Chapter 08

The PIC18 Microcontroller
Chapter 8: Timers and CCP Modules
Han-Way Huang
Minnesota State University

University, Mankato
Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-1

Introduction
- Time is represented by the count in a timer.

- There are many applications that cannot be implemented without a timer:
1. Event arrival time recording and comparison
2. Periodic interrupt generation
3. Pulse width and period measurement
4. Frequency and duty cycle measurement
5. Generation of waveforms with certain frequency and duty cycle
6. Time references
7. Event counting
8. Others

The PIC18 Timer System
- A PIC18 microcontroller may have up to 5 timers: Timer0…Timer 4.

- Timer0, Timer1, and Timer3 are 16-bit timers whereas Timer2 and Timer4 are 8-bit.
- When a timer rolls over, an interrupt may be generated if it is enabled.
- Both Timer2 and Timer4 use instruction cycle clock as the clock source whereas the
other three timers may also use external clock input as the clock source.
- A PIC18 device may have one, two, or five CCP modules.
- CCP stands for Capture, Compare, and Pulse Width Modulation.
- Each CCP module can be configured to perform capture, compare, or PWM function.
- In capture operation, the CCP module copy the contents of a timer into a capture
register on an signal edge.
- In compare operation, the CCP module compares the contents of a CCPR register
with that of Timer1 (or Timer3) in every clock cycle. When these two registers are
equal, the associated pin may be pulled to high, or low, or toggled.
- In PWM mode, the CCP module can be configured to generate a waveform with
certain frequency and duty cycle.

Timer0
- Can
C bbe configured
fi d as an 8-bit
8 bi or 16-bit
16 bi timer
i or counter.
- Can select the internal instruction cycle clock or the T0CKI signal as the clock signal.
- The user can choose to divide the clock signal by a prescaler before connecting it to
the clock input to Timer0.
- The
Th T0CON registeri controls
l the
h operation
i off Ti
Timer0.0
Set interrupt
flag bit TMR0IF
on overflow
FOSC/4 0
1 Sync with TMR0
1 internal TMR0L
Programmable high byte
T0CKI ppin 0 clocks
Prescaler 8
T0CS (2 Tcy delay) Read TMR0L
T0SE 3
PSA 8 8
Write TMR0L
T0PS2,T0PS1,T0PS0
TMR0H
8
Data bus <7:0>
Figure 8.1b Timer0 block diagram in 16-bit mode (redraw with permission of Microchip)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
value after TMR0ON T08BIT T0CS T0SE PSA T0PS2 T0PS1 T0PS0
reset 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
TMR0ON: Timer0 on/off control bit
0 = stops Timer0
1 = Enables
E bl Timer0
Ti 0
T08BIT: Timer0 8-bit/16-bit control bit
0 = Timer0 is configured as a 16-bit timer
1 = Timer0 is configured as an 8-bit timer
T0CS: Timer0 clock source select
0 = Instruction cycle
y clock
1 = Transition on T0CKI pin
T0SE: Timer0 source edge select bit
0 = Increment on falling edge transition on T0CKI pin
1 = Increment on rising edge transition on T0CKI pin
PSA: Timer0 prescaler assignment bit
0 = Timer0 prescaler is assigned . Timer0 clock input comes from prescaler output
output.
1 = Timer0 prescaler is not assigned. Timer0 clock input bypasses prescaler.
T0PS2:T0PS0: Timer0 prescaler select bits
000 = 1:2 prescaler value
011 = 1:16
1 16 prescaler
l value
l
Figure 8.2 T0CON register (reprint with permission of Microchip)

- Timer0 can operate

p as a timer or as a counter.
- When the clock source is the instruction cycle clock, it operates as a timer.
- When the clock source is the T0CKI pin, it operates as a counter.
- As shown in Figure 8.1b, when PIC18 reads the TMR0L register, the upper half of
Timer0 is latched into the TMR0H register.
g This makes sure that the PIC18 always
y
reads a 16-bit value that its upper byte and lower byte belong to the same time.
Example 8.2 Write a subroutine to create a time delay that is equal to 100 ms times the
contents of the PRODL register assuming that the crystal oscillator is running at 32
MHz.
Solution: The 100 ms delay can be created as follows:
1. Place the value 15535 into the TMR0 high byte and the TMR0L register so that
Timer0 will overflow in 50000 clock cycles
cycles.
2. Choose instruction cycle clock as the clock source and set the prescaler to 16
so that Timer0 will roll over in 100 ms.
3. Enable Timer0.
4 Wait until Timer0 to overflow.
4. overflow

delayy movlw 0x83 ; enable TMR0,, select internal clock,,

movwf T0CON,A ; set prescaler to 16
loopd movlw 0x3C ; load 15535 into TMR0 so that it will
movwf TMR0H,A ; roll over in 50000 clock cycles
movlw 0xAF ; "
movwf TMR0L,A ; "
bcf INTCON,TMR0IF,A ; clear the TMR0IF flag
wait btfss INTCON,TMR0IF,A ;
bra wait ; wait until 100 ms is over
decfsz PRODL,F,A
bra loopd
return

In C language,
void delay (char cx)

{
int i;
T0CON = 0x83; /* enable TMR0, select instruction clock, prescaler set to 16 */
for (i = 0; i < cx; i++) {
TMR0 = 15535; /* load 15535 into TMR0 so that it rolls */
/* over in 50000 clock cycles */
INTCONbits.TMR0IF = 0;
while(!(INTCONbits.TMR0IF)); /* wait until TMR0 rolls over */
}
return;
}

Timer1
- Is a 16-bit timer/counter depending upon the clock source.

- An interrupt may be requested when Timer1 rolls over from 0xFFFF to 0x0000.
- Timer1 can be reset when the CCP module is configured to compare mode to
generate a special event trigger.
- Timer1 operation is controlled by the T1CON register.
- Timer1 can be configured to use the oscillator connected to the T1OSO and T1OSI
pins.
pins
- The Timer1 oscillator is primarily intended for a 32 KHz crystal.
- Timer1 can be used to create time delays and measure the frequency of an unknown
signal.

Data bus
<7:0>
8
TMR1H p
CCP Special
event trigger
Write TMR1L
8 8
Read TMR1L
8 Synchronized
0 clock input
TMR1
TMR1L
high byte 1
TMR1ON T1SYNC
on/off
T1OSC
T13CKI/T1OSC 1 Synchronize
Prescaler
T1OSCEN FOSC/4 de
Enable
1, 2, 4, 8
internal 0 t
T1OSI Oscillator
clock
2 SLEEP input
TMR1CS
T1CKPS1:T1CKPS0
Figure 8.3 Timer1 block diagram: 16-bit mode (redraw with permission of Microchip)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
value after RD16 -- T 1CKP S1 T 1CKP S0 T 1OSCEN T 1SYNC T MR1CS T MR1ON
reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RD16: 16-bit read/write mode enable bit
0 = Enables read/write of T imer1 in two 8-bit operations
1 = Enable read/write of T imer1 in 16-bit
16 bit operation
T 1CKP S1:T 1CKP S0: T imer1 input clock prescale select bits
00 = 1:1 prescale value
T 1OSCEN: T imer1 oscillator enable bit
0 = T imer1 oscillator is shut off
1 = T imer1 oscillator is enabled
T 1SYNC: T imer1 external clock input synchronization select bit
When T MR1CS = 1
0 = Synchronize external clock input
1 = Do not synchronize external clock input
When T MR1CS = 0
T his bit is ignored.
T MR1CS: T imer1 clock source select bit
0 = Instruction cycle
y clock ((FOSC/4))
1 = External clock from pin RC0/T 1OSO/T 13CKI
T MR1ON: T imer1 on bit
0 = Stop T imer1
1 = Enables T imer1
Figure 8.4. T 1CON contents (redraw with permission of Microchip)

