Chapter-1 Machine
Chapter-1 Machine
Chapter-1 Machine
Course Introduction
Jimma University
Jimma Institute of Technology
Faculty of Electrical and computer Engineering
By: Alebachew Tenna
2018
1
Motivation
With out magnet
• Computers can’t store data in magnetic CDs
• Doctors can’t see the inside of our bodies
thanks to magnetic resonance
• relays, solenoids, inductors, chokes, coils,
loudspeakers, motors, generators, transformers,
and electricity meters won’t operate
2
CHAPTER ONE
1. MAGNETIC PRINCIPLE
1.1 Introduction
• Magnetism refers to the force that acts between magnets
and magnetic materials
• Magnet is a piece of solid body which possesses property
of attracting iron and some other metal pieces
• The force with which a magnetic poles of a magnet attracts
or repels magnetic pole of another magnet is called as
Magnetic force
• The space or region around a magnet within which
magnetic force is exerted on other magnet is called
magnetic field of the magnet
Cont’d…
Magnets can be found:
• In a natural state in the form of a magnetic ore,
with the two main types: Magnetite also called "iron
oxide", (Fe3O4) & Lodestone also called “leading
stone”
• Or it can be created artificially
• There are two types of magnets. These are
• Permanent magnet
• Temporary magnet
1. Permanent magnet is a naturally occurring magnet. By
permanent it is meant that the material maintains a magnetic
field with no external help. When such a magnet is rolled in to
4
iron pieces it will be observed that iron pieces cling to it
Cont’d…
5
Cont’d…
• When such a magnet is suspended freely by a piece of silk
fiber, it turns and always adjusts it self in the direction of
north and south of the earth.
6
Cont’d…
2. Temporary magnet
• is a magnet that stays magnetized only for a relatively short
period of time in the presence of inducing field or current
7
Electromagnetism
• When a coil or a conductor carries current, it produces a
magnetic flux around it and then it behaving as a magnet.
• Such a current carrying coil or conductor is called an
electromagnet. This is due to magnet effect of an electric
current.
• Consider fig. below the current, I, creates a magnetic field
that is concentric about the conductor, uniform along its
length, and whose strength is directly proportional to I.
8
Magnetic Field Produced by Current-Carrying Conductor (Electromagnetism):
Field or flux
line
Current-carrying
conductor
Figure 1.2 Direction of magnetic field Figure 1.3 Ampere’s right hand rule
around a current-carrying conductor. showing the direction of field
Ampere's right-hand rule : If we grasp the conductor with our
right hand, the thumb pointing in the direction of the current, & our
fingers will point in the direction of magnetic field.
9
We can determine the direction of the magnetic field in
a cylindrical coil of many turns of insulated wire by using our right
hand. If we grasp the coil with our right hand with the fingers pointing
in the direction of the current, the thumb will point in the direction of
the north pole. Field or flux
line
Current-carrying
conductor
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Laws of magnetism
12
Cont’d…
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Magnetic Lines of force
The magnetic field of a magnet is represented by an
imaginary line around it which are called magnetic
lines of force or magnetic flux lines.
These lines have no physical existence, they are
purely imaginary to get the visualization of
distribution of lines of force. This is illustrated in fig.
below for the field of a bar magnet.
14
Cont’d…
• As indicated, the field is strongest at the poles of
the magnet (where flux lines are most dense), its
direction is from north (N) to south (S) external to
the magnet, and flux lines never cross. The symbol
for magnetic flux is the Greek letter Φ (phi).
16
Cont’d…
4.No two magnetic field lines can intersect each other.
5.Magnetic field lines are crowded (i.e. close to each
other ) in a region of weak magnetic field.
6.Magnetic lines of force enter or leave a magnetic
surface at angles.
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Magnetic flux(Φ)
18
Cont’d…
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Example 1: The total magnetic flux out of a cylindrical permanent
magnet is found to be 0.032 mWb. If the magnet has a circular
cross section and a diameter of 1 cm, what is the magnetic flux
density at the end of the magnet?
Solution
The total flux = 0.032 x 10-3 Wb, cross-sectional area of magnet:
D2 (0.01)2
A 78.53106 m2
4 4
0.032103
B 0.407T
A 78.53106
Note that this magnetic flux density exists only at the immediate
end of the magnet. As we move away from the end of the magnet,
the magnetic flux spreads out, and therefore the magnet flux density
decreases.
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Cont’d…
Magnetic field Strength(H):
• This gives quantitative measure of Strongness or
weakness of the magnetic field.
• pole strength and magnetic field strength are
different.
• This can be stated as the force experienced by a
unit N-pole when placed at any point in a magnetic
field is known as magnetic field strength at that
point.
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
22
Example 1.2 The coil in Figure has 1000 turns wound on a cardboard
toroid. The mean (or average) diameter D of the toroid is 10 cm, and the
cross section is 1 cm. The total magnetic flux in the toroid is 3Wb
when there is an excitation current of 10 mA in the coil.
(a)What is the magnetic flux when the current is increased to 20 mA?
(b)What is the magnetic flux density within the coil when the current is
20 mA?
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Solution
a) If we double the current to 20 mA. then
Fm NI 1000 20103 20At
and must double to 6 Wb
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
Flux Density
– The concentration of the lines of force in a
magnetic circuit
– Symbol, B
– Definition, B = Φ/A
– Units, (Wb/m2), or T (Tesla)
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
Reluctance
– The measure of “opposition” the magnetic circuit
offers to the flux
– The analog of Resistance in an electrical circuit
– Symbol, R
– Definition, R = F/Φ
– Units, (A-t/Wb)
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
Permeability
– Relates flux density and field intensity
– Symbol, μ
– Definition, μ = B/H
– Units, (Wb/A-t-m)
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
– Symbol, μ0
– μ0 = 4πx10-7 Wb/A-t-m
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Magnetic Circuit Definitions
Relative Permeability
– Compares permeability of material with the
permeability of free space (air)
– Symbol, μr
– μr = μ/μ0 Dimensionless
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Magnetization (B-H) Curve
The nonlinear relationship between magnetic flux density B and
magnetic field intensity H is called magnetization curve. The
magnetic flux density increases almost linearly with an
increase in the magnetic field intensity up to the knee of
the magnetization curve.
