11

READING AND
WRITING
LEARNER'S ACTIVITY SHEET
Quarter 3 – Week 3:
Compare and contrast patterns
of written texts across
disciplines
Reading and Writing – Grade 11
Learner's Activity Sheet
Quarter 3 – Week 3: Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across
disciplines
First Edition, 2021
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LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET IN READING AND WRITING FOR

QUARTER 3, WEEK 3

Name: Grade & Section:

School: Teacher:

MELC: Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines, focusing on:
1. Comparison and Contrast
2. Cause and Effect

Learning Objectives:
1. Determine the purpose and structure of the two patterns of paragraph development
(Comparison and Contrast, and Cause and Effect);
2. Understand how to write the said patterns of paragraph (Comparison and Contrast,
and Cause and Effect); and,
3. Use one pattern of paragraph development in writing a composition.

General Reminders: Use this activity sheet with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the activity sheet. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. Read the
directions carefully before doing each task. Return this activity sheet to your teacher/facilitator
once you are through with it.

I. Explore
“Spot the Signals”
Directions: The sentences below express the similarities and differences
between the twins George and Paul. In each sentence, circle the joining
word(s) that show similarities and differences and then list the words you've
circled below.
1. Both George and Paul have brown eyes and brown hair.
2. George and Paul both are tall and slim.
3. George likes to read science fiction, but Paul likes to read poetry.
4. George runs three miles daily, yet Paul hates to exercise.
5. While George works as a cartographer's assistant 15 hours per week, Paul works
20 hours per week as an usher in a theater.
6. Although George is an engineering major, Paul still hasn't found a major.

Words that show similarities Words that show differences

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II. Learn

Throughout the lesson, you will learn how to develop paragraphs in variety of patterns that
reflect your thinking about the material. Further, as you write the topic sentence and its
supporting sentences, look for ways to structure your thinking.

The patterns of paragraph development, such as: Narration, Description, Definition, and
Exemplification were already presented and discussed in the previous Learner’s Activity Sheets.
At this point, we will proceed to the next two patterns of paragraph development, that are,
Comparison and Contrast, and Cause and Effect.

PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT:

1. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
A paragraph that demonstrates comparison and contrast examines how given subjects are
either similar or different. Comparison examines how the subjects are the same. Contrast
examines how the subjects are different. A compare-and-contrast composition/essay, then,
analyzes two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both.

The key to a good compare-and-contrast essay is to choose two or more subjects that connect
in a meaningful way. The purpose of conducting the comparison or contrast is not to state the
obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities. For example, if
you wanted to focus on contrasting two subjects you would not pick apples and oranges; rather,
you might choose to compare and contrast two types of oranges or two types of apples to
highlight subtle differences. For example, Red Delicious apples are sweet, while Granny Smiths
are tart and acidic. Drawing distinctions between elements in a similar category will increase
the audience’s understanding of that category, which is the purpose of the compare-and-
contrast essay. Similarly, to focus on comparison, choose two subjects that seem at first to be
unrelated. For a comparison essay, you likely would not choose two apples or two oranges
because they share so many of the same properties already. Rather, you might try to compare
how apples and oranges are quite similar. The more divergent the two subjects initially seem,
the more interesting a comparison essay will be
The Structure of a Comparison and Contrast
1. The compare-and-contrast essay starts with a thesis that clearly states the two subjects
that are to be compared, contrasted, or both and the reason for doing so. The thesis could
lean more toward comparing, contrasting, or both. Remember, the point of comparing and
contrasting is to provide useful knowledge to the reader. Take the following thesis as an
example that leans more toward contrasting.
Example: Thesis statement: Organic vegetables may cost more than those that are
conventionally grown, but when put to the test, they are definitely worth every extra penny.
Here the thesis sets up the two subjects to be compared and contrasted (organic versus
conventional vegetables), and it makes a claim about the results that might prove useful to the
reader.

2. You may organize compare-and-contrast essays in one of the following two ways:
a. According to the subjects themselves, discussing one then the other.
b. According to individual points, discussing each subject in relation to each point.

Below is the “Comparison and Contrast Diagram”, which diagrams the ways to organize the
organic versus conventional vegetables thesis.
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The organizational structure you choose depends on the nature of the topic, your purpose, and
your audience.

