General Biology 1

Modified Strategic Intervention Materials

Quarter 1 Week 3
General Biology 1
Modified Strategic Intervention Materials
Senior High School – Quarter 1: Week 3: Cell Cycle
Meiosis

Development Team
Author: Meryrose Flores Dizon
Irene M. Payumo
Cover Art Illustrator: Erich D. Garcia
Reviewer: Paz I. Calas
Editor: Paz I. Canlas
Layout: Gilbert M. Datu

Management Team
Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESOV, Schools Division Superintendent
Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, Chief CID
Paz I. Canlas, Education Program Supervisor in Science

Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,
San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline Number: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: [email protected]
 Title Card: CELL CYCLE
Lesson 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

Guide Card
Introduction
Most of us have a natural curiosity about our bodies, and a study of cytology. Cytology is the
branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells. Cytologist also
called a cytotechnologist analyzes slides of human cells under a microscope.
Cell Division
There are two types of cell division, namely mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is the process where a cell divides to produce two daughter cells also known as diploid.
This type of division happens in body cells, also known as somatic cells or autosomes. In humans, the
number of chromosomes is 46.
The mitosis division process has several steps or phases of the cell cycle—interphase, prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis—to successfully make the new diploid cells.
Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that produces sex cell. In this division, the
parent cell divides to form four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes called
haploid (represented as n). In humans, a cell undergoing meiosis (2n=46) produces four haploid
daughter cells (n=23).

All body cells have a short life span. To make sure organisms can continue to survive, they
constantly need to make new copies of their cells. To do this they undergo a process of duplicating
themselves. There are five phases associated with this process. The first phase is named Prophase. This
is where the cell duplicates its DNA. The second phase is called Metaphase this is where the DNA lines
up in the middle of the cell. The third phase is where the chromosomes (DNA) begin to split and move
itself into two cells. During the Telophase, the cells actually pinch off into two separate beings. The final
stage is really when nothing is going on and that phase is called Interphase. Some refer to it as the in
between phase. This process of cell self-replication of body cells is called mitosis. If this process takes
place in a sex cell (sperm or egg) it is called meiosis. In mitosis the division only occurs once which

1
creates two cells from one cell. As a result, both new cells are identical copies of the original cell. In
meiosis the division occurs twice. So that single egg or sperm cell creates four new cells that have only
part of the original gametes genetic information. Therefore, sex cells are genetically diverse. This is also
why the babies that sex cells form as genetic diverse too.
This lesson discusses the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.

Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

● Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.
● Identify the organelles that are involved in cell division.
● Describe the processes of mitosis and meiosis in cell division.
● Compare the processes of cell cycle and meiosis in cell division

Pre-Test

Identifying True or False

DIRECTION: Write true if the statement is correct or false if it is not.
_____ 1. Cell division is basically the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
_____2. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
_____ 3. Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells
_____ 4. DNA replication does not occur during mitosis.
_____ 5. A cell spends most of its life in prophase cell cycle.
_____ 6. A chromatid is made of two identical chromosomes
_____ 7. There maybe thousands of genes on a single chromosome
_____ 8. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis
_____ 9. Female human cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
_____ 10. Meiosis 1 is similar with meiosis
_____ 11. The process in which a cell divides is called mitosis
_____ 12. Gene contains the instructions to make a protein
_____ 13. Meiosis can be used for reproduction.
_____ 14. Cells in interphase have condensed chromosomes
_____ 15. Individual chromosomes are visible during cell division only

Self-Assessment: How sure are you of your answer?

2
Review:
Essential question: How does the cell maintain life?
Real-world reading link
REVIEW One of the important characteristics of living things is that they are
VOCABULARY made up of cells. Since the very first discovery of the cell, different
studies have led to the formation of the cell theory. This important theory
Cell: The basic unit of
can be summarized into three statements:
life.
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
3. New cells come from the division of preexisting (old) cells
Let us recall the key parts found in cells that are involved in cell division:
● Nucleus – a membrane-enclosed organelle which contains the cell’s genetic material called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It also controls cellular growth and reproduction.
● Centrioles – cellular structures that appear in pairs. They organize spindle fibers to aid in the
migration of genetic material during mitosis and meiosis.
● Chromatin – a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form
chromosomes and appear during interphase.
● Chromosome – an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. The number of
chromosomes varies among organisms. In humans, the male (through the father’s sperm cell)
and female (through the mother’s egg cell) parents contribute 23 chromosomes each, which
form 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes or 46 chromosomes in all.

Let us check your understanding of cell cycle. In this activity, we will focus on the
process of cell cycle.

Activity Card 1
DIRECTION: Choose the correct answer.
1. Why is it necessary for the DNA to replicate prior to cell division?
a. so that each daughter cell will have 23 chromosomes
b. so that each daughter cell will have a complete copy of the genetic material
c. so that each daughter cell will have 46 homologous chromosomes
d. so that each daughter cell will have 2 sister chromatids
2. When do the sister chromatids line up at the equator of the cell?
a. metaphase c. anaphase
b. prophase d. telophase
3. Chromosomes are replicated during what part of the cell cycle?
a. prophase of mitosis c. right after S phase and DNA replication
b. the end of the G2 phase d. during cytokinesis
4. The correct order of phases during mitosis is
a. telophase→prophase→metaphase→anaphase
b. prophase→anaphase→metaphase→telophase
c. prophase→metaphase→telophase→anaphase
d. prophase→metaphase→anaphase→telophase
5. How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?
a. 23 b. 32 c. 46 d. 64
6. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when they are being replicated