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Hysteresis
Hysteresis is the name given to the "lagging" of flux density B behind the
magnetizing force H when a specimen of ferromagnetic material is taken
through a cycle of magnetization.
If H is varied backwards from -H to +H, the flux density curve follows a path
defa, which is similar to the curve abcd. The closed loop abcdef traced out is
called the hysteresis loop. The term remnant flux density Br is also called
retentivity and the term coercive force is often called coercivity.
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Figure 1.7 Hysteresis loop
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2. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
2.1. Electric Circuit Analogs
In our discussion so far, we note the following analogous
relationships between magnetic quantities and electric
quantities:
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2.2. Series Magnetic Circuit
37
R
I l
+ R
E ag
lag
Fm Hiron liron 1.10
0Aag
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Fringing and Leakage Flux
In a series magnetic circuit containing an air gap, there is a
tendency for the airgap flux to spread out (i.e., to create a
bulge) as shown in Figure below. This spreading effect, termed
fringing, reduces the net flux density in the air gap.
Fringing
flux
Useful
flux
Iafe Ibcd
R
g
R
R
+ f c
+
-
-
R R
e Ig d
a) Magnetic circuit (b) equivalent magnetic circuit (c) analogous electric circuit
Figure 1-10 Magnetic circuit with center leg 41
There are NI ampere-turns on the center leg. The flux that is
produced by the MMF in the center leg exists in the center leg
and then divides into two parts, one going in the path afe and
the other in the path bcd.
g = afe + bcd 1.11
Where g = flux in portion g
afe = flux in portion afe
bcd = flux in portion bcd
The MMF drop around afe must be equal to the MMF drop
around bcd. This can be stated more precisely as:
Hala + Hflf + Hele = Hblb + Hclc + Hdld 1.12
42
The drop in MMF around either path afe or bcd must also be equal
to the MMF drop along path g. But g also has an "active source," the
NI ampere-turns of the coil. The actual MMF existing between X and
Y is the driving force NI minus the drop Hglg in path g. Then we can
write
(NI - Hglg) = Hala + Hflf + Hele 1.13
= Hblb + Hclc + Hdld
For Figure 1.l0b
NI - mgg = bcd (mb + mc + md ) 1.14
= afe (ma + mf + me )
and in Figure 1.l0c we may write
E - RgIg = Ibcd (Rb + Rc + Rd ) 1.15
= Iafe (Ra + Rf + Re )
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Example 10
Find the value of I required to establish a magnetic flux of = 0.75
10-4 Wb in the series magnetic circuit as shown in Figure below. The
relative permeability for the steel is r = 1424.
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Solution
• The above device can be analysed by its magnetic circuit
equivalent and its electric circuit analogy as shown in figure
below.
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Solution
The flux density for each section is
0.7510-4 Wb
B 0.5 T .
A 1.510-4 m2
The magnetic field intensity of steel is
B B 0.5 T
Hc 279At/m.
c r 0 1424 4 10-7 Hm-1
B B 0.5 T
Hg 3.98 105
At/m.
g 0 1 4 10 Hm
-7 -1
H c lc 279At/m 10010-3 m 28 At.
H g l g 3.98105 At/m 2 10-3 m 796At.
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Applying Ampère circuital law (analogy to KVL in electric circuit),
NI H c lc H g l g
28 At 796At
200t I 824At
I 4.12 A.
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Example 11
Determine the value of I required to establish a magnetic flux of 2 =
1.510-4 Wb in the section of the core indicated in Figure below. The
relative permeability for the steel at region bcde, be, and efab are 2 =
4972, 1 = 4821, and T = 2426, respectively.
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Solution
The above device can be analysed by its magnetic circuit
equivalent and its electric circuit analogy as shown in figure
below.
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Solution
lbcde 0.2
Rbcde 53.35103
At/Wb
2 0 A 4972 0 6 10 m
-4 2
lbe 0.05
Rbe 13 .76 103
At/Wb
10 A 4821 0 6 10 m
-4 2
lefab 0.2
Refab 109 .34 103
At/Wb
T 0 A 2426 0 6 10 m-4 2
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Solution
Applying Ampère circuital law for loop 1,
NI T Refab 1Rbe 0
T Refab 1Rbe 80 8
I 1.76A
N 50
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Example 12
The core of Figure below is made of cast steel. Calculate the current I
that is needed to establish a flux of g = 6 10-3 Wb at the air gap if
fringing field is neglected.
[Hint: Additional information can be obtained from the B-H curve]
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Solution
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B-H curve (Notes)
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Solution
Thus,
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Example 13
The core of the magnetic device as shown in Figure below is made of cast-iron and
it is symmetrical both left and right arms. Find the current I that needed to establish
flux density of 30 Wb at the right arm of the core.
[Hint: Additional information can be obtained from the B-H curve]
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Solution
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Solution
Since the magnetic device is symmetry and made by the same material at
both left and right arms, we can concentrate the analysis of the circuit on
either loop 1 or loop 2. From Gauss law, one gets
1 = 2.
T = 1 + 2.
= 22.
d Ni N2 di di
eN L
dt dt dt
N2
L heneries
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