Brazilian Dental Journal (2017) 28(2): 191-195 ISSN 0103-6440

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201700916

Influence of Resin Cements on Color

1Department of Operative Dentistry
and Dental Materials, Dental School,
UFU - Universidade Federal de
Stability of Different Ceramic Systems Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
2Department of Biomaterials

and Oral Biology, Dental School,

USP - Universidade de São
Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Renata Borges Rodrigues1, Erick de Lima2, Marina Guimarães Roscoe3, Carlos 3Department of Orthodontics,
José Soares1, Paulo Francisco Cesar2, Veridiana Resende Novais1 Dental School, UNG - Universidade
Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate color stability of two dental ceramics cemented Correspondence: Profa. Dra.
Veridiana Resende Novais, Av Pará
with two resin cements, assessing the color difference (ΔE00) by the measurement of L*, a*,
1720, Bloco 4L, Anexo A, 3º Andar,
b*, c* and h* of transmittance. The combination of two ceramic system (feldspathic and sala A32 Campus Umuarama,
lithium disilicate) and two resin cements - color A3 (RelyX ARC and Variolink II) resulted 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
in 4 groups (n=5). Ten disks-shaped specimens were fabricated for each ceramic system Tel: +55-34-3225-8105. e-mail:
(10x1.5 mm), etched with hydrofluoric acid (10%) and silanized prior to cementation. The [email protected]
color analysis was performed 24 h after cementation of the samples and after 6 months
of storage in relative humidity by means of spectrophotometry. The ΔE00 values were
analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). One-way
ANOVA were calculated for the means of individual color coordinates (L*, a*, b*, c* and h*).
Two-way ANOVA showed that only the ceramic factor was significant (p=0.003), but there
was no difference for the cement factor (p=0.275) nor for the ceramic/cement interaction
(p=0.161). The feldspathic ceramic showed the highest values of ΔE00. Variations in L*, a*, Key Worlds: dual-polymerizing
b*, c* and h* were more significant for feldspathic ceramic. In conclusion, storage alters cement, feldspathic ceramic,
similarly the optical properties of the resin cements and feldspathic porcelain was more lithium-disilicate pressed glass,
susceptible to cement color change after aging. optical properties, storage.

Introduction
All-ceramic restorations provide excellent esthetic final color of the restoration; therefore, controlling and
outcomes and have advantages compared with metal- balancing its opacity and color parameters is key to achieve
ceramic systems, such as color stability and excellent ability good final aesthetic outcomes (13).
to mimic the tooth structure (1). However, a major challenge An important concern regarding the cementation step
to aesthetic restorations is to provide optical behavior is to ensure optimal polymerization of the resin cement,
similar to natural teeth (2). The optical properties of a since this influences its long-term color stability (10).
ceramic system depend on their translucency, opalescence, Discoloration of the cement layer may adversely affect
fluorescence, surface texture and shape, firing temperature, the final color of all-ceramic restorations with time (10).
number of firing cycles, thickness, processing method and Cement discoloration is usually associated with degradation
the used resin cement (3-5). of the unreacted polymer matrix during the polymerization
In the dental practice, choice of the ceramic system and to extrinsic factors (14,15). Dual-polymerizing resin
should be based on the mechanical and optical properties cements have lower color stability due to oxidation of
of the material (6,7). The first available all-ceramic crowns the polymerization initiators, like tertiary amines that
were produced with feldspathic ceramics (8) and until today did not react during polymerization. The presence of
this material is widely used due to its excellent optical unreacted benzoyl peroxide can also lead to color instability,
properties (9). However, its brittleness and low flexural jeopardizing the long-term aesthetics of the restoration
strength led to the development of other ceramic materials (10,15,16).
(6,7), like lithium disilicate ceramic, a semi translucent The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of
glass-ceramic with a microstructure containing around storage time on the color stability of two ceramic systems
60% acicular lithium disilicate crystals surrounded by a (feldspathic ceramic or lithium disilicate) cemented with
glassy matrix. Due to its strength, optical properties and different resin cements. The null hypothesis was that
abrasion behavior, lithium disilicate restorations proved the color stability of different ceramic systems and resin
to have a relatively high clinical long-term success (7,10). cements would not be influenced by the storage time.
The final color of all-ceramic restorations depends
on three main factors and their interaction: color of the Material and Methods
tooth/substructure; thickness of ceramic and resin cement, Preparation of Ceramic Discs
and ceramic system and resin cement type (11,12). Resin Two ceramic systems - Feldspathic (Super Porcelain
cements may mask the underlying color and modify the EX-3, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Miyoshi Japan) and
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Lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic (Ivoclar-Vivadent, then left for a for 5 min chemical polymerization (17).
Schaan, Liechtenstein) - cemented with two A3 shade The specimens were light polymerized using halogen light
resin cements - Rely X ARC (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) through the ceramic with 800 mW/cm2 intensity (Optilux
and Variolink II (Ivoclar-Vivadent) - were evaluated (Table 501; Demetron, Danbury, CT, USA) for 120 s. After curing,
1). Ten disk-shaped ceramic specimens (1.5 mm thick the specimens were stored in a dark container at room
and 10 mm diameter) were fabricated for each ceramic temperature, with relative humidity, for 24 h for color
system and had their dimensions confirmed with a digital analysis.
calliper (Mitutoyo Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Silicon carbide
paper #320, #600, #1200 and #2000 was used to provide Measurement of Color Difference
surface standardization. Glaze application and firing cycle Color difference was measured using a spectrophotometer
were performed as recommended by the manufacturer. (CM-37000d; Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) with
The specimens were ultrasonically cleaned using distilled wavelength (λ) ranging from 360 nm to 740 nm with 10 nm
water for 10 min. The disk-shaped ceramics were divided interval. The L*, a*, b*, c* and h* parameters were measured
in four groups (n=5). according to the Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage
(CIE), in which L* is the lightness, a* corresponds to the
Cementation of Ceramic Discs red–green axis value and b* to the yellow-blue axis value
Ceramic discs surface conditioning was performed in the CIELAB color-space (CIE 1976), c* represents chrome
before cementation: 1- feldspathic ceramic - application and h* the hue (18). The parameters for calculating the
of 10% hydrofluoric acid (Condac, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) color difference were standardized with illuminant D65 and
for 2 min, rinsed with air/water spray for 1 min, air-dried observer function at 2º. The analysis of the optical properties
for 1 min, followed by ultrasound cleaning for 5 min in was performed by measuring the light transmittance (with
distilled water. Next, a silane coupling agent was applied no background) in two different time points: 24 h after
(Prosil, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) for 1 min, followed by preparation of the samples and six months after storage
R.B. Rodrigues et al.

