) Time =t=? 2
Solution: t=5s
(a) Using third equation of motion
2aS = 𝑣𝑓2 - 𝑣𝑖2
2 (a) (50) = (15)2 – (5)2
100 a = 225-25
200
a=
100
a = 2 ms-2

Physics – Class IX IBN-AL-HAYTHAM NOTES Unit 3: DYNAMICS 1
Physics Notes
9th Class
Rana Muhmmad Salman (M. Phil Physics)


INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 3 D Y N A M I C S
3.1 FORCE, INERTIA AND MOMENTUM MCQs
1 The unit of force is

a) Nm b) N c) Meter d) Kg
2 Equation of momentum is
a) p = m/v b) p = mv2 c) p = (mv)2 d) p = mv
3 Inertia depends on
a) Mass b) Velocity c) Net force d) Force
4 SI unit of momentum is
a) Kgms-2 b) Kg m2s-1 c) Kg-1ms d) Kgms-1
5 A boy jumps out of a moving bus. There is a danger for him to fall
Opposite to the direction In the direction of
a) Away from the bus b) c) Towards the moving bus d)
of motion motion
6 The multiple of mass and velocity of a body is called
a) Force b) Torque c) Momentum d) work
7 The unit of momentum is
a) Kgms-2 b) Nm c) Kg-1ms d) Ns
3.2 NEWTON’s LAWS OF MOTION MCQs
1 Newton’s first law of motion is valid only in the absence of
a) Torque b) Friction c) Momentum d) Force
2 The mass of a boy is 40 kg. its weight on earth will be
a) 200 N b) 300 N c) 500 N d) 400 N
Vertical motion of two bodies attached to the ends of string that passes over a frictionless pulley then
3
tension ‘T’ is equal to
𝑚1 𝑚2 2𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
a) 𝑇= b) 𝑇= c) 𝑇= 𝑔 d) 𝑻= 𝒈
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
4 According to law of conservation of momentum recoil velocity of a gun is
−𝒎 𝑀 𝑚 −𝑀
a) 𝑽= 𝒗 b) 𝑉= 𝑣 c) 𝑉= 𝑣 d) 𝑉= 𝑣
𝑴 𝑚 𝑀 𝑚
5 Weight ‘w’ is equal to
𝑚 𝑔 1
a) w= b) w= c) w = mg d) w=
𝑔 𝑚 𝑚𝑔
6 The value of acceleration produced by a 20 N force in a mass of 8 Kg is
a) 2.5 ms-2 b) 3.5 ms-2 c) 5.5 ms-2 d) 7.5 ms-2
7 The unit of weight in system international is
a) Kilogram b) Dyne c) 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 d) Pound
8 How much acceleration is produced by force of 100 N in mass of 50 kg?
a) 0.5 ms-2 b) 20 ms-2 c) 2 ms-2 d) 0.05 ms-2
8 The weight of a body is 147 N. Its mass will be when g = 10 ms .
-2
a) 1.47 kg b) 147 kg c) 0.147 kg d) 14.7 kg

9 A force produces an acceleration of 100 ms-2 in a body of mass 5 kg. The value of force is
a) 20 N b) 30 N c) 2N d) 500 N
10 Which one of the following relationship is correct?
a) F = m-a b) F = m/a c) F = a/m d) F = ma
11 A mass of 6 kg is moving with acceleration of 2 ms-2. Force acting on it is
a) 12 N b) 4N c) 8N d) 3N
12 The mass of a body
Decreases when Increases when Decreases when
a) b) c) d) None of these
accelerated accelerated accelerated
13 When a horse pulls a cart, the action is on the
a) Cart b) Horse c) Earth d) Earth and cart
14 According to the law of conservation of momentum
−𝒎𝒗 𝑀 𝑚 −𝑀
a) v= b) v= c) v= d) v=
𝑴 𝑚𝑣 𝑀𝑣 𝑚𝑣

15 In isolated system the momentum after collision of two bodies is

a) Decreases b) Increases c) Constant d) Zero
16 A string is stretched by two equal and opposite forces of 10 N each. The tension in the string is
a) 5N b) 10 N c) 20 N d) Zero
Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 attached to the ends of an inextensible string passing over a frictionless
17
pulley such that both move vertically. The acceleration of the bodies is
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2𝑚1 𝑚2
a) 𝒈( ) b) 𝑔( ) c) 𝑔( ) d) 𝑔( )
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
18 Rate of change of momentum is equal to
a) Torque b) Force c) Mass d) Distance
𝑷𝒇 −𝑷𝒊
19 Complete the equation
𝒕
a) S b) F c) T d) m
20 1 N is equal to
a) 1 kg-1s-1 b) 1 kg ms-2 c) 1 kg ms d) 1 kgm-1s
3.3 FRICTION MCQs
1 The force that opposes the motion of a moving object is called
a) Momentum b) Work c) Power d) Friction
2 When the cyclist stops pedaling, bicycle stops due to
a) Momentum b) Mass c) Power d) Friction
3 Coefficient of friction 𝝁𝒔 between the tyre and wet road is
a) 0.2 b) 0.6 c) 0.8 d) 1
4 Coefficient of friction between glass and glass is
a) 0.9 b) 0.2 c) 0.8 d) 1
5 Coefficient of friction is equal to
𝑭𝒔 𝑹
a) b) 𝑭𝒔 𝑹 c) d) 𝑭𝒔 + 𝑹
𝑹 𝑭𝒔
6 The value of Coefficient of friction between steel and steel is
a) 0.9 b) 0.2 c) 0.8 d) 1
7 The Coefficient of friction between Iron and Iron is
a) 0.8 b) 0.20 c) 1 d) 0.6
8 The Coefficient of friction between tyre and dry road is
a) 0.2 b) 0.05 c) 1 d) 0.62
9 Which of the following material lowers friction when pushed between metal plates.
a) Water b) Air c) Oil d) Marble power
10 The maximum value of friction is called
a) Limiting friction b) Normal reaction c) Kinetic friction d) None of these
3.4 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION MCQs
1 Which force rotates the body in a circle?
a) Gravitational force b) Centrifugal force c) Centripetal force d) Magnetic force
2 The force required to move the car in a curved path is
a) Tension b) Gravitational c) Centrifugal d) Centripetal
3 Centripetal force is directly proportional to ?
a) m2 b) v2 c) v d) r
4 Centripetal acceleration of a body is given by formula
a) ac= v/r b) ac = mv2/r c) ac=v/r2 d) ac=v2/r
5 Formula to determine centripetal force
a) mv/r2 b) mr2/v c) m2r/v d) mv2/r
6 If velocity of the body becomes double, then centripetal force will be
a) Double b) Half c) Three time greater d) Four times greater
7 The centripetal acceleration is inversely proportional to
a) Mass b) Velocity c) Radius d) Mass and radius
8 Centripetal force always acts to the motion of body.
a) Opposite b) Parallel c) Upward d) Perpendicular
9 Formula to determine centrifugal force
a) mv/r2 b) mr2/v c) mv2/r d) m2r/v
SHORT QUESTIONS
3.1 FORCE, INERTIA AND MOMENTUM SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define force and write its unit.
Ans: Def:
The agency which moves or tends to move, stops pr tends to stop the motion of a body is called force.
SI unit:
SI unit of force is Newton.
2 How much force is needed to prevent a body of mass 10 kg from falling?
Ans: Given:
m=10kg
g=10ms-2
F=?
Solution:
As we know that:
F=W=mg
F= (10)(10)
F=100N
3 How seat belts are useful at the time of driving? Write two benefits.
Ans: Benefits of Seat Belts at the time of driving:
1. They provide an external force to a person wearing seatbelt.
2. The additional time is required for stretching seatbelts. This prolongs the stopping time for momentum
to change and reduces the effect of collision.
4 Describe inertia with two examples.
Ans: Def:
Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or motion.
Examples:
1. The coins on the card will falls into the glass as the card flicks away.
2. The coins stacked over remain undisturbed on pulling the paper strip quickly.
5 Differentiate between force and inertia.
Ans: Inertia Force
Inertia of a body is its property due to which The agency which moves or tends to move, stops pr tends to stop
it resists any change in its state of rest or the motion of a body is called force.
motion.
6 State law of inertia.
Ans: “A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a net force. First
law of motion is also called Law of inertia”.
7 Define momentum. Write its equation and SI unit.
Ans: Def:
Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass and velocity.
Equation:
Its equation is: 𝑃⃗ = 𝑚𝑣.
Unit:
Its SI unit is kgms-1.
8 A body of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity of 2 m/s. Find its momentum.
Ans: Given:
m=2kg
v=2ms-1
P=?
Solution:
P=mv
P= (2)(2)
P=4kg ms-1.
9 Define Dynamics.
Ans: The branch of mechanics that deals with study of motion of an object and the cause of its motion is called
dynamics.

3.2 NEWTON’s LAWS OF MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS

1 Define weight and write its unit.
Ans: Def:
Weight of a body is due to the force of gravity acted on it weight of body is equal to the force with which Earth
attracts it
Symbol:
Weight is denoted by W. Weight is a vector quantity.
SI Unit:
The SI unit of weight is newton (N).
2 State newton’s first law of motion. OR Define Newton’s first law of motion.
Ans: Newton’s first law of Motion:
“A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a net force”.
3 Define Newton’s second law of motion and give its equation.
Ans: Statement:
“When a net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body in the direction of the net force. The
magnitude of this acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely
proportional to its mass”.
Equation:
F=ma.
4 Prove that F = ma
Ans: If a force produces an acceleration a in a body of mass m, then we can state mathematically that:
a∝ 𝐹 ----------(1)
1
a∝ ---------(2)
𝑚
By combining eq (1) and (2):
𝐹
a∝
𝑚
𝐹 ∝ 𝑚𝑎
Putting k as proportionality constant:
F=kma
In SI units, the value of K comes out to be 1:
Hence proved:
F=ma
5 What is the unit of force define it? OR Define Newton.
Ans: The unit of force is newton.
Def:
One newton (1 N) is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms -2 in a body of mass of 1 kg.
Equation:
As we know that:
F=ma
Force in one newton= mass is of 1kg×acceleration is 1ms -2
1N=1kg×1ms-2
1N=1kg ms-2.
6 Find the acceleration that is produced by 20 N force in a mass of 8 kg.
Ans: Given:
m=8kg
F=20N
a=?
Solution:
As we know that:
f=ma
𝑓
a=
𝑚
20
a=
8
a=2.5 ms-2

7 The weight of a body is 147 N. What is its mass? The value of g = 10 ms -2.
Ans: Given:
W=147N
10=10ms-2
m=?
Solution:
As we know that
W=mg
𝑤
m=
𝑔
147
m=
10
m=14.7kg
8 Calculate the value of force acting on a body of mass 4 kg and produces acceleration of 2 ms -2 in it.
Ans: Given:
m=4kg
a=2ms-2
f=?
Solution:
As we know that
f=ma
f= (4)(2)
f=8N
9 What is the difference between mass and weight?
Ans: Mass Weight
1) Mass of a body is the quantity of matter 1) Weight of a body is due to the force of gravity acted on it
possessed by the body. weight of body is equal to the force with which Earth
2) It is a scalar quantity. attracts it.
3) Mass is denoted by m. 2) It is a vector quantity.
4) Mass can be found by using formula: 3) Weight is denoted by W.
f=ma. 4) Weight can be found by using formula: W=mg
5) Unit of mass is kilogram (kg). 5) Unit of weight is newton (N).
10 A force of 20 N moves a body with an acceleration of 2 ms -2. What is its mass?
Ans: Given:
f=20N
a=2ms-2
To find:
m=?
Solution:
f=ma
𝑓
m=
𝑎
20
m=
2
m=10kg.
11 Find the acceleration produced by a force of 100 N in a mass of 50 kg.
Ans: Given:
m=50kg
f=100N
To find:
a=?
Solution:
f=ma
𝑓
a=
𝑚
100
a=
50
a=2ms-2.