Central to the development using the pattern is the effective use of appropriate transitional
words and phrases that signal comparison and contrast. The table below shows the list of
helpful signal words for effective writing:

For Comparison For Contrast

• in the same way • yet
• by the same token • and yet
• similarly • nevertheless
• in like manner • nonetheless
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• likewise • after all

• in similar fashion • but
• however
• though
• otherwise
• on the contrary
• in contrast
• notwithstanding

2. CAUSE AND EFFECT

It is often considered human nature to ask, “why?” and “how?” We want to know how much
money we will save over the long term if we buy a hybrid car, or how long we will live if we
exercise daily. These examples identify only a few of the relationships we think about in our
lives, but each shows the importance of understanding cause and effect.

A cause is something that produces an event or condition; an effect is what results from an
event or condition. The cause-and-effect as a method in developing a paragraph is useful in
explaining why something happens.

The Structure of a Cause and Effect

1. The cause-and-effect paragraph opens with a general introduction to the topic, which then
leads to a thesis that states the main cause, main effect, or various causes and effects of a
condition or event.
2. The cause-and-effect paragraph can be organized in one of the following two primary ways:
a. Start with the “cause” and then talk about the effects.
A paragraph emphasizing the ‘effect’ begins with a particular cause then explains the
consequences of effects of this cause.
a. Start with the “effect” and then talk about the causes.
A paragraph emphasizing the ‘cause’ normally starts with an effect. The goal of this is
to explore such effect came to be.
Regardless of which structure you choose, be sure to explain each element of the essay fully
and completely. Explaining complex relationships requires the full use of evidence, such as
scientific studies, expert testimony, statistics, and anecdotes.
Notice how the causes of avalanche are explained in the paragraph below.

An avalanche is a huge snow slide that rushes down the side of a mountain, carrying large trees,
rocks, and other debris in its path. Avalanches are similar to landslides but can be more
dangerous and destructive. Avalanches can occur when huge amounts of new snow fall on layers
of snow and ice that have become unstable because of melting. They can also be triggered by
explosions or earthquakes. (Source: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites)

It is essential that when writing a paragraph that shows cause-and/or effect, you know which
factor to highlight-causes or effects, and determine the reason of discussing the cause and/or
effect. Like any other pattern of development, transitional words help to emphasize cause
and/or effect relationships. The most common words and phrases that show “cause” include:
because, since, is due to and is caused by. While the words and phrases that show “effect” are:
for this reason, it follows, as a result, as a consequence, thus, so, therefore.
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Aside from the common single cause with single effect, there may be three other types of
organization depending on the topic: multiple causes with the single effect, single cause with
multiple effects and causal chain/domino effect.

Practice Exercises/Activity

"The Differences Within"

Directions: Compare and contrast these patterns of written texts across disciplines,
“Comparison and Contrast,” and “Cause and Effect” by filling out the chart below.

Patterns of written texts across

disciplines such as “comparison But…._____________________________________
and contrast”, and “cause and ____________________________________________
effect” are alike ____________________________________________
because____________________________ ____________________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
While…___________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________

III. Engage

What I Learned
I. Directions: Observe how comparison and contrast is shown in the paragraph
below and answer the following questions.

Traffic Signals
Although the interpretation of traffic signals may seem highly standardized, close observation
reveals regional variations across this country, distinguishing the East Coast from Central
Canada and the West as surely as dominant dialects or political inclinations do. In Montréal, a
flashing red traffic light instructs drivers to careen even more wildly through intersections heavily
populated with pedestrians and oncoming vehicles. In startling contrast, an amber light in
Calgary warns driver to screech to a halt on the off chance that there might be a pedestrian within
500 metres who might consider crossing at some unspecified time within the current day. In my
home town in New Brunswick, finally, traffic lights (along with painted lines and posted speed
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limits) do not apply to tractors, all-terrain vehicles, or pickup trucks, which together account for
most vehicles on the road. In fact, were any observant alien dropped from a space vessel at an
unspecified intersection anywhere in this vast land, it could almost certainly orient itself
according to the surrounding traffic patterns. (Source: http://english120.pbworks.com/)

Questions:
1. What ideas were compared in the above paragraph?
Answer:___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the transitional words and explain how they are used in the paragraph.

Answer:___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

II. Directions: Read the paragraph below. Assess whether it is developed by emphasizing
comparison and contrast, or by cause and effect. Support your answer by citing your
reasons as to why do you say so. After, identify the transitional words used in the
paragraph. Write your answer in the space provided below.

Global climate change resulting from the accumulation of greenhouse gases, for example, is likely
to have significant health effects, both direct and indirect. An average global temperature rise 3-
4 ̊C, predicted for the year 2100 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes, will greatly
the number of days in the United States with temperatures over 38 ̊C (100 ̊F), with a resulting
sharp rise in heated-related morality. Deaths would occur primarily from heat strokes, heart
attacks, and cerebral strokes. The very young, poor, elderly, as well as those with chronic
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, are most at risk. During the two-week heat wave of
July 1993 in the eastern United States, 84 people died in Philadelphia alone as a result of the
higher temperatures. (Source: http://slsuwritersblock.blogspot.com/)

Answer:___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Apply

What I Can do
Directions: From the listed topics below choose one and develop a paragraph
emphasizing cause and effect. A scoring guide or rubric is also given below
for your reference and guidance.

Topics:
1. Earthquakes 5. Cyber bullying
2. Global warming 6. Industrialization
3. Dropping out 7. Social media life
4. Low income 8. Technology on family time
standing
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Name: ________________________________________ Grade and Section: _______________________

Writing Prompt’s Topic:

RUBRICS SCORE
CONTENT Your written composition shows an understanding and
(5 pts.) interpretation of the writing prompt.
RELEVANCE & Your written composition appropriately follows the pattern of
LANGUAGE development of your choice. Your written composition shows a
USE (10 pts.) sense of audience by using effective vocabulary.
DEVELOPMENT Your written composition gives a clear and logical explanation of
(5 pts.) ideas, using supporting material.
ORGANIZATION Your written composition shows a coherent, orderly, well-reasoned
(5 pts.) approach.
TOTAL /25

V. Post Test
Multiple Choice

Directions: Read the questions/statements in each item carefully.

Then, encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The purpose of the ________________ essay is to determine how various phenomena are
related.
a. Comparison and Contrast c. Description
b. Exemplification d. Cause and Effect

2. This is particularly important in the cause-and-effect essay due to the complexity of

determining connections between phenomena.
a. Strong Evidence
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b. Transitional Devices
c. Logical Organization
d. None of the Above

3. A compare-and-contrast essay analyzes two subjects by either of the following EXCEPT:

comparing them, contrasting them, or both.
a. Comparing them
b. Contrasting them
c. Both comparing and contrasting
d. Option “c” only.

4. How true is this statement: The thesis should clearly state the subjects that are to be
compared, contrasted, or both, and it should state what is to be learned from doing so
a. Definitely true
b. Maybe
c. Doubtful
d. False

5. There are two main organizing strategies for compare-and-contrast essays, these are:
a. Organize by similarities.
b. Organize by the subjects.
c. Organize by individual points.
d. Options “b” and “c”
6. Which pattern of paragraph development do these transitional devices, “like,” “but,” “yet,”
“nevertheless,” and “after all” are commonly used?
a. Comparison and Contrast c. Description
b. Exemplification d. Cause and Effect

7. What pattern of paragraph develop is used in the paragraph below?

Since my daughter has been in daycare she has become better at a few different things. To start off,
her vocabulary is much larger and more developed. Before she started daycare, my daughter had a
few select words that she would say like; momma, dada, Cocoa (one of the puppies), and some other
simple words. Now she tries to repeat everything that is said. She also has the ability to interact
with other children better…

a. Comparison and Contrast c. Description

b. Narration d. Cause and Effect

8. How many causal transitional devices are used in the same paragraph?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4

9. Anna wants to write a cause and effect essay, which of the following topics would you
recommend to her?
a. My Teacher, My Hero c. Living in Big City or Staying in Village.
b. Global Warming d. A trip you will never forget.
10. Suppose you will be writing now your chosen topic for comparison and contrast essay, what
should be your first step in structuring comparison and contrast?
a. Write your thesis statement
b. Organize the essay using of the following given ways for comparing and contrasting
c. Compare and contrast the topics
d. Formulate your transitional devices