Example 8.38 3 Use Timer0 as a timer to create a one-second

one second delay and use Timer1 as a
counter to count the rising (or falling) edges of an unknown signal (at the T1CKI pin)
arrived in one second which would measure the frequency of the unknown signal. Write
a program to implement this idea assuming that the PIC18 MCU is running with a 32
MHz crystal oscillator.
oscillator
Solution:
A one-second delay can be created by placing 10 in PRODL and calling the delay
function in Example 8.2.
Timer1 should be configured as follows:
• 16-bit mode
• prescaler value set to 1
• disable oscillator
• do not synchronize external clock input
• select external T1CKI pin signal as the clock source

- Timer1 may overflow many times in one second.

second
- The user must enable the Timer1 overflow interrupt and keep track of the number
of times that it interrupts.
The setting of Timer1 interrupt is as follows:
- Enable priority interrupt

- Place Timer1 interrupt at high priority
- Enable only Timer1 roll-over
roll over interrupt

#include <p18F8680.inc>
t1ov_cnt set 0x00 ; Timer1 rollover interrupt count
freq set 0x01 ; to save the contents of Timer1 at the end
org 0x00
goto start
; high priority interrupt service routine
org 0x08
btfss PIR1,TMR1IF,A ; skip if Timer1 roll-over interrupt
retfie ; return if not Timer1 interrupt
bcf PIR1,TMR1IF,A ; clear the interrupt flag
incf t1ov_cnt,F,A ; increment Timer1 roll-over count
retfie
; dummy low priority interrupt service routine
org 0x18
retfie
start clrf t1ov_cnt,A ; initialize Timer1 overflow cnt to 0
clrf freq,A ; initialize frequency to 0
clrf freq+1,A ; "
clrf TMR1H ; initialize Timer1 to 0
clrf TMR1L ; "
clrf PIR1 ; clear all interrupt flags
bsf RCON,IPEN,A ; enable priority interrupt

movlw 0x01 ; set TMR1 interrupt p to high

g priority
p y
movwf IPR1,A ; "
movwf PIE1,A ; enable Timer1 roll-over interrupt
movlw 0x87 ; enable Timer1, select external clock, set
movwf T1CON,A, ; prescaler
p to 1,, disable crystal
y oscillator
movlw 0xC0 ; enable global and peripheral interrupt
movwf INTCON,A ; "
movlw 0x0A
movwf PRODL,A, ; prepare
p p to call delayy to wait for 1 second
call delay ; Timer1 overflow interrupt occur in this second
movff TMR1L,freq ; save frequency low byte
movff TMR1H,freq+1 ; save frequency high byte
bcf INTCON,GIE,A
, , ; disable global
g interrupt
p
forever nop
bra forever
end
The C language version of the program is in the following slides.

#include <p18F8680.h>
p
unsigned int t1ov_cnt;
unsigned short long freq;
void high_ISR(void);
void low_ISR(void);
( );
#pragma code high_vector = 0x08 // force the following statement to
void high_interrupt (void) // start at 0x08
{
_asm
goto high_ISR
_endasm
}
#pragma code //return to the default code section
#pragma interrupt high_ISR
void high_ISR (void)
{
if(PIR1bits TMR1IF){
if(PIR1bits.TMR1IF){
PIR1bits.TMR1IF = 0;
t1ov_cnt ++;
}
}

void delay (char cx); /* prototype declaration */

void main (void)
{
char t0_cnt;
char temp;
t1ov_cnt = 0;
freq = 0;
TMR1H = 0; /* force Timer1 to count from 0 */
TMR1L = 0; //* " *//
PIR1 = 0; /* clear Timer1 interrupt flag */
RCONbits.IPEN = 1; /* enable priority interrupt */
IPR1 = 0x01; /* set Timer1 interrupt to high priority */
PIE1 = 0x01; //* enable Timer1 rollroll-over
over interrupt *//
T1CON = 0x83; /* enable Timer1 with external clock, prescaler 1 */
INTCON = 0xC0; /* enable global and peripheral interrupts */
delay (10); /* create one-second delay and wait for interrupt */
INTCONbits GIE = 0;/
INTCONbits.GIE 0;/* disable global interrupt *//
temp = TMR1L;
freq = t1ov_cnt * 65536 + TMR1H * 256 + temp;
}

Timer2
- 8-bit timer TMR2 and 8-bit period register PR2.
TMR2 sets flag bit

output TMR2IF
Prescaler Reset
FOSC/4 TMR2
1:1, 1:4, 1:16
2 Postcaler
Comparator
T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 EQ 1:1 to 1:16
4
PR2
T2OUTPS3:T2OUTPS0
Figure 8.5 Timer2 block diagram (redraw with permission of Microchip)
- TMR2 is counting up and comparing with PR2 in every clock cycle.

- When TMR2 equals PR2, the EQ signal will reset TMR2.
- A postscaler is applied to the EQ signal to generate the TMR2 interrupt.
- The TMR2 output is fed to the synchronous serial port module.
- The operation of Timer2 is controlled by T2CON register.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
value after -- TOUTPS3 TOUTPS2 TOUTPS1 TOUTPS0 TMR2ON T2CKPS1 T2CKPS0
reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOUTPS3:TOUTPS0: Timer2 output postscale select bits
0000 = 1:1 postscale
.
.
.
TMR2ON: Timer2 on bit
0 = Timer2 is off
1 = Timer2 is on
T2CKPS1: T2CKPS0: Timer2 clock prescale select bits
00 = prescaler is 1
01 = prescaler is 4
1 = prescaler
1x l isi 16
Figure 8.6. T2CON control register (redraw with permission of Microchip)

Examplep 8.4 Assume that the PIC18F8680 is runningg with a 32 MHz crystal
y oscillator.
Write an instruction sequence to generate periodic interrupts every 8 ms with high
priority using Timer2.
Solution: By setting the prescaler and postscaler to 16 and loading 249 into the PR2
register,
g Timer2 will generate
g periodic
p interrupt
p everyy 8 ms:
movlw D’249’ ; load 249 into PR2 so that TMR2 counts up

movwf PR2,A ; to 249 and reset
bsf RCON,IPEN,A
, , ; enable priority
p y interrupt
p
bsf IPR1,TMR2IP,A ; place TMR2 interrupt at high priority
bcf PIR1,TMR2IF,A ;
movlw 0xC0
movwf INTCON,A, ; enable global
g interrupt
p
movlw 0x7E ; enable TMR2, set prescaler to 16, set
movwf T2CON,A ; postscaler to 16
bsf PIE1,TMR2IE,A ; enable TMR2 overflow interrupt

Timer3
- Timer3 consists of two 8-bit registers TMR2H and TMR2L.
- Timer3 can choose to use either the internal (instruction cycle clock) or external
signal as the clock source.
- The block diagram of Timer3 is quite similar to that of Timer1.
- Reading TMR3L will load the high byte of Timer3 into the TMR3H register.
- Timer3 operation is controlled by the T3CON register.

Data bus <7:0>

8
TMR3H CCP special trigger
8 T3CCPx
Write TMR3L 8
Read TMR3L
8 Synchronized
0 clock input
Set TMR3IF flag Timer3 CLR
on overflow high byte TMR3L 1
TMR1ON T3SYNC
on/off
T1OSC
T13CKI/T1OSC 1 S h i
Synchronize
Prescaler
T1OSCEN FOSC/4
Enable 1, 2, 4, 8 det
internal 0
T1OSI Oscillator
clock
2 SLEEP input
When the T1OSCEN bit is TMR3CS
cleared, the inverter and T3CKPS1:T3CKPS0
feedback resistor are turned off
Figure 8.7 Timer3 block diagram: 16-bit mode (redraw with permission of Microchip)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
value after RD16 T3CCP2 T3CKPS1 T3CKPS0 T3CCP1 T3SYNC TMR3CS TMR3ON
reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RD16: 16-bit read/write mode enable bit
0 = Enables read/write of Timer3 in two 8-bit operations
1 = Enables read/write of Timer3 in 16-bit operation
T3CCP2:T3CCP1: Timer3 and Timer1 to CCPx enable bits
00 = Timer1 and Timer2 are the clock sources for CCP1 through CCP5
01 = Timer3 and Timer4 are the clock sources for CCP2 through CCP5;
Timer1 and Timer2 are the clock sources for CCP1
10 = Timer3 and Timer4 are the clock sources for CCP3 through CCP5;
Timer1 and Timer2 are the clock sources for CCP1 and CCP2
11 = Timer3 and Timer4 are the clock sources for CCP1 through CCP5
T3CKPS1:T3CKPS0: Timer3 input clock prescale select bits
T3SYNC: Timer3 external clock input synchronization select bit
When TMR3CS = 1
0 = Synchronizes external clock input
1 = Do not synchronize external clock input
When TMR3CS = 0
This bit is ignored.
TMR3CS: Timer3 clock source select bit
0 = Instruction cycle clock (FOSC/4)
1 = External clock from pin RC0/T1OSO/T13CKI
TMR3ON: Timer3 on bit
0 = Stops Timer3
1 = Enables Timer3
Figure 8.8. T3CON contents (redraw with permission of Microchip)

