Lecture Guide 2 Steady State One Dimensional Conduction Heat Transfer
Lecture Guide 2 Steady State One Dimensional Conduction Heat Transfer
Lecture Guide 2 Steady State One Dimensional Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction – the only heat transfer mode in opaque solid media. When a temperature gradient
exists in such body, heat will be transferred from the higher to lower temperature region.
Thermal conductivity (also known as the thermal conductance), k, is a measure of the rate at
which a substance transfers thermal energy through a unit thickness
• Units of thermal conductivity; Btu/hr-ft2-°F or W/ m2-°C
Fourier’s Law
The rate of which heat is transferred by conduction, qk, is proportional to the temperature
gradient, dT/dx, times the area, A, through which heat is transferred:
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑘 ∝ 𝐴( )
𝑑𝑥
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high-
temperature region to the low-temperature region. The heat-transfer rate per unit area is
proportional to the normal temperature gradient.
Conduction Heat Transfer on Plane Wall
Figure 1.1 below illustrates the temperature-wall thickness diagram (tenmperatur profile) of heat
transfer
𝑑𝑇 𝑘 𝑘
𝑞𝑘 = −𝑘𝐴 ( ) = − 𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
𝐴 𝐴
𝑞𝑘 = ( 𝑇 − 𝑇2 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
)
𝐿 1 𝑅𝑡
𝑘
Where, k = thermal conductivity of the wall material, W/m-oC, Btu/hr-ft-oF
L = wall thickness, m, ft
Rt = thermal resistance of the wall material, m2-oC/W, Hr-ft2-oF/Btu
A = wall surface area, m2, ft2
T1 = temperature of the hotter surface, K, oR
T2 = temperature of the colder surface, K, oR
qk = conduction heat transfer, W, Btu/hr
Varying Conductivity
For many materials the thermal conductivity is not uniform but varies with temperature:
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)
Where, ko = value of conductivity at reference temperature
β = empirically determined constant
Heat transfer with varying conductivity:
𝑘0 𝐴 𝛽 2 2 𝑘𝑚 𝐴
𝑞𝑘 = [(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) + (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )] = [(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )]
𝐿 2 𝐿
Where, km = value of conductivity at the average temperature, (T 1 + T2)/2.
Exercise 1.1
A glass window in a storefront has an area of 12 m2 and a thickness of 1 cm. The thermal
conductivity of the glass is 0.8 W/m2-°C. On a cold day, outside surface temperature of the
glass is -1 °C and the inside temperature is 3 °C. Determine a) the heat transfer rate through
the glass, and b) the temperature at a plane midway between the inside and outside glass
surfaces.
Exercise 1.2
A building wall has a surface area of 500 m2 and a thermal conductance of 0.7 W/m-K the wall
thickness is 20 cm. The outside wall temperature is 0 °C and the inside wall temperature is 20
°C. Determine a) the capacity of the heating plant in W necessary to make up for heat loss
through the wall b) the heatflux through the wall.
For steady state, the rate of heat flow through all the section must be the same.
Heat transfer flow rate for multiplayer slab of N layers in perfect thermal
Contact
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖+1 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑁+1
𝑞𝑘 = 𝐿
= 𝐿
(𝑘𝐴) ∑𝑖=𝑁
𝑖=1 ( )
𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝑖
Where, T1 = surface temperature of layer 1
TN ≠ 1 = surface temperature of layer N
Exercise 1.3
A furnace wall consists of a 1.2 cm thick stainless steel inner layer covered by a 5cm-thick outer
layer of asbestos board insulation. The temperature of the inside surface of the stainless steel is
800 K and the outside surface of asbestos is 350K. Determine a) the heat transfer rate through
the furnace wall per unit area and b) the temperature of the interface between the stainless steel
and asbestos. Conductance values : stainless steel, kA = 19 W/m-K; Asbestos, kb = 0.7 W/m-K
• Thermal Resistance
𝐿
𝑅𝑘 =
𝑘𝐴
• R-value, the thermal resistance on a unit area basis:
𝐿
𝑅=
𝑘
where, R = R-value, °F-Hr/Btu, K-m2/W
AA
AB
kB
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐿𝐴
𝑅𝑎 = ( )
𝑘𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐵 = ( )
𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶
𝐿𝑐
𝑅𝑐 = ( )
𝑘𝑐 𝐴𝑐
For the rate of heat transfer:
∆𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑘 = +
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 + 𝑅𝐷 𝐿𝐴 𝑅 𝑅 𝐿
+ 𝐵 𝐶 + 𝐷
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑘𝐷 𝐴𝐷
(∆𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑘 =
∑𝑛=𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑅𝑛