Botany Unit Vii

Namma Kalvi
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UNIT VII: GENETICS

CHAPTER
2 CL ASSICAL GENETICS
Points to Remember
• Genetics – The Science of heredity (Inheritance) • The results of Mendel’s monohybrid crosses were
• The term Genetics was introduced by W. Bateson not sex dependent.
in 1906. • Test cross is crossing an individual of unknown
• Genes – Functional Units of inheritance genotype with a homozygous recessive.
• Heredity is the transmission of characters from • Crosses between F1 off-springs with either of the
parents to offsprings. two parents are known as back cross.
• The contribution of Mendel to Genetics is called • Dihybrid inheritance is the inheritance of two
Mendelism. separate genes each with two alleles.
• Mendel is called as Father of Genetics. • A cross between parents that differ in three gene
pairs is called trihybrid cross.
• Mendel was born on 22nd July 1822 in Heinzendorf
Silesia (now Hyncice, Czechoslovakia), Austria. • A single phenotype is controlled by more than one
set of genes, called Gene Interaction.
• Mendel started his historic studies on pea plants
from 1856 to 1863 • The gene interaction concept was introduced and
explained by W. Bateson.
• Mendel’s “Experiments on Plant Hybrids” was
published in Brunn Society of Natural History in • Incomplete dominance by Carl Correns’s (1905)
1866. (German )in 4 O’ clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa
• Mendel’s experiments rediscovered by, Hugo de • Two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygous
Vries of Holland, Carl Correns of Germany and individual is known as codominance.
Erich von Tschermak of Austria. • E. Baur reported a lethal gene in snapdragon
• Alternate forms (versions) for the same trait is called (Antirrhinum sp.).
alleles. • In Pleiotropy, the single gene affects multiple traits
• An individual has two identical alleles of a gene, it is and alter the phenotype of the organism.
called as homozygous(TT). • The gene that masks the phenotypic expression of a
• An individual with two different alleles is called gene at another locus is known as epistatic.
heterozygous(Tt). • A group of genes that together determine a
• Mendel’s first law is The Law of Dominance and the characteristic of an organism is called polygenic
second law is The Law of Segregation. inheritance.
• The inheritance of two alleles of a single gene is • polygenic inheritance was demonstrated by Swedish
called monohybrid cross. Geneticist H. Nilsson - Ehle (1909) in wheat kernels.
• The genetic constitution of an individual called • chloroplast and mitochondrion that act as inheritance
genotype. vectors, are called Cytoplasmic inheritance.
• The observable characteristic of an organism called • Male sterility in pearl maize (Sorgum vulgare) is the
phenotype. example for mitochondrial cytoplasmic inheritance.
• Punnett’s Square named after a British Geneticist

Reginald C.Punnett.
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38 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII 
Chapter-2
7. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to
Book Evaluation green. If a heterozygous yellow seed pant is
crossed with a green seeded plant, what ratio
PART – A of yellow and green seeded plants would you
expect in F1 generation?
(1 MARK) a) 9:1 b) 1:3 b) 3:1 d) 50:50
1. Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence of
Ans: d
presence of genes in
a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts 8. The genotype of a plant showing the dominant
phenotype can be determined by
b) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitrochondria
c) Ribosomes and chloroplast a) Back cross b) Test cross
d) Lysososmes and ribosomes Ans: a c) Dihybrid corss d) Pedigree analysis
2. In order to find out the different types of Ans: b

gametes produced by a pea plant having the 9. Select the correct statement from the ones
genotype AaBb, it should be crossed to a plant
given below with respect to dihydrid cross
with the genotype
a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes
a) aaBB b) AaBB c) AABB d) aabb Ans: d
show very few combinations
3. How many different kinds of gametes will
be produced by a plant having the genotype b) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes
AABbCC? show higher combinations
a) Three b) Four c) Nine d) Two Ans: d c) Genes far apart on the same chromosomes
4. Which one of the following is an example of show very few recombinations
polygenic inheritance? d) Genes loosely linked on the same chromosomes
a) Flower colour in Mirabilis Jalapa show similar recombinations as the tightly
b) Production of male honey bee linked ones
Ans: a
c) Pod shape in garden pea
d) Skin Colour in humans Ans: d 10. Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a cross in