Timer4
- Only available to the PIC18F8X2X and PIC6X2X devices.
- The block diagram of Timer4 is shown in Figure 8.9.
- The value of TMR4 is compared to PR4 in each clock cycle.
- When the value of TMR4 equals that of PR4, TMR4 is reset to 0.
- The contents of T4CON are identical to those of T2CON.
TMR4 sets flag bit

output TMR4IF
Prescaler Reset
FOSC/4 TMR4
1:1, 1:4, 1:16
2 Postcaler
Comparator
T4CKPS1:T4CKPS0 EQ 1:1 to 1:16
4
PR4
T4OUTPS3:T4OUTPS0
Figure 8.9 Timer4 block diagram (redraw with permission of Microchip)

C Libraryy Functions for Timers
Functions for disabling timers
void CloseTimer0 (void);

( );
( );
Functions for configuring timers
void OpenTimer0
p ((unsigned
g char config);
g);
void OpenTimer1 (unsigned char config);
void OpenTimer4
p ((unsigned
g char config);
g);
The arguments to these functions are a bit mask that is created by ANDing the values
from each category.
Include the timers.h file in order to use these library functions.

Enable Timer0 Interrupt

TIMER_INT_ON enable interrupt
TIMER_INT_OFF disable interrupt
Timer Width
T0 8BIT
T0_8BIT 88-bit
bit mode
T0_16BIT 16-bit mode
Clock Source
T0_SOURCE_EXT external clock source
T0 SOURCE INT
T0_SOURCE_INT internal clock source
External Clock Trigger
T0_EDGE_FALL External clock on falling edge
T0_EDGE_RISE External clock on rising edge
Prescale Value
T0_PS_1_n 1: n prescale (n = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, or 256)
Example
OpenTimer0 (TIMER_INT_ON & T0_8BIT & T0_SOURCE_INT &

T0_PS_1_32);

Functions for Reading Timer Values
unsigned int ReadTimer0 (void);

unsigned char ReadTimer2 (void);
unsigned char ReadTimer4 (void);
unsigned int cur

cur_time;
time;
cur_time = ReadTimer1();
Functions for writing values into timers
void WriteTimer0 (unsigned int timer);

void WriteTimer2 (unsigned char timer);
void WriteTimer4 (unsigned char timer);
writeTimer0 (15535);

Capture/Compare/PWM
p p ((CCP)) Modules
- Each CCP module requires the use of timer resource.

- In capture or compare mode, the CCP module may use either Timer1 or Timer3 to
operate.
p
- In PWM mode, either Timer2 or Timer4 may be used.
- The operations of all CCP modules are identical, with the exception of the special
event trigger mode present on CCP1 and CCP2.
- The operation
p of a CCP module is controlled by
y the CCPxCON register.
g

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
-- -- DCxB1 DCxB0 CCPxM3 CCPxM2 CCPxM1 CCPxM0
value after
reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DCxB1:DCxB0: PWM duty cycle bit 1 and bit 0 for CCP module x
capture mode:
unused
compare mode:
unused
PWM mode:
These two bits are the lsbs (bit 1 and bit 0) of the 10-bit PWM duty cycle.
CCPxM3:CCPxM0: CCP module x mode select bits
0000 = capture/compare/PWM disabled (resets CCPx module)
0001 = reserved
0010 = compare mode, toggle output on match (CCPxIF bit is set)
0100 = capture mode, every falling edge
0101 = capture mode, every rising edge
0110 = capture mode, every 4th rising edge
0111 = capture mode
mode, every 16th rising edge
1000 = compare mode, initialize CCP pin low, on compare match force CCP pin high
(CCPxIF bit is set)
1001 = compare mode, initialize CCP pin high, on compare match force CCP pin low
(CCPxIF bit is set)
1010 = compare
p mode,, g
generate software interrupt p on compare
p match ((CCP p
pin
unaffected, CCPxIF bit is set).
1011 = compare mode, trigger special event (CCPxIF bit is set)
For CCP1 and CCP2: Timer1 or Timer3 is reset on event
For all other modules: CCPx pin is unaffected and is configured as an I/O port.
11xx = PWM mode
Figure 8.10 CCPxCON register (x = 1,..,5) (redraw with permission of Microchip)

CCP Module Configuration

g
- Each module is associated with a control register (CCPxCON) and a data register
(CCPRx).
- The data register
g in turn consists of two 8-bit register:
g CCPRxL and CCPRxH.
- The CCP modules utilize Timers 1, 2, 3, or 4, depending on the module selected.
- Timer1 and Timer3 are available to modules in capture or compare mode.
- Timer2 and Timer4 are available to modules in PWM mode.
- The assignment
g of a particular
p timer to a module is determined byy the bit 6 and bit 3
of the T3CON register as shown in Figure 8.11.

T3CON<6,3>=00 T3CON<6,3>=01 T3CON<6,3>=10 T3CON<6,3>=11

TMR1 TMR3 TMR1 TMR3 TMR1 TMR3 TMR1 TMR3
CCP1 CCP1 CCP1 CCP1
CCP2 CCP2 CCP2 CCP2
CCP3 CCP3 CCP3 CCP3
CCP4 CCP4 CCP4 CCP4
CCP5 CCP5 CCP5 CCP5
TMR2 TMR4 TMR22 TMR4 TMR22 TMR4 TMR22 TMR4
Figure 8.11 CCP and Timer interconnect configurations (redraw with permission of Microchip)

CCP in Capture Mode

- Main use of CCP is to capture event arrival time
- An event is represented by a signal edge.
- The PIC18 event can be one of the following:
1. every falling edge
2. every rising edge
3. every 4th rising edge
4. every 16th rising edge
set flag bit
CCPxIF TMR3H TMR3L
Prescaler T3CCP2 TMR3

1, 4, 16 enable
CCPx
pin
CCPRxH CCPRxL
andd TMR1
edge detect T3CCP2 enable
TMR1H TMR1L
Q's CCPxCON<3:0>
Figure 8.13 Capture mode operation block diagram (redraw with permission of Microchip)

Capture
p Operation
p
- When a capture is made, the interrupt flag bit, CCPxIF is set.

