10

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Agri-Fishery Arts
Agricultural Crop Production
Quarter 4 - Module 2
Cleaning up on Completion of
Irrigation Activities

Department Education • Republic of the Philippines

Technology and Livelihood Education Grade 10
Agri-Fishery Arts - Agricultural Crop Production
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 2: Cleaning up on Completion of Irrigation Activities
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education - Division of Bukidnon
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Office Address: Fortich Street, Sumpong,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
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Lesson
Procedures for Storage and
1 Disposal of Waste Materials

What’s New

Activity 1

Directions:
Before discussing this FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self
new lesson, study the Learning Module) is for educational purposes only. Borrowed
materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand
picture below. Answer names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
the questions. Write owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher
your answers on and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
another sheet of Sincerest appreciation to those who have made significant
contributions to these modules.
paper.
 1. Identify the different storage bins. What do you think is inside the
bins?

Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

What Is It

Every business, especially agricultural practice, produces waste. Waste

presents loss of resources and money for your project. By thinking creatively, you
can reduce the waste you create and make better use of the waste that can’t be
avoided.

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Storage and Disposal of Farm Wastes

Storage
 Locate farm waste storage areas away from food handling, input storage, and
livestock housing areas to prevent cross-contamination, and avoid attracting
pests.
 Make sure the farm waste storage areas and containers are adequate for the
amount of waste generated between disposal times.
 Clean farm waste storage areas often enough to avoid creating conditions that
can cause cross-contamination or attract pests.
 Where possible, use containers with lids for the storage of farm waste until
removal.

Disposal
 Remove farm waste often enough and in a manner to prevent cross-
contamination and avoid attracting pests.
 Dispose all materials according to municipal by-laws and provincial regulations.
  If farm waste can be used by other sectors, store and ship them so as not to
pose food safety hazard. Unless properly sanitized, vehicles used for
transporting farm waste should not be used to transport food products and farm
inputs.

Note: Crops grown in the farm can be fed to livestock housed in the same farm.
Follow pesticide label instructions regarding grazing and feeding crops to
livestock.

Agricultural wastes are defined as the residues from growing and

processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, meat, poultry, dairy products,
and crops. These can be in the form of solid, liquid, or slurries depending on the
nature of agricultural activities. Furthermore, agricultural industry residues and
wastes constitute a significant proportion of worldwide agricultural activity. Although
the quantity of wastes produced by the agricultural sector is significantly low
compared to wastes generated by other industries.

Agricultural Wastes

 Plant materials - include a wide and varied group of plant parts from many
species. General categories of plant materials include grasses, rushes, barks,
woods, gourds, stems, roots, and leaves.

 Hay - is a grass, legume, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut dried
and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing animals such as
cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.

 Weed - is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation; “a plant in a

wrong place”.
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 Twig - is a small thin terminal branch of a woody plant.

 Twine - is a light string or strong thread composed of two or smaller strand or

yarn twisted, and then twisted together.

 Animal manure - is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw like
those found in a stable.

 Feed refuse - is derived from fuel; it is a treated solid waste that can act as fuel
in heating or electricity generation system.

 Empty sacks - used to store agricultural products.

 Trash fish - is a fish that does not have food value.

 Fish meal - is a commercial product made from fish and bones and often from
processed fish.
  Effluent - is the outflowing of water or gas from a natural body of water or from
a man-made structure.

Rice Hay

Dicklum Rice Field

Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

Dangerous and Hazardous Wastes

 Pesticides - Insecticides (bug killers), herbicides (weed killers), and fungicides

(fungus killers) are all pesticides.
 Syringe - is a simple pump consisting of a plunger that fits in a tube.
 Expired Biologics - are the expiry dates for major patents on best-selling
biological products.
 Spoiled Milk
 Diseased Plant and Plant Parts

Pesticides
Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing taken at Alombro Agri-Store
in Poblacion, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon

Steps Involved in Waste Management

1. Reduction of waste
2. Recycling of waste
3. Treatment of waste
 4. Disposal of waste

Reduction of Waste
The first concept of waste management is reduction in the quantity of waste.
This can be achieved by concentration and segregation.

Concentration
The wastes that are generated during various industrial processes are
concentrated using modern methods, such as precipitation and decantation
techniques.

Segregation
The wastes are segregated according to their chemical composition, hazard
potential, and physical nature. This will help in their eventual disposal.

Recycling of Waste
This is a method by which wastes can be further used through reprocessing.

Treatment of Waste
Wastes are treated to reduce and neutralize the toxicity.

Disposal
This is the final step. It is the disposal of waste to a landfill site.