3
 c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase
7. During which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen?
a. G1 phase b. G2 phase c. M phase d. S phase
8. Which pair includes a phase of the cell cycle and a cellular process that occurs during that phase?
a. G1 phase, DNA replication
b. G2 phase, preparation for mitosis
c. S phase, cell division
d. M phase, cell growth
9. When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?
a. G1 phase b. G2 phase c. S phase d. M phase
10. Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?
a. Little happens during the G1 and G2 phases.
b. DNA replicates during cytokinesis.
c. The M phase is usually the longest phase.
d. Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases.
e.
Discussion of Activity
The activity 1 work on identifying the different phases of mitosis by description, we also look at the
multiplying of body cells (mitosis) vs. the multiplying of sex cells (meiosis).

Let us check your

vocabulary.

Activity Card 2

WORD UP

DIRECTION: Find each of the following words in the word search puzzle below.

1. CELLCYCLE 7. CELLDIVISION

2. CHROMATID 8. CHROMOSOME

3. CYTOKINESIS 9. GAMETE

4. GERMCELL 10. HOMOLOGOUS

5. INTERPHASE 11. MEIOSIS

6. MITOSIS 12. SOMATICCELLS

4
G A M E T E G P V S F S F I T K Z R X O P O M V J

P T D N J J G M U X L O V U M R N L B F L D X E X

O E E V F H B O K L V T D Y H H M I T O S I S P S

D X C C S F G I E B K P K O W T O O G J R A V B J

R O H Q Y O G C H B E V H N H P F W F H G P N H S

C E G M L T C D N Q E K O K X K M C X O D U O S I

V U L O M I O M C D B I C V M C G E I E U Q X C B

X Y M B T E R K N O S U A G S M J L H W P I R H N

Q O A A W G I L I I N B M G E U Y L T E B N A R G

H I M D F S D O V N C N W H J R F C H G O T C O B

D O J R O Q X I S Q E W N N O W M Y W C Y E I M I

S Y K I O S D V L I H S N L T H W C H H Y R R A H

U G B K Q L R P W S S O I O Q D G L E X K P A T N

K X V Z L M L Z P M W I Z S Z U E E D L E H L I R

G I M E K B E O T I M F J S M O A N N B L A O D O

L C C R Y Z V C Y M O S R G I Q N A N U Y S R H C

H W I F C H R O M O S O M E Y A Z M U B K E Y W I

If you reach this part

5
 Activity Card
Discussion of Activity
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is divided into two main stages: the interphase or nondividing stage and the mitotic
or dividing stage.
Interphase is the stage where a cell prepares itself by
replicating its own genetic information and all of its organelles. The
cell goes through this period of growth before it undergoes mitosis.
The following are its three important phases.
Gap 1(G1) phase, during this stage the cell prepares itself for DNA
synthesis.
Synthesis (S) phase, chromosomes are also replicated which later
on will become sister chromatids.
Gap 2 (G2) phase, the cell continues to grow and synthesize RNA
and proteins. There is also G2 checkpoint to see if the cell is ready for mitosis.
Some cells undergo the cell cycle only once, or they stop dividing. These cells will go to the Gap
0(G0) phase, the resting phase of the cell. Nerves and blood cells remain in G 0 phase for the rest of their
lives. Thus, nerve cells and blood cells do not undergo mitosis.
Actively dividing eukaryote cells pass through a series of stages known collectively as the cell
cycle: two gap phases (G1 and G2); an S (for synthesis) phase, in which the genetic material is duplicated;
and an M phase, in which mitosis partitions the genetic material and the cell divides.

THE PHASES OF MITOSIS

Once the cell is ready for cell division, it will go to
the next stage – mitosis. Mitosis is the process of nuclear
division of a cell. Mitosis does not only involve the division
of the nucleus but also the division of the cytoplasm which
is called cytokinesis. The different phases of mitosis are
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Prophase
Prophase occupies over half of mitosis. The nuclear membrane breaks down to form a number of small
vesicles and the nucleolus disintegrates. A structure known as the centrosome duplicates itself to form
two daughter centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell. The centrosomes organise the
production of microtubules that form the spindle fibres that constitute the mitotic spindle. The
chromosomes condense into compact structures. Each replicated chromosome can now be seen to consist
of two identical chromatids(or sister chromatids) held together by a structure known as the centromere.
Prometaphase
The chromosomes, led by their centromeres, migrate to the equatorial plane in the mid-line of the cell - at
right-angles to the axis formed by the centrosomes. This region of the mitotic spindle is known as
the metaphase plate. The spindle fibres bind to a structure associated with the centromere of each
chromosome called a kinetochore. Individual spindle fibres bind to a kinetochore structure on each side
of the centromere. The chromosomes continue to condense.
Metaphase
The chromosomes align themselves along the metaphase plate of the spindle apparatus.

6
 INTERPHASE Anaphase
PROPHASE METAPHASE
The shortest stage of mitosis. The
centromeres divide, and the sister
chromatids of each chromosome are pulled
apart - or 'disjoin' - and move to the
opposite ends of the cell, pulled by spindle
fibres attached to the kinetochore regions.
The separated sister chromatids are now
referred to as daughter chromosomes. (It
TELOPHASE is the alignment and separation in
ANAPHASE metaphase and anaphase that is important in
ensuring that each daughter cell receives a
copy of every chromosome.)

Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, and a reversal of many of the processes observed during prophase. The
nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes grouped at either pole of the cell, the chromosomes
uncoil and become diffuse, and the spindle fibres disappear.
Cytokinesis
The final cellular division to form two new cells. In plants a cell plate forms along the line of the
metaphase plate; in animals there is a constriction of the cytoplasm. The cell then enters interphase - the
interval between mitotic divisions.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces sex cells or gametes. In this process, the parent cell
divides to form four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes called haploid. During
meiosis, homologous chromosomes or homologues come together. Homologous chromosomes come in
pairs. One homologue is inherited from the father, while the other homologue is inherited from the mother.
Each homologue has two sister chromatids. Meiosis is also called the reduction-division stage. Meiosis
involves two division stages that happen continuously – meiosis I and meiosis II.

In Meiosis I a special cell division reduces the cell

from diploid to haploid.
Prophase I
The homologous chromosomes pair and exchange
DNA to form recombinant chromosomes. Prophase I is
divided into five phases:
1. Leptotene: chromosomes start to condense.
2. Zygotene: homologous chromosomes become
closely associated (synapsis) to form pairs of
chromosomes (bivalents) consisting of four chromatids
(tetrads).
3. Pachytene: crossing over between pairs of
homologous chromosomes to form chiasmata (sing.
chiasma).

7
 4. Diplotene: homologous chromosomes start to separate but remain attached by chiasmata.
5. Diakinesis: homologous chromosomes continue to separate, and chiasmata move to the ends of
the chromosomes.

Prometaphase I
Spindle apparatus formed, and chromosomes attached to spindle fibres by kinetochores.
Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) arranged as a double row along the metaphase
plate. The arrangement of the paired chromosomes with respect to the poles of the spindle apparatus is
random along the metaphase plate. (This is a source of genetic variation through random assortment, as
the paternal and maternal chromosomes in a homologous pair are similar but not identical. The number of
possible arrangements is 2n, where n is the number of chromosomes in a haploid set. Human beings have
23 different chromosomes, so the number of possible combinations is 223, which is over 8 million.)
Anaphase I
The homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and move to the opposite poles of
the cell
Telophase I
The chromosomes become diffuse and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Cytokinesis
The final cellular division to form two new cells, followed by Meiosis II. Meiosis I is a reduction
division: the original diploid cell had two copies of each chromosome; the newly formed haploid cells
have one copy of each chromosome.
MEIOSIS II is the division stage and it is almost the
same with mitosis. Meiosis I continue to meiosis II
without going through the interphase. From telophase I,
the cell goes directly into prophase II after the division
of the cytoplasm.

Prophase II: Stage of cell division in which the

chromosomes attach to the reforming spindle apparatus.

Metaphase II: Stage of cell division in which the

chromosomes are moved to the equator of the cell.

Anaphase II: Stage of cell division in which the

chromosomes divide and each chromatid moves to the
opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase II: Stage of cell division in which the

chromosomes begin to uncoil and the nuclear envelope
begins to form.

In humans, the haploid daughter cells (n=23) that are produced in meiosis are genetically different
because of the crossing over (exchange of genetic material). Each daughter cell is equipped with 23
chromosomes which consist of one chromatid. The haploid daughter cells become the unfertilized eggs in
females and sperms in males. The genetic differences are the reasons why siblings of the same set of
parents are not genetically identical.

8
 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
DIRECTION: What do you think is the chromosome number of the cells listed below, diploid or
haploid? Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
a. Sperm cell c. Zygote
b. Leaf cell d. White blood cell

Reflection Card

Cell division is very important. If the process of cell division does not take place, then organisms
cannot grow and multiply.
Shade the picture that corresponds to your feeling now.

9
 Assessment Card
Contrasting Mitosis and Meiosis

DIRECTION: Summarize the differences between mitosis and meiosis by completing the table
below.

Mitosis Meiosis

Definition

Number of division

Number of cell produced

Function

Crossing Over:

Steps:

10
 Reference Card
• Allas, I. M. et al.(2013). DIWA textbook Discover Science. Makati City: Diwa Learning System
INC. pp. 105-122.
• Cell Cycle and Cell Division’. Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6ucKWIIFmg
• Cell crossing over. Source:
• https://www.google.com/search?biw=1707&bih=873&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=PtLwXeCBH4aF0w
SJyKyoAg&q=cell+crossing+over&oq=cell+crossing&gs_l=img.1.0.0j0i8i30l9.33301.36002..3
8304...0.0..0.876.2594.0j6j3j6-1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i67.7wgkQr4xiyQ#imgrc=qLbx_cJe6phwjM:
• Sexual reproduction and gametes. Source:
• https://www.google.com/search?biw=1707&bih=873&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Z9LwXZyOJe-
Xr7wPk5OCyAU&q=sexual+reproduction+and+gametes&oq=sexual+reproduction+and+gamet
es&gs_l=img.3...381519.381519..383263...0.0..0.416.602.0j1j4-1......0....2j1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i67j0i8i30.WuHk_nIHezg&ved=0ahUKEwjc3ZW0vq3mAhXvy4sBHZOJAFkQ4dUD
CAY&uact=5#imgrc=JTgckSUtul-n2M:

