Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 147 views

    BioGT - Enzyme Notes - Digging Deeper in The Class of Proteins

    Uploaded by

    anna roth
    Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions in living organisms, allowing reactions to proceed faster. They achieve this by binding to specific substrate molecules in a lock-and-key fashion, using their active sites to speed up reactions like breaking bonds through hydrolysis or forming bonds through dehydration synthesis. Proper enzyme function, and therefore metabolic processes, depend on factors like temperature, pH, coenzymes, cofactors, and the absence of inhibitors that can bind to and deactivate enzymes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    BioGT - Enzyme Notes - Digging Deeper in The Class of Proteins

    Uploaded by

    anna roth
    147 views4 pages
    Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions in living organisms, allowing reactions to proceed faster. They achieve this by binding to specific substrate molecules in a lock-and-key fashion, using their active sites to speed up reactions like breaking bonds through hydrolysis or forming bonds through dehydration synthesis. Proper enzyme function, and therefore metabolic processes, depend on factors like temperature, pH, coenzymes, cofactors, and the absence of inhibitors that can bind to and deactivate enzymes.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    BioGT_Enzyme Notes - Digging Deeper in the Class of Proteins

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions in living organisms, allowing reactions to proceed faster. They achieve this by binding to specific substrate molecules in a lock-and-key fashion, using their active sites to speed up reactions like breaking bonds through hydrolysis or forming bonds through dehydration synthesis. Proper enzyme function, and therefore metabolic processes, depend on factors like temperature, pH, coenzymes, cofactors, and the absence of inhibitors that can bind to and deactivate enzymes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    147 views4 pages

    BioGT - Enzyme Notes - Digging Deeper in The Class of Proteins

    Uploaded by

    anna roth
    Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions in living organisms, allowing reactions to proceed faster. They achieve this by binding to specific substrate molecules in a lock-and-key fashion, using their active sites to speed up reactions like breaking bonds through hydrolysis or forming bonds through dehydration synthesis. Proper enzyme function, and therefore metabolic processes, depend on factors like temperature, pH, coenzymes, cofactors, and the absence of inhibitors that can bind to and deactivate enzymes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Digging Deeper in the Class of Proteins

    Enzymes
    Enzymes (Globular Protein)

    1. Catalysts – _speed up____________ chemical reactions.


    2. Chemical reactions can’t happen fast enough in living things without enzymes.
    3. Enzymes ____lower__________________ activation energy (the amount of energy
    needed to start a chemical reaction)

    How do Enzymes Work? Lock and Key Model

    1. Each enzyme is different – They each have a ___specifically shaped


    pocket_____________________ on their surface that matches the substrate
    2. Each enzyme can only catalyze __one________type of chemical reaction (Examples:
    proteases, lipases, nucleases)
    3. It works basically like a___lock and key__________________
    4. Enzymes can either_____catalyze____________ chemical reactions to make bonds
    (build macromolecules from monomers) or to ___break_____________ bonds (turn
    macromolecules back into monomers)

    Enzyme Lock and Key Model -

    1. __active site___________________of enzyme matches shape of substrate


    2. Enzyme/substrate bind by ___random collision________________________ and
    enzyme helps make or break bonds
    3. Different cells have different __functions_______________________ 🡪 depends on type
    of enzyme present.
    4. Also important to note that the enzyme remains _____unchanged_______________
    through the chemical reaction so it can be _used___________ again.

    Why are enzymes important?

    1. Because each enzyme can only catalyze one type of chemical reaction, reactions can
    only happen in the body where those enzymes are___located___________________.
    2. Enzymes control __what__________chemical reactions happen __where_____ and
    ___how fast_________in the body so they generally run the body.

    An Enzyme Demonstration

    1. What are the two types of macromolecules discussed in this demonstration? Name the
    specific macromolecules too. ____nucleic acids____and
    carbohydrates_________________________
    2. What type of reaction is being shown in the structural formulas?
    _____halohydrin_________________________________________________
    3. Explain what it means to be lactose intolerant and what is the direct cause of this? Hint:
    Nucleic acids. ___when your small intestine dosen’t producer enough of an enzyme to
    digest lactose ________________________________________________________
    4. How can a person that is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products? ________they can get
    lactose free
    products__________________________________________________________

    Real World Problem

    1. What happens if you are missing an enzyme? Example: Lactose Intolerance


    2. •People can’t drink milk because it is made up of the carbohydrate,
    __lactose_____________ and they are missing the enzyme,
    __lactase_________________ that speeds ups the breakdown of it in your digestive
    system.
    3. •It will break down eventually so the __stomach____________________ won’t hurt
    forever.