Common Methods of Waste Disposal

1. Open Dumping - is the oldest, simplest, and most common method of disposing
waste. Its drawback, breed pest, and microorganism, pollute air, surface water,
and ground water.
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Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

2. Sanitary Landfill - is a disposal site that does not create a hazard for public
health and where solid wastes are regulated and controlled.
 Sanitary Landfill in Alae, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon
Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

Advantages
a. No open burning
b. Less odor
c. Less cost
d. Accommodate huge amount of waste
e. Landfill can be used for other purposes.

Disadvantages
a. More noise pollution
b. Space problem
c. Emits greenhouse gases
d. Ground water pollution
e. Slow decomposition

3. Ocean Dumping - Ocean is the biggest reservoir. The disadvantage is the

habitat change of organisms is adversely affected in the marine ecosystem.

4. Drainage Dumping - It is one of the most common practices in which the wastes
are drained directly into the water bodies like rivers, lakes, ponds, ocean, and etc.
Although it is economical, it pollutes water making it unfit for use.
5

Gaabucayan Creek in Cagayan de Oro City

Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

5. Incineration - It is a modern method of waste disposal by burning waste

materials. The plant in which the wastes are burnt is called incinerator. It is
applicable for medical wastes.
6. Composting - It is a biochemical process in which organic materials decompose
to form humus. This method is useful for the disposal of biodegradable wastes.

School Composting in Manolo Fortich National High School

Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

3R Rule for Waste Disposal

1. Reduce - With individual efforts, we can reduce the wastes we produce in the
workplace.
2. Reuse - We can use the same thing again and for different purposes.
3. Recycle - We can reform glass, plastic, metal, cans, and paper objects, and
convert them into a useful substance/ material.

What’s More

Activity 2
Directions: Identify the following materials whether agricultural or hazardous.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. plant material ____________ 6. empty sack ____________

2. hay ____________ 7. herbicides ____________
3. syringe ____________ 8. weeds ____________
4. pesticides ____________ 9. effluent ____________
5. expired biologics __________ 10. silage ____________

What I Have Learned

Activity 3

Directions: Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with
the correct answer. Answers may be more than one word. Write your
answers on a separate paper.

1. Any material that is unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted is called

_______.
2. Agricultural waste is a waste produced from various _______.
3. The final step of waste disposal is called _______.
4. A method by which wastes can be further used through reprocessing is _______.
5. The precise name for collection, transportation, disposal, or recycling and
monitoring of waste is called _______.
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6. The biochemical process in which organic materials decompose to form humus is
called _______.
7. _______ is a simple pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube.
8. _______is a type of water that has been utilized in some capacity that negatively
impacts the quality of the water.
9. Waste materials are disposed according to _______, government, and farm
requirements.
10. _______ is the most common method in which wastes are drained directly to the
bodies of water.

What I Can Do

You have already learned the lesson, answer the activity below.

Activity 4
Directions: Answer the question and write this on another sheet of paper.

1. Differentiate agricultural waste from hazardous waste.

2. How does it affect our environment?

Assessment

Multiple Choice

Directions: Analyze the questions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call the rejected or unwanted materials?

a. waste materials b. agricultural waste materials
c. hazardous materials d. recyclable materials
2. Which is not a hazardous material?
a. syringe b. plant materials
c. pesticides d. expired biologics
3. Which type of waste includes hay, silage, animal manure, and etc.?
a. medical waste b. hazardous waste
c. agricultural waste d. water waste
4. What agricultural waste is known as “a plant in a wrong place”?
a. twines b. twigs
c. hay d. weeds

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5. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. empty sacks b. fish meal
c. trash fish d. pesticides
6. What is the method in which waste materials can be further used through
reprocessing?
a. treatment b. segregation
c. recycling d. disposal
7. Which of the following is not included in the 3R rule for waste disposal?
a. reduce b. radius
c. reuse d. recycle
8. What method of waste disposal adversely affects the marine ecosystem?
a. ocean dumping b. incineration
c. composting d. landfill
9. What is called as the residues from growing and processing of raw agricultural
products?
a. hazardous waste b. non-biodegradable waste
c. agricultural waste d. biodegradable waste
10. What method of waste disposal is applicable only for medical waste?
a. incineration b. composting
c. drainage d. landfill
11. What method includes the advantages such as no open burning, less odor, less
cost, and accommodation of huge amount of waste?
a. landfill b. composting
c. open dump d. drainage
12. Which of the following methods is used in burning waste materials?
a. incineration b. drainage
c. composting d. landfill
13. Which of the following is not a step in waste management?
a. reduction of waste b. recycling of waste
c. dumping of waste d. disposal
14. What agricultural waste is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw?
a. silage b. animal manure
c. hay d. pesticides
15. Which method is useful for disposing biodegradable waste materials?
a. composting b. incineration
c. landfill d. open-dump

Lesson Routine Cleaning,

2 Maintenance and Storage
of Tools and Equipment

What’s New

Before moving forward to the lesson, cleaning and maintaining tools and
equipment, try to answer the activity first.