which the F1 generation resembles both the
5. In Mendel’s experiments with garden pea, parents
round seed shape (RR) was dominant over
wrinkled seeds (rr), yellow cotyledon (YY) was a) Incomplete dominance
dominant over green cotyledon (yy). What are b) Law of dominance
the expected phenotypes in the F2 generation
of the cross RRYY x rryy? c) Inheritance of one gene
a) Only round seeds with green cotyledons d) Co-dominance Ans: d
b) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons 11. Fruit colour in squash is an example of
c) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons a) Recessive epistatsis
d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons and
b) Dominant epistasis
wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
Ans: d c) Complementary genes
6. Test cross involves d) Inhibitory genes Ans: b
a) Crossing between two genotypes with recessive 12. In his classic experiments on Pea plants,
trait Mendel did not use
b) Crossing between two F1 hybrids
a) Flowering position b) Seed colour
c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with a double recessive
genotype c) Pod length d) Seed shape Ans: c
d) Crossing between two genotypes with dominant
trait Ans: c
XII Std  Unit-VII 
Chapter-2 SURYA  Biology-Botany39
13. The epistatic effect, in which the dihybrid 19. Pure tall plants are crossed with pure dwarf
cross 9:3:3:1 between AaBb Aabb is modified plants. In the F1 generation, all plants were
as tall. These tall plants of F1 generation were
a) Dominance of one allele on another allele of selfed and the ratio of tall to dwarf plants
both loci obtained was 3:1. This is called
b) Interaction between two alleles of different loci a) Dominance b) Inheritance
c) Dominance of one allele to another alleles of c) Codominance d) Heredity Ans:

same loci 20. The dominant epistatis ratio is
d) Interaction between two alleles of some loci a) 9:3:3:1 b) 12:3:1
Ans: d
c) 9:3:4 d) 9:6:1 Ans: b
14. In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies,
21. Select the period for Mendel’s hybridization
more parental type offspring were produced
experiments
than the recombination type offspring. This
indicates a) 1856 – 1863 b) 1850 - 1870
a) The two genes are located on two different c) 1857 - 1869 d) 1870 - 1877 Ans: a
chromosomes 22. Among the following characters which
b) Chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis one was not considered by Mendel in his
experimentation pea?
c) The two genes are linked and present on the
some chromosome a) Stem – Tall or dwarf
d) Both of the characters are controlled by more b) Trichomal glandular or non-glandular
than one gene c) Seed – Green or yellow
Ans: a d) Pod – Inflated or constricted Ans: b
15. The genes controlling the seven pea characters
studied by Mendel are known to be located on
how many different chromosomes? PART – B,C AND D
a) Seven b) Six c) Five d) Four Ans: d (2,3 & 5 MARKS)
16. Which of the following explains how progeny 23. Name the seven contrasting traits of Mendel.
can possess the combinations of traits that
Character Dominant Recessive
none of the parent possessed?
1. Plant height Tall Dwarf
a) Law of segregation b) Chromosome theory
2. Flower position Axial Terminal
c) Law of independent assortment
3. Flower colour Purple White
d) Polygenic inheritance Ans: c 4. Pod form Inflated Constricted
17. “Gametes are never hybrid”. This is a statement 5. Pod colour Green Yellow
of 6. Seed shape Round Wrinkled
a) Law of dominance 7. Cotyledon colour Yellow Green
b) Law of independent assortment 24. What is meant by true breeding or pure
c) Law of segregation breeding lines / strain?
d) Law of random fertilization Ans: c • Plant has undergone continuous self- pollination.
18. Gene which suppresses other genes activity • It producing stable trait inheritance from parent
to offspring is called true breeding lines.
but does not lie on the same locus is called as
• Pure line breed refers to homozygosity only.
a) Epistatic b) Supplement only
c) Hypostatic d) Codominant Ans: a
Chapter-2
25. Give the names of the scientists who re
discovered Mendelism.
• The scientists rediscovered Mendelism by
• Hugo de Vries of Holland,
• Carl Correns of Germany and
• Erich von Tschermak of Austria in 1900.
26. What is back cross?
• F1 hybrid with any one of the parental genotype
is called Back cross .
• The back cross is of two types. 1. Dominent
back cross 2. Recessive back cross.
27. Define Genetics.
• “Genetics” is the branch of biological science
which deals with the transmission of characters
from parents to off springs.
28. What are multiple alleles ?
Three or more allelic forms of a gene occupy
the same locus in a given pair of homologous
chromosomes, they are said to be called multiple
alleles.
