Incoterms

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The Incoterms rules or International Commercial terms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce
(ICC) widely used in international commercial transactions. A series of three-letter trade terms related to common sales practices, the Incoterms rules are
intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks, costs and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods. The Incoterms rules are accepted
by governments, legal authorities and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used terms in international trade. They are intended to
reduce or remove altogether uncertainties arising from different interpretation of the rules in different countries. First published in 1936, the Incoterms rules
have been periodically updated, with the eighth version—Incoterms 2010—having been published on January 1, 2011. "Incoterms" is a registered trademark of
the ICC.

Contents
1 History
2 Incoterms 2010
2.1 Rules for Any Mode(s) of Transport
2.2 Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport
3 Duties of buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010
4 Previous terms from Incoterms 2000 that were eliminated from Incoterms 2010
5 References
6 External links

History
The Incoterms rules began development in 1921 with the forming of the idea by the International Chamber of Commerce.[1] In 1936, the first set of the
Incoterms rules was published.[2] The first set remained in use for almost 20 years before the second publication in 1953. Additional amendments and
expansions followed in 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 and 2000. The eighth and current version of the Incoterms rules—Incoterms 2010—was published on January
1, 2011.[3][4][5]

Incoterms 2010
The eighth published set of pre-defined terms, Incoterms 2010 defines 11 rules, reducing the 13 used in Incoterms 2000 by introducing two new rules

("Delivered at Terminal", DAT; "Delivered at Place", DAP) that replace four rules of the prior
version ("Delivered at Frontier", DAF; "Delivered Ex Ship", DES; "Delivered Ex Quay", DEQ;
"Delivered Duty Unpaid", DDU).[6] In the prior version, the rules were divided into four categories,
but the 11 pre-defined terms of Incoterms 2010 are subdivided into two categories based only on
method of delivery. The larger group of seven rules applies regardless of the method of transport,
with the smaller group of four being applicable only to sales that solely involve transportation over
water.
Rules for Any Mode(s) of Transport
National Incoterms chambers.
The eight rules defined by Incoterms 2010 for any mode(s) of transportation are:

EXW – Ex Works (named place of delivery)

The seller makes the goods available at its premises. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligations on the seller. The
Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods
ready for collection at his premises (works, factory, warehouse, plant) on the date agreed upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the
risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller doesn't load the goods on collecting vehicles and doesn't clear them for export. If the
seller does load the good, he does so at buyer's risk and cost. If parties wish seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to bear
the risk and all costs of such loading, this must be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.
FCA – Free Carrier (named place of delivery)
The seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, into the disposal of the first carrier (named by the buyer) at the named place. The seller pays for
carriage to the named point of delivery, and risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier.
CPT - Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)
The seller pays for carriage. Risk transfers to buyer upon handing goods over to the first carrier.
CIP – Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)
The containerized transport/multimodal equivalent of CIF. Seller pays for carriage and insurance to the named destination point, but risk passes when the
goods are handed over to the first carrier.
DAT – Delivered at Terminal (named terminal at port or place of destination)
Seller pays for carriage to the terminal, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks up to the point that the goods are unloaded at
the terminal.
DAP – Delivered at Place (named place of destination)
Seller pays for carriage to the named place, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks prior to the point that the goods are ready
for unloading by the buyer.
DDU – Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination)
Replaced by DAP. Seller is responsible for making the goods available to the buyer at a named place of destination but not cleared for import. The seller
is also responsible for all the costs involved to deliver the goods to the named place of destination. The seller’s risk also does not end until it reaches the
names place of destination.
DDP – Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)
Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination
including import duties and taxes. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer.

Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport

The four rules defined by Incoterms 2010 for international trade where transportation is entirely conducted by water are:

FAS – Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment)