11
 12
Pre test
1. False 6. False 11. True
2. True 7. True 12. True
3. True 8. True 13. True
4. True 9. True 14. False
5. False 10. False 15. True
Activity Card 1
1. B 6. C
2. A 7. C
3. C 8. B
4. D 9. C
5. C 10. D
Activity Card 2
Answer Card
 13
Enrichment Card 1
a. Sperm cell – haploid c. Zygote - diploid
b. Leaf cell – diploid d. White blood cell - diploid
Assessment Card
Summarize the differences between mitosis and meiosis by completing the table below.
Mitosis Meiosis
Definition A process of asexual A type of cellular reproduction
reproduction in which the cell in which the number of
divides in two producing a chromosomes are reduced by
replica, with an equal number half through the separation of
of chromosomes in haploid homologous chromosomes in a
cell. diploid cell.
Number of division One Two
Number of cell produced Two Four (tettrads)
Function Cellular Reproduction & sexual reproduction
general growth and repair of
the body
Crossing Over: No, crossing over cannot Yes, mixing of chromosomes
occur. can occur.
Steps: The steps of mitosis are The steps of meiosis are
Interphase, Prophase, Interphase, Prophase I,
Metaphase, Anaphase, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Telophase and Cytokinesis Telophase I, Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase II
 Title Card
Lesson 8: Mitosis

Guide Card
Introduction
What do your intestines, the yeast in bread dough, and a developing frog all have in common? In
addition to other things, they all have cells that What do your intestines, the yeast in bread dough, and a
developing frog all have in common? In addition to other things, they all have cells that do mitosis,
dividing to create more cells that are genetically identical to themselves.
For what reason do these totally different life forms and tissues all need mitosis? Intestinal cells
must be supplanted as they wear out; yeast cells need to repeat to keep their populace developing; and
tadpoles must make another cell as it grows bigger and more complex.

Learning Competency
At the end of this module, learners are expected to:
Describe the stages of mitosis and meiosis given 2n=6. (STEM_BIO 11/12-Id-f-7)
1. Define Mitosis.
2. Identify and describe the stages of Mitosis.
3. Draw what happens during each stage.

14
Pre-Test

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your Science
notebook.

_____1. Examine the picture of the cell. What phase is the cell in?
a.prophase
b.anaphase
c.metaphase
d.telophase

_____2. What is the structure labeled “X” on the picture?

a.centriole b. spindle c. chromosome d. chromatid
_____3. During which phase do chromosomes first become visible?
a.interphase b. telophase c. metaphase d. prophase
_____4. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many daughter cells were created?
_____Each daughter cell has ____chromosomes.
a.2,10 b. 10,2 c. 1,10 d. 2,20
_____5. What structure is responsible for moving the chromosomes during mitosis?
a.Nucleolus b. nuclear membrane c. spindle d. cytoplasm
_____6. Cytokinesis begins in which phase?
a.Metaphase b. telophase c. prophase d. anaphase
_____7. What happens in the chromosome during metaphase?
a. aligns in the middle c. they will disappear.
b. moves in the opposite pole. d. they will double in number.
_____8. Which phase occurs directly after metaphase?
a.anaphase b. telophase c. metaphase d. prophase
_____9. During which phase does the DNA make a copy of itself.
a.prophase b. metaphase c. interphase d. anaphase
_____10. Each chromosome consists of 2 _____.
a. Centro fibers c. daughter cells
b. chromatids d. centrioles
_____11. How many chromosomes will be found in each of the two new cells formed as a result of
mitotic cell division.
a. only one half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
b. Twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
c. Three times as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
d. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
_____12. Which is not a phase of mitosis?
a. prophase b. metaphase c. biphase d. anaphase
_____13. How many numbers of division happen in mitosis?
a.1 b. 2 c. 3 d.4
_____14. The following are significance of mitosis EXCEPT:
a. growth of organs c. produces identical cells
b. repair of worn out part d. produces non identical cells
_____15. In what phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disintegrate and disappear completely.
a.anaphase b. metaphase c. prophase d.telophase

15
Review:
Review:

From the previous discussion, you have learned that the longest stage in the eukaryote is called an
interphase wherein the cell acquires nutrients, creates and uses proteins and other molecules. In this stage,
the process of cell division starts by duplicating the DNA. There are three distinct stages in Interphase:
Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2. After undertaking these three stages, the cell will proceed to the “M” phase.
In this phase, the cell divides through mitosis, and the sequence starts again. If the cell divides through
meiosis, the gamete should be fertilized with more DNA before it fully enters the Interphase and allows
the cycle to continue. (You will learn meiosis on the next module)

Activity Card
Activity Card 1
WORD Search Directions: Copy the word search on your Science notebook and encircle the 10
words listed below. Words appear straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally.
M A D F G H M H T Y U A S V E
A I P C A N E E N M E T A F E
S O T A C Y T O K I N E S I S
E I A O C S A F B R N S R C U
L O T E L O P H A S E O M R O
O M U O A A H C S P T M N O E
I C I C S A A N A P H A S E L

R O E T A V S E O I U D P H C
T N U C O L E B N M U O I A U
N S B Y T S M I S T O S N N N
E A B D F R I N J K Y K D M O
C Y T O P L A S M N U C L O U
T E L O I L P H A S E N E O S
S P M I T O G H J S I S C H R
D I N C H R O M O S O M E O E

16
Mitosis Words:
1. Metaphase 6.Mitosis
2. Telophase 7. Spindle
3. Anaphase 8.Cytoplasm
4. Nucleous 9.chromosome
5. Centrioles 10.Cytokinesis

Activity Card 1
Directions: Study the pictures below. Identify what stages of mitosis is shown in the picture by
rearranging the scrambled letters. Write the correct answer on your Science notebook.