29. What are the reasons for Mendel’s successes
in his breeding experiment?
• He applied mathematics and statistical methods
to biology • This law of Dominance gives an explanation to
the monohybrid cross
• He followed scientific methods
• The expression of only one of the parental
• He kept accurate and detailed data records of
characters in F1 generation.
the outcome of his crosses.
• The expression of both in the F2 generation.
• His experiments were carefully planned and he
used large samples. • It also explains the proportion of 3:1 obtained
at the F2
• The parents selected by Mendel were pure
breed lines. • The Law of Dominance and the Law of
Segregation give suitable explanation to
30. Explain the law of dominance in monohybrid Mendel’s monohybrid cross.
cross.
31. Differentiate incomplete dominance and
• Monohybrid cross is the inheritance of a single
codominance.
character (plant height).
• The gene for plant height has two alleles: Tall incomplete
codominance
dominance
(T) x Dwarf (t).
1 The phenotype of The phenotype of F1
• The two alleles of a single gene. F1 hybrid does not hybrid resemble both
• When the F1 generation was selfed, 787 of resemble either of the the parents .
1064 F2 plants were tall and 277 of 1064 were parent
dwarf in the ratio of 3:1 2. F1 hybrid possess New phenotype is not
new phenotype produced .
• The dwarf trait disappeared in the F1 generation
3. Ex. Mirabilis jalapa Ex.Red and white
only to reappear in the F2 generation.
flowers of Camellia
32. What is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance ? • White is dominant which masks the effect of
Cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and yellow or green.
mitochondrion that act as inheritance vectors,called • Homozygous recessive ww genotypes only give
the coloured fruits (4/16).
Cytoplasmic inheritance.
• Double recessive ‘wwgg’ will give green fruit
33. Describe dominant epistasis with an example.
(1/16).
• The gene that suppresses or masks the
• The Plants having only ‘G’ in its genotype (wwGg
phenotypic expression of a gene at another
or wwGG) will give the yellow fruit(3/16).
locus is known as epistatic.
34. Explain polygenic inheritance with an example.
Example
• A group of genes that together determine
• In summer squash fruit colours maybe white,
(contribute) a characteristic of an organism is
yellow or green.
called polygenic inheritance.
• White fruits are produced by a dominant
• It was first demonstrated by Swedish Geneticist
epistatic allele W.
H. Nilsson - Ehle (1909) in wheat kernels.
• At another locus G for yellow fruits is dominant
• Kernel colour is controlled by two genes each
to its allele g for green fruits.
with two alleles, one with red kernel colour was
• Dominent white hides the effects of yellow or dominant to white.
green.
• The white fruit (WWgg) is crossed with yellow
fruit (wwGG).
• The F1 plants have white fruit and are
heterozygous (WwGg).
• He crossed the pure breeding dark red (R1R1

• The F1 heterozygous plants are crossed. R2R2)and a white (r1r1r2r2).
• They give rise to F2 with the phenotypic ratio of • In the F1 generation medium red were obtained
• 12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green. with the genotype R1r1R2r2.
• W is epistatic to the alleles ‘G’ and ‘g’. • F1 selfing produces four types of gametes
R1R2, R1r2, r1R2, r1r2.
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Chapter-2
• The intensity of the red colour is determined by 37. Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene
the number of R genes in the F2 generation. with an example.
• Four R genes: A dark red kernel colour. • Cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast
• Three R genes: Medium - dark red. and mitochondrion that act as inheritance
vectors,called Cytoplasmic inheritance.
• Two R genes: Medium-red.
• It is found in 4 O’ Clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa).
• One R gene: Light red.
• There are two types of variegated leaves 1.dark
• Absence of R gene: White kernel colour. green leaved plants and 2.pale green leaved
35.
Differentiate continuous variation with plants.
discontinuous variation.
Discontinuous
continuous Variation
Variation
This variation due to This variations are
the combining effects genetically determined
of environmental and by inheritance factors.
genetic factors
In a population most of Individuals produced
the characteristics exhibit by this variation show
a complete gradation, without any intermediate
from one extreme to the form. There is no
other without any break. overlapping between the
two phenotypes.
The phenotype The phenotypic
is determined by expression is unaffected
many genes, and by environmental
environmental factors. conditions.