The seller must place the goods alongside the ship at the named port. The seller must clear the goods for export. Suitable only for maritime transport but
NOT for multimodal sea transport in containers (see Incoterms 2010, ICC publication 715). This term is typically used for heavy-lift or bulk cargo.
FOB – Free on Board (named port of shipment)
The seller must load the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer. Cost and risk are divided when the goods are actually on board of the vessel
(this rule is new!). The seller must clear the goods for export. The term is applicable for maritime and inland waterway transport only but NOT for
multimodal sea transport in containers (see Incoterms 2010, ICC publication 715). The buyer must instruct the seller the details of the vessel and the port
where the goods are to be loaded, and there is no reference to, or provision for, the use of a carrier or forwarder. This term has been greatly misused over
the last three decades ever since Incoterms 1980 explained that FCA should be used for container shipments.
 the last three decades ever since Incoterms 1980 explained that FCA should be used for container shipments.
CFR – Cost and Freight (named port of destination)
Seller must pay the costs and freight to bring the goods to the port of destination. However, risk is transferred to the buyer once the goods are loaded on
the vessel (this rule is new!). Maritime transport only and Insurance for the goods is NOT included. This term is formerly known as CNF (C&F).
CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)
Exactly the same as CFR except that the seller must in addition procure and pay for the insurance. Maritime transport only.

Duties of buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010

Loading
Loading Export- Carriage Unloading of Carriage Unloading Loading on Carriage to Import
charges in Import
Incoterm on truck Customs to port of truck in port to port of charges in truck in port place of Insurance customs
port of taxes
(carrier) declaration export of export import port of import of import destination clearance
export
EXW Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer
FCA Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer
FAS Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer
FOB Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer
CFR Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer
CIF Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Buyer Buyer
DAT Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Seller Buyer Buyer
DAP Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer
CPT Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer
CIP Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer
DDP Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller

Previous terms from Incoterms 2000 that were eliminated from Incoterms 2010
DAF – Delivered At Frontier (named place of delivery)
This term can be used when the goods are transported by rail and road. The seller pays for transportation to the named place of delivery at the frontier.
The buyer arranges for customs clearance and pays for transportation from the frontier to his factory. The passing of risk occurs at the frontier.
DES – Delivered Ex Ship (named port of delivery)
Where goods are delivered ex ship, the passing of risk does not occur until the ship has arrived at the named port of destination and the goods made
available for unloading to the buyer. The seller pays the same freight and insurance costs as he would under a CIF arrangement. Unlike CFR and CIF
terms, the seller has agreed to bear not just cost, but also Risk and Title up to the arrival of the vessel at the named port. Costs for unloading the goods
and any duties, taxes, etc… are for the Buyer. A commonly used term in shipping bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, dry chemicals - - - - - - - -and
where the seller either owns or has chartered, their own vessel.
DEQ – Delivered Ex Quay (named port of delivery)
This is similar to DES, but the passing of risk does not occur until the goods have been unloaded at the port of destination.
DDU – Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination)
This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer to the named place of destination in the contract of sale. The goods are not cleared for
import or unloaded from any form of transport at the place of destination. The buyer is responsible for the costs and risks for the unloading, duty and any
subsequent delivery beyond the place of destination. However, if the buyer wishes the seller to bear cost and risks associated with the import clearance,
duty, unloading and subsequent delivery beyond the place of destination, then this all needs to be explicitly agreed upon in the contract of sale.
References
1. ^ "History of the Incoterms rules" (http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms_history/) . ICC. http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms_history/. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
2. ^ Morrissey, Joseph F.; Jack M. Graves (March 2008). International Sales Law and Arbitration: problems, cases and commentary. Kluwer Law International. p. 148.
ISBN 978-90-411-2654-2.
3. ^ Economic Times: ICC updates Incoterms (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international-business/ICC-updates-Incoterms/articleshow/6632863.cms) (27
September 2010)
4. ^ "Incoterms" (http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms) . Iccwbo.org. 2011-01-01. http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
5. ^ Pierre David, Richard Stewart (2010). International Logistics: the management of international trade operations (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 113.
6. ^ "From the introduction of Incoterms 2010" (http://www.iccwbo.org/Incoterms/index.html?id=40772) . ICC. http://www.iccwbo.org/Incoterms/index.html?id=40772.
Retrieved 16 May 2011.

External links
Official website (http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms/)
ICCBooks USA Incoterms (http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?DocumentID=4070)
International Commercial Terms used in Export Import (http://www.comxport.com/dic/incoterms_eng.htm) Comxport Trade Data
International Terms (http://www.globaltrainingcenter.com/?option=com_content&Itemid=18&id=59&lang=en&view=article) Global Training Center

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Categories: International trade Commercial item transport and distribution International commerce terms

This page was last modified on 31 August 2012 at 09:42.

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