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    The Respiratory Muscles: How Is The "Ventilatory Pump" Made?

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    Badrul Ahsan
    The three groups of respiratory muscles - the diaphragm, rib cage muscles, and abdominal muscles - work together to drive breathing. During exercise, the demand for ventilation increases, requiring greater neural drive and mechanical power from the muscles. Specifically, the diaphragm acts mainly as a flow generator by shortening quickly, while the rib cage and abdominal muscles generate pressure by moving the chest wall. Additionally, the expiratory muscles become active during exercise, coordinating their action with the inspiratory muscles to prevent rib distortion and optimize the mechanics of breathing.

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    The Respiratory Muscles: How Is The "Ventilatory Pump" Made?

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    Badrul Ahsan
    51 views2 pages
    The three groups of respiratory muscles - the diaphragm, rib cage muscles, and abdominal muscles - work together to drive breathing. During exercise, the demand for ventilation increases, requiring greater neural drive and mechanical power from the muscles. Specifically, the diaphragm acts mainly as a flow generator by shortening quickly, while the rib cage and abdominal muscles generate pressure by moving the chest wall. Additionally, the expiratory muscles become active during exercise, coordinating their action with the inspiratory muscles to prevent rib distortion and optimize the mechanics of breathing.

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    Respiratory Muscles

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    The three groups of respiratory muscles - the diaphragm, rib cage muscles, and abdominal muscles - work together to drive breathing. During exercise, the demand for ventilation increases, requiring greater neural drive and mechanical power from the muscles. Specifically, the diaphragm acts mainly as a flow generator by shortening quickly, while the rib cage and abdominal muscles generate pressure by moving the chest wall. Additionally, the expiratory muscles become active during exercise, coordinating their action with the inspiratory muscles to prevent rib distortion and optimize the mechanics of breathing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    51 views2 pages

    The Respiratory Muscles: How Is The "Ventilatory Pump" Made?

    Uploaded by

    Badrul Ahsan
    The three groups of respiratory muscles - the diaphragm, rib cage muscles, and abdominal muscles - work together to drive breathing. During exercise, the demand for ventilation increases, requiring greater neural drive and mechanical power from the muscles. Specifically, the diaphragm acts mainly as a flow generator by shortening quickly, while the rib cage and abdominal muscles generate pressure by moving the chest wall. Additionally, the expiratory muscles become active during exercise, coordinating their action with the inspiratory muscles to prevent rib distortion and optimize the mechanics of breathing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    The respiratory muscles

    How is the “ventilatory pump” made?

    From a functional point of view, there are three groups of respiratory


    muscles: the diaphragm, the rib cage muscles and the abdominal
    muscles. Each group acts on the chest wall and its compartments,
    i.e. the lung-apposed rib cage, the diaphragm-apposed rib cage and
    the abdomen. Contraction of the diaphragm expands the abdomen
    and the lower part of the rib cage (abdominal rib cage). The rib cage
    muscles, including the intercostals, the parasternals, the scalene and
    the neck muscles, mostly act on the upper part of the rib cage
    (pulmonary rib cage) and are both inspiratory and expiratory. The
    abdominal muscles act on the abdomen and the abdominal rib cage
    and are expiratory. When each muscle group contracts alone or the
    contraction is predominant compared to the other groups,
    undesirable effects (such as “paradoxical” inward or outward motion
    during inspiration and expiration, respectively) occur on at least one
    of the compartments. A highly coordinated recruitment of two or
    three muscle groups is required to avoid these effects. During
    breathing at rest, this is accomplished by the coordinated activity of
    the diaphragm and inspiratory rib cage muscles. Normally no
    expiratory muscles are used.

    How does the ventilatory pump work during exercise?

    During exercise the increased ventilatory demands determine an


    increased neural drive to the respiratory muscles. This determines an
    increased mechanical power developed by the muscles. Muscle
    power is equal to velocity of shortening multiplied by pressure.
    Differently than rest, during exercise the diaphragm is primarily a
    “flow generator”. This means that its mechanical power is mainly
    expressed as velocity of shortening rather than pressure. Conversely,
    rib cage and abdominal muscles are primarily “pressure generators”,
    i.e. develop the pressures required to move the rib cage and
    abdomen, respectively [1].

    Differently than rest, during exercise the expiratory muscles play an


    active role in breathing. Within each single breath their action is
    highly coordinated with that of the inspiratory rib cage muscles.
    During inspiration, while the rib cage muscles contract, the
    abdominal muscles gradually relax, and vice versa during expiration.
    This mechanism has several effects: 1) it prevents rib cage distortion;
    2) the diaphragm is unloaded and can act as a flow generator; and 3)
    the volume of the abdomen is decreased below resting levels [1, 2].
    As a result, end-expiratory lung volume is decreased during exercise
    (figure 1) and the mechanics of breathing is optimised for several
    reasons. Tidal volume occurs in the most compliant part of the
    respiratory system; the diaphragm is lengthened and thus works
    near its optimal length; at each breath part of the required
    inspiratory work is previously stored in the form of elastic energy
    during the previous expiration.

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