12 Define Newton’s third law of motion also give an example.

Ans: Statement:
“To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction”.
Example:
A book lying on a table. The weight of the book is acting on the table in the downward direction. This is the action.
The reaction of the table acts on the book in the upward direction.
13 What is the difference between action and reaction?
Ans: Action Reaction
The force exerted by external agency on a Response of the system to the force exerted by the external agency is
system is called action. called reaction.
14 State the principle of motion of rocket.
Ans: A rocket moves on the Newton’s third law of motion. When its fuel burns, hot gases escape out from its tail with a
very high speed. The reaction of these gases on the rocket causes it to move
opposite to the gases rushing out of its tail.
15 Action and reaction are always equal and opposite, then how does a body move?
Ans: Action and reaction are always equal and opposite in direction, even the body also moves, it is due to that action
and reaction are acting on different bodies.
16 When a gun is fired, it recoils why?
Ans: As the gun is fired, bullet shoot out of the gun and acquires momentum. To conserve momentum of the system, the
gun recoils. It is the example of third law of motion.
17 What is Atwood machine? Give its one use.
Ans: Atwood machine:
An Atwood machine is an arrangement of two objects of unequal masses. Both the objects are attached to the ends
of a string. The string passes over a frictionless pulley.
Use:
It can be used to find the acceleration due to gravity by using equation:
𝑚 +𝑚
𝑔 = 1 2a
𝑚1 −𝑚2
18 What will be the tension in a string that is pulled from its ends by two opposite forces 100 N each?
Ans: Because force is acting at opposite direction, therefore the net tension is 100N.
ƩFy=0
T-W=0
T=W
T=100N
19 Write relation between force and momentum.
Ans: The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to applied force.
Equation:
𝐩𝐟 −𝐩𝒊
f= 𝐭
20 A mass of 5 kg is moving with the velocity of 10 ms-1. Find the force which is required to stop it in 2 sec.
Ans: Given:
m=5kg
vi=10m/s
vf=0m/s
To find:
t=2s
f=?
Solution:
𝐩 −𝐩
F= 𝐟 𝐢
𝐭
𝒎𝒗𝒇 −𝒎𝒗𝒊
f= 𝐭
𝟓∗𝟎−𝟓∗𝟏𝟎
f= 𝟐
f=-50/2
f=-25N
-ve sign indicates that it is opposing force. Thus, 25N force is required to stop the body..

21 How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of body?
Ans: We know that:
𝑣 −𝑣
a= 𝑓 𝑖
𝑡
Multiply by “m” on both sides, we get:
𝑣 −𝑣
ma=m ( 𝑓 𝑖)
𝑡
ma=
𝐭
As: F=ma, Pf=mvf, Pi=mvi
𝐩 −𝐩
ma= 𝐟 𝐢
𝐭
𝑷𝐟 −𝑷𝐢
F= 𝐭
22 What is the law of conservation of momentum?

Ans: The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two interacting bodies remains constant.
23 Give two examples of law of conservation of momentum.
Ans: 1) Collison of two balls in isolated system.
2) Fire a bullet from Gun.
3) Release of air from balloon.
3.3 FRICTION SHORT QUESTIONS
What is meant by friction? OR Define friction write the value of co-efficient of friction between tyre and
1
dry road.
Ans: Def:
The force that opposes the motion of moving object is called friction.
Co-efficient of friction:
The value of coefficient of friction between tyre and dry road is 𝝁𝒔 = 𝟏.
2 Which shoes is better for jogging?

Ans: The shoe whose grip is strong on ground is better for jugging these shoes provide more friction for strong grip on
road and prevent to falling.
3 Write any two advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Ans: Disadvantages:
1) Friction is undesirable when moving at high speeds because it opposes the motion and thus limits the
speed of moving objects.
2) Most of our useful energy is lost as heat and sound due to the friction between various moving parts of
machines.
Advantages:
1) We cannot write if there would be no friction between paper and the pencil.
2) Friction enables us to walk on the ground. We cannot run on a slippery ground. A slippery ground offers
very little friction.
4 What is meant by co-efficient of friction?
Ans: Def:
The ratio between the force of limiting friction Fs and the normal reaction R is constant. This constant is called the
coefficient of friction and is represented by 𝝁.
Formula:
𝝁 = Fs/R.
Unit:
It is ratio of two similar terms having no unit.
5 Differentiate between sliding friction and rolling friction.
Ans: Sliding friction Rolling friction
In sliding friction, the surface of a body moves by The friction produced by rolling the surface of one object on the
sliding against the surface of another body. other is called rolling friction.
6 Write two ways to reduce friction.
Ans: The friction can be reduced by:
1) making the sliding surfaces smooth.
2) making the fast-moving objects a streamline shape (fish shape) such as cars, aero planes, etc. This causes
the smooth flow of air and thus minimizes air resistance at high speeds.

3) Lubricating the sliding surfaces.

4) Using ball bearings or roller bearings. Because the rolling friction is lesser than the sliding friction.
7 Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?
Ans: The rolling friction is less than sliding friction because in rolling friction, area of contact surface is less than area
of contact in sliding.
8 What is meant by limiting friction?
Ans: Def:
The maximum value of friction is known as the force of limiting friction.
Symbol:
Limiting friction is denoted by Fs.
Dependence:
It depends on the normal reaction (pressing force) between the two surfaces in contact.
9 How does oiling the moving parts of a machine low the friction?
Ans: By applying lubricants to surfaces, they become smooth and friction is reduced. As the friction of liquids is less than
that of solid surfaces, therefore, oil or grease is applied between the parts of machinery.
10 Describe braking and skidding.
Ans: If the road is slippery or the tyres are worn out then the tyres instead of rolling, slip over the road. The vehicle will
not move if the wheels start slipping at the same point on the slippery road. Thus, for the wheels to roll, the force of
friction (gripping force) between the tyres and the road must be enough that prevents them from slipping.
Similarly, to stop a car quickly, a large force of friction between the tyres and the road is needed. But there is a
limit to this force of friction that tyres can provide. If the brakes are applied too strongly, the wheels of the car will
lock up (stop turning) and the car will skid due to its large momentum. It will lose its directional control that may
result in an accident.
3.4 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Why the spanner of washing machine is moved fastly?
Ans: The dryer of a washing machine is basket spinners. They have a perforated wall having large numbers of fine holes
in the cylindrical rotor. The lid of the cylindrical container is closed after putting wet clothes in it. When it spins at
high speed, the water from wet clothes is forced out through these holes due to lack of centripetal force.
2 What is meant by centrifugal force? Write its SI unit.
Ans: Def:
Centripetal reaction that pulls the string outward is sometimes called the centrifugal force.
Unit:
The SI unit of centrifugal force is Newton (N).
3 Define centripetal force and write down its equation.
Ans: Def:
Centripetal force is a force that keeps a body to move in a circle.
Representation:
It is represented as “Fc”.
Unit:
Its SI unit is Newton (N).
Equation:
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 =
𝒓
4 Differentiate between centripetal force and centrifugal force.

Ans: Centripetal force Centrifugal force.
1) Centripetal force is a force that keeps a body to 1) Centripetal reaction that pulls the string outward
move in a circle. is sometimes called the centrifugal force.
2) Its SI unit is Newton (N). 2) Its SI unit is Newton (N).
A body is moving in a circle of radius “r” if its velocity is doubled what will be the effect on value of
5
centripetal acceleration?
Ans: 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟
---------(1)
𝑚(𝑣 ′ )2
𝑎′ 𝑐 = 𝑟
As V’=2v

𝑚(2𝑣)2
𝑎′ 𝑐 = 𝑟
𝑚4𝑣 2
𝑎′ 𝑐 =
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑎′ 𝑐 = 4
𝑟
by using equation 1:
𝑎′ 𝑐 = 4𝑎𝑐
A stone of mass 100 g is attached to a string 1m long. The stone is rotating in a circle with a speed of 5
6
m/s. Find the tension in the string.
Ans: Given:
m=100g=0.1kg
v=5m/s
r=1m
T=Fc
Tension T in the string provides the necessary centripetal force given by:
𝑚𝑣 2
Fc=
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 2
T=
𝑟
(0.1)(5)2
T= = 2.5𝑁
1
7 What is meant by banking of road?

Ans: Banking of a road means that the outer edge of a road is raised. Which prevents skidding of vehicle and thus
makes the driving safe.
8 How cream separate work?
Ans: Most modern plants use a separator to control the fat contents of various products. A separator is a high-speed
spinner. It acts on the same principle of centrifuge machines. The bowl spins at very high-speed causing the
heavier contents of milk to move outward in the bowl pushing the lighter contents inward towards the spinning
axis. Cream or butterfat is lighter than other components in milk. Therefore, skimmed milk, which is denser than
cream is collected at the outer wall of the bowl. The lighter part (cream) is pushed towards the centre from where
it is collected through a pipe.
9 Write the advantages of banking of the road?
Ans: The banking of roads prevents skidding of vehicle and thus makes the driving safe and produced the centripetal
force to car.
LONG QUESTIONS
3.1 FORCE, INERTIA AND MOMENTUM LONG QUESTIONS
1 Explain force and inertia
Ans: FORCE:
We can open a door either by pushing or pulling it……………. Thus, a force can also change the shape or size of a
body on which it acts.
INERTIA:
Galileo observed that it is easy to move…………Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change
in its state of rest or motion.
2 Write a note on momentum.
Ans: Def:
Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass and velocity.
Formula:
The momentum P of a body is given by the product of its mass m and velocity v. Thus
P = mv
Its SI unit is kgms-1. It is a vector quantity.
Examples:
1) The impact of a loaded truck on a body coming its way is very large even if the truck is moving slowly.
Because a great mass has greater momentum.
2) A bullet has a very small inertia due to its small mass. But when it is fired from gun its impact is very
strong because it is fired with greater velocity.