This is also called as This is also called as • When the pollen of dark green leaved plant
quantitative inheritance. qualitative inheritance. (male) is transferred to the stigma of pale green
leaved plant (female) and pollen of pale green
36. Explain with an example how single genes leaved plant is transferred to the stigma of dark
affect multiple traits and alleles the phenotype green leaved plant.
of an organism.
• The F1 generation of both the crosses must be
• A single gene affects multiple traits and alter the identical as per Mendelian inheritance.
phenotype of the organism is called Pleiotropy. • But in the reciprocal cross the F1 plant differs
• The Pleiotropic gene influences a number of from each other.
characters simultaneously. • In each cross, the F1 plant reveals the character
• Such genes are called pleiotropic gene. of the plant which is used as female plant.
• Mendel noticed in peas (Pisum sativum). • This inheritance is not through nuclear gene.
• purple flowers, brown seeds and dark spot • It is due to the chloroplast gene found in the
on the axils of the leaves crossed with white ovum of the female plant.
flowers, light coloured seeds and no spot on the • It contributes the cytoplasm during fertilization.
axils of the leaves,
• since the male gamete contribute only the
• Flower colour, seed colour and a leaf axil spot nucleus but not cytoplasm.
all were inherited together as a single unit.
• This is due to the three traits were controlled
by a single gene with dominant and recessive
alleles.
9. A normal green male maize is crossed with
PART – A albino female.The progeny is albino because
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (1 MARK) a) plastids are inherited from female parent
1. Haploids are able to express both recessive b) trait for albinism is dominant
and dominant alleles/mutations because
there are
c) green plastids of male must have mutated
a) only one allele for each gene in the individual d) the albinos have biochemical to destroy plastids
derived form green male
b) many alleles for each gene
Ans: a
c) only one allele in a gene
10. The allele which is unable to express its effect
d) two alleles for each gene Ans: a
in the presence of another is called
2. What contribute to the success of Mendel?
a) complementary b) codominant
a) His knowledge of biology
c) recessive
b) Qualitative analysis of data
d) supplementary Ans: c
c) Consideration of one character at one time
11. Red (RR) Antirrhinum is crossed with white
d) Observation of distinct inherited traits Ans: c
(WW) one. Offspring RW are pink. This is an
3. Triticale has been evolved by intergeneric example of
hybridization between
a) hybrid b) dominant –recessive
a) rice and maize
c) supplementary genes
b) wheat and rye
d) incomplete dominance Ans: d
c) wheat and Aegilops
12. Multiple alleles control inheritance of
d) wheat and rice Ans: b
a) sickle cell anaemia b) phenylketonuria
4. A dihybrid condition is
c) blood groups
a) tt rr b) tt Rr c) Tt Rr d) Tt rr Ans: c
d) colour blindness Ans: c
5. Cross between AaBB and aaBB will form
13. The contrasting pairs of factors in Mendelian
a) 3 AaBB: 1 aaBB b) 1 AaBB: 1aaBB crosses are called
c) 1 AaBB: 3 aaBB d) All AaBB Ans: b a) alloloci b) multiple alleles
6. In a genetic cross having recessive epistasis, c) paramorphs d) allelomorphs Ans: d
F2 phenotypic ratio would be
14. First geneticist/ father of genetics was
(a) 9: 3: 4 (b) 9: 6: 1 (c) 12: 3: 1 (d) 15:1 Ans: a
a) Darwin b) de Vries
7. ABO blood group system is due to c) Morgan d) Mende Ans: d
a) multiple allelism
15. Mendel’s last law is
b) multifactor inheritance
a) independent assortment
c) epistasis
b) segregation
d) incomplete dominance Ans: a
c) polygenic inheritance
8. tt mates with Tt. What will be characteristic of d) dominance Ans: a
offspring?