Activity 1

Directions: Analyze the picture. Write your reaction regarding the picture on a
separate paper.
 Photo Credit: Carlito V. Cailing

What Is It

Cleaning, Maintaining and Storing of Tools and Equipment

It is important that tools and equipment must be properly managed to avoid

additional cost on the part of the farm owner. Purchasing new tools and equipment
makes operation very costly when available implements are still serviceable. The
only thing to do is to properly clean and do all maintenance procedures of the said
implements after using.

The first step in tool and equipment maintenance is to read any instruction or
manual supplied with the said farm implements. Regular servicing or maintenance
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procedure may be required. If there are no specific instructions, a number of simple
maintenance tasks generally help prolong the life of many tools.

Looking after the tools is very important. If you look after them, they do not
have to be replaced frequently. Tools and equipment in good condition are easy and
safe to use. Some simple general reminders are listed below.

Simple General Reminders

 Metal
To prevent rust or corrosion, the metal needs either painting with a good
metal primer or regular coating with oil. It may be good if after using, the metal
parts are cleaned and wiped with an oil rag.

 Sharpening
Keeping the tools sharp usually means less effort is required when using
them, so, less strain is applied.

 Washing
 If tools are kept clean they are less likely to corrode or have moving parts
size. This also reduces the likelihood of pests and diseases being spread from
infected areas to uninfected areas.

 Storing
Keeping tools stored properly means they are less likely to be damaged, lost,
or stolen. Tools left lying around can also be dangerous, particularly if the
business is likely to have young children visiting (a retail nursery) or they can be
used by burglars to break the office, work buildings, or storage sheds.

General Cleaning Procedures

 Be properly trained on the cleaning procedure.
 Develop a cleaning program and schedule according to the recommended
frequency and the cleaning program should be monitored to ensure its
effectiveness.
 Cleaning must not take place while fresh vegetables are being harvested,
packed, handled, and stored.
 Water used for cleaning must be safe.
 The cleaning of equipment, tools, and containers must take place in a designated
area away from the field, and the storage of agricultural inputs and fresh
vegetables.
 When using cleaning and disinfection chemicals, the farmer and/or farm worker
must be familiar with the instruction and use of these products.
 Strictly adhere to all precautionary statements and mixing instructions.
 Protect equipment, tools, container, and fresh vegetables when working with any
chemicals.
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Other Reminders

a. Make sure the tools are free of foreign matter or obstruction that may impede the
efficient and safe use of said implements.
b. Make sure that worn or damaged parts are replaced promptly. This includes pull-
start cords that might be frayed.
c. Make sure that all moving parts are well-lubricated.
d. Protect any parts that are likely to rust or become corroded with paint or wipe with
an oil rag.
e. Keep battery terminals free of corrosion. Cover terminals with a smear of
petroleum jelly. Battery level should be topped up. All connections should be kept
tight.
f. Make sure any oil is kept topped up, drained, and replaced at regular intervals.
Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.
g. Keep air cleaners clean and unblocked.
h. Keep any cutting edges properly sharpened.
i. Periodically check-up and tighten any loose nuts, bolts, screws, etc.

Maintaining Farm Tools and Equipment

 According to Ladia, et.al (2012), maintenance is work that is done regularly
to keep tools and equipment in good condition and working order. We need to learn
the different kinds of maintenance in order to identify the activities and proper
procedures in the management of facilities as well as the time, money, and materials
involved.

The proper use of tools and equipment is the first and foremost task in
maintenance. It used in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual, as this evidently
extends the life of the tools and equipment. The manual indicates the part and the
way to maintain it. We must always refer to it for reference.

Types of Maintenance

1. Preventive maintenance – It prevents or finds defects before they develop into a

breakdown.
2. Corrective maintenance – The maintenance task initiated as a result of the
observed condition of an asset or system before or after functional failure to
correct a problem.
3. Emergency maintenance – It is performed to put the item on hand immediately
to avoid serious consequences, such as loss of production, disrupted schedule,
extensive damage to assets, idle worker or for safety reasons. This should be
requested as soon as you become aware of a problem.

