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    Lca Lab 10

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    This lab report describes an experiment to analyze and verify Norton's theorem. The objectives are to find the Norton equivalent circuit of a given circuit, which is represented by a current source in parallel with a resistor. The procedures involve measuring the Norton resistance by removing sources, measuring the Norton current by shorting the circuit, and calculating voltages across different load resistors. Observations and calculations are shown to verify that the Norton equivalent circuit accurately models the original circuit.

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    Lca Lab 10

    Uploaded by

    The Youtube Train
    89 views9 pages
    This lab report describes an experiment to analyze and verify Norton's theorem. The objectives are to find the Norton equivalent circuit of a given circuit, which is represented by a current source in parallel with a resistor. The procedures involve measuring the Norton resistance by removing sources, measuring the Norton current by shorting the circuit, and calculating voltages across different load resistors. Observations and calculations are shown to verify that the Norton equivalent circuit accurately models the original circuit.

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    LCA LAB 10

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    This lab report describes an experiment to analyze and verify Norton's theorem. The objectives are to find the Norton equivalent circuit of a given circuit, which is represented by a current source in parallel with a resistor. The procedures involve measuring the Norton resistance by removing sources, measuring the Norton current by shorting the circuit, and calculating voltages across different load resistors. Observations and calculations are shown to verify that the Norton equivalent circuit accurately models the original circuit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    89 views9 pages

    Lca Lab 10

    Uploaded by

    The Youtube Train
    This lab report describes an experiment to analyze and verify Norton's theorem. The objectives are to find the Norton equivalent circuit of a given circuit, which is represented by a current source in parallel with a resistor. The procedures involve measuring the Norton resistance by removing sources, measuring the Norton current by shorting the circuit, and calculating voltages across different load resistors. Observations and calculations are shown to verify that the Norton equivalent circuit accurately models the original circuit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Department of Electrical Engineering

    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: II


    Subject: EE-121 (Linear Circuit Analysis) Date:

    Lab No 10: VERIFICATION OF NORTON THEOREM

    Objectives:
     The objective of this experiment is to analyze and verify the Norton theorem.

    Name: Muhammad Saad Roll No: BEE-FA19-010

    Rubrics
    Performance Lab Report

    Description Total Obtained Description Total Obtained


    Marks Marks Marks Marks
    Experiment 10 Organization/ 05
    Related Structure
    knowledge
    Data Analysis 10 Data 05
    Presentation
    Total Marks Total Marks
    Obtained Obtained

    Remarks(if any):- ____________________________


    Signature:-__________________________________

    THEORY:
    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    Norton's theorem for linear electrical networks, known in Europe as the


    Mayer–Norton theorem, states that 
    “Any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is
    electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, I, in parallel with a single resistor, R”

    The Norton equivalent circuit is a current source with current INo in parallel with a resistance
    RNo. To find the equivalent,

    1. Find the Norton current INo. Calculate the output current, IAB, with a short circuit
    as the load (meaning 0 resistance between A and B). This is INo.
    2. Find the Norton resistance RNo. When there are no dependent sources (i.e., all
    current and voltage sources are independent).

    Simplifying Linear Circuits


    Contrasting our original example circuit against the Norton equivalent: it looks something like
    this:

    After NORTON conversion:


    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    Remember that a current source is a component whose job is to provide a constant amount of
    current, outputting as much or as little voltage necessary to maintain that constant current.
    Thevenin’s Theorem vs. Norton’s Theorem
    As with Thevenin’s Theorem, everything in the original circuit except the load resistance has
    been reduced to an equivalent circuit that is simpler to analyze. Also similar to Thevenin’s
    Theorem are the steps used in Norton’s Theorem to calculate the Norton source current (INorton)
    and Norton resistance (RNorton).
    Identify The Load Resistance
    As before, the first step is to identify the load resistance and remove it from the original circuit:

    Find The Norton Current


    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    Then, to find the Norton current (for the current source in the Norton
    equivalent circuit), place a direct wire (short) connection between the load points and determine
    the resultant current. Note that this step is exactly opposite the respective step in Thevenin’s
    Theorem, where we replaced the load resistor with a break (open circuit):

    With zero voltage dropped between the load resistor connection points, the current through R1 is
    strictly a function of B1‘s voltage and R1‘s resistance: 7 amps (I=E/R). Likewise, the current
    through R3 is now strictly a function of B2‘s voltage and R3‘s resistance: 7 amps (I=E/R). The
    total current through the short between the load connection points is the sum of these two
    currents: 7 amps + 7 amps = 14 amps. This figure of 14 amps becomes the Norton source current
    (INorton) in our equivalent circuit:

    Find Norton Resistance


    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    Remember, the arrow notation for current source points in the direction of
    conventional current flow. To calculate the Norton resistance (RNorton), we do the exact same
    thing as we did for calculating Thevenin resistance (RThevenin): take the original circuit (with the
    load resistor still removed), remove the power sources (in the same style as we did with the
    Superposition Theorem: voltage sources replaced with wires and current sources replaced with
    breaks), and figure total resistance from one load connection point to the other:

    Now our Norton equivalent circuit looks like this:

    Determine The Voltage Across The Load Resistor


    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    If we re-connect our original load resistance of 2 Ω, we can analyze the


    Norton circuit as a simple parallel arrangement:

    As with the Thevenin equivalent circuit, the only useful information from this analysis is the
    voltage and current values for R2; the rest of the information is irrelevant to the original circuit.
    However, the same advantages seen with Thevenin’s Theorem apply to Norton’s as well: if we
    wish to analyze load resistor voltage and current over several different values of load resistance,
    we can use the Norton equivalent circuit, again and again, applying nothing more complex than
    simple parallel circuit analysis to determine what’s happening with each trial load.

    MATHEMATICAL MODELING:

    Don’t have any mathematical modeling

    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

    SIMULATION MODELING:
    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

    APPARATUS/COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

     BASIC TRAINER (DEV-2769) 


     DC Power Supply 
     Multi-meter 
     Resistors
     Connecting wires

    PROCEDURE:
    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

     Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.


     Set the Dc supply to 12V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 100Ω,
    220Ω, 330Ω, and 470Ω.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
     Remove the RL from the circuit.
     Remove the source and measure RN, Norton equivalent resistance.
     Connect the source and measure IN, Norton current.
     Connect the load Resistor IL and Measure the current across load IL.
     Calculate the RN, IN, RT and IL and verify the results.

    OBSERVATIONS & READINGS:

    SERIAL RN IN IL IT RT
    CALCULATED
    PRACTICAL

    CALCULATIONS:

    PRECAUTIONS:

     Pay full attention in lab.


    Department of Electrical Engineering
    The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad

     Handle the trainer and multi-meter properly.


     Insert the components properly in breadboard.
     Do not disassemble your circuit until your Instructor has been signed off as complete.
     After completion of the lab, switch off the power supply and return the apparatus.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    In this lab, we have learnt about NORTON’S theorem and also verify it.

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