RHAOESPP

1.______________

TIYCKOENISS

2._______________

SEAOHPELT

3.___________ ___

ESAMATPEH

4. _______________

HPANAESA

5.________________

17
Discussion of Activity
The previous activity is all about the stages and terms related to mitosis. Mitosis is a part of somatic
cell division which includes the division of the nucleus (called mitosis or karyokinesis) and the division
of the cytoplasm (called cytokinesis). It is a process of cell duplication or reproduction, which one cell
gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe
the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the genetic information.

The first detailed description of mitosis was discussed by the German botanist, Edward Adolf
Strasburger, where he showed that it could be studied best in the root tip and shoot tip of several plants
especially the apices of onion roots.
In mitosis, the metabolic nucleus passes through a complicated system of changes in the form of
four different stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
1.Prophase

(Figure1. A &B early Prophase Stage C late Prophase Stage)

1. It is the first and the longest phase in the mitotic cell division.
2. Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus as short, thick, helically looped strings. (Fig. 1A) 3. Each
chromosome splits into two chromatids (Fig. 1B, C) joined at the centromere.
4. Nuclear membrane starts dissolving.
5. Nucleolus likewise begins dissolving and vanishing
6. Prophase changes into the next stage called metaphase.

2.Metaphase

(Figure 2 Metaphase stage)

18
1. Nuclear membrane breaks down and vanishes totally.
2. Nucleolus disintegrates and disappears completely.
3. Spindle fibers start appearing and these fibers get attached to chromosomes at centromeres.
4. Chromosomes become shorter and thicker.
5. Chromosomes arrange themselves in the center or on the equator of the spindle.
6. At the end of metaphase, two chromatids of each chromosome also start separating.
7. Metaphase changes into the next stage called anaphase.
3.Anaphase

(Figure 3. Anaphase Stage)

1. Chromatids separate from each other at centromere and are called daughter chromosomes (Fig. 3).
2. Daughter chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the spindle.
3. Daughter chromosomes appear ‘V’, ‘U’ or J-shaped during their movement towards poles.
4. Anaphase changes into the next stage called telophase.
4.Telophase

(Figure 4. A-C Various Stages of Telophase)

1. Daughter chromosomes are now at the end of the spindle, i.e., present on two opposite poles (Fig.
4A).
2. Nuclear membrane reforms around each group of daughter chromosomes (Fig. 4.B).
3. Nucleolus reforms (Fig. 4.C).
4. Two nuclei are thus organized, one at each pole of the parent cell.
5. Chromosomes begin to lose their compact structure.
6. Spindle fibers disappear gradually.
7. Thus formed two daughter nuclei are exactly similar to the parent nucleus.
Cytokinesis is the last phase of cell division in eukaryotes just as prokaryotes. During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides. The process is different in plant and animal cells, as you can

19
see from the diagrams below. In animal cells, the plasma membrane of the parent cell pinches inward
along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator
of the parent cell.At that point, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side of the cell
plate.

(Figure 5. Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells)

Significance of Mitosis:
Growth of an organism (production of new cells)
Repair of worn out parts (healing of wounds)
Asexual reproduction (offspring are “clones” of their parents)

20
 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
Directions: Copy the crossword puzzle on your Science notebook. Complete the crossword by
filling in a word that fits each clue.
1

2
3
4

8 9

1
0

Across Down
3. phase of mitosis in which the distinct 1. phase of mitosis in which the
individual chromosomes begin to spread out chromosomes line up across the center of
into a tangle of chromatin the cell
6. first and longest phase of mitosis in 2. structure in an animal cell that helps to
which the genetic material inside the organize cell division
nucleus condenses and the chromosomes 4. the process of a cell dividing into two
become visible new daughter cells
7. period of the cell cycle between cell 5. phase of mitosis in which the
divisions chromosomes separate and move to
8. threadlike structure of DNA and protein opposite ends of the cell
that contains genetic information 9. part of eukaryotic cell division during
10. division of the cytoplasm to form two which the cell nucleus divides
separate daughter cells

21
Enrichment Card 2
Matching Type: Match Column A to their corresponding name in Column B and match Column
B to their corresponding descriptions in Column C. Write the letter of the correct answer on your
Science notebook.
A(PICTURES) B(NAME/STAGES OF C(DESCRIPTION)
MITOSIS)
_____1. _____A.Prophase a . Daughter chromosomes are
now at the end of the spindle,
present on two opposite poles.

_____2. _____B.Cytokinesis b. Chromosomes arrange

themselves in the center or on
the equator of spindle.

_____3. _____C.Telophase c. the cytoplasm splits in two

and the cell divides.

_____4. _____D.Metaphase d. Daughter chromosomes move

to the opposite poles of spindle.

_____5. _____E.Anaphase e. Chromosomes become visible

in the nucleus as short, thick,
helically coiled threads.

22
 Reflection Card
Write your reflection on your Science notebook, using this format.
Three (3) things I learned from the lesson.
1.

2.

3.