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Purposes of Maintenance

1. To extend the useful life of tools and equipment;

2. To assure the operational readiness of equipment and maximum possible
return on investments;
3. To properly discard hazardous waste; and
4. To ensure the safety of the user.

Factors to Consider When Maintaining Farm Tools and Equipment

1. manpower
2. money (financial resources)
3. methods and system
4. machines (facilities)
5. materials and supplies

Maintenance Program
It includes all maintenance activities to be undertaken, manpower needed,
maintenance methods to be used, all materials and supplies needed, and cost
involved in the maintenance.
Maintenance Schedule
It is a list allocating specific maintenance of an area, including tools and
equipment for a specified period. It is also just a part of the maintenance program.

Maintenance Checklist
It is a list of maintenance task typically derived through some analysis,
generated automatically as a work orders at predetermine frequency.

Tool Maintenance and Safety Rules

According to Asuncion (1991), tools and equipment will last longer when
properly kept and maintained. A good worker keeps and takes care of his tools.

Pointers to Follow in Keeping Tools in Good Condition

1. Be sure to inspect tools and equipment before using them to check if they are
in good condition.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with damp cloth before keeping it in the
tool cabinet. To keep tool from rusting, make sure that the tool is dry before
storing.
3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage that may be caused
by air, water, or rust.

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Safety Rules to Follow to Avoid Accident

1. Avoid wearing of loose clothing. Sleeves should be fitting and shirts tucked in as
much as possible.
2. Injuries or accidents that occur should be reported immediately to the teacher.
3. Never use your lips to fold small materials like fastener or any small metal articles
when working.
4. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting tools is
away from the edge of the work table.
5. Keep working areas clean and free from shaving of any kind.
6. Ensure the safety of your classmate when carrying long and heavy tools to avoid
accidents.
7. Never use dull or damage tools.
8. Keep fingers away from the edge of cutting tools.
9. Know and observe safety measures specific of each tool or operation.
10. Convenience outlets and power tools used should be checked before and after
each use.
11. Keep tools in their proper places.
5S in Cleaning and Maintaining Tools and Equipment

According to Ladia, et. al. (2012), five S (5S) is the name of a workplace
organization methodology that uses a list of five Japanese words which are seire,
seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuki. Translated into English, they all begin with letter
“S“. The list describes how items are stored and how the new order is maintained.

 Seire (sort) - taking out and disposing of unnecessary items.

 Seiton (systematize) - arranging tools, equipment, and materials for easy and
most efficient access.
 Seiso (sweep) – cleaning even if things are not dirty.
 Seiketsu (standardize) - maintaining the workplace in high standard
housekeeping.
 Shitsuke (self-discipline) - doing things spontaneously without being told.

What’s More

Activity 2

Directions: Identify the following whether these are tools, equipment, and
implements by checking on it. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering.

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Tools Equipment Implements
1. Sickle
2. Bolo
3. Hand tractor
4. Wheel barrow
5. Sprinklers
6. Wooden plow
7. Sprayer
8. Native wooden harrow
9. Light hoe
10. Water pump
11. Rotavator
12. Disc harrow
13. Disc plow
14. Hand cultivator
15. Grab-hoe
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3

Directions: Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with
the correct answer. Answers may be a word or group of words. Write
your answers on a separate paper.

1. The maintenance being performed to prevent or find defects before it develops

into a breakdown is _______.
2. The task initiated as result of the observed condition of an asset or system,
before or after functional failure to correct a problem is called _______.
3. _______ includes all maintenance activities to be undertaken, manpower
needed, maintenance methods to be used, all materials and supplies needed,
and cost involved.
4. Maintenance checklist is a list of _______ typically derived through some
analysis, generated automatically as work orders at predetermined frequency.
5. _______ is a list of allocating specific maintenance of an area including tools and
equipment for a specified period.
6. _______ is the name of a work place organization methodology that uses five
Japanese words.
7. _______ are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land
preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products.
8. Accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machineries to make work easier
are called _______.

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9. An activity to restore the good condition of something that is broken or damaged
is called _______.
10. _______ are objects that are usually light and are used without the help of
animals and machines.
11. The implement mounted to a tractor and is used for tilling and pulverizing the soil
is called _______.
12. _______ are farm implements used in horticultural operations either pulled by a
working animal or tractor.
13. The process of removing unwanted substance is called _______.
14. An action of applying substances such as oil to an engine or component to
minimize friction is called _______.
15. The term used to restore the good condition of something broken or damage is
known as _______.
 What I Can Do

Activity 4. Farmer- Student Encounter

Directions: Interview a farmer about farm tools, implements and simple equipment
he has. Make an inventory record to ensure that the tools, implements
and equipment are still complete and in good condition, ready for use
in the next operation. Use another sheet of paper for your answers.