air jet; 2- lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic - 10% in a dark environment with controlled temperature (37 °C)
hydrofluoric acid (Condac, FGM) application for 20 s, in relative humidity.
rinsed with air/water spray for 1 min, air-dried for 1 The color difference was calculated using the CIEDE2000
min, ultrasound cleaning for 5 min in distilled water and (ΔE00) formula (19):
coupling agent (silane) application (Prosil, FGM) for 1 min,
followed by air jet.
A Teflon® matrix (1.8 mm high and 10 mm diameter)
was used for the luting process. Thus, the cement thickness
was standardized at 0.3 mm, as the ceramic disk had a 1.5 Where ΔL’, ΔC’, and ΔH’ are the differences in lightness,
mm thickness . The matrix was placed on a polyester strip chroma, and hue for a pair of samples (before and after
(Airon, Maringa, PR, Brazil). Each cement was manipulated aging) in CIEDE2000, and RT is a function (the so-called
for 10 s and then placed into the matrix. The ceramic disk rotation function) that accounts for the interaction
was immediately, placed on the cement and was positioned between chroma and hue differences in the blue region
over the cement layer inside the matrix. The excess was (19). Weighting functions, SL, SC, SH adjust the total
removed with a microbrush (FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) and color difference for variation in the location of the color
difference pair in L, a, b coordinates and the
parametric factors; KL, KC, KH, are correction terms
for experimental conditions. In the present study,
Table 1. Materials evaluated in this study
the parametric factors of the CIEDE2000 color
Type of Material Product Color Manufacturer difference formula were set at 1 (19).
Feldspathic Kuraray, Miyoshi
Noritake Dentine A3B
ceramic Japan Statistical Analysis
Ceramic reinforced Ivoclar-Vivadent, The data were tested for normal distribution
IPS E-max
with lithium Dentine A3 Schaan,
disilicate
Press
Liechtenstein
(Shapiro-Wilk, p>0.05) and equality of variances
(Levene’s test, p>0.05), followed by parametric
Ivoclar-Vivadent
Dual-polymerizing statistical tests. Two-way ANOVA was used on the
Variolink II A3 Schaan,
resin cement
Liechtenstein values of (ΔE00) for transmittance. One-way ANOVA
Dual-polymerizing
RelyX ARC A3
3M-ESPE St. was performed on individual variations of L*, a*, b*,
resin cement Paul, MN, USA
c* and h* for each group. All tests employed α=0.05
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level of statistical significance and were carried out with Discussion