Two (2) interesting facts.

1.

2.

One (1) question I still have.

1.

Assessment Card
Assessment Card 1
Directions: True or false: Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is not. Write your answer
on your Science notebook.
___1. Mitosis results in two daughter cells that have the same number and kind of chromosomes as the
parent nucleus.
___2. During Prophase chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense.
___3. During Metaphase Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles.
___4. Mitosis is important in repairing worn out parts.
___5. During Prophase chromosomes condense and become visible.

23
Assessment Card 1
Directions: Inside the box, draw and label the stages of Mitosis. Use your Science notebook to
illustrate your answer.

Rubrics in doing Assessment card 2.

Poor Fair Good Beautiful

2 pts 3 pts 4 pts 5 pts
Order of Poor Fair Good Beautiful
Mitosis
Phases None of the One of the phases Two of the phases Three or more of
phases are in is in the correct are in the correct the phases are in
the correct order order the correct order
order.
Prophase Poor Fair Good Beautiful
Metaphase
Anaphase Drawing is not Drawing is ok. Drawing is Drawing is
Telophase complete. Phase is not fully complete. Phase is complete. The
Cytokinesis Phase is described or has described. phase is well
incorrectly inaccurate Information is described. All
described or information. accurate. information is
not at all. Coloring is Coloring is ok. correct. Coloring
Coloring is minimal. is neat.
minimal or not
there.

Reference Card
• http://www.biologydiscussion.com/mitosis/phases/phases-of-mitosis-4-phases-cell division/54060
• https://biologydictionary.net/interphase/
• https://www.livescience.com/52512-mitosis.html
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/phase-of-
mitosis

24
 25
Pre-Test
1.b 6. b 11.d
2.a 7. a 12.c
3.d 8. a 13.a
4.a 9. c 14.d
5.c 10. b 15.b
Activity Card 1:
Activity Card 2
1.Prophase
2. Cytokinesis
3.Telophase
4.Metaphase
5.Anaphase
Enrichment Card 1: Enrichment Card 2:
1.Metaphase 6. Prophase 1.A A. e
2.Centriole 7. Interphase 2.C B. c
3.Telophase 8. Chromosome 3.E C. a
4.Cell Division 9. Mitosis 4.A D. b
5. Anaphase 10. Cytokinesis 5.D E. d
Assessment Card 1:
1.T 2. F 3.F 4. T 5.
Answer Card
 Title Card
Lesson 9: Mitosis

Guide Card
Introduction
Mitosis is utilized for practically the entirety of your body's cell division needs. It includes new
cells during advancement and replaces old and destroyed cells for an amazing duration. The objective of
mitosis is to create daughter cells that are genetically identical from their parents.
Meiosis, on the other hand, is used for just one purpose in the human body: the production of
gametes sex cells, or sperm and eggs. Its aim is to make daughter cells with exactly half as many
chromosomes as the starting cell.
Meiosis in humans is a division process that takes us from a diploid cell one with two sets of
chromosomes to haploid cells ones with a single set of chromosomes. In humans, the haploid cells made
in meiosis are sperm and eggs. When a sperm and an egg join in fertilization, the two haploid sets of
chromosomes form a complete diploid set: a new genome.

26
 Guide Card
Learning Competency
At the end of this module, learners are expected to:
Describe the stages of mitosis and meiosis given 2n=6.
(STEM_BIO 11/12-Id-f-7)
1. Define Meiosis.
2. Identify and describe the stages of Meiosis.
3. Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.

Pre-Test
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your Science
notebook.
_____1. Which of the following are true regarding the process of meiosis I?
A. Sister chromatids in a cell undergoing meiosis are always identical.
B. Most homologue pairs do not have any crossovers during prophase I.
C. Chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid.
D. Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of the cell.
_____2. When does crossing over occur during meiosis?
A. Prophase I B. Prophase II C. Metaphase I D. Metaphase II
_____3. This cell below is undergoing meiosis II. Which stage of meiosis II is the cell in?
A. Metaphase II B. Anaphase II C. Prophase II D. Telophase II
_____4. Which of the following is true of crossing over?
A. Most homologue pairs do not have any crossover events
B. Segments of DNA are traded between unrelated chromosomes.
C. Crossing over occurs more often in male gametes than female gametes.
D. A chiasma indicates that a crossover has occurred.
_____5. How many cell divisions occur during meiosis?
A. 1 B. 2 C.3 D. 4
_____6. What event is labeled as Process Z in the diagram?

A. Mitosis B. Meiosis II C. Interphase D. Meiosis I

_____7. What is the expected result of crossing over during meiosis I?
A. Reduction in chromosome number
B. Formation of a zygote
C. Decrease in genetic variation
D. Production of recombinant gametes