Sample Inventory Record (Use Index card.)

Remarks
Date Unit Quantity Item
Needs
In Good condition
Repair
8/16/2020 Pcs. 20 Bolo 15 5
Unit 2 Hand Tractor 2
Set 3 Soil Testing Kit 2 1

Assessment

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
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1. What machinery of crop production is used in land preparation and in
transforming farm inputs and products?
a. farm equipment
b. farm implement
c. farm tools
d. farm machinery
2. Which of the following is excluded from the reasons why you have to maintain
tools and equipment?
a. to extend the useful life of tools
b. to avoid readiness of the equipment
c. to properly discard hazardous waste
d. to ensure the safety of the user
3. What do you gain from maintaining the facilities?
a. ensure safe environment
b. improve moral human resource
c. reduce production
 d. prolong life of facilities
4. Which of the choices below is not a factor to consider when maintaining farm
tools and equipment?
a. manpower
b. methods
c. machine/materials
d. maintenance
5. What includes all maintenance activities?
a. maintenance proper
b. maintenance schedule
c. maintenance checklist
d. manpower
6. What objects are usually light and are used without the help of animals and
machines?
a. farm implements
b. farm equipment
c. farm tools
d. farm resources
7. What activity or operation is done to prevent malfunctioned tools and equipment
and prolong the useful life of tools and equipment?
a. emergency maintenance
b. corrective maintenance
c. farm maintenance
d. preventive maintenance
8. Which one is performed to prepare, restore, replace, or correct a failure?
a. corrective maintenance
b. preventive maintenance
c. emergency maintenance
d. farm maintenance
9. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. corrective maintenance
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b. farm maintenance
c. preventive maintenance
d. emergency maintenance
10. What Japanese word pertains to cleaning?
a. seire
b. shitsuke
c. seiso
d. seiketsu
11. What factor is known as labor force?
a. methods
b. manpower
c. money
d. machine
12. What is the proper use of foods, equipment, and facilities, and is the first and
foremost task in _______?
a. maintenance
 b. sorting
c. storing
d. cleaning
13. What do you call the list of maintenance task typically derived through some
analysis, generated automatically as work order at predetermined frequency?
a. emergency maintenance
b. farm maintenance
c. maintenance schedule
d. maintenance checklist
14. Which of the following Japanese words means doing things spontaneously?
a. shitsuke
b. seikutse
c. seiso
d. seiton
15. What activity is done regularly to keep the tools and equipment in good working
order?
a. storing
b. sorting
c. maintaining
d. cleaning

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Lesson
Report Preparation of
3 Work Outcomes

What’s New

Before going further to the next lesson let’s have a simple exercise. Answer
this activity.
Activity 1. Agri-Puzzle

Directions: Encircle the word or a group of words related to work outcomes.

Transfer this puzzle and write your answers on your activity notebook.

P A B O S C D A
R C D R T N R O
O D A S A L E S
D O S B O M C A
U S T I O B O D
C T E C L C R P
T A T P T O D S
I U A O C A S H
O A L O G H I Q
N A C B D S M O

What Is It

Steps to Make an Outcome Report

Step 1: Determine the cause.

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By the name of it, outcome reports are made to determine the outcome of
a project or an event. Hence, outcome reports can be of various types. This type
is determined based on the objective of your report. For instance, if you want to
determine the outcome of a meeting then you need to make a meeting outcome
report. Before you start writing the report, think carefully about the goals that you
want to achieve through the report.

Step 2: Take records during the event.

To make a report, an important task is to take records while the event is

occurring. These records do not have to elaborate descriptions of the event.
Providing just enough information that you can use later to make the report is
well. Take records of what is being discussed. This includes issues raised and
the solutions provided to them, respectively, if any. Jot down or record using a
recorder the main points of discussion of the event.

Step 3: Provide the summary.

 The first part of writing the report is to provide a summary of the project or
the event for which the report is being made. This part of the outcome report
must give a general concept of how the venture progresses without getting into
too much information at a look. A person who does not have time to read the
entire report thoroughly must be able to get a picture of the current status of the
project through the summary of the status report.

Step 4: Mark the progress.

There is no use of making an outcome report if the report does not show
how much the individual, group, or organization has progressed. The outcome
report must include complete information on achievements, timelines, and most
significantly, the milestones of the event. Project milestones are the fulfilment of
duties of great importance. These milestones function as a level of standard
progress. During the scheduling phase of the event, what forms the specific
milestones should be recognized.