(You can also add by yourself).

3.2 NEWTON’s LAWS OF MOTION LONG QUESTIONS
Two masses 52 kg and 48 kg are attached to the ends of string that passes over a frictionless pulley.
3
Find the tension in the string and acceleration in the bodies when both the masses are moving
vertically.
Ans: Given:
g = 10ms −2
m1 = 52kg
m2 = 48kg
To find:
a) T =?
b) a=?
Solution:
As we know that:
2m1m2
a) T = g
m1 + m2
2(52)  (48) 4992 4992
T = 10 =  10 = = 499.2
52 + 48 100 10
T = 500 N . − − − − − ( Answer ).
m1 − m2
b) a = g
m1 + m2
52 − 48 4 40
a=  10 =  10 =
52 + 48 100 10
a = 0.4ms −2 . − − − −( Answer ).
4 A body of mass 5 kg is moving with velocity 10 ms-1. Find the force required to stop it in 2 seconds.
Ans: Given:
m=5kg
vi=10m/s
vf=0m/s
To find:
t=2s
f=?
Solution:
𝐩 −𝐩
F= 𝐟 𝐢
𝐭
f= 𝐭
𝟓∗𝟎−𝟓∗𝟏𝟎
f= 𝟐
f=-50/2
f=-25N
-ve sign indicates that it is opposing force. Thus, 25N force is required to stop the body.
5 A force of 20 N moves a body with an acceleration of 2 ms-2. What is its mass?
Ans: Given:
f=20N
a=2ms-2
To find:
m=?
Solution:
f=ma
𝑓
m=
𝑎
20
m=
2
m=10kg.
6 Find the acceleration produced by a force of 100 N in a mass of 50 kg.
Ans: Given:
m=50kg
f=100N

To find:
a=?
Solution:
f=ma
𝑓
a=
𝑚
100
a=
50
a=2ms-2.
7 How much time is required to change 22 Ns momentum in a body by a force of 20 N?
Ans: Given:
P = 22 Ns
F = 20 N
To find:
t=?
Solution:
As we know that:
P
F=
t
P 22
t= = = 1.1s
F 20
t = 1.1s − − − − − − − ( Answer )
Two masses 5.2 kg and 4.8 kg are attached to the ends of string that passes over a frictionless pulley.
8
Find the tension in the string and acceleration in the bodies when both the masses are moving
vertically.
Ans: Given:
g = 10ms −2
m1 = 5.2kg
m2 = 4.8kg
To find:
a) T =?
b) a=?
Solution:
As we know that:
2m1m2
a) T = g
m1 + m2
2(5.2)  (4.8) 49.92
T =  10 =  10 = 49.92
5.2 + 4.8 10
T = 50 N . − − − − − ( Answer ).
m1 − m2
b) a = g
m1 + m2
5.2 − 4.8 0.4
a=  10 = 10 = 0.4
5.2 + 4.8 10
a = 0.4ms −2 . − − − −( Answer ).
9 A bullet of mass 20 g is fired from a gun with a muzzle velocity 100 m/s. Find the recoil of the gun if its
mass is 5 kg.
Ans: Given: Solution: The negative sign indicates that the gun recoils i.e.,
m = 20 g = 0.02kg As we know that: moves in the backward direction opposite to the
v = 100ms −1 MV+mv=0 motion of the bullet with a velocity of 0.4 ms-1.
M = 5kg −mv −(0.02)(100)
V = = = −0.4ms −1
M 5
V = −0.4ms −1
To find:
V =?
10 Define rate of change of momentum and also derive its equation.

Ans: Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity……………SI unit of momentum defined by equation 3.14
is newton-second (Ns) which is the same as kgms-1. (Page 67-68).

11 Prove that the force acting on a body is equal to rate of change of momentum of the body.
Ans: Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity……………SI unit of momentum defined by equation 3.14 is
newton-second (Ns) which is the same as kgms-1. (Page 67-68).
12 Find the tension and acceleration in string when two bodies attached with string move vertically.
Ans: Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively……….. The above arrangement is also known as
Atwood machine. It can be used to find the acceleration g due to gravity using Eq 3.8. (page 64-65).
13 State second law of motion and derive equation F = ma. OR What is meant by Newton’s second law of
motion? Explain with formula.
Ans: See page number 61 of textbook.
14 State and explain Newton’s first law of motion. OR State Newton’s first law of motion and explain with
example. OR State Newton’s first law of motion. Why is it called law of inertia?
Ans: First law of motion deals with bodies which are either at…………, while lower parts of their bodies in contact with
the bus stop with it. Hence, they fall forward.
15 Write four differences between Mass and weight.
Ans: Mass Weight
1) Mass of a body is the quantity of matter 1) Weight of a body is due to the force of
possessed by the body. gravity acted on it weight of body is
2) It is a scalar quantity. equal to the force with which Earth
3) Mass is denoted by m. attracts it.
4) Mass can be found by using formula: f=ma. 2) It is a vector quantity.
5) Unit of mass is kilogram (kg). 3) Weight is denoted by W.
4) Weight can be found by using formula:
W=mg.
5) Unit of weight is newton (N).
16 Two bodies are attached to the ends of an inextensible string. Which passes over a frictionless pulley such
that one body is moving over a frictionless horizontal surface and the other is moving vertically
downwards. Derive the formulas for acceleration in the system and tension in the string.
Ans:
3.3 FRICTION LONG QUESTIONS
17 Describe friction. Give two methods of reducing friction.

Ans: Naturally there must be some force that stops moving objects.……… It does not increase beyond this. (page 72-
73(half))
Any two methods from page 76.
18 Write methods to reduce the friction.
Ans: See page 76
19 Write advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Ans: Friction has the advantages as well as disadvantages………. we need friction while in other situations we need to
reduce it as much as possible. (Page 75-76).
20 Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?
Ans:
A cyclist of mass 40 kg exerts a force of 200 N to move his bicycle with an acceleration of 3 ms -2. How much
21
is the force of friction between the road and the tyres.
Ans: Given: b) Net force= Applied force – Force of friction
m=40kg 120=200-f
a=3ms`-2 F=200-120
Fo=200N F=80N----------- (Answer).
To find:
a) Net force=F=?
b) Force of friction=f=?
Solution:
As we know that:
a) F=ma
F=(40)(3)
F=120N ----------- (Answer).

How much is the force of friction between a wooden block of mass 5 kg and the horizontal marble floor?
22
The coefficient of friction between wood and the marble is 0.6.
Ans: Given:
m=5kg
𝜇 = 0.6
g=10ms-2
To find:
F=?
Solution:
As we know that:
F= 𝜇 𝑚𝑔
F=(0.6)(5)(10)
F=30N----------- (Answer).
3.4 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION LONG QUESTIONS
23 Define centripetal force. Write its equation and factors on which it depends.
Ans: See page 77-78.
How much centripetal force is needed to make a body of mass 0.5 kg to move in a circle of radius 50 cm
24
with a speed of 3 m/s?
Ans: Given:
m=0.5kg
r=50cm=0.5m
v=3m/s
To find:
Fc=?
Solution:
mv 2
Fc =
r
(0.5)(3) 2 (0.5)(9)
Fc = =
0.5 0.5
Fc = 9 N − − − ( Answer ).
Remaining Numericals and examples from textbook.

1) A force acting on a body of mass 5 kg produces an acceleration of 10 ms -2. What acceleration the same
force will produce in a body of mass 8 kg?
Answer:
Given:
m1 = 5kg
m2 = 8kg
a1 = 10ms −2
To find:
a2=?
Solution:
As we know that:
F = m1a1 − − − − − (1)
F = m2 a2 − − − − − (2)
By comparing equ (1) and (2) :
m1a1 = m2 a2
m1a1 (5)(10)
a2 = = = 6.25ms −2
m2 8
a2 = 6.25ms −2 − − − − − ( Answer )
2) Two masses 4 kg and 6 kg are attached to the ends of an inextensible string which passes over a
frictionless pulley such that mass 6 kg is moving over a frictionless horizontal surface and the mass 4 kg
is moving vertically downwards. Find the acceleration in the system and the tension in the string.

Answer:
Given:
g = 10ms −2
m1 = 4kg
m2 = 6kg
To find:
a) T =?
b) a=?
Solution:
As we know that:
m1m2
a) T = g
m1 + m2
(4)  (6) 24
T =  10 =  10 = 24
4+6 10
T = 24 N . − − − − − ( Answer ).
m1
b) a = g
m1 + m2
4 4
a=  10 =  10 = 4
4+6 10
a = 4ms −2 . − − − −( Answer ).
3) A body has weight 20 N. How much force is required to move it vertically upward with an acceleration of
2 ms-2?
Answer:
Given:
f=w=20N
a=2ms-2
To find:
F=?
Solution:
f = ma − − − − − −(1) Put value of m in eq (1) :
f = (2)(2)
Now :
f = 4N
f = w = mg Total force = F = F1 + F2 = 20 + 4
w = mg F = 24 N − − − − − −( Answer ).
20
m=
10
m = 2kg
4)Two masses 26 kg and 24 kg are attached to the ends of a string which passes over a frictionless pulley.
26 kg is lying over a smooth horizontal table. 24 N mass is moving vertically downward. Find the tension
in the string and the acceleration in the bodies.
Answer:
Given:
g = 10ms −2
m1 = 24kg
m2 = 26kg
To find:
a) T =?
b) a=?
Solution:
As we know that:

m1m2
a) T = g
m1 + m2
(24)  (26) 624
T = 10 =  10 = 124.8
24 + 26 50
T = 125 N . − − − − − ( Answer ).
24
b) a = g
24 + 26
24 24
a=  10 =  10 = 4.8
24 + 26 50
a = 4.8ms −2 . − − − −( Answer ).

