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    Pneumatic Transport: J. Ruud Van Ommen

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    Nícoli Galo
    This document provides an overview of pneumatic transport systems. It defines the basic concept as using gas to transport particulate solids through pipelines. It describes the two main modes as dilute phase, where particles are fully suspended at low concentrations, and dense phase where particles are not fully suspended at higher concentrations. Phase diagrams are presented showing operating regimes for dilute vertical and horizontal transport. Key relationships involving mass flow rates, velocities and void fractions are defined. Factors contributing to pressure drop in pneumatic systems are identified and a force balance equation is shown. Tools for calculating pressure drops due to particle-wall friction and overall system pressure drop are also summarized. Design considerations for bends are briefly discussed.

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    Pneumatic Transport: J. Ruud Van Ommen

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    Nícoli Galo
    45 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of pneumatic transport systems. It defines the basic concept as using gas to transport particulate solids through pipelines. It describes the two main modes as dilute phase, where particles are fully suspended at low concentrations, and dense phase where particles are not fully suspended at higher concentrations. Phase diagrams are presented showing operating regimes for dilute vertical and horizontal transport. Key relationships involving mass flow rates, velocities and void fractions are defined. Factors contributing to pressure drop in pneumatic systems are identified and a force balance equation is shown. Tools for calculating pressure drops due to particle-wall friction and overall system pressure drop are also summarized. Design considerations for bends are briefly discussed.

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    This document provides an overview of pneumatic transport systems. It defines the basic concept as using gas to transport particulate solids through pipelines. It describes the two main modes as dilute phase, where particles are fully suspended at low concentrations, and dense phase where particles are not fully suspended at higher concentrations. Phase diagrams are presented showing operating regimes for dilute vertical and horizontal transport. Key relationships involving mass flow rates, velocities and void fractions are defined. Factors contributing to pressure drop in pneumatic systems are identified and a force balance equation is shown. Tools for calculating pressure drops due to particle-wall friction and overall system pressure drop are also summarized. Design considerations for bends are briefly discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views14 pages

    Pneumatic Transport: J. Ruud Van Ommen

    Uploaded by

    Nícoli Galo
    This document provides an overview of pneumatic transport systems. It defines the basic concept as using gas to transport particulate solids through pipelines. It describes the two main modes as dilute phase, where particles are fully suspended at low concentrations, and dense phase where particles are not fully suspended at higher concentrations. Phase diagrams are presented showing operating regimes for dilute vertical and horizontal transport. Key relationships involving mass flow rates, velocities and void fractions are defined. Factors contributing to pressure drop in pneumatic systems are identified and a force balance equation is shown. Tools for calculating pressure drops due to particle-wall friction and overall system pressure drop are also summarized. Design considerations for bends are briefly discussed.

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    Pneumatic transport

    J. Ruud van Ommen


    Department of Chemical Engineering
    Delft University of Technology

    JMBC course Particle Technology 2015

    Based on M. Rhodes, Introduction to Particle Technology, 2nd edition, 2008,


    and material from prof. Ehrman, Univ of Maryland
    Pneumatic transport
    • Basic definition – using gas to transport a
    particulate solid through a pipeline
    – Ex: grain, flour, plastic, pulverized coal
    • Two modes
    – Dilute phase – particles are fully suspended, like
    entrainment in FB but deliberate, solids less than 1 %
    by volume, lots of pumping req’d
    – Dense phase – particles not suspended, loading > 30 %
    by volume, lots of interparticle interactions
    Phase diagram for dilute phase
    vertical pneumatic transport
    Static head of solids dominates

    p/L
    G = G2 > G1
    Friction resistance
    dominates
    G = G1

    B G=0
    A
    Uch for G1 Superficial gas velocity U
    Uch, lowest velocity at which dilute phase transport line can be operated if solids
    feed rate is G1
    Phase diagram for dilute phase
    horizontal pneumatic transport

    Saltation, solids begin to settle out in the bottom of the pipe


    p/L

    G = G2 > G1

    G = G1
    B
    G=0
    A

    Usalt for G1 Superficial gas velocity U


    Phase diagram for dense phase
    horizontal pneu. transport
    Definitions
    • Superficial gas velocity Ufs =
    Qf (gas volumetric flow) /A (cross sectional area of pipe)

    • Superficial solids velocity Ups = Qp/A


    (Qp = volumetric flow of solids)

    • Actual gas velocity Uf = Qf/A (void fraction)

    • Actual particle velocity Up = Qp/[A(1-)]


    Important relationships
    • Mass flow rate of particles
    M p  AU p (1   )  p
    • Mass flow of fluid
    M f  AU f   f
    • Solids loading = Mp/Mf
    Pressure drop in pneumatic transport
    Contributors to pressure drop
    1. Gas acceleration (gas acting on gas)
    2. Particle acceleration (gas acting on particles)
    3. Gas/pipe friction wall friction
    4. Solids/pipe friction “
    5. Static head of solids fighting gravity
    6. Static head of gas “
    Not considered: interparticle forces
    Force balance on pipe
    Net force acting on
    pipe contents =
    rate of increase in
    momentum of contents
    Pressure - gas/wall - solids wall - gravity = rate of increase in
    friction force friction force momentum of gas + rate
    of increase in momentum
    solids

    P1  P2   Ffw L  Fpw L   p L(1 )g sin   f L  g sin 


    1 1
     fU f  (1 )  pU p 2
    2

    2 2
    Ffw and Fpw are gas to wall and solids to wall friction force respectively,
    L = pipe length,  = angle of pipe with horizontal
    What happens for horizontal flow?
    Terms and physical meaning
    P1  P2  1. Total pressure drop
    F fw L
    2. Gas acceleration (gas acting on gas)
    Fpw L
    3. Particle acceleration (gas acting on particles)
     p L(1 )g sin
     f L  g sin 4. Gas/pipe friction wall friction

    1 5. Solids/pipe friction wall friction


     fU f 2

    2 6. Static head of solids fighting gravity


    1
    (1 )  pU p
    2
    7. Static head of gas fighting gravity
    2
    Tools to calculate pressure drop
    Correlations for Fpw
    For vertical transport [G = solids mass flux, mass particles/(area x time)]
    g
    Fpw L  0.057 G L
    D
    Horizontal transport
    2fp G U pL
    Fpw L 
    D
    where U p  U(1 0.0638 x 0.3  p )
    0.5

    and
    3 f D 
    U f  UP 
    2

    fp  CD  
    8  p x  U p 
    For gas/wall friction pressure drop, calculate with friction factor
    assuming it is independent of presence of particles.
    Simple method for s.s. horizontal flow
    From Particle Technology by Orr (1966)

    Pt
    Ratio of total pressure loss R = mass of solid material
    R
    due to solids/air system
     1 mass of air
    (Pt)
    to total pressure loss due to
    Pa k
    only air flowing (Pa)
    k as a function of superficial velocity

    4
    3.5
    dimensionless
    coefficient k,

    3
    k is an empirically 2.5
    derived coefficient 2
    1.5
    1
    2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
    superficial velocity, ft/min
    Bends
    Generally problematic. Solids that may be in suspension in
    vert/horiz transport may salt out as they go around bends. Worst
    case: vertical going to horizontal

    blinded tees recommended if


    bends are unavoidable
    No reliable correlations exist for bend pressure drops.
    Only a rough rule of thumb:
    Bend P = P for 7.5 m of vertical pipe under same flow conditions
    Pneumatic conveying systems –
    Typical designs

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