Step 5: Provide a comparison.

The outcome report must be able to show a comparison between the

current status of the event and the ideal status that the event should reach.  It
should incorporate a contrast between what was effectively accomplished at a
specific stage of the task and was expected to have been accomplished. It
should inform us if the event is going according to plan, ahead of it, or behind it.

Step 6: Do the analysis.

An assessment of the effect on the event should be produced and

submitted in the outcome report for any variances recorded and reported
20
between the goals and real achievements. It is also necessary to state the
grounds for such variations in the study. This assessment is normally done with
the help of analysis. The kind of analysis that you will perform will depend upon
the type of outcome report you are making.

Importance of Record Keeping

Record keeping is very important in any venture especially in agricultural

enterprise. It provides substantial information important in decision-making. Data
gathered from farm records also help in planning and budget preparation. It is a
source of data in obtaining credit, insurance, and in preparing tax returns and reports
required by the government. It is also useful in marketing farm products and other
farming activities. Farm records determine the value of the project. Agricultural
managers use them as collaterals in obtaining loans from banks and other financing
entities. Or if the owner wants to sell the farm, this could be used as document in
presenting the performance of the farm to potential buyers. To facilitate effective
record management, the following records can be kept.

Farm Records

1. Cash Records - This is a record of the cash accounts in a project. It can be

seen in one record or this may be a special cash record wherein the cash
received journal and cash payments journal are separately recorded
transactions.

2. Farm Sales Record - This is used to record all sales in rice production. There
are two kinds of farm sales record: general and the classified. The general form
has only one amount column where the value of farm product sold is recorded.
The other columns are for the other pertinent information such as date, unit,
description, and unit value.

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Date Description Quantity Unit Unit Value ₱ Total Value ₱
March 2 Rice 50 Cavans ₱ 800.00 ₱ 40,000,00
March 3 Glutinous 5 Cavans ₱ 1,000.00 ₱ 5,000.00

The classified farm sales record contains special columns for the main
product of the farm stock record.

3. Stock Record - This record shows the stock of supplies and materials needed
by the farm for all farming activities, especially in large-scale production. Aside
from the date item columns, the stock record has three main columns; the
received column, issued column, and balance column. The received column has
three sub-columns: quantity, unit price, and the total amount of materials
received. The issue column shows the quantity used while the balance column
shows the materials or supplies which are unused. The stock record is useful in
determining how much supplies and materials are needed per cropping.

Here is an example of stock record.

 Date Item Quality Unit Value Total Issued/ Issued/
Value Used Used
Quantity Quantity
Mar.3 Fertilizer 8 bags P800/bag ₱6,400.00 4 4
Mar.8 Herbicide 2 bottles P1,200/bag ₱2,400.00 1 1

4. Production Record - This record determines the annual profitability of a farm

enterprise. It lists the different crops grown in the farm during the whole year, the
amount spent for the production, total sales, remaining stock, and net income.
This record summarizes the performance of the farm in each year. It can be
used by the farmer in determining which crop is performing well or which is not. It
can be the basis of the farmer in deciding what crop has to be maintained or
which one is supposed to be changed.

Cropping Description Cost of Total Sales Remaining Net

Season of the Production Stock Income
Commodity
January to Pepper ₱ 3,500.00 ₱ 10,500.00 500 grams ₱ 7,000
April
May to Rice ₱ 5,000.00 ₱ 22,000.00 250 grams ₱ 17,000
October
November Beans ₱ 2,000.00 ₱ 8,000.00 90 grams ₱ 6,000
to
December
Total ₱ 10,500.00 ₱ 40,500.00 ₱ 30,000

5. Cost and Profit Analysis - This record tells the farmer how much profit he/she
gains for the project undertaken. It contains a list of all the farming activities that
are done in a season and the expenses incurred per farming
22
activity. It also indicates the cost of supplies and materials used for the cropping
season. The cost and return analysis helps the farmer get the total cost of
production and estimate the net return he/she gains depending on the crop yield
or mode of production.

The following table shows the sample cost and return analysis of rice
production for one-hectare lowland and irrigated rice.