Physics – Class IX IBN-AL-HAYTHAM NOTES Unit 4: TURNING EFFECT OF FORCES 1
Physics Notes
9th Class
Rana Muhmmad Salman (M. Phil Physics)

INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 4 TURNING EFFECT OF FORCES

MCQs
4.1 LIKE AND UNLIKE PARALLEL FORCES MCQs
1 The forces that are parallel to each other and have the same direction are called
a) Net force b) Resultant forces c) Like parallel forces d) Unlike parallel forces
2 A body is in neutral equilibrium when its center of gravity
Is at its highest keeps its height if
a) b) Is at lowest position c) d) Is situated at its bottom
position displaced
4.2 ADDITION OF FORCES MCQs
1 The number of vectors that can be added by head to tail rule is
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) Any number
4.3 RESOLUTION OF FORCES MCQs
1 The value of sin 90o is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 10 d) 0.5
2 The number of perpendicular components of a vector
a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2
3 If 10 Newton force is making an angle 300 with x-axis, then value of horizontally component is
a) 7N b) 4N c) 5N d) 8.7 N
4 In right angle triangle, length of base is 4 cm and is hypotenuse is 5 cm, then length of perpendicular is
a) 1 cm b) 3 cm c) 20 cm d) 9 cm
5 In a right-angled triangle length of base is 4 cm and perpendicular is 3 cm. Length of hypotenuse will be
a) 2 cm b) 3 cm c) 4 cm d) 5 cm
6 In right angled triangle base is 4 cm and perpendicular is 3 cm. Its tan 𝜽 is equal to
a) 0.8 b) 0.89 c) 0.6 d) 0.75
7 Sin 450 is equal to
a) Zero b) 1 c) 0.5 d) 0.707
8 The direction of resultant vector can be found by
a) 𝜃 = tan-1(Fx/Fy) b) 𝜽 = tan-1(Fy/Fx) c) 𝜃= sin-1(Fy/Fx) d) 𝜃= cos-1(Fy/Fx)
9 Cos 𝜽 is equal to
Perpendicular/Hypotenus
a) Base/Hypotenuse b) Perpendicular/Base c) Hypotenuse/perpendicular d)
e
10 Value of tan 450
a) 0.5 b) 1 c) 0.577 d) 1.732
11 Sin 𝜽 is equal to
Perpendicular/Hypoten
a) Base/Hypotenuse b) Perpendicular/Base c) Hypotenuse/perpendicular d)
use
4.4 TORQUE OR MOMENT OF A FORCE MCQs
1 The formula of torque is OR torque is equal to
a) 𝜏 = 1/Fx l b) 𝜏 = L/F c) 𝝉=Fxl d) 𝜏 = F/l
2 The turning effect of force is called
a) Torque b) Momentum c) Pressure d) Work
3 The SI unit of torque is
a) Nm b) Nm2 c) Nm-1 d) Ns
4 The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of action of force is called
a) Momentum b) Torque c) Work d) Moment arm
5 Number of factors on which torque depends
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 2
6 Torque depends on
Force and moment Force and mass
a) Mass and velocity b) Force and velocity c) d)
arm
7 If force is 200 N and length of spanner is 0.15 m then
a) 30 Nm b) 15 Nm c) 20 Nm d) 10 Nm

4.5 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS MCQs
No MCQ from this topic.

4.6 CENTRE OF MASS MCQs
1 A point where an applied force causes the system to move without rotation, is called
a) Centre of gravity b) Centre of body c) Centre of mass d) Centre of axis
2 The centre of gravity of irregular shaped body can be found with help of
a) Gravity b) Meter rod c) Screw gauge d) Plumb line
3 Point of intersection of medians is the centre of gravity of uniform
a) Rod b) Triangular sheet c) Solid cylinder d) Circular ring
4 The centre of gravity of a uniform solid cylinder is at
Middle point on its The point of intersection
a) Centre of cylinder b) Centre of plate c) d)
axis of diagonals
4.7 COUPLE MCQs
1 Two equal but unlike parallel forces having different line of action produce
a) Torque b) Couple c) Equilibrium d) Neutral equilibrium
4.8 EQUILIBRIUM MCQs
1 First condition of equilibrium is
a) ∑F = 0 b) ∑r = 0 c) ∑R=0 d) ∑N=0
2 The conditions of equilibrium are
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
3 A body is in equilibrium when its
Speed and acceleration Acceleration is zero
a) Speed is uniform b) Acceleration is uniform c) d)
are uniform
4 The net torque acting on a rotating body with uniform speed is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 5 d) 0
5 Racing cars are made stable by
Lowering their centre
a) Increasing their speed b) Decreasing their mass c) d) Decreasing their width
of gravity
6 Horizontally placed pencil is the example of
a) Equilibrium b) Unstable equilibrium c) Stable equilibrium d) Neutral equilibrium
7 The symbol of sigma is
a) ∞ b) ∑ c) µ d) ≅
8 An example of neutral equilibrium is
a) Block b) Football c) Block on table d) Pencil at its tip
9 When centre of gravity is at the highest position, body will be in
a) Neutral equilibrium b) Stable equilibrium c) Unstable equilibrium d) None of these
10 The types of equilibrium are
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 4
SHORT QUESTIONS
4.1 LIKE AND UNLIKE PARALLEL FORCES SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Differentiate between like and unlike parallel forces.
Ans: Like parallel forces Unlike parallel forces
Like parallel forces are the forces that are parallel Unlike parallel forces are the forces that are parallel but
to each other and have the same direction. have directions opposite to each other
2 Define unlike parallel forces and give an example.
Ans: Def:
Unlike parallel forces are the forces that are parallel but have directions opposite to each other.
Example:

In figure, forces F1 and F2 are also unlike parallel forces, because they are parallel and
opposite to each other. But F1 and F2 are not acting along the same line and
hence they are capable to rotate the body.
3 Define parallel forces. Write names of its types.
Ans: Def:
Such forces which are parallel to each other are called parallel forces.
Types:
There are two types of parallel forces:
1) Like parallel forces.
2) Unlike parallel forces.
4.2 ADDITION OF FORCES SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define resultant force. OR What is meant by resultant vector?
Ans: Def:
A resultant force is a single force that has the same effect as the combined effect of all the forces to be added.
Explanation:
The resultant of two forces A and B can be found by Head to tail rule. First select a suitable scale. Draw the vectors
of all the forces according to the scale.
R is resultant force of forces A and B.

2 Define head to tail rule? OR Explain head to tail rule.
Ans: First select a suitable scale. Then draw the vectors of all the forces according to the scale; such as vectors A and B.
Take any one of the vectors as first vector e.g., vector A. Then draw next vector B such that its tail coincides with
the head of the first vector A. Similarly draw the next vector for the third force (if any) with its tail coinciding with
the head of the previous vector and so on. Now draw a vector R such that its tail is at the tail of vector A, the first
vector, while its head is at the head of vector B, the last vector. This process is known as head-to-tail rule.
Example:
A B
R=A+B
The resultant vector of two mutually perpendicular vectors and is shown in the figure. R is the resultant force of
vectors A and B.
3 Define 1) Resultant vector. 2) Center of gravity.
Ans: 1) Resultant vector:
A resultant vector is a single vector that has the same effect as the combined effect of all the vectors to be
added.
2) Center of gravity:
A point where the whole weight of the body appears to act vertically downward is called centre of gravity
of a body.
4 How head to tail rule helps to find resultant of forces?
Ans: To determine resultant vector by head-to-tail rule we have to draw the resultant vector from head of last to tail of
1st vector. It given us resultant graphically.
5 When a body is said to be in equilibrium?
Ans: A body is said to be in equilibrium, if it satisfies both 1 st and 2nd conditions of equilibrium.
1) First condition: ƩF=0.
2) Second condition: Ʃ𝜏 = 0.

4.3 RESOLUTION OF FORCES SHORT QUESTIONS

1 Define resolution of forces.
Ans: Splitting up of a force into two mutually perpendicular components is called the resolution of that force.
2 What do you mean by perpendicular components? Write down the formula to find its direction. OR Define
perpendicular components.
Ans: Def:
If a force is formed from two mutually perpendicular components then such components are called its
perpendicular components.
Direction of force F:
The direction of force F with X-axis is given by using the trigonometric ratio.
𝐹
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦
𝐹𝑥
𝐹
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑦 )
𝐹𝑥
3 Find the vertical component of a force of 50 N making an angle of 30 0 with x-axis.

Ans: Given:
(Value of force) =F=50N
𝜃 = 30°
(Vertical components of force) =Fy=?
Solution:
As we know that:
Fy=F sin 𝜃
Fy= (50) × sin (30° )
Fy=50×0.5
Fy=25N----------- (Answer).
4 In a right-angled triangle length of base 4 cm and its perpendicular is 3 cm. Find its hypotenuse?
Ans: Given:
length of base=4cm
length of perpendicular=3cm
length of hypotenuse=?
Solution:
As we know that:
(Hyp)2=(Base)2+(Perp)2
(Hyp)2= (4)2+(3)2
(Hyp)2=16+9
(Hyp)2=25
By taking Square root on both sides:
√(𝐻𝑦𝑝)2 = √25
Hyp=5cm. ----------- (Answer).
5 In a right-angled triangle length of base 4 cm and its perpendicular is 3 cm. Find tan 𝜽.
Ans: Given:
length of base=4cm
length of perpendicular=3cm
tan 𝜃=?
Solution:
As we know that:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒄𝒎 ----------- (Answer).
6 If 8 Newton force make an angle of 450 with x-axis. Represent is graphically.
Ans: F=8N
let:
2N=1cm
8N=4cm

7 How magnitude and direction of a force can be determined from its perpendicular components? Write
down formulas.
Ans: Formula for magnitude of force F:
F=√𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2
Formula for direction of force:
𝐹
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑦 )
𝐹𝑥
4.4 TORQUE OR MOMENT OF A FORCE SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define torque. Write its formula and unit.

