G W (1  W) (q u ) undisturbed 2 1    2 Boring and its methods

K  C.D10 H0     
Soil Deposited by   (1  e)
St 
(q u ) Remoulded
  C C  log    S = k.q. A It is the making & advancing of bore holes is called
Alluvial Soil River  Coefficient of Consolidation 1  e0    E
 Relative Density/Density In-  Bearing Capacity for Strip footing boring
Marine Soil Sea water G  e Equation: K  C v .M v . w   m v .H 0 ., Various methods of boring -
1
Lacustrine Still water  sat   1  e  . w e max  e qult = CN c  Df N q  bN  (a) Auger boring - It is use in partially saturated
Soil like as lakes
  dex: I D  e  e  100 V C C  0.009(w L  10) 2
max min sands, silts and medium to stiff clays. But it gives
Vs = ,  Triaxial Test:  Bearing Capacity of Shallow Circular Foot-
Aeolian Soil Wind G w  Activity of Clay: A C = n highly disturbed sample. It is suitable for small depth
ing
Glacial Soil Ice  d  2    q =1.3CN + D N +0.3 bN of exploration (hand operated auger upto 6m depth)
1 e Plasticity Index R = 3000d K , Sy + SR = n  tan 45º 2ctan45º  ult C f q
Note: Loess is an aeolian soil. % by weight fine than 2    2  Bearing Capacity of Shallow Square Footing like as highway & borrow pit etc.
Soil  G  1 Permeability of Stratified  Vane Shear test: qult =1.3 CNC + DfNq+0.4bN (b) Wash boring - It gives disturbed sample. It is not
    1  e   w D60 Soils use in hard soils, rock and soil containing boulder.
  Cu = D , (Cu > 4 Gravel, Cu > 6 Sand) Note: Load carrying capacity in order - Strip <
10  Horizontal Flow: T Circular < Square Footing (c) Percussion boring - In it, heavy drilling bit is
3 Phase 2 Phase S
 [when both top & bottom dropped and raised. It can be used only in boulder &
(Partially Saturated)
 d   D30 2 K H  K 2 H 2  .....  h d
d 2    end shear the soil]
1 w CC = , 1  CC  3 KH  1 1 Classification of lateral earth pressure gravel strata.
D10  D60  2 6
Wa 0 Fully Saturated Dry Soil H1  H 2  ..... Active earth pressure Earth pressure at rest Passive earth pressure (d) Rotary boring - It gives least disturbed samples.
Va Air Method for Determination of for well Graded soil  Pore Pressure Parameter (wall moves away from (wall does not (wall moves towards the
Vv  Vertical Flow: (Given by Skempton): U= backfill) moves at all) backfill) Soil samples

e
Vw = Vv Water V =V

lin
Water Ww v a Air Wa = 0 water content

e
U-

li n
Vw Ww
 Disturbed sample are those in which natural soil

A-
Movement tendency

V W IP CH B[3+ A(1–3)] H
Movement tendency
of soil
of soil

 Oven drying Method: H  H 2  ..... H structure gets modified or destroyed during the
Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws Plasticity Index
Cl MH U-line IP= (0.9 (WL-8)) Kv  1  U Shear stress on
soil block
Passive Shear stress on
CL-ML H1 H 2 B= (For saturated soil, sampling operation.
 .....  H / K
earth soil block
W2  W1 CL Ml
OH A-line IP= (0.73 (WL-20))

H On the verge
of failure Active earth Earth pressure pressure
On the verge

 Water Content: W  100 7  Pa < P0

pressure at rest of failure

W3  W1 4 ML Ol K1 K 2
Pa= active earth pressure
P0= earth pressure of rest  Undisturbed samples are those in which original
Movement Away from Soil Movement Towards the soil
Pp > P0
ML OL
B = 1, for dry soil, B = 0)
WW
8 10 20 35 50
Liquid limit soil structure is preserved as well as mineral
W  100  Pycnometer Method: Note: KH> KV always.  Stability of slope:
Hydrometer correction:  Plate Load test: (IS 1888–1982) properties have not undergone any change. These
WS  Boussinesq’s Equations: tan 
 (W  W)  G 1  CT = CM – Cd  Ct F ,   z cos  sin  samples are use in size distribution, Atterberg’s
VV W  2 1   1 100 Quick sand condition: In case of 5/ 2 tan  Girder limits, coefficient of permeability, consolidation
 Void Ratio: e  V  (W3  W4 )  G   upward seepage flow, if the
  Stability Number = S N = parameters, shear strength parameters. 2
S   S  B B  0.3 
 f p

upward seepage force becomes 3q  1  Cm c Hydraulic jack


S  B B  0.3  For sandy soil D3  D1
f

VV Z     P
 100%
P f

Determination of Unit z 2   r 2   Inside Clearance: Ci = D

 Porosity: n   100 equal to the buoyant weight of
1     H. Fc .H (Max. value = Pipe arrangement S B
 (For clay, q = q ) 1
f f uf up
V Weight: soil, the effective stress in soil Dial gauge S B
  z   0.261) Plate
p
D2  D4
P