Method of planting: Transplanting (Wet Season)

Variety: HYV
Seeds : 2 bags certified seeds at ₱ 1,200.00/sack
Soil condition : High/ Medium NPK (Soil Test Results) ( RR= 68-28-45)

Item Labor Cost of Labor Cost of No. of Days Amount

Man / Day Man & Animal Req. at 8
(8 hrs.) /Day (8 hrs.) hrs. / day
1. Land Preparation
Seed and
Seedbed ₱ 200 ₱ 300 2 ₱ 400.00
Preparation
Wetbed ₱ 300 5 ₱ 150.00
Plowing ₱ 300 10 ₱ 3,000.00
Harrowing and
Leveling ₱ 200 ₱ 2,400.00
Repair and Dike ₱ 800.00
Cleaning
Sub-Total 84 persons ₱ 6,750.00
2. Crop Management
Sowing and care
of seedlings ₱ 200 2 persons ₱ 400.00
Pulling and
bundling ₱ 200 4 persons ₱ 800.00
seedlings
Transplanting ₱ 200
Weeding ₱ 200 15 persons ₱ 3,000.00
(Manual)
irrigation ₱ 200 5 persons ₱ 1,000.0
Application of
herbicides ₱ 200 1 person ₱ 200.00
Application of
insecticides 4 persons ₱ 800.00
Application of
fertilizers (basal ₱ 200 4 persons ₱ 800.00
and Side dressing
Sub-Total ₱7,000.00

23
3. Other Major Operations
Harvesting, contract ₱ 4,500/ha ₱ 4,500.00
threshing, 7 cavans/ha @ ₱14.00/kg ₱ 4,900.00
winnowing, and
hauling @ 5/cavan ₱ 550.00
(contractual
basis) @ 5/cavan @110cavans ₱ 550.00
Drying and /ha
hauling
Sub total ₱ 10,500
Agricultural Inputs
Herbicides 1 liter @
Machete ₱ 680.00 ₱ 680.00
Insecticides 1 liter @
Karate ₱1,020/liter ₱ 1,020.00
Cymbush 0.5 liter @
₱ 850/liter ₱ 425.00
Fertilizers 4 bags T14 @
₱1,100.00/bag ₱ 4,400.00
87 kgs. 46-0-0
 @ ₱ 1,000/bag ₱ 1,740.50
(1bag= 50kg.)

28 kgs. 0-0-60
@ ₱ 750/bag ₱ 420.00

Sub-Total ₱ 8,685.50

Assumption: Average yield per hectare = 5.5 metric tons or 110 cavans. Price of
palay is estimated at ₱14.00 per kilogram
Total expenses = ₱ 35,335.00
Total Income = ₱ 77,000.00
Net Income = ₱ 41,665.00
ROI (return of investment) = 117.91%
(Net income/total cost of production x 100)

Other Farm Records

1. Daily Farm Records

These are the records of all important daily activities and events that
happen on the farm. These records help the farmer keep track of past farming
activities and plan for future activities.

24
2. Record of Farm Implements and Equipment
This is used to keep an inventory of all the equipment in the farm and their
quantity. It also contains the date of purchase of the equipment and sometimes
the description.

3. Record of Agricultural Inputs

It is used to keep track of all agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds,
etc. The record often contains the amount of what was bought, the amount that
has been used, and what is left.

4. Records of Livestock and Livestock Products

Farmers keep different records of livestock for each type in the farm. Also,
for livestock that has products (e.g., eggs from chickens), the farmer keeps a
record that accounts the number of eggs laid every day. If a farmer has cows for
milk production, he keeps record of the number of liters of milk produced per
day.

5. Record of Animal Feeds

It is for keeping an inventory of the types of animal feeds and the quantity
purchased, used, and in stock on a daily basis.
6. Production Records
These are used to document everything that is produced in the farm. The
records are prepared every week and then summed up at the end of the month
and end of the year. Thus, there is a weekly record, monthly record, and annual
record of everything produced in the farm. They help the farmer to keep track of
how well the farm is doing.

7. Records for Farm Use

This is for recording the date the land was prepared for farming, the
number of plots or hectares used in planting, plants planted on the farm and
where they are planted.

8. Farm Expenditure Records

These are for keeping a record of all expenditures.

9. Workers Records
These are used to keep the record of staffs, their salaries, and payment.
These are also known as labor record.

10. Vehicle Records

These are used to keep a record of all vehicles used in the farm, petrol and
oil used, and also any repair and servicing including the dates of the repair or
servicing.

11. Sales Record is for all sales made from farm produce.

25
12. Inventory Record
It is initially prepared to check the items that are present, available for use,
and adequate for the training activities.

What’s More

Activity 2

Directions: Fill up the table below by finding the activity in the box below that
corresponds to the item given. Write your answers on another sheet of
paper.

Items

Crop Agricultural Major

Land Preparation
Management Inputs Operations
.