Ans: Def:
The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of force.
Unit:
SI unit of torque is newton-meter (Nm).
Equation:
Torque=𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝐿
Torque is a vector quantity.
2 Define torque and center of mass.
Ans: 1) Torque:
Def:
The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of force.
Unit:
SI unit of torque is newton-meter (Nm).
Equation:
Torque=𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝐿
Torque is a vector quantity.
2) Center of mass:
Centre of mass of a system is such a point where an applied force causes the system to move without
rotation.
3 Differentiate between axis of rotation and moment arm.
Ans: Axis of rotation Moment arm
The straight line passing through a body The perpendicular distance between the axis of
about which the body can rotate is called rotation and the line of action of the force is called the
axis of rotation. moment arm of the force.
4 Differentiate between line of action of force and moment arm.
Ans: Line of action of force Moment arm
The line along which a force acts is called The perpendicular distance between the axis of
the line of action of the force. rotation and the line of action of the force is called the
moment arm of the force.
5 On doubling the moment arm, find its effect on the value of torque.
Ans: On doubling the moment arm, the value of 𝜏 ′ = 𝐹 × 2𝐿
torque will also be double.
Solution: 𝜏 ′ = 2𝐹 × 𝐿
𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝐿 --------(1)
𝜏 ′ = 𝐹 × 𝐿′ From equation (1):
If we double the moment arm: 𝜏 ′ = 2𝜏
𝐿′ =2L

6 Define rigid body.

Ans: Def:
A body is composed of large number of small particles. If the distances between all pairs of particles of the
body do not change by applying a force then it is called a rigid body.
Example:
Object made by wooden or cardboard are examples of rigid body.
7 What will be the torque if a force of 150 N is applied on a spanner of 10 cm?
Ans: Given:
F=150N
L=10cm=0.1m
𝜏 =?
Solution:
As we know that:
𝜏 =𝐹×𝐿
𝜏 = (150) × (0.1)
𝝉 = 𝟏𝟓𝑵𝒎. ----------- (Answer).
8 A mechanic tightens the nut of a bicycle using a 15 cm long spanner by exerting a force of 200 N. find
the torque that has tightened it.
Ans: Given:
F=200N
L=15cm=0.15m
𝜏 =?
Solution:
As we know that:
𝜏 =𝐹×𝐿
𝜏 = (200) × (0.15)
𝝉 = 𝟑𝟎𝑵𝒎. ----------- (Answer).
4.5 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is the principle of moments?
Ans: A body is balanced if the sum of clockwise moments acting on the body is equal to the sum of anticlockwise
moments acting on it.
4.6 CENTRE OF MASS SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define centre of mass.
Ans: Centre of mass of a system is such a point where an applied force causes the system to move without rotation.
2 Define centre of gravity. OR what do you mean by center of gravity?
Ans: A point where the whole weight of the body appears to act vertically downward is called centre of gravity of a
body.
3 Differentiate between centre of mass and centre of gravity.
Ans: Centre of mass Centre of gravity
Centre of mass of a system is such a point
where an applied force causes the system to A point where the whole weight of the body appears to act
move without rotation. vertically downward is called centre of gravity of a body.
4 What is plumb line?
Ans: A plumbline consists of a small metal bob (lead or brass) supported by a string. When the bob is suspended
freely by the string, it rests along the vertical direction due to its weight acting vertically downward
5 Where are the centre of gravity of uniform square and uniform triangular sheet?
Ans: Centre of gravity of uniform square:
The centre of a gravity of a uniform square or a rectangular sheet is the point of intersection of its diagonals.
Centre of gravity of triangular sheet:

The centre of gravity of a uniform triangular sheet is the point of intersection of its medians.

4.7 COUPLE SHORT QUESTIONS

1 What is meant by couple of forces? OR What is meant by couple?
Ans: Def:
A couple is formed by two unlike parallel forces of the same magnitude but not along the same line.
Example:
When a driver turns a vehicle, he applies forces that produce a torque. This torque turns the steering wheel.
These forces act on opposite sides of the steering wheel and are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
These two forces form a couple.
2 Differentiate between torque and couple.
Ans: Torque Couple
1) The turning effect of a force is called torque or 1) A couple is formed by two unlike parallel
moment of force. forces of the same magnitude but not along
2) To produce torque, we need only one force the same line.
atleast. 2) To produce a couple, we need two unlike
parallel forces at least.
4.8 EQUILIBRIUM SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium.
Ans: A body thrown vertically upward at maximum height is at rest for a while but at that moment, gravitational
force remains acting on it, so it is at rest not in equilibrium.
2 What is the difference between stable and unstable equilibrium?
Ans: Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
1) A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if 1) If a body does not return to its previous
after a slight tilt it returns to its previous position when sets free after a slightest tilt is
position. said to be in unstable equilibrium.
2) A book on a table is example of stable 2) Take a pencil and try to keep it in the
equilibrium. vertical position on its tip. Whenever you
leave it, the pencil topples over about its tip
and falls down. This is called the unstable
equilibrium.
3 Differentiate between Un stable and neutral equilibrium.
Ans: Unstable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
1) If a body does not return to its previous 1) If a body remains in its new position when
position when sets free after a slightest tilt is disturbed from its previous position, it is said
said to be in unstable equilibrium. to be in a state of neutral equilibrium.
2) The centre of gravity of the body is at its 2) In neutral equilibrium, the centre of gravity
highest position in the state of unstable of the body remains at the same height,
equilibrium. irrespective to its new position.
4 Define equilibrium.
Ans: A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it. OR A body in equilibrium thus remains at rest or
moves with uniform velocity.
5 State first condition of equilibrium.
Ans: FIRST CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM:
A body is said to satisfy first condition for equilibrium if the resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero.
Mathematically:
F1+F2+F3+……...Fn=0
OR:
ƩF=0
6 State second condition of equilibrium. OR What is the second condition of equilibrium?

Ans: SECOND CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM:
A body satisfies second condition for equilibrium when the resultant torque acting on it is zero.

Mathematically:
∑𝜏 = 0
7 Why a body cannot be in equilibrium due to a single force acting on it?
Ans: A body cannot be in equilibrium due to single force because a single force cannot be considered zero as a net
force and the torque produced by it will also not be zero.
8 Define unstable equilibrium.
Ans: Def:
If a body does not return to its previous position when sets free after a slightest tilt is said to be in unstable
equilibrium.
Example:
Take a pencil and try to keep it in the vertical position on its tip. Whenever you leave it, the pencil topples
over about its tip and falls down. This is called the unstable equilibrium.
9 What is meant by neutral equilibrium?
Ans: Def:
If a body remains in its new position when disturbed from its previous position, it is said to be in a state of
neutral equilibrium.
Example:
A ball, a sphere, a roller, a pencil lying horizontally, an egg lying horizontally on a flat surface etc.
10 Differentiate between stable and neutral equilibrium.
Ans: Stable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
1) A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if after 1) If a body remains in its new position when
a slight tilt it returns to its previous position. disturbed from its previous position, it is
2) When a body is in stable equilibrium, its centre said to be in a state of neutral equilibrium.
of gravity is at the lowest position. When it is 2) In neutral equilibrium, the centre of
tilted, its centre of gravity rises. gravity of the body remains at the same
height, irrespective to its new position.
11 Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?
Ans: The height of vehicles is kept as low as possible to make them more and more stable because stability
increased as height of vehicle decrease.
LONG QUESTIONS.
4.3 RESOLUTION OF FORCES LONG QUESTIONS
1 What is resolution of forces? Resolve the force F into its perpendicular components.
Ans: Resolution of forces:
The process of splitting up vectors (forces) into their component forces is called resolution of forces……….give
the perpendicular components Fx and Fy respectively.
Determination of a force from its perpendicular components:
Since a force can be resolved into two perpendicular components…………..The direction of force F with x-axis is
given by :
𝐹
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 .
𝐹𝑥
2 Define perpendicular components. How can a force be resolved into its perpendicular components?
given by :
𝐹
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 .
𝐹𝑥

3 A man is pulling a trolley on a horizontal road with a force of 200 N making 30 degree with the road.
Find horizontal and vertical components of its force.
Ans: Given:
F = 200 N
 = 30
To find:
a) Fx = ?
b) Fy = ?
Solution:
As we know that:
a) Fx = F cos 
Fx = F cos 
Fx = (200)  cos 30
Fx = (200)  0.866
Fx = 173.2 N − − − − − −( Answer ).
b) Fy = ?
Fy = F sin 
Fy = (200)  sin 30
Fy = (200)  0.5
Fy = 100 N − − − − − −( Answer ).
4 Find the perpendicular components of a force of 50 N making an angle of 30 degree with x-axis.
Ans: Given:
F = 50 N
 = 30
To find:
a) Fx = ?
b) Fy = ?
Solution:
As we know that:
a) Fx = F cos 
Fx = F cos 
Fx = (50)  cos 30
Fx = (50)  0.866
Fx = 43.4 N − − − − − −( Answer ).
b) Fy = ?
Fy = F sin 
Fy = (50)  sin 30
Fy = (50)  0.5
Fy = 25 N − − − − − −( Answer ).

5 Find the magnitude and direction of a force whose x-component is 12 N and y-component is 5 N.
Ans: Given:
Fx = 12 N
Fy = 5 N
To find:
a) F =?
b)  =?
Solution:
As we know that:
a) F= Fx 2 + Fy 2
F = (12) 2 + (5) 2
F = 144 + 25
F = 169
F = 13 N − − − − − −( Answer ).
 Fy 
b)  = tan −1  
 Fx 
 5 
 = tan −1  
 12 
 = tan −1 ( 0.417 )
 = 22.6 with x − axis − − − − − −( Answer ).
How can a force “F” be resolved into its perpendicular components F x and Fy. OR Determine the force
6
from rectangular components.
given by :
𝐹
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 .
𝐹𝑥
How head to tail rule is used to determine a force from its perpendicular components. Explain it with
7
figure.
Ans: Force is a vector quantity………………. Vector R represents the resultant force completely in magnitude and
direction.
8 How head to tail rule helps to find the resultant of forces. Write the procedure.
Ans: Force is a vector quantity………………. Vector R represents the resultant force completely in magnitude and
direction.
4.4 TORQUE OR MOMENT OF A FORCE LONG QUESTIONS
1 A mechanic tightens the nut of a bicycle using a 15 cm long spanner by exerting a force of 200 N. Find
the torque that has tightened it.
Ans: Given:
F=200N
L=15cm=0.15m
𝜏 =?
Solution:
As we know that:
𝜏 =𝐹×𝐿
𝜏 = (200) × (0.15)
𝝉 = 𝟑𝟎𝑵𝒎. − − − − −(𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓).

2 A force of 100 N is applied perpendicularly on a spanner at a distance of 10 cm from a nut. Find the
torque produced by the force.
Ans: Given:
F = 100 N
 = 900
L = 10cm = 0.1m
To find:
𝜏 =?
Solution:
 = FL
 = FL sin 
 = (100)(0.1) sin 90o
 = (100)(0.1)
 = 10 Nm − − − −( Answer ).
3 The steering of car has a radius 16cm. Find the torque produced by a couple of 50N.
Ans: Given:
F = 5N
r = 16cm = 0.15m
To find:
𝜏 =?
Solution:
 = F r
Let the perpendicular dis tan ce = diameter of the steering = 2r
 = F  2r
 = (50)  2(0.16)
 = 50  0.32
 = 16 Nm − − − −( Answer ).
4 Define torque or moment of force. Explain on what factors does it depend? OR Define torque on what
factors does it depend? Explain it.
Ans: The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of the force……………….. A torque of 1 N m is caused by
a force of 1 N acting perpendicular to the moment arm 1 m long. (PAGE 90-92).
4.6 CENTRE OF MASS LONG QUESTIONS

1 Define centre of gravity. Find the centre of gravity of irregular shaped thin lamina with the help of an
experiment. OR Write brief note on centre of gravity. OR Find the centre of gravity of an irregular
shaped thin lamina with the help of an experiment.
Ans: A body is made up of a large number of particles as illustrated……………. This Common point G is the center of
gravity of the cardboard. (PAGE 94-96).
2 Explain the difference between centre of mass and entre of gravity.
Ans: Centre of mass: Centre of gravity:
It is observed that the center of mass of a system A body is made up of a large number of particles as
moves as if its entire …………. In this case, also the illustrated….. centre of gravity of a body in
system moves as well as rotates. problems dealing with equilibrium.
4.7 COUPLE LONG QUESTIONS
1 Write a detail note on couple.
Ans: When a driver turns a vehicle, he applies forces that produce a torque…………… the two forces and the
perpendicular distance between them.
4.8 EQUILIBRIUM LONG QUESTIONS
1 How many conditions are there for a body in equilibrium? Explain the first condition of equilibrium.
OR What is meant by equilibrium? Explain first condition of equilibrium.
Ans: Newton's first law of motion tells us that a body continues its…………… also satisfies first condition for
equilibrium and is thus in equilibrium.

2 How many conditions are there for a body in equilibrium? Explain the second condition of
equilibrium. OR What is meant by equilibrium? Explain second condition of equilibrium.
Ans: Equilibrium:
Newton's first law of motion tells us that a body continues…………. There are two conditions for a body to be in
equilibrium.
Second condition:
First condition for equilibrium does not ensure that a body is in equilibrium…………. Mathematically,
 =0
3 Define equilibrium and explain its different states.
Ans: Equilibrium:
A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it. A body in equilibrium thus remains at rest or
moves with uniform velocity.
STATES OF EQUILIBRIUM:
There are three states of equilibrium; stable equilibrium,…………….a pencil lying horizontally, an egg lying
horizontally on a flat surface etc. (PAGE 100-102).
4 Define equilibrium and explain its conditions.
Ans: Newton's first law of motion tells us that a body continues its…………… First condition for equilibrium does not
ensure that a body is in equilibrium…………. Mathematically,
 =0
.
5 Explain stable and unstable equilibrium with example.
Ans: Stable equilibrium:
Consider a book lying on the table. Tilt the book slightly about its one edge by…………..vertical line passing
through its centre of gravity should not get out of its base during a turn.
Un-stable equilibrium:
Take a pencil and try to keep it in the vertical position on its tip……………its lower position and does not return
to its previous position.

1) A force is acting on a body making an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the
force is 20 N. Find the force.
Answer:
Given:
Fx = 20 N
 = 30
To find:
F =?
Solution:
As we know that:
Fx = F cos 
(20) = F  cos 30
(20) = F  0.866
20
F=
0.866
F = 23.1N − − − − − −( Answer ).
2) Find the resultant of the following forces:
(i) 10 N along x-axis (ii) 6 N along y-axis (iii) 4 N along negative x-axis.
Answer:
Given: F = (6) 2 + (6) 2
F1 = 10 N along x − axis
F = 36 + 36
F2 = 6 N along y − axis
F = 72
F3 = 4 N along negative − axis
F = 8.5 N − − − − − −( Answer ).
To find:

a) F =?  Fy 
b)  = tan −1  
a)  =?  Fx 
Solution: 6
 = tan −1  
As we know that: 6
Fx = 10 N − 4 N = 6 N  = tan −1 (1)
Fy = 6 N  = 45 with x-axis − − − − − −( Answer )
a) F = Fx 2 + Fy 2
3) A picture frame is hanging by two vertical strings. The tensions in the strings are 3.8 N and 4.4 N. Find
the weight of the picture frame.
Answer:
Given:
T1 = 3.8 N
T2 = 4.4 N
To find:
w=?
Solution:
As we know that:
By using first condition of equilibrium;
∑F=0
So:
F x =0
F y =0
Since there is no force acting in the horizontal direction so,
F x =0 (Satisfied)
Now for the force acting along the y-direction;
F y =0
T1 + T2 + w = 0
−3.8 − 4.4 + w = 0
−8.2 + w = 0
w = 8.2 N − − − − − ( Answer ).
4) Two blocks of masses 5 kg and 3 kg are suspended by the two strings as shown. Find the tension in each
string.
Answer:
Given: As for finding T2 in the upper string, the total weight is
m1 = 5kg contributed so, the weight for this part of string is:
m2 = 3kg w=mg
To find: w= (m1 + m2 ) g
T1 = ? w= (3 + 5)  10
T2 = ? w= 8 10
Solution: w=80N
As we know that: and as we know that:
We can use the basic relation of the equilibrium: Tension=Weight
So:
F y = 0 Or tension in string= weight of the body. T2 =w
For finding T1 , we can use the equation: T2 =80N---------(Answer)
w= T1 ------- (1)

And also we know that:

w=mg
So eq (1) becomes:
T1 =mg
T1 =(3)(10)
T1 =30N---------(Answer)
5) A nut has been tightened by a force of 200 N using 10 cm long spanner. What length of a spanner is
required to loosen the same nut with 150 N forces?
Answer:
Given:
F1 = 200 N
F2 = 150 N
L1 = 10cm = 0.1m
To find:
L2 = ?
Solution:
As we know that:
 1 = F1  L1
 1 = (20)  (0.1)
 1 = 20 Nm.
Now according to the providing condition;
 1 =  2 = F2  L2
20 = 150  L2
20
L2 =
150
L2 = 0.133m = 0.133  100cm = 13.3cm
L2 = 13.3cm
6) A block of mass 10 kg is suspended at a distance of 20 cm from the center of a uniform bar 1 m long.
What force is required to balance it at its center of gravity by applying the force at the other end of the
bar?
Answer:
Given:
m = 10kg
Distance of the block from the center of a bar L1 = 20cm = 0.2m
The total length of the uniform bar=L = 1m
To find:
F2 = ?
Solution:
As we know that:

By using second condition of equilibrium: F1 = w = (10)(10)

 = 0 F1 = 100 N
According to the given condition: By putting values of force in eq (1) :
1 +  2 = 0 (100)  (0.2)
F2 =
− F1  L1 + F2  L2 = 0 0.5
20
F2  L2 = F1  L1 F2 =
0.5
F L F2 = 40 N
F2 = 1 1 − − − −(1)
L2
By substituting the values :
F1 = w = mg
7) A block of weight 10 N is hanging through a cord. Find the tension in the cord.
Answer:
Given:
w=10N
To find:
T=?
Solution:
As we know that:
By using first condition of equilibrium;
∑Fx=0
There is no force acting along x-axis.
∑Fy=0
T-w=0
T=w
So:
T=10N
Thus, the tension in the cord is 10N.

Physics – Class IX IBN-AL-HAYTHAM NOTES Unit 5: GRAVITATION 1
Physics Notes
Class 9 th

INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 5 G R A V I T A T I O N
MCQs
5.1 THE FORCE OF GRAVITATION MCQs
1 Concept of gravity was put up first by
a) Hook b) Newton c) Einstein d) Galileo
2 According to the law of gravitation F is equal to
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
a) F = G 15 2 b) F = G 14 2 c) F = G 13 2 d) F = G 12 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
3 The value of gravitational field strength near the surface of earth is
a) 20 N kg-1 b) 10 N kg-1 c) 5 N kg-1 d) 30 N kg-1
4 The value of gravitational field strength near the surface of earth is
a) 10 N kg-1 b) 98 N c) 10 N kg d) 100 N kg-1
5 A force which is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of bodies is
a) Frictional force b) Centripetal force c) Gravitational force d) Centrifugal force
6 The value of G is OR the value of gravitational constant of gravitation is
a) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm-2 kg2 b) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm-1 kg2 c) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm kg-2 d) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
7 Earth’s gravitational force of attraction vanishes at
a) 6400 km b) 42300 km c) 1000 km d) Infinity
5.2 MASS OF THE EARTH MCQs
1 The mass of earth is
a) 6 x 10-24 kg b) 6 x 1024 kg c) 6.63 x 1024 kg d) 6.63 x 1023 kg
2 Formula of mass of the earth is
𝑅2𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝑅𝑔2
a) Me= b) Me = c) Me = d) GRg
𝐺 𝐺 𝐺
3 Formula to determine the value of gravitational acceleration is
𝐺(𝑅 + ℎ)2 𝐺𝑀𝑒 𝑀𝑒 (𝑅 + ℎ)2 𝐺𝑀𝑒
a) b) 2
c) d)
𝑀𝑒 (𝑅 + ℎ) 𝐺 𝑅2
5.3 VARIATION OF “g” WITH ALTITUDE MCQs
1 Value of ‘g’ increases with the
Increase in mass of the Increase in weight of
a) b) Increase in altitude c) d) Decrease in altitude
body body
2 The value of “g” at the surface of moon is
a) 1.6 ms-1 b) 0.16 ms-2 c) 1.62 ms-2 d) 1.06 ms-2
3 The value of ‘g’ at a height on earth’s radius above the surface of the earth is
1 1 1
a) 2g b) 𝑔 c) 𝑔 d) 𝑔
3 2 4
4 At altitude h, the value of g can be determined by the formula
𝐺𝑀𝑒 𝐺𝑀𝑒 𝐺𝑅 𝐺𝑅
a) 2
b) 2
c) 2
d)
(𝑅 + ℎ) (𝑅 − ℎ) (𝑀𝑒 − ℎ) (𝑀𝑒 + ℎ)2
5 Value of g at Jupiter is
a) 1.62 m/s b) 0.8 m/s c) 10 m/s d) 25.94 ms-2
The value of ‘g’ on moon’s surface is 1.6 ms . What will be the weight of a 100 kg body on the surface of
-2
6
moon
a) 16 N b) 10 N c) 160 N d) 100 N
7 The value of ‘g’ on mars is
a) 1.62 ms-2 b) 8.81 ms-2 c) 10 ms-2 d) 3.73 ms-2
8 Value of ‘g’ at sea level is than hill.
a) Equal b) Greater c) Less d) Half
9 Value of gravitational acceleration at 1000 km above the surface of earth is
a) 3.7 ms-2 b) 9.8 ms-2 c) 7.3 ms-2 d) 37.3 ms-2
5.4 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES MCQs
1 How many satellites are there in global positioning system?
a) 3 b) 22 c) 24 d) 20