the statistical package Sigma Plot version 12.0 (Systat The tested null hypothesis was rejected because the
Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). type of ceramic affected significantly the specimen’s color
stability.
Results This study evaluated the translucency of dental
Means and standard deviations of the color variation porcelains, by direct transmitance measurement (20).
before and after aging (ΔE00) are in Table 2. Two-way ANOVA In this analysis, the sample is positioned without any
showed that in terms of color stability, only the ceramic background material, so that only the studied factors
factor was statistically significant (p=0.003). The factor (ceramic and cement) would influence the amount of
cement (p=0.275), and the ceramic/cement interaction light transmitted by the sample. The parameters used
(p=0.161) were not statistically significant. Table 2 shows were those of a color system (color space) created by the
that, regardless the considered resin cement, feldspathic International Commission of Illumination (Commission
ceramic always resulted in significantly higher ΔE00 value Internationale de l’Eclairage) (18). In this system, the L*
compared to the lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic. parameter represents the brightness (lightness), a* is the
In fact, feldspathic ΔE00 value was more than double that red-green chromatic coordinate (positive a* indicates red
of lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic when Variolink and negative a* indicates green) and b* is the yellow-blue
II was used. chromatic coordinate (positive b* indicates yellow and
Variations in individual color coordinates between negative b* indicates blue), c* represents chrome and h* the
the control and aged specimens are in Table 3. There were hue (18). The color difference after aging was calculated
significant changes after aging for all coordinates in by CIE2000 (ΔE00), a formula recommended for studies
feldspathic groups for both cements. In lithium-disilicate of optical properties of dental ceramics (19). The ΔE00
pressed glass ceramic group, for both cements there were values of all groups were higher than 2.25, which is the

Color stability of ceramic systems

statistical differences only for the a* and h* coordinates. 50% acceptability threshold values for color alteration of
dental materials (19).
A high ∆E value indicates a high variation in color
properties as function of storage time. The results of this
Table 2. Mean and standard deviation of ΔE00 (initial color variation
and after six months) for transmittance study showed that feldspathic ceramic showed a significant
difference in color when compared to lithium-disilicate
Resin Cements
Ceramic pressed glass ceramic, regardless the resin cement. This
Rely X ARC Variolink II may be seen by the ΔE00 values shown in Table 2. For
Emax 3.85 (0.53)Ba 3.64 (0.31)Ba feldspathic ceramic, all color coordinates changed after
aging, regardless the considered resin cement (Table 3).
Feldspathic 5.82 (3.58)Aa 8.15 (3.32)Aa
The lack of significance for cement factor indicates
Means followed by different uppercase letters within columns and that both used cements had the same degradation
lowercase letters within rows are significantly different (statistical
categories defined by Tukey test; p<0.05). behavior in a humid environment despite the composition

Table 3. Mean and standard deviations of individual color coordinates for all groups

Color coordinates
Group Color reading
L* a* b* c* h*

Initial 51.04 (3.54) b 0.17 (0.2) b 19.25 (1.93) b 19.26 (1.93) b 87.8 (0.39) a
Feldspathic ARC
6 months 55.67 (0.88) a 2.63 (0.16) a 21.91 (0.71) a 22.07 (0.72) a 83.15 (0.21) b

Initial 50.29 (3.17) b 0.64 (0.18) b 18.61 (1.47) b 18.62 (1.47) b 88.03 (0.43) a
Feldspathic Variolink II
6 months 56.37 (4.1) a 2.36 (0.26) a 20.69 (1.01) a 20.82 (1.01) a 83.49 (0.69) b

Initial 56.9 (2.98) a 1.26 (0.29) b 21.74 (1.96) a 21.78 (1.97) a 86.72 (0.48) a
Emax ARC
6 months 56.73 (3.43) a 3.04 (0.51) a 22.35 (2.31) a 22.55 (2.36) a 82.29 (0.5) b

Initial 57.88 (2.4) a 1.2 (0.2) b 20.91 (1.21) a 20.94 (1.22) a 86.72 (0.43) a
Emax Variolink II
6 months 58.02 (1.44) a 2.78 (0.27) a 21.08 (1.69) a 21.26 (1.71) a 82.47 (0.19) b