27
_____8. The somatic cells of a cat contain 38 chromosomes. If a cat cell undergoes meiosis, how many
chromosomes will be in the
A. 13 B.19 C. 38 D. 76
_____9. Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
A. homologous chromosomes pair up
B. spindle forms
C. nuclear membrane breaks down
D. chromosomes become visible
_____10. Meiosis cell division results in _____
A. 2 haploid daughter cells
B. 4 haploid daughter cells
C. 2 diploid daughter cells
D. 4 diploid daughter cells
_____11. What happen to sister chromatids in meiosis II?
A. They duplicate C. They remain together
B. They separate D. They do not take part.
_____12. Which of the following best compares the processes of mitosis and meiosis?
A. Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in diploid daughter cells, while meiosis
consists of two division cycles and results in haploid gametes.
B. Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in haploid gametes, while meiosis consists
of two division cycles and results in diploid daughter cells.
C. Mitosis involves two division cycles and results in diploid daughter cells, while meiosis
consists of one division cycle and results in haploid gametes.
D. Mitosis involves two division cycles and results in haploid gametes, while meiosis
consists of one division cycle and results in diploid daughter cells.
_____13. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following
describes an event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis?
A. two stages of cell division
B. replication of cellular genetic material
C. daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell
D. four daughter cells that are produced from each parent cell.
_____14. Which of the following best describes how the process of crossing over during meiosis leads
to an increase in genetic diversity?
A. During prophase I, DNA replication takes place and homologous chromosomes trade places
with each other before lining up in preparation for metaphase.
B. During prophase I, DNA segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes
resulting in different combinations of alleles.
C. During prophase II, fragments of DNA break off of chromosomes and attach to the ends of
other chromosomes, resulting in different gene sequences.
D. During prophase II, sister chromatids separate from each other, and as they travel to
opposite ends of the cell, DNA segments of nearby chromosomes are exchanged.
_____15. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces:
A. zygotes B. chromosomes C. DNA D. Gametes

28
Review:
You learned Mitosis from the previous discussion, wherein a cell divides once to form two
identical cells. Which major purpose is for growth and replace worn out cells. Mitosis contains four stages
which are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. You were also learned about cytokinesis in
mitosis wherein cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells. This time you will learn the second
M phase of the cell cycle which is the Meiosis.

Activity Card

Activity Card 1
Name It! The diagrams below show the stages of the first meiotic division. Provide the label for
each of these with the proper number and name from the following list: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase
I or telophase I. Write your answer on your Science notebook.

The diagrams below show the stages of the second meiotic division. Provide the label for each of
these with the proper number and name from the following list: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II or
telophase II.

29
Activity Card 1
Matching Type: Directions: Match Column A to their corresponding description/event that
happens in each stage of meiosis in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on your Science
Notebook.
(A) Stage of Meiosis (B) Description
(What happen in each stage)
_____1. Anaphase I A. Non-homologous chromosomes
move to the
equator forming a line
_____2. Metaphase II B. The sister chromatids separate and
are pulled to opposite poles of the
cell.
_____3. Prophase II C. Chromosomes begin to condense
and also pair up. Crossing over
occurs between homologous
chromosomes
_____4. Prophase I D. Nuclear membranes form around
each set of chromosomes, and the
chromosomes decondense
_____5. Telophase II E. Chromosomes condense and the
nuclear envelope breaks down,
centrosomes move apart, the
spindle forms between them, and
the spindle microtubules begin to
capture chromosomes

Discussion of Activity
You learned the different stages of meiosis in the given activities, now let us learn more about
meiosis and its stages.
In several ways, meiosis is a lot like mitosis. The cell drives through similar stages and uses
similar strategies to organize and separate chromosomes. In meiosis, however, the cell has a more
complex task. It still needs to separate sister chromatids (the two halves of a duplicated chromosome),
as in mitosis. But it must also separate homologous chromosomes, the similar but not identical
chromosome pairs an organism gets from its two parents.

These goals are accomplished in meiosis using a two-step division process. Homologue pairs
separate during a first round of cell division, called meiosis I. Sister chromatids separate during a second
round, called meiosis II.

Since cell division occurs twice during meiosis, one starting cell can produce four gametes (eggs
or sperm). In each round of division, cells go through four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.

Meiosis I
Before arriving meiosis I, a cell must first go through interphase. As in mitosis, the cell grows
during G1 phase, copies all of its chromosomes during S phase, and prepares for division during G2
phase.

During prophase I, differences from mitosis begin to appear. As in mitosis, the chromosomes
begin to condense, but in meiosis I, they also pair up. Each chromosome carefully aligns with its
homologue partner so that the two matches up at corresponding positions along their full length.

30
 For instance, in the image below, the letters A, B, and C represent genes found at particular spots
on the chromosome, with capital and lowercase letters for different forms, or alleles, of each gene. The
DNA is broken at the same spot on each homologue here, between genes B and C and reconnected in a
crisscross pattern so that the homologues exchange part of their DNA.

This process, in which homologous chromosomes trade parts, is called crossing over. It's helped
along by a protein structure called the synaptonemal complex that holds the homologues together. The
chromosomes would actually be positioned one on top of the other (the image below) throughout
crossing over; they're only shown side-by-side in the image above so that it's easier to see the exchange
of genetic material.

You can see crossovers under a microscope as chiasmata, cross-shaped structures where
homologues are linked together. Chiasmata preserve the homologues connected to each other after the
synaptonemal complex breaks down, so each homologous pair needs at least one. It's common for
multiple crossovers to take place for each homologue pair.

The spots where crossovers happen are more or less random, prompting the development of new,
"remixed" chromosomes with unique combinations of alleles.

After crossing over, the spindle begins to capture chromosomes and move them towards the
center of the cell (metaphase plate). This may appear to be recognizable from mitosis, but there is a
twist. Each chromosome attaches to microtubules from just one pole of the spindle, and the two
homologues of a pair bind to microtubules from opposite poles. So, during metaphase I, homologue
pairs not individual chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate for separation.
Phases of meiosis

When the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, the orientation of each pair is
random. For instance, in the diagram above, the pink version of the big chromosome and the purple
version of the little chromosome happen to be positioned towards the same pole and go into the same

31
cell. But the orientation could have equally well been flipped, so that both purple chromosomes went
into the cell together. This allows for the formation of gametes with different sets of homologues.