2 The orbital speed of a low orbiting satellite is

a) 8 m/s b) 80 m/s c) 800 m/s d) 8000 m/s
The altitude of geostationary orbits in which communication satellites are launched above the surface of
3
earth is
a) 850 km b) 1000 km c) 6400 km d) 42300 km
4 The height of geostationary satellite is about
a) 42400 km b) 6400 km c) 42300 km d) 8000 km
5 Orbital speed of artificial satellite vo is
a) Vo = gh (R+h) b) Vo= gh√𝑅 + ℎ c) Vo = √ 𝑔ℎ (𝑅 + ℎ) d) Vo= gh+ R
6 The speed of geostationary satellite with respect to earth is
a) Zero b) Doubled c) Same d) decreases
7 The distance of moon from earth is nearly
a) 37000 km b) 380,000 km c) 3800 km d) 370,000 km
8 The moon completes its one revolution around the earth in days.
a) 25.3 b) 29.3 c) 27.3 d) 31.3
Short Questions.
5.1 THE FORCE OF GRAVITATION SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define force of gravitation. OR Define force of gravitation and give one example. OR what is meant by
force of gravitation?
Ans: Force of gravitation:
The force due to which every body of the universe attracts every other body is called force of gravitation.
Example:
An apple falls on the surface of earth due to force of gravitation.
2 What do you know about G? Also write its value. OR How we represent gravitational constant and write
its SI value.
Ans: G is known as gravitational constant or universal constant of gravitation.
In SI its value is 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2, which is same at everywhere.
3 What is meant by field force?
Ans: The weight of a body is due to gravitational force with which Earth attracts a body. When a body is thrown up its
velocity goes on decrease while on return its velocity goes on increasing. This is due to the gravitational pull of the
Earth acting on the body whether the body is in contact with the earth or not. Such a force is called field force.
4 Why law of gravitation is important to us?
Ans: Newton’s law of gravitation is very important to us because life cannot be imagined without it. Force of
gravitation is responsible for the survival of every object in the universe. We can determine mass of earth, density
of earth and orbital speed of satellite only because of this law. Artificial satellites are used for communication
purposes, and carry instruments or passengers to perform experiments in space. This all is possible just because of
gravitational force.
Why gravitational force is very low? Give the reason. OR Why we cannot feel gravitational force around
5
us?
Ans: Due to small value of G, the gravitational force of attraction between objects around us is very small and we do
not feel it.
6 State Newton’s law of gravitation. OR Define law of gravitation and write its equation.
Ans: “Everybody in the universe attracts everybody with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Mathematical Formula
𝑚 𝑚
F = G 12 2
𝑑
7 Write the value and unit of gravitational constant “G” in SI units.
Ans: The value of gravitational constant G is 6.673 x 10 -11 Nm2 kg-2.
The SI unit of gravitational constant G is Nm2 kg-2.
8 What is the direction of gravitational field?
Ans: The direction of gravitational field around us is always towards the centre of the earth.
9 Explain, what is meant by gravitational field strength? What is its value near earth?
Ans: In gravitational field of earth, the gravitational force per unit mass is called the gravitational field strength of the
earth. Near the surface of the earth, the gravitational field strength is 10 Nkg -1.
10 How can you say that gravitational force is a field force?

Ans: When a body is thrown up its velocity goes on decrease while on return its velocity goes on increasing. This is due
to the gravitational pull of the Earth acting on the body whether the body is in contact with the earth or not. Such
a force is called field force. Gravitational force is a non-contact force. It is assumed that a gravitational field exists
all around the earth and its direction is towards the centre of the earth.
11 Define gravitational field.
Ans: The region around a body within which it feels the gravitational force of the other body is called gravitational
field.
Do you attract the earth or earth attracts you? Which one is attracting with a larger force? You or the
12
earth?
Ans: Both we and earth attract each other. Our body is very small as compared to earth so earth is attracting with a
larger force as compared to our body.
13 Why earlier scientists could not guess about the gravitational force?
Ans: The first man who came up with the idea of gravity was Issac newton in 1665 when he was trying to solve the
mystery why the planets revolve around the sun. Before this, people were not familiar even with the word gravity
then how scientists could guess about the gravitational force.
5.2 MASS OF THE EARTH SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Define mass of earth. OR write the value of mass of the earth with unit.
Ans: Mass of Earth:
Quantity of matter possessed by the Earth is called mass of Earth.
Mass of the Earth is 6.0 x 1024 kg.
2 Write equation to determine mass of earth and write its value.
Ans: Equation to determine mass of Earth
𝑅2𝑔
Me=
𝐺
Value of Mass of Earth is 6.0 x 1024 kg.
𝑮𝑴
3 If R is doubled then what will be change in g = 𝟐𝒆 equation.
𝑹
Ans: Given equation is g
𝐺𝑀
= 𝑅2𝑒
𝐺𝑀
Let’s find g’ = (𝑅′ )𝑒2
If R’ = 2R
𝐺𝑀
g’ = (2𝑅)𝑒2
1 𝐺𝑀𝑒
g’ = 4 𝑅2
1
g’ = 4
g
This result shows that g’ will become 1/4th of g.
4 Can you determine the mass of our moon? If yes, then what do you need to know?
Ans: Yes, we can determine the mass of moon by using the law of gravitation.
𝑅2𝑔
As we know that Me=
𝐺
To find the mass of moon, we are required the following factors.

i. Radius of the moon (R).
ii. Gravitational acceleration of the moon (g).
iii. Gravitational constant (G).
5.3 VARIATION OF “g” WITH ALTITUDE SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is the numerical value of “g” on Sun and Mars?
Ans: The values of g on Sun and Mars are given below
i. On Sun g = 274.2 ms-2
ii. On Mars g = 3.73 ms-2
2 What is the relation between the value of “g” and radius of earth?
Ans: As we know that
𝐺𝑀
g = 2𝑒
𝑅
This relation shows that “g” is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the earth.
3 Give the values of (a) radius of earth (b) Gravitational constant G
Ans: The values of radius of earth and gravitational constant are given below
i) Radius of earth = R = 6400 km
ii) Gravitational Constant = G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2Kg-2

4 Explain how the value of ‘g’ varies with altitude.
Ans: As we know the relation
𝐺𝑀
g = 2𝑒
𝑅
This relation shows that the value of ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the earth.
1
g∝ 2
𝑅
The value of ‘g’ decreases with altitude.
5 With what force an apple weighing 1 N attracts the earth?
Ans: Weight of the apple is = w = 1N
As the apple attracts the earth with a force equal to its weight.
So, F = w
F = 1N.
6 Why does the value of ‘g’ vary from place to place?
Ans: As we know the relation of gravitational acceleration depends upon the radius of earth.
𝐺𝑀
g = 2𝑒
𝑅
This relation shows that the value of ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the earth. By
increasing height, the value of g will decrease and by decreasing height the value of g will increase. This is the
reason that the value of g is greater at sea level than the hills.
5.4 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES SHORT QUESTIONS
1 What is orbital speed of a low orbit satellite?
Ans: The orbital speed of low orbit satellite is given below
vo= 8 kms-1 or 8000 ms-1 or 29000 kmh-1
2 State the difference between natural and artificial satellites.
Ans: Satellite:
An object that revolves around a planet is called a satellite.
Natural satellite:
The moon revolves around the earth so moon is a natural satellite of the earth.
Artificial satellite:
Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects revolve around the earth. These are called
artificial satellites.
3 Why communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits?
Ans: Geostationary satellites take 24 hours to complete their one revolution around the earth. As earth also completes
its one rotation about its axis in 24 hours, hence these geostationary satellites appear to be stationary with respect
to earth.
4 What is the difference between satellite and geostationary satellite?
Ans: Satellite:
Geostationary satellite:
Geostationary satellite is a satellite whose velocity relative to earth is zero. This satellite remains stationary with
respect to earth at a height of about 42300 km from the surface of earth.
5 What is meant by Global positioning system (GPS)?
Ans: Global Positioning System:
Global positioning system is a satellites navigation system. It helps us to find the exact position of an object
anywhere on the land, in the air or on the sea. GPS consists of 24 satellites. These satellites revolve around the
earth twice a day with a speed of 3.87 kms-1.
6 Define satellite and give one example.
Ans: Satellite:
Example:
The moon revolves around the earth so moon is a natural satellite of the earth.
7 What is meant by communication satellites?
Ans: Communication satellites:
Communication satellites are those satellites which are used for communication purpose. These satellites remain
stationary with respect to earth at a height of about 42300 km from the surface of earth.

8 What is meant by geostationary orbits?

Ans: Geostationary orbits:
The orbits in which geostationary satellites revolve are called geostationary orbits.
9 What is the height and speed of geo-stationary satellite from the surface of the earth?
Ans: The height of a geostationary satellite is about 42300 km from the surface of earth. Its velocity with respect to
earth is zero.
10 On what factors the orbital speed of a satellite depends?
Ans: The orbital speed of a satellite depends upon two factors
i) Gravitational acceleration of Earth
ii) Radius of earth
As it is clear from the relation of orbital speed.
vo= √𝑔𝑅
11 What is meant by artificial satellites?
Ans: Artificial satellites:
Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects revolve around the earth. These are called
artificial satellites
12 Define orbital velocity and write its formula.
Ans: Orbital velocity:
The velocity with which a body revolves about another body is called orbital velocity.
Formula:
vo= √𝑔(𝑅 + ℎ)
13 What is meant by geostationary satellite?
Ans: Geostationary satellite:
Geostationary satellite is a satellite whose velocity relative to earth is zero. This satellite remains stationary with
respect to earth at a height of about 42300 km from the surface of earth.
14 How much the moon is away from the earth? In how much time it completes its cycle around the earth?
Ans: Moon is almost 380,000 km away from the earth. It completes its one revolution around the earth in 27.3 days.
15 Give the orbital speed formula for artificial satellites.
Ans: The orbital speed formula for artificial satellite is given below
vo= √𝑔(𝑅 + ℎ)
16 How Newton’s law of gravitation helps in understanding the motion of satellites?
Ans: A satellite requires centripetal force that keeps it to move around the earth. The gravitational force of attraction
between the satellite and the earth provides the necessary centripetal force. This centripetal force is introduced by
the Newton. So, in this way Newton’s law of gravitation helps in understanding the motion of satellites.
Long Questions.
5.1 THE FORCE OF GRAVITATION LONG QUESTIONS
1 State Newton’s law of gravitation and derive its equation.
Ans: “Everybody in the universe attracts everybody with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres”.
Explanation:
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2…………. The weight of an object on the Earth is the result of
gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the object.
5.2 MASS OF THE EARTH LONG QUESTIONS
1 Find value of mass of the earth. OR determine the mass of earth using the law of gravitation.
Ans: Consider a body of mass m on the surface of the Earth……...Thus, mass of the Earth is 6 x 1024 kg.
5.3 VARIATION OF “g” WITH ALTITUDE LONG QUESTIONS
1 Explain the variation of “g” with altitude.
Ans: Equation (5.6) shows that the value of acceleration due to gravity g depends…………the value of g becomes one
ninth of its value on the Earth.
5.4 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES LONG QUESTIONS
1 Derive the equation of motion of artificial satellites.
Ans: A satellite requires centripetal force that keeps it to move around the Earth………A satellite revolving around very
close to the Earth, has speed v0 nearly 8 kms -1 or 29000 kmh-1.