- The CCPxIF flag must be cleared by software.
- In capture
p mode, the CCPx ppin must be configured
g for input.
p
- The timer to be used with the capture mode must be running in timer mode or
synchronous counter mode.
- To prevent false interrupt, the user must disable the CCP module when switching
p
prescaler.
Microchip C Library Functions for CCP in Capture Mode
- Need to include the file capture.h in order to use these functions
Table 8.1 MCC18 C library functions for CCP peripheral

Function Description
CloseCapturex Disable capture channel x
OpenCapturex Configure capture channel x
ReadCapturex Read a value from CCP channel x

void OpenCapture1
p p ((unsigned
g char config);
g);
void OpenCapture2 (unsigned char config);
void OpenCapture5
p p ((unsigned
g char config);
g);
There are two values for the parameter config: interrupt enabling and the edge to
capture.
Interrupt enabling
CAPTURE_INT_ON : interrupt enabled

CAPTURE_INT_OFF : interrupt
p disabled
Edge to capture
C _EVERY
Cx V _FALL_EDGE
G : capture
captu e on
o every
eve y falling
a g edge
Cx_EVERY_RISE_EDGE : capture on every rising edge
Cx_EVERY_4_RISE_EDGE : capture on every 4th rising edge
Cx_EVERY_16_RISE_EDGE : capture on every 16th rising edge

Applications
pp of Capture
p Mode
• Event arrival time recording

• Period measurement
• P l width
Pulse idth measurementt
• Interrupt generation
• Event counting
• Time reference
• Duty cycle measurement

Example 8.5 Period measurement. Use the CCP channel 1 in capture mode to
measure the period of an unknown signal assuming that the PIC18 MCU is running
with a 16 MHz crystal oscillator. Use the number of clock cycles as the unit of period.
The period of the unknown signal is shorter than 65536 clock cycles.
Solution:
Either two consecutive rising edges or two falling edges must be captured.
The difference of these two edges becomes the period of the signal.
The required timers settings are
- CCP1 (RC2): input

- Timer1: 16-bit mode, use instruction clock as clock source, 1:1 prescaler
- Timer3: select Timer1 as base timer for the CCP1 capture mode
- CCP1: capture on every rising edge
- Disable CCP1 interrupt

p
org 0x00
goto start
org 0x08
retfie
org 0x18
retfie
start bsf TRISC,CCP1,A ; configure CCP1 pin for input
movlw 0x81 ; use Timer1 as the time base
movwf T3CON,A ; of CCP1 capture
bcf PIE1,CCP1IE,A ; disable CCP1 capture interrupt
movlw 0x81 ; enable Timer1, prescaler set to 1,
movwf T1CON,A, ; 16-bit,, use instruction cycle
y clock
movlw 0x05 ; set CCP1 to capture on every rising edge
movwf CCP1CON,A ; "
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; clear the CCP1IF flag
edge1
g btfss PIR1,CCP1IF,A
, , ; wait for the first edge
g to arrive
bra edge1 ; "
movff CCPR1H,PRODH ; save the first edge
movff CCPR1L,PRODL ; "


edge2 btfss PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; wait for the second edge to arrive
bra edge2 ; "
clrf CCP1CON ; disable CCP1 capture
movf PRODL,W,A
subwf CCPR1L,W,A ; subtract first edge from 2nd edge
movwf PRODL,A ; and leave the period in PRODH:PRODL
movf PRODH,W,A ; "
subwfb CCPR1H,W,A ; "
movwf PRODH,A ; "
forever goto forever ;
end
The C language version of the program is in the next slide.

void main (void)
{
unsigned
g int pperiod;
TRISCbits.TRISC2 = 1; /* configure CCP1 pin for input */

T3CON = 0x81; /* use Timer1 as the time base for CCP1 capture */
PIE1bits.CCP1IE = 0; /* disable CCP1 capture
p interrupt
p */
PIR1bits.CCP1IF = 0; /* clear the CCP1IF flag */
T1CON = 0x81; /* enable 16-bit Timer1, prescaler set to 1 */
CCP1CON = 0x05; /* capture on every rising edge */
while (!(PIR1bits.CCP1IF)); /* wait for 1st rising edge */
PIR1bits.CCP1IF = 0;
period = CCPR1; /* save the first edge (CCPR1 is accessed as a 16-bit value) */
while (!(PIR1bits.CCP1IF)); /* wait for the 2nd rising edge */
CCP1CON = 0x00; /* disable CCP1 capture */
period = CCPR1 - period;
}

- The clock pperiod of an unknown signal

g could be much longer g than 216 clock cycles.
y
- One will need to keep track of the number of times that the timer overflows.
- Each timer overflow adds 216 clock cycles to the period.
Let
ovcnt = timer overflow count
diff = the difference of two edges
edge1 = the captured time of the first edge
edge2
g = the captured
p time of the second edgeg
Case 1: edge2  edge1

period = ovcnt  216 + diff
Case 2: edge1 > edge2

period = (ovcnt – 1)  216 + diff
- The Timer1 overflow interruptp should be enabled after the first signal
g edge
g is
captured.
- Timer1 interrupt service routine simply increments ovcnt by 1 and returns.

Example 8.6
8 6 Write a program to measure the period of a signal connected to the CCP1
pin assuming that the instruction clock is running at 5 MHz. Make the program more
general so that it can also measure the period of a signal with very low frequency.
Solution:
ov_cnt set 0x00 ; timer overflow count
per_hi
p set 0x01 ; high
g byte
y of edgeg difference
per_lo set 0x02 ; low byte of edge difference
org 0x00
goto start
orgg 0x08
goto hi_pri_ISR ; go to the high-priority service routine
org 0x18
retfie

start clrf ov_cnt,A ; initialize overflow count by 1

bcf INTCON,GIE,A ; disable all interrupts
bsf RCON,IPEN,A ; enable priority interrupt
bcf PIR1,TMR1IF,A ; clear the TMR1IF flag
bsf IPR1,TMR1IP,A ; set Timer1 interrupt to high priority
bsf TRISC,CCP1,A ; configure CCP1 pin for input
movlw 0x81 ; use Timer1 as the time base
movwf T3CON,A ; of CCP1 capture
bcf PIE1,CCP1IE,A ; disable CCP1 capture interrupt
movlw 0x81 ; enable Timer1, prescaler set to 1,
movwf T1CON,A ; 16-bit mode, use instruction cycle clock
movlw 0x05 ; set CCP1 to capture on every rising edge
movwf CCP1CON,A ; "
edge1 btfss PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; wait for the first edge to arrive
goto edge1 ; "
movff CCPR1H,per_hi ; save the high byte of captured edge
movff CCPR1L,per_lo ; save the low byte of captured edge
bcf PIR1,TMR1IF,A
movlw 0xC0
iorwf INTCON,F,A ; enable global interrupts
bsf PIE1,TMR1IE ; enable Timer1 overflow interrupt

edge2 btfss PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; wait for the 2nd edge to arrive

goto
t edge2
d 2
movf per_lo,W,A
subwf CCPR1L,W,A
movwf per_lo,A ; save the low byte of edge difference
movff per_hi,W,A
e hi W A
subwfb CCPR1H,W,A
movwf per_hi,A ; save the high byte of edge difference
btfsc STATUS,C,A
goto forever
decf ov_cnt,A ; 1st edge is larger, so decrement overflow count
negf per_lo,F ; compute its magnitude
comf per_hi,F ; “
movlw 0x00 ; “
addwfc per_hi,F ; “
forever nop
goto forever
hi pri ISR btfss
hi_pri_ISR PIR1 TMR1IF A
PIR1,TMR1IF,A ; high priority interrupt service routine
retfie ; not Timer1 interrupt, so return
incf ov_cnt
bcf PIR1,TMR1IF,A ; clear Timer1 overflow interrupt flag
retfie
end
p
#include <timers.h>
#include <capture.h>
unsigned int ov_cnt, temp;
unsigned
g short long
g pperiod;; /* 24-bit pperiod value */
void low_ISR(void);
#pragma code high_vector = 0x08 // force the following statement to
void high
g _interrupt
p (void)
( ) // start at 0x08
{
_asm
goto high_ISR
_endasm
}
void high_ISR (void)
{
if (PIR1bits.TMR1IF) {
PIRbits.TMR1IF = 0;
ov_cnt ++;
}

void main (void)

