Chapter 4 - Magnetostatics Field
Chapter 4 - Magnetostatics Field
Chapter 4 - Magnetostatics Field
MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD
Chapter Outline
• Maxwell’s Equations
• Magnetic Forces and Torques
• Biot- Savart’s law
• Ampere’s law for magnetism
• Magnetic Field and Flux
• Self inductance and mutual inductance
• Magnetic energy
Introduction
Where;
B 0 J = current density
H = magnetic field intensity
H J B = magnetic flux density
Maxwell’s equations
The magnetic flux density B and the magnetic field intensity H
are related by:
B H
Where: μ = magnetic permeability
µ = µ0µr
Biot-Savart's law states that the magnetic field intensity produced at a point P,
as shown in Figure by the differential current clement is proportional to the
product and the sine of the angle between the clement and the line joining P to the
element and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between P and
the element.
BIOT-SAVART'S LAW
where R = |R| and aR = . Thus the direction of dH can be determined by the right-
hand rule with the right-hand thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the right-
hand fingers encircling the wire in the direction of dH.
Determining the direction of dH using (a) the right-hand rule, or (b) the right-handed screw
rule.
The Biot–Savart’s Law
Where; H H a
dL rda
2
H dL I enc H a rda I
0
Thus,
𝐻∅∫ 𝑟𝑑∅
¿ 𝐻 ∅ . 2 𝜋 𝑟
= 𝐼 𝑎∅
𝐻
2𝜋 𝑟
2. Magnetic Field of an infinite Infinite Sheet of Current
Consider an infinite current sheet in the z = 0 plane. If the sheet has a uniform current
density K = Kyay A/m as shown in Figure, applying Ampere's law to the rectangular
closed path 1-2-3-4-1 (Amperian path) gives
--------(1)
the resultant dH has only an x-component. Also, H on one side of the sheet is the
negative of that on the other side.
Due to the infinite extent of the sheet, the sheet can be regarded as consisting of
such filamentary pairs so that the characteristics of H for a pair are the same for the
infinite current sheets, that is
2. Magnetic Field of an infinite Infinite Sheet of Current
H0 yet to be determined
-------(2)
----------(3)
-- --(1)
=
∅= 𝐼 𝜌
𝐻
Therefore, 2 𝜋𝜌
3. Infinitely long coaxial transmission line
For region use path L2
Or
Putting all the equation together
3. Infinitely long coaxial transmission line
Notice from these examples that the ability to take H from under the integral sign is
the key to using Ampere's law to determine H. In other words, Ampere's law can
only be used to find H due to symmetric current distributions for which it is possible
to find a closed path over which H is constant in magnitude.
Example 1
Planes Z = 0 and z = 4 carry current K = A/m and K = A/m, respectively. Determine
H at
(a) (1,1,1)
(b) (0, - 3 , 10)
Solution:
Let the parallel current sheets be as in Figure
H = Ho + H4
where Ho and H4 are the contributions due to the current sheets z = 0 and z = 4,
respectively.
(a) At (1, 1, 1), which is between the plates (0 < z = 1 < 4),
b) At (0, - 3 , 10), which is above the two sheets (z = 10 > 4 > 0),
Ho = 1/2 ( - 10ax) X az = 5ay, A/m
H4 = 1/2 (lOax)X az = -5ay A/m
Hence,
H = 0 A/m
Example 2
Apply Ampere's circuit law to the Amperian path, which is a circle of radius show
dotted in Figure. Since N wires cut through this path each carrying current ‘I’, the
net current enclosed by the Amperian path is NI.
where
is the mean radius of the toroid as shown in
Figure. An approximate value of H is
Example 3
• A toroidal coil with N turns carrying a current I , determine
the magnetic field H in each of the following three regions: r <
a, a < r < b,and r > b, all in the azimuthal plane of the toroid.
Solution to Example 3
• H = 0 for r < a as no current is flowing through the surface
of the contour
2
H dl φˆ H φˆ rd 2rH NI
C 0
NI
H φˆ H φˆ for a r b
2r
• Hence, H = NI/(2πr) .
Magnetic Flux
• The amount of magnetic flux, φ in Webers from
magnetic field passing through a surface is found in a
manner analogous to finding electric flux:
B dS
Magnetic Flux density
•• The
magnetic flux density B is similar to the electric flux
density D. As D = in free space, the magnetic flux density B is
related to the magnetic field intensity H according to
This
equation is referred to as the law of conservation of magnetic flux or Gauss's law for
magnetostatic fields just as = Q is Gauss's law for electrostatic fields. Now by applying
divergence theorem
Or
Example 4
•crossing
Given the magnetic vector potential A = Wb/m, calculate the total magnetic flux
the surface = /2, 1 2 m , 0 < z < 5.
Solution:
• where L is the path bounding surface S; and Ψ4 are, respectively, the evaluations
of along the segments of L labeled 1 to 4 in Figure. Since A has only a z-
component
Example 5