 Degree of Saturation: 1. Core Cutter method becomes zero.  100

 Seepage Calculation: BP  Out Side Clearance: C0 = D
VW  Field method suitable for, Critical hydraulic gradient: 5 × BP
4
S  100 NF  Active Earth Pressure For Note: C0 > Ci always.
Vv fine grained and clayey i cr = q  k.H Cohesive: It is used to calculate
soil.  sub G  1 Nd D 2 2  D12
Va   (G  1)(1  n) Pa = K a z  2C k a (a) Ultimate bearing capacity  Area ratio: Ar =  100
,  Westergaard’s Solution: D12
 Air Content: a c  V  1  S  Not suitable for stoney, w 1 + e (b) Allowable bearing capacity
v Z =0 when Pa = 2C K a (c) Safe settlement of foundation  Recovery Ratio: Lr =
gravelly soil and dry soil. i cr
V 2. Water displacement method FOS = i 2C Significant only for cohesionless soil
% Air Voids   a , 1q 1 q ZC=  K , H c  2Zc Recovery length of the Sample.
V  Suitable for ohesive soils
e z    kw. 
Darcy’s Law: q  kiA  z2  2 3/2  a
Standard Penetration Test: Penetration length of the Sample
  n ac only r  Earth Pressure at Rest:
  
 Bulk Unit Weight: 3. Sand replacement method Measrement of   z   h 
W WS  WW   K0 , Bore holes
 Field method & used for Permeability: v 1  
  e1  e 2
V Va  VW  VS gravelly, sandy and dry soil Cc  , Coefficient of earth pressure Df  350 
 Constant Head Permeameter log 2  log  A
Over burden Correction: N1 = N 0bs   
   70 
4. Water ballon method at rest. D 150mm 150mm
WS q qL 150mm 300mm Reading 1
 Dry Unit Weight: d   Volume of the pit is V 1  sin    150mm Taken Dilatancy Correction:N2 =15  (N1  15)
Test: K   st
e (1.5-2)B 1readily B
V measured by covering the iA Aht av  Ka =  tan 2  45º   150mm 2
, 300mm

 Saturated Unit Weight:  Falling Head Permeameter  M v   V 1  sin   2 st

1readily C
pit with plastic sheet and  1 S.SOROUT, 9255624029
Wsat then filling it with water. e a = Classification of Piles based on various factors -
sat  2.3aL  h1  MV    v Kp FOLLOWING BOOKS
 Wt. of water thus (a) Function/Action - Fender, sheet, batter, tension
V Test: K  At log10  h  1  e0   1  e0 Types of footings
(uplift), load bearing etc.
AVAILABLE BY

CIVIL Ki GOLI
 Specific Gravity: calculated is equal to  2
 Terzaghi Equation for one- di- (b) Installation method - Driven, jack, screw & PUBLICATION:
volume of soil excavated. Strip Isolated/spread Raft/mat Combined Pile foundation
WS   Confined Flow Pumping Test: mension consolidation: footing footing foundation footing
Bored ( cast in-situ) piles.
G  S  Plasticity Index [I P ]: 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI
VS . W  W  r2  du  2u (c) Material - Steel, timber, concrete & composite 2. CIVIL BOOSTER
I P  WL  WP  C v. 2 L

 Appearent or Mass Specific   B

L
B
piles. 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
2.3q r t Z
Gravity: W  WN K log10  1   Net Safe Bearing Capacity: (d) Displace-ment of soil - Displacement and non- 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
IC  L , 2D h 2  h1 C v .t qns = displacement piles. 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI
W  IP  Time Factor: Tv 
Gm    Unconfined Flow Pumping (e) Mode of load transfer - End bearing, friction
V W  W H2 Net ultimate bearing capacity
WN  WP 2.3q R  2 Factor of safety.
and combined piles. CIVIL ENGINEERING
W IL  ( IC + IL = 1 ) Test: K  (H 2  h 2 ) log10 r Tv = (u) , u  60%  Ultimate bearing Capacity of pile Load taken ROCKET CHART
IP 4 q q  Df
 WS  qns = nu  u by base + load by skin friction.
1 w  Flow Index:  Kozeny-Carman Equation: Tv =1.781 – 0.933 log (100 – u); FOR QUICK REVISION
F F Qu = Qpu + Qf ,
u > 60%  Safe Bearing Capacity: CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s
e n W1  W2 Qu= qpu× Ab + FSAS.
 n or e  If  1  e3  Degree Of Consolidation: q  Df
content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, GET
1 e 1 n N  IP K . .  Engineering News Formula: Ultimate load on
log10  2  , I t  I K 0 .S2  1  e u1  u z  e qsaf = u  Df THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart.
Vz  ,  F pile Zero Error book with BEST Content
 Se  WG  N1  f
 Elastic Settlement:
 Allen Hazen’s Equation: u1 H 1  eo WH C = 2.5 cm for drop hammer
 S e n s i t i v i t y : Q =
 Calculation of Settlement: allowable

6(S  C) C = 0.25 cm for single acting steam hammer