( )
{
unsigned int temp1;
ov_cnt = 0;
INTCONbits.GIE = 0;; /* disable gglobal interrupts
p */
RCONbits.IPEN = 1; /* enable priority interrupts */
IPR1bits.TMR1IP = 1; /* promote Timer1 rollover interrupt to high priority */
TRISCbits.TRISC2 = 1;; /* configure
g CCP1 pin
p for input
p */
OpenTimer1 (TIMER_INT_ON & T1_16BIT_RW & T1_PS_1_1 &
T1_OSC1EN_OFF & T1_SYNC_EXT_OFF &
T1_SOURCE_INT);
OpenTimer3
p (TIMER
( _INT_OFF & T3_16BIT_RW & T3_PS_1_1 &
T3_SOURCE_INT & T3_PS_1_1 & T3_SYNC_EXT_ON &
T1_SOURCE_CCP);
/* turn on Timer3 and appropriate parameters */
OpenCapture1
p p (CAPTURE
( _INT_OFF & C1_EVERY_RISE_EDGE); );
PIE1bits.CCP1IE = 0; /* disable CCP1 capture interrupt */
while(!(PIR1bits.CCP1IF));

tempp = ReadCapture1(
p ( ); /* save the first captured
p edge
g */
INTCON |= 0xC0; /* enable global interrupts */
PIE1bits.TMR1IE = 1;; /* enable Timer1 rollover interrupt
p */
while(!(PIR1bits.CCP1IF));
CloseCapture1(); /* disable CCP1 capture */
temp1 = ReadCapture1( );
if ((temp1
p < temp)p)
ov_cnt--;
period = ov_cnt * 65536 + temp1 - temp;
}

CCP in Compare Mode
- The 16-bit CCPRx register is compared against the TMR1 (or TMR3).
- When they match, one of the following actions may occur on the associated CCPx pin:
1. driven high
2. driven low
3. toggle output
4. remains unchanged
How to Use the Compare Mode?
1. Makes a copy of the 16

16-bit
bit timer value (Timer1 or Timer3)
2. Adds to this copy a delay count
3. Stores the sum in the CCPRxH:CCPRxL register pair
Special Event Trigger
- The CCP1 and CCP2 modules can also generate this event to reset TMR1 or TMR3
depending on which timer is the base timer.

special event
trigger
CCPRxH CCPRxL
set flag bit
CCPxIF
Q S Output
Logic comparator
CCPx pin R match
output
enable
CCPxCON<3:0> T3CCP2 0 1
mode select
TMR1L TMR1H TMR3H TMR3L
Figure 8.19 Circuit for CCP in compare mode (redraw with permission of Microchip)
- The CCP compare mode can be used to generate waveforms and create delays.

Example
p 8.7 Use CCP1 to ggenerate a pperiodic waveform with 40% duty y cycle
y and 1
KHz frequency assuming that the instruction cycle clock frequency is 4 MHz.
Solution: The waveform of 1 KHz waveform is shown in Figure 8.20.
400 s
600 s
Figure 8.20 1KHz 40% duty cycle waveform
The algorithm is shown in Figure 8.21.

Start
set CCP1 pin high initially and then

pull low on match
Clear CCP1IF flag
Start a CCP1 compare operation with

a delay of 400 s
no
CCP1IF = 1?
yes
set CCP1 pin low initially and then
pull high on match
Clear CCP1IF flag
Start a CCP1 compare operation with

a delay of 600 s
no
CCP1IF = 1?
yes
set CCP1 pin high initially and then
pull low on match
Clear CCP1IF flag
Figure 8.21b Logic flow for generating a 1-KHz waveform with 40% duty cycle

<p18F8720 inc>
hi_hi equ 0x06 ; number (1600) of clock cycles that signal
hi_lo equ 0x40 ; is high
lo_hi equ 0x09 ; number (2400) of clock cycles that signal
lo lo
lo_lo equ 0x60 ; is low
org 0x00
goto start
…
start bcf TRISC CCP1
TRISC,CCP1 ; configure CCP1 pin for output
movlw 0xC9 ; enable 16-bit Timer3, prescaler 1:1
movwf T3CON ; “
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
movlw 0x09 ; CCP1 pin set high initially and
movwf CCP1CON ; pull low on match
; CCPR1 TMR3 + 1600 ; start a new compare operation
movlw hi_lo ; “
addwf TMR3L W
TMR3L,W ; “
movwf CCPR1L ; “
movlw hi_hi ; “
addwfc TMR3H,W ; “
addwfc TMR3H W
TMR3H,W ; “

bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
,
hi_time btfss PIR1,CCP1IF ; wait until CCPR1 matches TMR3
bra hi_time ; “
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
movlw 0x08 ; CCP1 pin
p set low initiallyy and
movwf CCP1CON ; pull high on match
; CCPR1  CCPR1 + 2400 ; start another compare operation
movlw lo_lo ; “
addwf CCPR1L,F, ; “
movlw lo_hi ; “
addwfc CCPR1H,F ; “
lo_time btfss PIR1,CCP1IF ; wait until CCPR1 matches TMR3
bra lo_time ; “
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
movlw 0x09 ; CCP1 pin set high initially and
movwf CCP1CON ; pull low on match
movlw hi_lo ; start another new compare
p operation
p
addwf CCPR1L,F ; “
movlw hi_hi ; “
bra hi_time
end

void main (void)
{
TRISCbits.TRISC2 = 0; /* configure CCP1 pin for output */
T3CON = 0xC9; /* turn on TMR3 in 16-bit mode, TMR3 & TMR4 as
base timer for all CCP modules */
CCP1CON = 0x09; /* configure CCP1 pin set high initially and pull low
on match */
CCPR1 = TMR3 + 1600; /* start CCP1 compare operation with 1600 cycles
delay */
while (1) {
while (!(PIR1bits.CCP1IF));
CCP1CON = 0x08; /* set CCP1 pin low initially, pull high on match */
CCPR1 += 2400; /* start CCP1 compare with 2400 as delay */
while (!(PIR1bits.CCP1IF));
CCP1CON = 0x09; /* change CCP1 setting */
CCPR1 += 1600;
}
}

Example
p 8.8 Use interrupt-driven
p approach
pp to generate
g the waveform specified
p in
Example 8.7.
Solution: This program uses a flag to select either 1600 (=0) or 2400 (=1) as the delay
count for the compare operation.
hi_hi equ 0x06 ; number (1600) of clock cycles that signal
hi_lo equ 0x40 ; is high
lo_hi equ
q 0x09 ; number (2400)
( ) of clock cycles
y that signal
g
lo_lo equ 0x60 ; is low
flag equ 0x00 ; select 1600 (=0) or 2400 (=1) as delay
org 0x00
ggoto start
org 0x08
goto hi_ISR
org 0x18
retfie
start bcf TRISC,CCP1 ; configure CCP1 pin for output
movlw 0xC9 ; choose TMR3 as the base timer for
movwf T3CON ; CCP1
movlw 0x09 ; configure
g CCP1 pin
p to set high
g initiallyy

movwf CCP1CON ; and pull low on match

; start a compare operation so that CCP1 pin stay high for 400 s
movlw hi_lo
addwf TMR3L,W
movwf CCPR1L
movlw hi_hi
addwfc TMR3H,W
movwf CCPR1H
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
hi_lst btfss PIR1,CPP1IF
bra hi_lst
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
movlw 0x02 ; CCP1 pin toggle on match
movlw CCP1CON ; “
movlw lo_lo ; start next compare operation
addwf CCPR1L,F ; “
movlw lo hi
lo_hi ; “
bsf IPR1,CCPR1IP ; set CCP1 interrupt to high priority
clrf flag ; next delay count set to 1600
movlw 0xC0
C
iorwf INTCON,F ; enable interrupt

bsf PIE1,CCP1IE ; “
forever nop ; wait for interrupt to occur
bra forever
hi_ISR btfss PIR1,CCP1IF ; is the interrupt caused by CCP1?

retfie
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF
btfsc flag,0 ; prepare to add 1600 if flag is 0
goto add_2400
movlw hi_lo ; start a new compare operation
addwf CCPR1L,F ; that will keep CCP1 pin high for 1600
movlw hi_hi ; clock cycles
btg flag,0 ; “
retfie
add_2400 movlw lo_lo ; start a new compare operation that will
addwf CCPR1L,F ; keep CCP1 pin low for 2400 clock cycles
movlw lo_hi ; “
btg flag,0 ; toggle the flag
retfie
end

