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    Modulo Arithmetic and Casting Out Nines

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    Robert McCharles
    The correct answer is 5884.95.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Modulo Arithmetic and Casting Out Nines

    Uploaded by

    Robert McCharles
    72 views19 pages
    The correct answer is 5884.95.

    Original Description:

    Checking arithmetic using modulo arithmetic and casting out nines.

    Original Title

    scribd-casting-out-nines

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The correct answer is 5884.95.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views19 pages

    Modulo Arithmetic and Casting Out Nines

    Uploaded by

    Robert McCharles
    The correct answer is 5884.95.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Modulo Arithmetic and

    Casting out Nines


    How to Check Results

    – Redo calculations in different order

    – Estimate answer

    – Modulo arithmetic

    – Casting out nines


    Estimate Answer

    Round numbers to single digits

    Perform calculation

    For multiply add the errors to obtain error estimate in result
    Example Estimating Multiplication

    Suppose we want to estimate 15 × 25

    15 rounds to 20 with error of -5/20 = -25%

    25 rounds to 30 with error of -5/30 = -17%

    Estimate is 20 × 30 with error of -25 -17 = -42%

    ≈ 600 × (1-.4) = 360

    Exact answer is 375
    Modulo Arithmetic

    X mod n is the remainder of X
    divided by n

    23 mod 10 = 3

    23 mod 2 = 1

    17 mod 5 = 2

    20 mod 9 = 2
    Remainder Tests
    Base Remainder mod Base
    2 0 if last digit is 0,2,4,6, or 8; 1 if last digit 1,3,5,7, or 9
    3 0 if digit sum is 3,6, or 9; 1 for 1,4, or 7; 2 for 2,5, or 8.
    4 Remainder of rightmost 2 digist ÷4.
    5 Last digit if <5; last digit -5 if in {5,6,7,8,9}.
    6 Number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
    9 Sum of digits if SOD ≠ 9; 0 if SOD = 9.
    Uses of Modulo Arithmetic
    Checksums: ISBN numbers, international bank account numbers

    Public Key Encryption

    Music: 12-tone scale

    Day of the week.

    Arithmetic: Checking and casting out nines.

    Generating passwords
    Checking with Modulo Arithmetic

    Perform arithmetic on numbers and obtain answer

    Reduce each number to a single-digit checksum using mod

    Perform same arithmetic operations on the checksums

    The checksum of the answer will be the same as the


    arithmetic result on the checksums
    Using modulo arithmetic to check

    If x + y = z then (x mod n) + (y mod n) = z mod n

    This means we can use a single digit checksum


    to test our answers

    Some checksums are (3, 9, 10) easy to calculate


    Example: n = 10

    X mod 10 is just the last digit of the number

    16 mod 10 = 6; 35 mod 10 = 5; 51 mod 10 = 1

    16 + 35 = 51

    (6+5) mod 10 = 1

    51 mod 10 =1, so the sum checks
    More interesting: N = 9
    Addition Casting Out Nines
    Numbers Checksums
    388885 4
    +815636 2
    +897025 4
    + 93137 5
    + 41544 0
    +324038 2
    2560265 8
    Checks!
    Subtraction Mod 9

    -x is the value that sums with x to 0

    x + -x = 0

    In mod 9 arithmetic -x is the value that sums to 9

    -1 mod 9 = 9 - 1 = 8

    -2 mod 9 = 9 - 2 = 7

    etc
    Subtraction Casting Out Nines


    707649 mod 9 = (7+7+6+4) mod 9 = 2+4 = 6

    435342 mod 9 = 3

    707649 - 435342 = 272307

    272307 mod 9 = 3

    (6 - 3) mod 9 = 3

    The difference checks!
    Casting out Nines
    Reduces complicated arithmetic to single digit operations

    Can be used to check addition, subtraction, and multiplication

    Check division by multiplying the result and adding remainder

    Example:

    20/8 = 2 rem 4

    20 = 2 × 8 + 4 (can be tested with this)


    Casting Out 9s: Example

    92.31569 + 231 + 9.277 + 98.04


    + 2.8056
    A) 433.43829  
    B) 433.44829  
    C) 433.53829
    D) 434.43829
    Casting Out 9s Solution
    Check by casting out 9s

    92.31569 + 231 + 9.277 + 98.04 + 2.8056


    Checksums: 8 + 6 + 7 + 3 + 3 = 0
    A) 433.43829 checksum 0   Correct answer
    B) 433.44829 checksum 1 
    C) 433.53829 checksum 1
    D) 434.43829 checksum 1
    Quiz 9, Question 22
    Use casting out nines to select the correct answer:
    7642.16 + 6805.74 + 2460.93 + 9162.30 = ?

    number residue answers residues


    7642.16 8
    26061.13 1
    6805.74 3
    2460.93 6 26071.13 2
    9162.30 3 26070.13 1
    residue sum is 2
    26071.23 3
    Quiz 9, Question 23
    Use casting out nines to select the correct answer:
    7642.16 - 6805.74 + 2460.93 - 9162.30 = ?

    number residue answers residues


    7642.16 8 5864.95 1
    -6805.74 9-3=6
    2460.93 6 -5864.95 9-1=8
    -9162.30 9-3=6 -5884.95 9-3=6
    sum of residues = 8
    5884.95 3

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