Cleaning Plowing Levelling Transplanting

Weeding Hauling Application of fertilizer
Side dressing Harvesting Threshing Herbicide
Sowing of seeds Fertilizer Insecticides Pesticides
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3

Directions: Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with the
correct answer. Answers may be more than one word. Write your
answers on a separate paper.

1. Cash record is a record of _______ in a project.

2. Farm sales record is used to record all sales in _______.
3. _______ shows the stock of supplies and materials by the farm activities,
especially in large-scale production.
4. Production records determine the annual _______ of a farm enterprise.
5. Cost and profit analysis tells the farmer how much _______ he/she gains for the
project.
26
6. Production record is used to document everything that is _______ in the farm.
7. Records for farms used for recording the date the land was prepared for farming,
the number of plots or hectares of _______ the plants in the farm and where they
are planted.
8. _______ is used to keep a record of all expenditures.
9. _______ is used to keep the records of staffs and their salaries.
10. Vehicle record is used to keep _______ used in the farm.
11. Sales record is for all the _______.
12. _______ are the records of all important daily activities and events that happen in
the farm.
13. _______ is used to keep an inventory of all equipment on the farm and their
quantity.
14. _______ is used to keep track of all agricultural inputs.
15. _______ is a record in which farmers keep different records of livestock in the
farm.

What I Can Do

Activity 4
Directions: Make your own production record. Supply the given information. Write
your output on another sheet of paper.

Cropping Description of Cost of Total Remaining Net

Season the Commodity Production Sales Stocks Income
January to
April
May to
October
November to
December
Total

Assessment

Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

27
1. What record provides substantial information in decision-making?
a. record keeping c. farm sales record
b. cash record d. stock record
2. Which is used to record all sales in rice production?
a. record keeping c. cash record
b. farm sales record d. stock record
3. What record shows the stock of supplies and materials needed by the farm for all
activities, especially large-scale production?
a. record keeping c. stock record
b. farm sales record d. cash record
4. Which record determines the annual profitability of a farm enterprise?
a. record keeping c. cash record
b. farms sales record d. production record
5. What record tells the farmer how much profit he/she will gain for the project?
a. cost and profit analysis c. farm record
b. cash record d. stock record
6. Which does not belong to the group of major farm operations?
a. harvesting c. threshing
b. transplanting d. winnowing
7. In crop management, what is the so-called artificial application of water?
a. sowing c. irrigation
b. weeding d. fertilization
8. Which one is not a land preparation activity?
a. plowing c. leveling
 b. harrowing d. drying
9. Which of the following is not an agricultural input?
a. herbicides c. fertilizer
b. insecticides d. record
10. What is the record of all important daily activities and events that happen in the
farms?
a. daily records
b. record of farm in plants and equipment
c. records of agricultural inputs
d. record of livestock and livestock product
11. What is used to keep an inventory of all the equipment in the farm and their
quantity?
a. daily records
b. farm implement and equipment record
c. records of agricultural
d. record of livestock and livestock product
12. What record is used to document everything that is produced in the farm?
a. record of animal feed c. production record
b. record of farm use d. farm expenditure record
13. What is used to record the staff, their salaries, and payment?
a. worker record c. production record
b. vehicle record d. sales record

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14. What is used to keep records of all vehicles on the farm?
a. worker record c. production record
b. vehicle record d. sales record
15. What is used to keep a record of all sales made from farm produce?
a. worker record c. production record
b. vehicle record d. sales record

Answer Key
 29

Answer Key
 30

References

Olawale, Johnson. 2020. 11 Types of Farm

Records A Successful Farmer Should Keep. Accessed on June 27, 2020.
https://www.legit.ng/1131221-types-farm-records-uses.html.

Government of British Columbia. 2020. “Farm Inputs - 6.4 Storage & Disposal of
Farm Wastes - Province Of British Columbia”. Accessed on June 28, 2020.
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agriculture-seafood/food-
safety/good-agricultural-practices/6-4-storage-disposal-of-farm-wastes.

Template.Net. 2020. 11+ Outcome Report Template.

https://www.template.net/business/report-templates/outcome-report/.
Accessed on June 27, 2000.
Agricultural Crops Production: Intermediate Technology and Livelihood Education
Agricultural Arts Crop Production NC I Learner’s Material.

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning

Module Agricultural Crop Production Exploratory Course.

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning

Module Horticulture Exploratory Course.

Training Regulations Agriculture Crop Production NC II

Technology and Livelihood Education (T.L.E.) Grade 9

31

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Department of Education - Division of Bukidnon

Office Address: Fortich Street, Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Telefax: (088 )813-3634
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: depedbukidnon.net.ph