    Enzyme “break down” Model - Breaking Down Polymers

    Cells break down macromolecules by a process called


    ____hydrolysis___________________________ (adding a molecule of water)

    Hydrolysis - “Breaking” Reaction


    1. The substrate goes into the __active site____________ – the enzyme changes
    __shape__________ in such a way as to twist the substrate out of shape – this strains
    one of the_bonds__________(the one that is supposed to break) by making the atoms
    bonded together farther apart. Then body heat is enough to
    finish___breaking_______________ the bond

    Enzyme “building” Model -Linking Monomers


    1. Cells link monomers by a process called condensation or __dehydration
    synthesis__________________________ (removing a molecule of water)
    2. This process __joins____________ two sugar monomers to make a double
    sugar - disaccharide.

    Dehydration Synthesis - “Making” Reaction


    1. The _substrates_______________ go into the __active site__________ of the enzyme –
    it changes shape in such a way as to smash the two substrates together – they are now
    so close that it takes __less energy______________ to form the bond.
    2. The bond now forms at regular body temperature.

    Bottom Line…

    Dehydration Synthesis Reaction


    1. Chemical reactions take place in your cells to build bonds between atoms and molecules
    in order to make bigger macromolecules
    2. Ex: Building proteins or cell membranes

    Hydrolysis Reaction
    1. Chemical reactions take place in your cells to break bonds between atoms of
    macromolecules to return them back to their smaller building blocks.
    2. Ex: Breaking down a carbohydrate to monosaccharides in digestion for energy use or
    break down proteins to amino acids for protein synthesis in cells.

    Things that affect enzyme activity and therefore all of the chemical reactions in a cell or body
    1. Enzyme Concentration
    2. ___substrate concentration_________________
    3. Temperature
    4. _pH_________________
    5. ____co-enzymes________________ – vitamins – large organic molecule – fit into active
    site and makes the substrate fit better
    6. ___co-factors____________ – ions – fit into active site and make the substrate fit better
    7. Inhibitors: Binds to enzymes and decreases their activity; blocking an enzyme can kill a
    pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance
    a. ____competitive___________________ – fit into active site and block the real
    substrate from getting in – no reaction when inhibitor is in active site
    b. ____non-competitive____________________ – fits into a site other than active
    site – changes shape of active site so it no longer works

    Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity


    Denaturing
    1. Enzyme__loses___________its shape which causes it to no longer function.
    2. Remember shape determines__function_________!
    3. Can be reversible or ___irreversible______________ depending if primary structure is
    lost or not
    4. Result of high temperature, radiation, pH changes and certain chemicals
    a. These factors can stress the H bonds and break them which will release the
    folding process and return the protein enzyme back to its primary structure.
    Recall without its shape due to folding, it becomes useless.
    b. Ex: The specific shape (active site that targets its substrate is lost)

    Understanding Holiday Foods


    1.What happened to the Jello with fresh pineapple vs. canned pineapple? Use your knowledge
    on enzymes to help explain what happened.
    2.What happened to the Jello when meat tenderizer was added to it. Explain why based on
    your knowledge of why people use meat tenderizer.
    3.How could pineapple help sync. Swimmers?

    Pineapple and Jello Demo


    1. Bromelain is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids.
    2. When denatured (in the canning process of heating up the pineapple), the active site is
    altered and can no longer recognize the protein in the Jello and break it down, so it
    remains in a solid mold.

    The “Big Picture”


    1. Body makes chemical reactions __optimal________________ by maintaining the
    temperature and pH within the body
    2. It can make reactions happen in certain places by having enzymes there or not
    3. It can make reactions go faster by making__more_________ enzymes
    4. It can make reactions happen based on signals by signaling to make enzymes in a certain
    place or to activate enzymes that are already there but not the right shape yet.
    5. If ___cofactor______________ or ______coenzymes________________ are needed for
    a reaction, they won’t work well without them
    6. If an__inhibitor _________________ is present, the reaction will slow down or may not
    work at all

    You might also like