For each group, different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) between initial and 6 month measurements for each color coordinate.
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differences between them. Dual-polymerizing activated the color stability over time. Thus, comparing the effect
resin systems have some advantages compared to of aging on the color difference of systems composed by
photoactivated cements in terms of working time and ceramic/cement, it was anticipated that more translucent
polymerization shrinkage. Besides that, they also show materials (e.g., feldspathic ceramic) would show higher
superior mechanical properties, like flexural strength, ∆E00. In fact, the results of this work confirmed that
elastic modulus, hardness and degree of conversion in color changes experienced by the cementing material
comparison to those materials that are only light activated after aging were much more evident for the feldspathic
(21). However, dual polymerizing cements have tertiary ceramic. As for the system consisting of a more opaque
amines in their composition that act as chemical initiators ceramic material (lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic),
for the polymerization reaction. For this reaction to occur, the color difference after aging was significantly lower
oxidation of the amine reactive groups is necessary and this compared to that of the porcelain, because much of the
may cause color changes (16,22). These materials contain light passing through the material was scattered before
a combination of different amines. One amine reacts with reaching the cement layer. In this way, the results of the
benzoyl peroxide (chemical polymerization) that is generally current investigation showed that the color variation due
aromatic and more prone to degradation and another amine to aging of the resin cement was more noticeable for the
reacts with camphorquinone (light polymerizing) (15,16,23). bilayer containing the more translucent ceramic.
The latter is usually aliphatic and chemically more stable. The results for the color coordinates showed that the
In the chemical reaction, the unreacted benzoyl peroxide feldspathic ceramic groups had an increase in all coordinates
may also cause color instability (15,16,23). The chemical after aging, except for the h*coordinate, which decreased
reaction between the amine and benzoyl peroxide is not after aging. The increase in a* indicates a tendency toward
very efficient, because it depends on the physical linkage a reddish discoloration and the increase in b* indicates a
of both molecules during the polymerization reaction (14). trend towards a yellowish color (16). These results confirm
In the present study, the standardization of the thickness the fact that the feldspathic ceramic allowed for better
R.B. Rodrigues et al.

cement layer and the chemical polymerization time (5 min) visualization of the cement color change. An interesting
(17) for both cements, may have influenced the optical result for the feldspathic ceramic was the increase of L*,
properties, considering that this time ensured an effective showing that despite the cement color change, the sample
chemical polymerization and therefore, no effect of the (ceramic/cement) transmitted a whiter color after aging,
cement on the color change was noticed. becoming brighter. The decrease of h*, which represents
The difference in optical behavior between both the hue, indicates that aging caused a less saturated final
evaluated ceramic systems, feldspathic and lithium- color. The lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic behaved
disilicate pressed glass ceramic, is related to their differently regarding the color coordinates, as only values
microstructure (5,24). The interaction of light with the of a* and h* changed significantly. However, calculation of
ceramic material depends on the amount (fraction), size the color difference (ΔE00) showed that these changes were
and crystal composition and glassy matrix (9). Furthermore, not significant. This shows that lithium-disilicate pressed
the light beam scatters when there is a difference in glass ceramic is more opaque and did not allow perception
refractive index between two phases, so that the higher of cement color change.
the refractive index and the number of phases, the higher The results of this in vitro study are clinically relevant
the scattering effect, resulting in a more opaque material as they showed the importance of understanding how
(25). Lithium-disilicate pressed glass ceramic has a greater the color of a cemented ceramic restoration may change
crystal fraction compared to feldspathic ceramic. When after aging in the oral environment. A color change in the
light beam hits this material, it will pass through a series cement layer is an important factor professional should
of intercepts (interface between two phases) resulting in consider at the time of cementation of a ceramic prosthesis.
greater light scattering and hence a greater opacity (25). However, it is important to observe that the perception of
In the feldspathic porcelain, the light beam travels longer color changes due to the cement aging may vary according
distances in the same phase and crossing a smaller number to the translucency of the ceramic restoration. Therefore,
of intercepts that could cause light scattering (9). the professional should always be aware of the factors
The cement layer applied to the ceramic material is that influence the final result of indirect restorations and
chemically less stable than the ceramic and may undergo be very careful in choosing restorative materials in order
color changes over time. Therefore, the samples were to achieve optimal aesthetic results in oral rehabilitation.
stored in dark and relative humidity environment, to avoid In conclusion, the color stability of ceramic/cements
degradation of the cement layer, since this was not the bilayers was affected only by the type of ceramic material
objective of this work. However, they were to evaluate used for fabrication of the specimens. The more translucent
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CM, Vargas MA. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part

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Color stability of ceramic systems

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