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    Integrating Factors

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    Bruno Teixeira
    This document discusses using integrating factors to solve first-order differential equations that are not exact. It provides two special cases for finding the integrating factor μ: (1) if μ is a function of only x, and (2) if μ is a function of only y. An example solves the equation y dx + (2xy - e^-2y) dy = 0 by finding an integrating factor of μ(y) = e^2y/y to make the equation exact.

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    Integrating Factors

    Uploaded by

    Bruno Teixeira
    44 views2 pages
    This document discusses using integrating factors to solve first-order differential equations that are not exact. It provides two special cases for finding the integrating factor μ: (1) if μ is a function of only x, and (2) if μ is a function of only y. An example solves the equation y dx + (2xy - e^-2y) dy = 0 by finding an integrating factor of μ(y) = e^2y/y to make the equation exact.

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    Original Title

    Lecture 13

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    This document discusses using integrating factors to solve first-order differential equations that are not exact. It provides two special cases for finding the integrating factor μ: (1) if μ is a function of only x, and (2) if μ is a function of only y. An example solves the equation y dx + (2xy - e^-2y) dy = 0 by finding an integrating factor of μ(y) = e^2y/y to make the equation exact.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views2 pages

    Integrating Factors

    Uploaded by

    Bruno Teixeira
    This document discusses using integrating factors to solve first-order differential equations that are not exact. It provides two special cases for finding the integrating factor μ: (1) if μ is a function of only x, and (2) if μ is a function of only y. An example solves the equation y dx + (2xy - e^-2y) dy = 0 by finding an integrating factor of μ(y) = e^2y/y to make the equation exact.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Jim Lambers

    MAT 285
    Spring Semester 2012-13
    Lecture 13 Notes

    These notes correspond to Section 2.6 in the text.

    Integrating Factors
    If a first-order equation of the form
    M dx + N dy = 0
    is not exact, then it can often be made exact by scaling the equation by a function µ(x, y), known
    as an integrating factor. We have previously used this approach for linear equations that are not
    separable. Now, we generalize this technique to nonlinear equations.
    We need to find µ so that the scaled equation

    µM dx + µN dy = 0

    is exact. This requires that (µM )y = (µN )x , or, by the Product Rule,

    µMy + µy M = µNx + µx N,

    or, upon rearranging,


    µ(My − Nx ) = µx N − µy M.
    In general, this equation is difficult to solve for µ. However, we can solve it in two special cases.
    First, suppose that we require that µ is a function of only x, so that µy = 0. Then, µ satisfies the
    equation
    My − Nx
    µ0 (x) = µ(x),
    N
    where (My − Nx )/N must be a function of only x. It follows that
    R
    g(x) dx My (x, y) − Nx (x, y)
    µ(x) = e , g(x) = ,
    N (x, y)

    where g(x), in its simplest form, does not depend on y.


    Similarly, suppose that µ must be a function of only y, so that µx = 0. Then, µ satisfies the
    equation
    Nx − My
    µ0 (y) = µ(y),
    M
    where (Nx − My )/M must be a function of only y. It follows that
    R
    h(y) dy Nx (x, y) − My (x, y)
    µ(y) = e , h(y) = ,
    M (x, y)

    where h(y), in its simplest form, does not depend on y.


    Example We will solve the equation

    y dx + (2xy − e−2y ) dy = 0.

    1
    In this case, M (x, y) = y and N (x, y) = 2xy − e−2y . Because

    My = 1, Nx = 2y,

    the equation is not exact. To find an integrating factor, we examine


    My − N x 1 − 2y Nx − My 2y − 1
    = , = .
    N 2xy − e−2y M y
    Because the second function depends only on y, we can use the integrating factor
    Z 
    2y − 1
    µ(y) = exp dy
    y
    Z 
    1
    = exp 2 − dy
    y
    = e2y−ln y
    −1
    = e2y eln y
    e2y
    = .
    y
    Now, the scaled equation

    e2y e2y
    y dx + (2xy − e−2y ) dy = 0
    y y
    should be exact. First, we simplify the equation to obtain

    e2y dx + (2xe2y − 1/y) dy = 0.

    In this modified equation, M (x, y) = e2y and N (x, y) = 2xe2y − 1/y. From

    My = 2e2y , Nx = 2e2y ,

    we confirm that it is indeed exact.


    To solve the equation, we first compute
    Z Z
    M1 (x, y) = M (x, y) dx = e2y dx = xe2y .

    Note that we do not add a constant of integration. Then, we compute


    ∂ 1 1
    N (x, y) − M1 (x, y) = 2xe2y − − 2xexy = − .
    ∂y y y
    Note that this function does not depend on x.
    The solution y therefore satisfies the equation
    Z   Z
    ∂ 1
    M1 (x, y) + N (x, y) − M1 (x, y) dy = xe2y − dy = xe2y − ln |y| + C = 0,
    ∂y y

    where C is an arbitrary constant. It should be noted that by rewriting the original equation in the
    form dy/dx = f (x, y), it can be seen that y = 0 is also a solution. 2

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