Example 8.9 Assume that there is a PIC18 demo board (e.g., SSE8720) running with a
16-MHz crystal oscillator. Write a function that uses CCP1 in compare mode to create
a time delay that is equal to 10 ms multiplied by the contents of PRODL.
Solution:
- Set the Timer3 prescaler to 1
- Use 40000 as the delay count of the compare operation
dly_by10ms movlw 0x81 ; enable Timer3 in 16-bit mode, 1:1 prescaler

movwf T3CON,A ; use Timer1 as base times for CCP1
movlw
l 0 81
0x81 ; enable
bl Timer1
Ti 1 in
i 16-bit
16 bi mode
d with
i h 1:1
11
movwf T1CON,A ; prescaler
movlw 0x0A ; configure CCP1 to generate software
movwf CCP1CON,A ; interrupt on compare match
movff TMR1L W A
TMR1L,W,A ; to perform
f a CCP1 compare with
ih
addlw 0x40 ; 40000 cycles of delay
movwf CCPR1L,A ; "
movlw 0x9C ; "
addwfc
dd f TMR1H W A
TMR1H,W,A ; "
movwf CCPR1H,A ; "
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF,A

loop btfss PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; wait until 40000 cycles are over

goto
t l
loop
dcfsnz PRODL,F,A ; is loop count decremented to zero yet?
return 0 ; delay is over, return
movlwl 0 40
0x40 ; start
t t the
th nextt compare operation
ti
addwf CCPR1L,F,A ; with 40000 cycles delay
movlw 0x9C ; "
addwfc CCPR1H,F,A ; "
goto
t l
loop
In C,
void dly_by10ms (unsigned char kk)
CCP1CON = 0x0A; /* configure CCP1 to generate software interrupt */
T3CON = 0x81; 0 81 /* enables
bl Timer3
Ti 3 to
t select
l t Timer1
Ti 1 as base
b timer
ti */
T1CON = 0x81; /* enables Timer1 in 16-bit mode with 1:1 as prescaler */
while (kk) {
while
hil (!PIR1bit
(!PIR1bits.CCP1IF);
CCP1IF)
PIR1bits.CCP1IF;
kk--;
CCPR1 += 40000; }
return;
t
}
Use CCP Compare to Generate Sound
- A speaker is needed to generate the sound.

- The CCP1 compare mode can be used to generate the sound.
5V
10 
8
PIC18F452
74HC04
1K
CCP1 2N2222
Figure 8.22 Circuit connection for siren generation

Example
p 8.10 Use the circuit in Figure
g 8.22 to ggenerate a siren that oscillates between
440 Hz and 880 Hz assuming the PIC18 is running with a 4 MHz crystal oscillator.
Solution: The procedure is as follows:
Step 1. Configure the CCP channel to operate in the compare mode and toggle output on
match.
Step 2. Start a compare operation and enable its interrupt with a delay equals to half of
the period of the sound of the siren.
Step 3. Wait for certain amount of time (say half of a second). During the waiting period,
interrupts will be requested by the CCP compare match many times. The interrupt
service routine simply clears the CCP flag and starts the next compare operation and
then return.
Step 4. At the end of the delay choose different delay time for the compare operation so
the siren sound with different frequency can be generated.
Step 5. Wait for the same amount of time as in Step 3. Again, interrupt caused by CCP
compare match will be requested many times.
Step 6. Go to Step 2.

hi_hi equ 0x02 ; delay count to create 880 Hz sound
hi_lo equ 0x38 ; "
lo_hi equ 0x04 ; delay count to create 440 Hz sound
lo_lo equ 0x70 ; "
org 0x00
goto start
org 0x08
goto hi_ISR
org 0x18
retfie
start bcf TRISC,CCP1,A ; configure CCP1 pin for output
movlw 0x81 ; Enable Timer3 for 16-bit mode, use
movwf T3CON,A ; Timer1 as the base timer of CCP1
movwf T1CON,A ; enables Timer1 for 16-bit, prescaler set to 1:1
movlw 0x02 ; CCP1 pin toggle on match
movwf CCP1CON,A ; "
bsf RCON,IPEN ; enable priority interrupt
bsf IPR1,CCP1IP ; configure CCP1 interrupt to high priority
movlw hi_hi ; load delay count for compare operation

movwf PRODH ; into PRODH:PRODL register pair

movlwl hi l
hi_lo ; “
movwf PRODL ; “
movlw 0xC0
iorwf INTCON,F,A ; set GIE & PIE bits
movff PRODL W A
PRODL,W,A ; start a new compare operation
i withih
addwf TMR1L,W,A ; delay stored in PRODH:PRODL
movwf CCPR1L,A ; "
movf PRODH,W,A ; "
addwfc
dd f TMR1H W A
TMR1H,W,A ; "
movwf CCPR1H,A ; "
bcf PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; clear CCP1IF flag
bsf PIE1,CCP1IE ; enable CCP1 interrupt
f
forever call
ll d l h
delay_hsec ; stay
t forf half
h lf secondd in
i one frequency
f
movlw lo_hi ; switch to different frequency
movwf PRODH,A ; "
movlw lo_lo ; "
movwff PRODL A
PRODL,A ; "
call delay_hsec ; stay for half second in another frequency
movlw hi_hi ; switch to different frequency
movwf PRODH,A ; "
movlwl hi l
hi_lo ; "

movwf PRODL,A ; "

goto forever
hi_ISR bcf PIR1,CCP1IF,A ; clear the CCP1IF flag

movf PRODL,W,A ; start the next compare operation
addwf CCPR1L,F,A ; using the delay stored in PRODH:PRODL
movf PRODH,W,A ; "
addwfc CCPR1H,F,A ; "
retfie
delay_hsec movlw 0x85
movwf TMR0H,A
movlw 0xED
movwf TMR0L,A
,
movlw 0x83 ; enable TMR0, select instruction clock,
movwf T0CON,A ; prescaler set to 16
bcf INTCON,TMR0IF,A
loopw
p btfss INTCON,TMR0IF,A
, ,
goto loopw ; wait for a half second
return
end

Example 8.11 For the circuit in Figure 8.22,

8 22 write a program to generate a simple song
assuming that fOSC = 4MHz.
Solution:
- The example song to be played is a German folk song. Two tables are used by the
program:
1. Table of numbers to be added to CCPR1 register to generate the waveform with the
desired frequency.
2. Table of numbers that select the duration of each note.
#define base 3125 /* counter count to create 0.1 s delay */
#define NOTES 38 /* total notes in the song to be played */
#define C4 0x777
#define F4 0x598
#define G4 0x4FC
#define A4 0x470
#define B4 0x3F4
#define C5 0x3BC
#define D5 0x353
#define F5 0x2CC

unsigned rom int per_arr[38]

per arr[38] = { C4,A4,G4,A4,F4,C4,C4,C5,
B4,C5,A4,A4,F4,D5,D5,D5,
C5,A4,C5,C5,B4,A4,B4,C5,
A4,F4,D5,F5,D5,C5,A4,C5,
C5, , , ,C5, };
C5,B4,A4,B4,C5,A4};
unsigned rom char wait[38] = ( 3,5,3,3,5,3,3,5,
3,3,5,3,3,5,3,3,
5,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,
6,3,5,3,3,5,3,3,
, , , , , , , ,
3,2,2,3,3,6}
void delay (unsigned char xc);
void low_ISR(void);
( );
#pragma code high_vector = 0x08;
void high_interrupt(void)
{
_asm
goto high_ISR
_endasm
}

#pragma code low_vector = 0x18

void low_interrupt (void)
{
_asm
goto low_ISR
_endasm
}
void high_ISR(void)
{
if (PIR1bits.CCP1IF) {
CCPR1 += half_cycle;
}
}
# pragma interrupt low_ISR
void low_ISR (void)
{
_asm
retfie 0
_endasm
}

void main (void)

( )
{
int i, j;
TRISCbits.TRISC2 = 0;; /* configure g CCP1 pin

p for output
p */
T3CON = 0x81; /* enables Timer3 in 16-bit mode, Timer1
for CCP1 time base */
T1CON = 0x81; /* enable Timer1 in 16-bit mode */
CCP1CON = 0x02;; /* CCP1 compare p mode,, pinp toggle
gg on match */
IPR1bits.CCP1IP = 1; /* set CCP1 interrupt to high priority */
PIR1bits.CCP1IF = 0; /* clear CCP1IF flag */
PIE1bits.CCP1IE = 1; /* enable CCP1 interrupt */
INTCON ||= 0xC0;; /* enable high
g priority
p y interrupt
p */
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
i = 0;
half_cyc = per_arr[0];
CCPR1 = TMR1 + half_cyc; y ;
while (i < NOTES) {
half_cyc = per_arr[i]; /* get the cycle count for half period of the note */
delay (wait[i]); /* stay for the duration of the note */
i++;;
}

INTCON &= 0x3F; /* disable interrupt */

delay (5);
delay (6);
INTCON |= 0xC0; /* re-enable interrupt */
}
}
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* The following function runs on a PIC18 demo board running with a 4 MHz crystal */
/* oscillator. The parameter xc specifies the amount of delay to be created */
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void delay (unsigned char xc)
{
switch (xc){
case 1: /* create 0.1 second delay (sixteenth note) */
T0CON = 0x84; /* enable TMR0 with prescaler set to 32 */
TMR0 = 0xFFFF - base; /* set TMR0 to this value so it overflows in
0.1 second */
while (!INTCONbits.TMR0IF);
break;

case 2: /* create 0.2 second delay (eighth note) */

T0CON = 0x84; /* set prescaler to Timer0 to 32 */
TMR0 = 0xFFFF - 2*base; /* set TMR0 to this value so it overflows in
0.2 second */
break;
case 3: /* create 0.4 seconds delay (quarter note) */
0.4 second */
break;
case 4: /* create 0.6 s delay (3 eighths note) */
0.6 second */
break;

while
hil (!INTCONbi
(!INTCONbits.TMR0IF);
TMR0IF)
break;
case 6: /* create 1.2 second delay (3 quarter note) */
TMR0 = 00xFFFF
FFFF - 12*base;
12*b /* set TMR0 to this
hi value
l so it
i overflows
fl
in 1.2 second */
b k
break;
case 7: /* create 1.6 second delay (full note) */
TMR0 = 0xFFFF - 16*base; /* set TMR0 to this value so it overflows
i 1.6
in 1 6 secondd */
break;
default:
break;
}
}

CCP in PWM Mode

CCPxCON<5:4>
Duty cycle registers (x = 1, .., 5)
CCPRxL
CCPRxH (slave)
Comparator R Q
CCPx
TRISz<k>
TMRy (y
( = 2 or 4)) z = C or B or G
S
Comparator
Clear timer,
CCPx pin and
latch D.C
PRy (y=2 or 4)
Figure 8.24 Simplified PWM block diagram (redraw with permission of Microchip)

PWM period [(PR ) + 1]  4  TOSC  (TMRy

i d = [(PRy) (TMR prescale
l ffactor)
t )
PWM duty cycle = (CCPRxL:CCPxCON<5:4>)  TOSC  (TMRy prescale factor)
Proced re for using

Procedure sing the PWM module:
mod le:
Step 1
Set the PWM period by writing to the PRy (y = 2 or 4) register.
Step 2
Set the PWM duty cycle by writing to the CCPRxL register and CCPxCON<5:4> bits.
Step 3
Configure the CCPx pin for output
Step 4
Set the TMRy prescale value and enable Timery by writing to TyCON register
Step 5
Configure CCPx module for PWM operation

Example 8.12 Configure CCP1 in PWM mode to generate a digital waveform with
40% duty cycle and 10 KHz frequency assuming that the PIC18 MCU is running with
a 32 MHz crystal oscillator.
Solution:
Timer setting
1. Use Timer2 as the base timer of CCP1 through CCP5 for PWM mode
2. Enable Timer3 in 1616-bit
bit mode with 1:1 prescaler
3. Set Prescaler to Timer2 to 1:4
Period register value is
PR2 = 32  106  4  4  104 – 1 = 199
Duty Cycle value
CCPR1L = 200  40% = 80

I t ti sequence to
Instruction t achieve
hi the
th previous
i setting:
tti
movlw 0xC7 ; set period value to 199

movwf PR2,A ; “
movlwl 0 50
0x50 ; sett duty
d t cycle
l value
l to
t 80
movwf CCPR1L,A ; “
movwf CCPR1H,A ; “
bcf TRISC,CCP1,A ; configure CCP1 pin for output
movlwl 0 81
0x81 ; enable
bl Timer3
Ti 3 in
i 16-bit
16 bit mode
d andd use
movwf T3CON,A ; Timer2 as time base for PWM1 thru PWM5
clrf TMR2,A ; force TMR2 to count from 0
movlw 0x05 ; enable Timer2 and set its prescaler to 4
movwff T2CON A
T2CON,A ; “
movlw 0x0C ; enable CCP1 PWM mode
movwf CCP1CON,A ; “

PIC18 Pulse Width Modulation C Libraryy Functions
void ClosePWM1 (void);

void OpenPWM1 (char period);
void SetDCPWM1 (unsigned int dutycycle);


Example 8.13 Write a set of C statements to configure CCP4 to generate a digital

waveform with 5 KHz frequency and 70% duty cycle assuming that the PIC18F8720
is running with a 16 MHz crystal oscillator. Use Timer4 as the base timer.
Solution:
- SeSet timer
e prescaler
p esc e too 4 andd set
se thee period
pe od value
v ue too be 200
00
- Duty cycle value to be written is 200  70%  4 = 560
- The following C statements will configure CCP1 to generate 5 KHz, 70% duty
cycle waveform:
TRISGbits.TRISG3 = 0; /* configure CCP4 pin for output */

OpenTimer3(TIMER_INT_OFF & T3_16BIT_RW & T3_SOURCE_INT &
T3_PS_1_1 & T3_SOURCE_CCP & T3_OSC1EN_OFF);
OpenTimer4(TIMER
p ( _INT_OFF & T4_PS_1_1 & T4_POST_1_1); );
SetDCPWM4 (560);
OpenPWM4(199);

PWM Application 1 – Light Dimming
5V, 0.5A lamp 5V, 0.5A lamp
PWM 1K PWM 1K

PNP NPN
Figure 8.25 Using PWM to control the brightness of a light bulb

Example 8.14 Write a program to dim the lamp in Figure 8.25 to 10% of its brightness
in 5 seconds assuming that the PIC18 is running with a 32 MHz crystal oscillator.
Solution:
- Set duty cycle to 100% initially. Load 99 and 400 as the initial period and duty
cycle register values.
- Dim the lamp by 10% in the first second by reducing the brightness in 10 steps.
- Dim the lamp down to 10% brightness in the next 4 seconds in 40 steps.
org 0x00
goto start
org 0x08
retfie
org 0x18
retfie
start bcf TRISC,CCP1,A ; configure CCP1 pin for output
movlw 0x81 ; Use Timer2 as the base timer for PWM1
movwf T3CON ; and enable Timer3 in 16-bit
16 bit mode
movlw 0x63 ; set 100 as the period of the digital
movwf PR2,A ; waveform

movlw 0x64 ; set 100 as the duty cycle

movwf CCPR1L,A ; "
movwf CCPR1H,A ; "
movlw 0x05 ; enable Timer2 and set its prescaler to 4
movwf T2CON,A ; "
movlw 0x0C ; enable PWM1 operation and set the lowest
movwf CCP1CON,A ; two bits of duty cycle to 0
movlw 0x0A ; use PRODL as the loop count
movwf PRODL,A ; "
loop_1s call delay ; call "delay" to delay for 100 ms
decf CCPR1L,F,A ; decrement the duty cycle value by 1
decfsz PRODL,F,A ; check to see if loop index expired
goto loop_1s
movlw 0x28 ; repeat the next loop 40 times
movwf PRODL,A ; "
loop_4s call delay ; call "delay" to delay for 100 ms
decf CCPR1L,F,A ; decrement duty cycle value by 2
decf CCPR1L,F,A ; "
decfsz PRODL,F,A ; is loop index expired?
goto loop_4s
forever nop
b
bra f
forever