In anaphase I, the homologues are pulled separated and move separated to opposite ends of the
cell. The sister chromatids of every chromosome, be that as it may, stay connected to each other and
don't break into pieces.

Finally, in telophase I, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell. In some organisms,
the nuclear membrane re-forms and the chromosomes decondense, in spite of the fact that in others, this
step is skipped—since cells will soon go through another round of division, meiosis II. Cytokinesis
usually occurs at the same time as telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells.

Meiosis II
Cells move from meiosis I to meiosis II without replicating their DNA. Meiosis II is a shorter
and less difficult procedure than meiosis I, and you may find it helpful to think of meiosis II as “mitosis
for haploid cells."
The cells that enter meiosis II are the ones made in meiosis I. These cells are haploid—have just
one chromosome from each homologue pair—but their chromosomes still consist of two sister
chromatids. In meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated
chromosomes.

32
 During prophase II, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down, if
necessary. The centrosomes move apart, the spindle forms between them, and the spindle microtubules
begin to catch chromosomes.

The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are captured by microtubules from opposite
spindle poles. In metaphase II, the chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate.
In anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell.

In telophase II, nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes
decondense. Cytokinesis splits the chromosome sets into new cells, forming the last results of meiosis:
four haploid cells in which every chromosome has just one chromatid. In humans, the results of meiosis
are sperm or egg cells.

Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
Directions: Complete the statement below. Write the correct answer on your Science notebook.
1.Meiosis results in 4 _______________ cells.
2. Meiosis makes _______________ daughter cells.
3. _______________ occurs in prophase I of meiosis.
4. A cell with a diploid number of 20 undergoes meiosis. This will produce 4 daughter cells, each with
________________ chromosomes.
5. At the end of meiosis I _______________ daughter cells are created.
These daughter cells are _______________6.
7. _______________splits the chromosomes sets into new cells.
8.The cells that enter meiosis II are the ones made in ______________.
9. After crossing over, the spindle begins to capture chromosomes and move toward the
_______________ of the cell.
10. In anaphase II, the _________________ separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell.

Directions: Last page of this module are drawings in the stages of meiosis. Cut these out and put
them in the proper order for meiosis on your Science notebook by copying the sheet provided below. You
will also need to record the main events that are happening at each stage.

Enrichment Card 2

MEIOTIC STAGES AND THEIR EVENTS

1. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

33
2 STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

3. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

4. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

5. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________

6. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

7. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_

34
 8. STAGE:___________________________
EVENT:____________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________

Reflection Card
Write your reflection on your Science notebook, using this format.
Three (3) things I learned from the lesson.
1.
2.
3.
Two (2) interesting facts.
1.
2.
One (1) question I still have.
1.

Assessment Card
Assessment card 1
True or False: Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is not. Write your
answer on your Science notebook.
_____1. Meiosis is responsible for sexual reproduction.
_____2. Meiosis promotes genetic variation.
_____3. Meiosis is a process in which identical cells are produced.
_____4. A diploid has twice the amount of genetic information.
_____5. Meiosis occurs three times.
_____6. Sister chromatids are identical chromosomes.
_____7. Meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells.
_____8. Crossing over happens in metaphase I of meiosis.
_____9. During metaphase II, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.
_____10. A chiasma indicates that a crossover has occurred.

35
Assessment card 2
Directions: Copy the table on your Science notebook and complete the table Comparing Mitosis
and Meiosis.
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Number of divisions 1. Two

Number of cells produced 2 diploid daughter cells 2.

Purpose Repair and growth 3.

Number of chromosomes Remains the same 4.

Happen in what cell? 5. Germ cells

Reference Card
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/meiosis/a/phases-of-
meiosis
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-
division/hs-meiosis/e/hs-meiosis
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/meiosis/e/meiosis
• https://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_meiosis.html
• https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/answer/twopages/mitosis/5.html
• https://quizlet.com/158796478/meiosis-true-or-false-questions-flash-cards/

36
 37
Pre-Test
1.C 6.B 11.B
2.A 7.D 12.A
3.B 8.B 13.C
4.D 9.A 14.B
5.B 10.D 15.D
Activity Card 1
2/Metaphase 1 1/Prophase 1 3/Anaphase 1 4/Telophase 1
1/prophase II 4/Telophase II 3/Anaphase II 2/Metaphase II
Activity Card 2
1.B 2.A 3. E 4. C 5.D
Enrichment Card 1
1.haploid 2. 4(four) 3. Crossing over 4. 10(ten) 5. 2(two)
6. haploid 7. Cytokinesis 8. Meiosis I 9. Center 10. Sister chromatids
Assessment card 1
1. T 6.T
2. T 7.T
3. F 8.F
4. T 9.F
5. F 10.T
Assessment Card 2
1. One
2. 4 haploid daughter cells
3. Sexual reproduction
4. Is halved in each daughter cells
5. Somatic cells.
Cut and paste the pictures on your Science notebook. (Enrichment Card 2)
Answer Card
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,

San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: [email protected]

38