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    Larval Forms of Echinodermata: Dr. Rachna Sahay Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology

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    Larval Forms of Echinodermata: Dr. Rachna Sahay Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology

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    225 views29 pages

    Larval Forms of Echinodermata: Dr. Rachna Sahay Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology

    Uploaded by

    ARYA DEVARAJAN
    Larval form

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    LARVAL FORMS OF

    ECHINODERMATA

    Dr. Rachna Sahay


    Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology
    INTRODUCTION
     Echinoderms are unisexual animal with no
    sexual dimorphism.
     Fertilization external

     Echinoderms are deuterostomes and hence


    cleavage is radial, holoblastic and indeterminate.
     Development is mostly indirect having larval
    stage in between.
    LARVA
     The larvae hatch in water, feed and grow through
    successive larval stages to become adults.
     Larvae of Echinoderms are bilaterally
    symmetrical but lose symmetry during
    metamorphosis.
     Different classes of Echinoderms show
    structurally different larval stages.
     Comparison of the larval stages of different
    classes can reveal their evolutionary ancestry.
    LARVAL FORMS OF DIFFERENT
    CLASSES

    CLASS LARVAL FORMS


     Asteroidea  Bipinnaria

     Branchiolaria
     Ophiuroidea  Ophiopluteus
     Echinoidea  Echinopluteus
     Holothuroidea  Auricularia

     Doliolaria
     Crinoidea  Doliolaria
    BIPINNARIA LARVA

     It is the first larval form of Asteroidea.


     It is a bilaterally symmertrical, free swimming,
    pelagic larva.
     The pre oral region is elongated, postoral region
    is broad.
     It possesses two ciliated bands, the pre oral and
    post oral bands
     The anterior end of the archenteron develop as
    mouth whereas the blastopore becomes the anus.

     The pre oral and post oral ciliated bands are


    continued over a series of prolongation called
    arms.
    The following are the names and the number of
    arms developing from pre oral and post oral
    ciliated bands :
     Postero lateral arm - two
     Post oral arm - two
     Postero dorsal arm - two
     Antero dorsal arm - two
     Pre oral arm - two
     Ventero median arm - one
     Dorso median arm - one
     The bipinnaria larva is free swimming and free
    feeding form.
     After a short period of time, it transforms into
    branchiolaria larva.
    BRANCHOLARIA LARVA

     Three additional arms are present on this larval


    form known as branchiolarian arms.
     These help the larva to adhere with the
    substratum.
     These arms are neither ciliated nor have
    calcareous rods and the coelomic cavity extends
    into these arms
     The three short arms are at pre oral lobe, one
    median and two lateral arms.
     They contain adhesive cells at their tips which
    act as a sucker.
     The rest arms degenerate and become long,
    narrow and slender.
    METAMORPHOSIS OF BRANCHIOLARIA

     With the help of adhesive structures, it attaches


    to some object.
     Anterior portion acts as stalk for some time while
    posterior part having gut and coelomic chambers
    convert into a young starfish.
     This detaches itself and starts leading a free life.
    OPHIOPLUTEUS LARVA
     This is the larval form of class Ophiuroidea
     This is free swimming, bilateral symmetrical
    form having a single ciliated band.
     It possesses long arms with ciliated bands at the
    margin.
     It has two anterio lateral, two post oral, two
    posterio dorsal and two posterio lateral arms.
     Out of these, posterio lateral arms are the longest
    and directed forward
     It has comparitively smaller, pre oral lobe.
     The post anal part of the body is quite well
    developed.
     Larva consists of coelomic chambers and
    archenteron.
     There being no attachment stage.

     Free swimming larva, metamorphose into tiny


    serpent star, which sinks to the bottom to begin
    its adult existence.
    ECHINOPULTEUS LARVA

     It is a microscopic, free swimming larva of


    Echinoidea.
     It resembles the Ophiopluteus larva where the
    only difference is that it has more arms.
     This larva shows ciliated bands which are
    developed into arms.
     Fully developed larva consists of six arms
    supported by calcareous rods and its tips are
    pigmented.
     Postero lateral arms are very short and directed
    outwards or backwards.
     Locomotion is by ciliated bands, which in some
    cases become thickened and called Epaulettes
     There is no attachment stage.

     Metamorphosis is extremely rapid taking place in


    about an hour.
    AURICULARIA LARVA

     It is the first larval form of Holothuroidea.


     It is transparent, free swimming, pelagic larva of
    about 0.5-1 mm in length.
     Arms are absent. Ciliated bands are well
    developed.
     It swims about by a ciliated band which forms pre
    oral loop and an anal loop.
     Alimentary canal is developed which opens with
    mouth and ends with anus.
     Internally the larva has a curved intestine with
    sacciform stomach
    DOLIOLARIA LARVA

     It is the second larval form of Holothuroidea.


     It is a transitional stage from Auricularia larva.

     It is barrel shaped with continuous ciliated band


    which breaks into three to five flagellated rings.
     Mouth is shifted to anterior and anus to posterior
    pole.
     Metamorphosis is gradual, during which it
    acquires five tentacles and one to two functional
    podia.
     As such it is sometimes called Pentacula.
     After appearance of more tentacles and podia,
    sea cucumber settles to the sea bottom and leads
    an adult mode of life.
     In some cases, there is no Auricularia stage, the
    embryo directly develops into Doliolaria larva.
    DOLIOLARIA LARVA

     It is the larval form of Crinoidea.


     It is a free swimming larva having four to five
    ciliated bands.
     It contains an apical tuft of cilia which will be
    sensory.
     On the mid ventral line, near apical plate,
    adhesive pit will be present over the first ciliated
    band.
     Between second and third ciliated band lies
    stomodeum or vestibule
     Skeleton also develops at this larval stage.
     After swimming for some time, it will develop a
    stalk.
     It is called Pentacrinoid larva.

     Larva now attaches itself and internal organs


    rotate to 90 degree from ventral to posterior
    position.
     Larva forms a stalk and is now called as
    Cystidean or Pentacrinoid larva.
     This after somtime metamorphoses into an adult.
    HOMOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF
    ECHINODERM LARVAE
    Except for the Crinoids, a sedentary group, the
    larvae of Asteroidea, Holothuroidea, Echinoidea
    and Ophiuroidea exhibit some fundamental
    resemblances:
     Having Pre-oral and Post-oral loops.

     Having V-shaped ciliated bands.

     Presence of gut with its divisions and openings.

     Coelom enterocoelic.

    These are some common features indicating that


    they had a common ancestor.

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