Lamp Dimming C Program
#include <pwm.h>
#include <timers.h>
void delayy (void);
( );
void main (void)
{
int i;
TRISCbits.TRISC2 = 0;; /* configure
g CCP1 pinp for output
p */
T3CON = 0x81; /* use Timer2 as base timer for CCP1 */
OpenTimer2 (TIMER_INT_OFF & T2_PS_1_4 & T2_POST_1_1);
SetDCPWM1 (400); /* set duty cycle to 100% */
OpenPWM1
p ((99);
); /* enable PWM1 with pperiod equals
q 100 */
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
delay();
CCPR1L --; /* decrement duty cycle value by 1 */
}
for(i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
delay();
CCPR1L -= 2; /* decrement duty cycle value by 2 */
}
}

DC Motor Control
- DC motor speed is regulated by controlling its average driving voltage. The higher
the voltage, the faster the motor rotates.
- Changing motor direction can be achieved by reversing the driving voltage.
- Motor braking can be performed by reversing the driving voltage for certain length
of time.
- Most PIC18 devices have PWM functions that can be used to drive DC motors.
- Many DC motors operate with 5 V supply.
- DC motors require large amount of current to operate. Special driver circuits are
needed for this purpose.
- A simplified DC motor control circuit is shown in Figure 8.26.
PIC18 MCU
direction
RB4
speed
CCP1 on/off Driver DC motor
feedback
CCP2
Figure 8.26A simplified circuit for DC motor control

DC Motor Driver L293
VSS
1 1 L293
0 16
CE1 1 L293 16 VSS 2 1
1 15
0 0 M
IN1 2 15 IN4
3 1 3
OUT1 3 14 OUT4 14
13
GND 4 13 GND 4
M 12
5
GND 5 12 GND
11
OUT2 6 11 OUT3
6 4
IN2 7 10 IN3 1 2 10 1
7 0 M
VS 8 9 CE2 0 9
8 1
0
(a) Pin Assignment VS (b) Motor connection
Figure 8.27 Motor driver L293 pin assignment and motor connection

L293 Motor Driver

- The L293 has four channels and can deliver up to 1 A of current per channel.
- The L293 has separate logic supply and takes a logic input to enable or disable each
channel.
- Clamping diodes are provided to drain the kickback current generated from the
inductive load during the motor reversal.
FeedBack
- DC motor needs the speed information to adjust the voltage output to the motor
driver circuit.
- A sensing device such as Hall-effect transistor can be used to measure the motor
speed.
- The Hall
Hall-effect
effect transistor can be mounted on the shaft (rotor) of a DC motor and
magnets are mounted on the armature (stator).
- The attachment of the Hall-effect transistors is shown in Figure 8.28.
- Each time the magnet passes by the Hall-effect transistor, a pulse is generated.
- CCP capture mode can be used to measure the motor speed.
- The schematic of a motor-control system is illustrated in Figure 8.29.

Magnets
Hall-effect
transistor
T/2
T is the time for one revolution
Figure 8.28 The output waveform of the Hall-effect transistor

VCC VCC
PIC18F452
1 16
8 3
15
CCP1 2 6.8F
13
RB4 7
12
0.33 F
4 L293
5
9 M
10 6
NC
11 14 VCC
VCC 6.8F
CCP2 1
30137
10K 3 2
All diodes are the same and could be any one of the 1N4000 series Hall-effect
switch
Figure 8.29 Schematic of a PIC18-based motor-control system

- Pin 2 and pin 7 drives the two terminals of the DC motor.

motor
- Depending on the voltages applied to pin 2 and pin 7, the motor can be rotating in
clockwise or counterclockwise direction as shown in Figure 8.30.
L293
PWM (CCP1)
A When A = B, torque
applied to motor = 0
A
Motor When A B, motor runs

B
off off
Port Pin (RB4) B
clockwise counterclockwise
Figure 8.30 The L293 motor driver

Electrical Braking
- Once a DC motor is running, it picks up speed.
- Turning off the voltage to the motor does not stop the motor immediately.
- The momentum of the DC motor will keep the motor running after the voltage it
turned
u ed off.
o .
- An abrupt stop may be achieved by reversing the voltage applied to the motor .
- The duration of braking needs to be precisely measured.

Example 8.15
8 15 For the circuit shown in Figure 8.29,
8 29 write a function in C language to
measure the motor speed (in RPM) assuming that the PIC18 MCU is running with a 20
MHz crystal oscillator.
Solution:
- Motor speed can be measured by capturing two consecutive rising or falling edges.
edges
- Let diff and f are the difference of two captured edges and the Timer1 frequency.
Speed = 60  f  ( 2  diff)

unsigned int motor_speed(void)

motor speed(void)
{
unsigned int edge1, diff, rpm;
long unsigned temp;
T3CON = 0x81; /* enables Timer3 in 16-bit mode and use Timer1 and Timer2 for
CCP1 thru CCP2 operations */
OpenTimer1(TIMER_INT_OFF & T1_16BIT_RW & T1_SOURCE_INT &
T1_PS_1_4);); /* set Timer1 prescaler
p to 1:4 */
OpenCapture2(CAPTURE_INT_OFF & C2_EVERY_RISE_EDGE);
while (!PIR2bits.CCP2IF);
edge1
g = CCPR2;; /* save the first risingg edge
g */
while (!PIR2bits.CCP2IF);
CloseCapture2();
diff = CCPR2 - edge1;
g ; /* compute
p the difference of two risingg consecutive edges
g */
temp = 1250000ul/(2 * diff);
rpm = temp * 60;
return rpm;
}

Examplep 8.16 Write a subroutine to pperform the electrical braking.

g
Solution: Electrical braking is implemented by setting the duty cycle to 0% and
setting the voltage on the RB4 pin to high for certain amount of time. The braking
program is as follows:
brake bsf PORTB,RB4,A ; reverse the applied voltage to motor

movlw 0x00 ; “
movwf CCPR1L,A ; set PWM1 duty cycle to 0
call brake time
brake_time ; wait for certain amount of time
bcf PORTB,RB4,A ; stop braking
return

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What are the main components of a PIC18 timer system?

What are the main components of a PIC18 timer system?

How can a timer be used to measure pulse width and period?

How can a timer be used to measure pulse width and period?

The PIC18 Microcontroller

Chapter 8: Timers and CCP Modules

The PIC18 Microcontroller

Minnesota State University

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-1

- Time is represented by the count in a timer.

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-2

The PIC18 Timer System

- A PIC18 microcontroller may have up to 5 timers: Timer0…Timer 4.

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-3

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-4

Figure 8.2 T0CON register (reprint with permission of Microchip)

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-5

- Timer0 can operate

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-6

delayy movlw 0x83 ; enable TMR0,, select internal clock,,

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-7

void delay (char cx)

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-8

- Is a 16-bit timer/counter depending upon the clock source.

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-9

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-10

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-11

Example 8.38 3 Use Timer0 as a timer to create a one-second

Timer1 should be configured as follows:

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-12

- Timer1 may overflow many times in one second.

The setting of Timer1 interrupt is as follows:

- Enable priority interrupt

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-13

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-14

movlw 0x01 ; set TMR1 interrupt p to high

The C language version of the program is in the following slides.

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-15

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-16

void delay (char cx); /* prototype declaration */

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-17

TMR2 sets flag bit

Figure 8.5 Timer2 block diagram (redraw with permission of Microchip)

- TMR2 is counting up and comparing with PR2 in every clock cycle.

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-18

Figure 8.6. T2CON control register (redraw with permission of Microchip)

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-19

movlw D’249’ ; load 249 into PR2 so that TMR2 counts up

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-20

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-21

Data bus <7:0>

TMR3H CCP special trigger

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-22

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-23

TMR4 sets flag bit

Figure 8.9 Timer4 block diagram (redraw with permission of Microchip)

Copyright @ 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning H. Huang Transparency No.8-24

C Libraryy Functions for Timers