1) Two lead spheres each of mass 1000 kg are kept with their centers 1 m apart. Find the gravitational
force with which they attract each other?
Answer:
Given:
m1 = 1000 kg
m2 = 1000 kg
d=1m
To Find:
Gravitational force = F =?
Solution:
As we know that
𝑚 𝑚
F = G 12 2
𝑑
Putting values we get
1000 𝑥 1000
F = 6.673 x 10-11 x
12
F = 6.673 x 10-11 x 10-6
F = 6.673 x 10-5 N--------- (Answer).
2) Calculate the value of g, the acceleration due to gravity at an altitude 1000 km. The mass of the earth is
6.0 x 1024kg. The radius of the earth is 6400 km.
Answer:
Given Data:
Altitude = h= 1000 km
Mass of the Earth = Me= 6.0 x 1024 kg
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km = 6400 x 103 m
To Find:
Acceleration due to gravity= g=?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)𝑒 2
putting values we get:
6.673 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6.0 𝑥 1024
gh= (6400 𝑥 103 +1000 𝑥103 )2
(6.673 𝑥 6.0) 𝑥 10−11+24
gh = ((6400+1000 )2 ) 𝑥 106
40.038 𝑥 1013 𝑥 10−6
gh = (7400)2
40.038 𝑥 107
gh = 54760000
4.0.038 𝑥 107
gh = 5.5 𝑥 107
40.038
gh = 5.5
gh= 7.3 ms-2---------- (Answer).
3) Find the gravitational force of attraction between two spheres, each of mass 1000 kg. The distance
between the centers of the spheres is 0.5m.
Answer:
Given Data: Putting values we get
m1 = 1000 kg F = 6.673 x 10-11 x
1000 𝑥 1000
0.52
m2 = 1000 kg 6.673 × 10−11 ×10+6
d = 0.5 m F=
0.25
To Find: F=
6.673 ×10−11+6
Gravitational force = F =? 0.25
6.673 × 10−5
Solution: F=
0.25
As we know that F = 26.7 × 10-5 N
𝑚 𝑚
F = G 12 2 F = 2.67 × 10-4 N--------- (Answer).
𝑑

4) The gravitational force between two identical lead spheres kept at 1 m apart is 0.006673 N. Find their
masses.
Answer:
Given Data: By putting values we get
Distance between lead spheres = d = 1 m 0.006673 𝑥 (1)2
m2=
Gravitational force = F = 0.006673 N 6.673 𝑥 10−11
Identical lead spheres = m1= m2= m 6.673 𝑥 10−3
m2=
To Find: 6.673 𝑥 10−11
Masses of lead spheres = m1= m2= m =? m 2 = 1 x 10-3 x 10+11
Solution: m2 = 10-3+11
As we know that m2 = 10+8
F=G 2
𝑚1 𝑚2 m2 = 100000000
𝑑 By taking square root on both sides
By re-arranging
𝐹𝑑2 √𝑚2 = √100000000
= m1m2 m = 10000 kg--------- (Answer).
𝐺
As m1=m2=m, so
𝐹𝑑2
m2=
𝐺
5) Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Mars. The mass of Mars is 6.42 x 1023kg and its
radius is 3370 km.
Answer:
Given Data:
Mass of Mars = Mm = 6.42 x 1023kg
Radius of Mars = Rm = 3370 km
To Find:
Acceleration due to gravity = gm =?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑔𝑚 = 2
𝑅𝑚
(6.673 𝑥 10−11 )𝑥 (6.42 𝑥 1023 )
gm = (3370 𝑥 103 )2
42.84 𝑥 10−11+23
gm = 11,356900 𝑥 106
42.84 𝑥 1012
gm = 1.1356900 𝑥 106 𝑥 107
gm = 37.72 x 10-1
gm = 3.77 ms-2 -------- (Answer).
6) The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.62 ms -2. The radius of Moon is 1740 km. Find
the mass of the moon.
Answer:
Given Data: Mm = 735339.1 x 106+11
Acceleration due to gravity on moon = gm = 1.62 ms-2 Mm = 7.35 x 105 x 1017
Radius of moon = R = 1740 km Mm = 7.35 x 1022 kg -------- (Answer).
To Find:
Mass of moon = Mm =?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑔𝑚 = 2
𝑅𝑚
Re-arranging this equation
𝑔 𝑥 𝑅2
Mm = 𝑚 𝐺 𝑚
1.62 x (1740 x 103 )2
Mm =
6.673 𝑥 10−11
(1.62 x 3027600) x 106
Mm = 6.673 𝑥 10−11
4904712 𝑥 106
Mm = 6.673 𝑥 10−11
7) Calculate the value of g at a height of 3600 km above the surface of earth.

Answer:
Given Data:
Height from surface of Earth = h = 3600 km = 3600 x 103 m
Gravitational Constant = G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Mass of the earth = M = 6.0 x 1024 kg
To Find:
Value of g =?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)𝑒 2
putting values we get
6.673 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6.0 𝑥 1024
gh=
(6400 𝑥 103 +3600 𝑥103 )2
(6.673 𝑥 6.0) 𝑥 10−11+24
gh= ((6400+3600 )2 ) 𝑥 106
40.038 𝑥 1013 𝑥 10−6
gh= (10000)2
40.038 𝑥 107
=
100000000
4.0 𝑥 10 𝑥 107
=
108
4.0 𝑥 108
= 108
gh= 4.0 ms-2------------- (Answer).
8) Find the value of g due to the earth at geostationary satellite. The radius of the geostationary orbit is
48700 km.
Answer:
Given Data:
Radius of geostationary satellite = h = 48700 km = 48700 x 103 m
To Find:
Gravitational acceleration = g =?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)𝑒 2
putting values we get :
6.673 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6.0 𝑥 1024
gh= (6400 𝑥 103 +48700 𝑥103 )2
(6.673 𝑥 6.0) 𝑥 10−11+24
gh= ((6400+48700 )2) 𝑥 106
40.038 𝑥 1013 𝑥 10−6
gh= (55100)2
40.038 𝑥 107
gh = 3036010000
4.0.038 𝑥 107
gh = 3.04 𝑥 109
40.038 𝑥 107−9
gh = 3.04
gh = 13.17 x 10-2
gh= 0.13 ms-2---------- (Answer).

9) The value of g is 4.0 ms-2 at a distance of 10000 km from the centre of the earth. Find the mass of the
earth.
Answer:
Given Data:
Gravitational acceleration =g= 4.0 ms-2
Altitude = R+h = 10000 km= 10000 x 103 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Radius of Earth = R= 6400 km = 6400 x 103 m
To Find:
Mass of the Earth = Me=?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)𝑒 2
Re-arranging this we get
𝑔 (𝑅+ℎ)2
Me = ℎ 𝐺
4.0 𝑥 (10000 𝑥 103 )2
Me =
6.673 𝑥 10−11
4 𝑥 100000000 𝑥 106
Me= 6.673 𝑥 10−11
4 𝑥 108 𝑥 106
Me = 6.673 𝑥 10−11
4 𝑥 1014+11
Me = 6.673
Me = 0.5994 x 1025
Me = 5.99 x 1024 kg---------- (Answer).
10) At what altitude the value of g would become one fourth than on the surface of the Earth.
Answer:
Given Data: 40.038 𝑥 1013
𝑔 10
Gravitational acceleration = g= = = 2.5 ms-2 h =√ 2.5
– 6400 x 103
4 4
Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 x 1024 kg h = √16.0152 𝑥 1013 – 6400 x 103
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km= 6400 x 10 m3
h = √1.60152 𝑥 1014 – 6400 x 103
Gravitational Constant = G= 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
h = 1.265512 x 107 – 6400 x 103
To Find:
Altitude = h =? h = 12665.12 x 103 – 6400 x 103
Solution: h = (12665.12-6400) x 103
As we know that h = 6255.12 km---------- (Answer).
𝐺𝑀
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)𝑒 2
Re-arranging this we get
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
(𝑅 + ℎ)2 = 𝑔ℎ
By taking square root on both sides
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
√(𝑅 + ℎ)2 = √ 𝑔ℎ
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
(R+h) = √ 𝑔ℎ
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
h=√ 𝑔ℎ
-R
6.673 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6.0 𝑥 1024
h=√ 2.5
– 6400 x 103
(6.673 𝑥 6) 10−11 𝑥 1024
h=√ 2.5
– 6400 x 10

11) A polar satellite is launched at 850 km above earth. Find its orbital speed.
Answer:
Given Data:
Altitude = h = 850 km = 850 x 103 m
Radius of Earth = R= 6400 km = 6400 x 103 m
Mass of the earth = Me= 6.0 x 1024 kg
To Find:
Orbital Speed = vo=?
Solution:
As we know that
𝐺𝑀
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)𝑒 2
putting values we get :
6.673 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6.0 𝑥 1024
gh= (6400 𝑥 103 +850 𝑥103 )2
(6.673 𝑥 6.0) 𝑥 10−11+24
gh= ((6400+850 )2 ) 𝑥 106
40.038 𝑥 1013 𝑥 10−6
gh= (7250)2
40.038 𝑥 107
gh = 52562500
4.0.038 𝑥 107
gh = 5.256 𝑥 107
40.038
gh = 5.256
gh= 7.62 ms-2
As we know that
vo= √𝑔ℎ (𝑅 + ℎ)
vo= √7.62 𝑥 (6400 + 850)𝑥103
vo = √(7.62 𝑥 7250) 𝑥103
vo = √55245000
vo= 7432.4 ms-1---------- (Answer).
12) A communication satellite is launched at 42000 km above earth. Find its orbital speed.
Answer:
Given Data: 4.0.038 𝑥 107
Altitude = h = 42000 km = 42000 x 10 m3 g h=
2.342 𝑥 109
Radius of Earth = R= 6400 km = 6400 x 103 m 40.038 𝑥 107−9
gh =
Mass of the earth = Me= 6.0 x 1024 kg 2.342
Gravitational Constant = G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2 40.038 𝑥 10−2
gh=
To Find: 2.342
Orbital Speed = vo=? gh = 17.09 x 10-2
Solution: gh= 0.17 ms-2
As we know that As we know that
𝐺𝑀𝑒
gh = (𝑅+ℎ)2 vo= √𝑔ℎ (𝑅 + ℎ)
putting values we get: vo= √0.17 𝑥 (6400 + 42000)𝑥103
6.673 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6.0 𝑥 1024
gh= (6400 𝑥 103 +42000 𝑥103 )2 vo = √(0.17 𝑥 48400) 𝑥103
(6.673 𝑥 6.0) 𝑥 10−11+24 vo = √8228 𝑥103
gh= ((6400+42000 )2) 𝑥 106 vo= √(8.228 𝑥 103 𝑥103
13 −6
gh=
40.038 𝑥 10 𝑥 10 vo = √(8.228 𝑥 106
(48400)2 vo = √(8228000
40.038 𝑥 107
gh = vo = 2868.5 ms-1---------- (Answer).
2342560000



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