16. A gene pair hides the effect of another. The
a) 25% recessive b) 75% recessive
phenomenon is
c) All dominant d) 50% recessive
a) mutation b) epistasis
Ans: d
c) none of the above d) dominance Ans: b
Chapter-2
17. In a cross between AABB × aabb, the ratio of 24. In a dihybrid cross AABB × aabb, F2 progeny
F2 genotypes between AABB, AaBB, Aabb and of AABB, AABb, AaBB and AaBb occurs in the
aabb would be ratio of
a) 1: 2: 2: 1 b) 9: 3: 3: 1 a) 1: 2: 2: 1 b) 1: 1: 1: 1
c) 7: 5: 3: 1 d) 2: 1: 1: 2 Ans: a c) 1 :2: 2: 4 d) 9: 3: 3: 1 Ans: c
18. Segregation of Mendelian factors (no linkage, 25. A cross between pure tall Pea plant with green
no crossing over) occurs during pods and dwarf Pea plant with yellow pods
will produce short F2 plants out of 16
a) diplotene b) anaphase I
a) 4 b) 9 c) 1 d) 3 Ans: a
c) metaphase I d) anaphase II Ans: b
26. The process of mating between closely related
19. An organism with two identical alleles is individuals is
a) heterozygous b) dominant a) hybridisation b) self breeding
c) homozygous d) hybrid Ans: c c) heterosis d) inbreeding
20. An allele is dominant if it is expressed in Ans: d
a) heterozygous combination 27. Alleles that produce independent effects in

their heterozygous condition are called
b) both homozygous and heterozygous states
a) complementary alleles
c) homozygous combination
b) codominant alleles
d) second generation Ans: b
c) supplementary alleles
21. A polygenic inheritance in human beings is d) epistatic alleles Ans: b
a) Colour blindness b) Skin colour 28. After crossing between two plants, the
c) Sickle cell anaemia d) Phenylketonuria progenies are found to be male-sterile.
Ans: b This phenomenon is found to be maternally
inherited and is due to some genes which are
22. Mendel studied inheritance of seven pairs present in
of traits in Pea which can have 21 possible
a) mitochondrion b) nucleus
combinations. If you are told that in one of
these combinations, independent assortment c) cytoplasm d) chloroplast Ans: c
is not observed in later studies, your reaction 29. How many different types of genetically
will be different gametes will be produced by a
heterozygous plant having the genotype:
a) It is impossible
AABbCc?
b) Independent assortment principle may be
a) Six b) Two c) Nine d) Four
wrong
Ans: d
c) Later studies may be wrong
30. If Mendel had studied the 7 traits using a
d) Mendel might not have studied all the
plant with 12 chromosomes instead of 14, in
combinations
what way would his interpretation have been
Ans: d different?
23. When a certain character is inherited only a) He would have discovered sex linkage
through female parent, it probably represents
b) He would have discovered blending or
a) incomplete dominance incomplete dominance
b) multiple plastid inheritance c) He could have mapped the chromosome
c) mendelian nuclear inheritance d) He would not have discovered the law of
d) cytoplasmic inheritance Ans: d independent assortment.
Ans: d
31. How many genome types are present in a 39. Two non-allelic genes produce new phenotype
typical green plant cell? when present together but fail to do so
independently are called?
a) More than five b) Two
a) Non- complimentary genes
c) More than ten d) Three Ans: d
b) Epistatsis
32. In hybridisation Tt × tt gives rise to the
c) Complimentary genes
progeny of ratio
d) Polygene Ans: c
a) 2 :1 b) 1: 1 c) 1: 2: 1 d) 1 :2 Ans: b
40. Extranuclear inheritance occurs in
33. Which character studied by Mendel in garden
pea (Pisum sativum) was dominant
a) mitochondria and ribosome
b) peroxisome and ribosome
a) Green seed colour
c) chloroplast and lysosome
b) Wrinkled seed shape
d) chloroplast and mitochondria Ans: d
c) Terminal flower position
41. A gene is said to be dominant if
d) Green pod colour Ans: d
a) it expresses its effect both in homozygous and
34. Ratio of complementary genes heterozygous condition
a) 9: 3: 3: 4 b) 9: 3: 4 b) it expresses its effect only in homozygous state
c) 9: 7 d) 12: 3: 1 Ans: c c) it never expresses its effect in any conditions
35. When dominant and recessive alleles express d) it expresses its effect only in heterozygous
itself together it is called condition
a) amphidominace b) codominance Ans: a
c) pseudodominance d) dominance Ans: b 42. Which of the following is an example of
36. Independent assortment of genes does not pleiotropic effect?
take place when a) Sickle cell anaemia b) Haemophilia
a) genes are located on nonhomologous c) Colour blindness d) Thalassemia
chromosomes Ans: a
b) genes are located on homologous chromosomes 43. Genes for cytoplasmic male sterility in plants
c) all the above are generally located in
d) genes are linked and located on same a) mitochondrial genome
chromosomes
b) cytosol
Ans: d
c) nuclear genome
37. In a certain plant, red fruit (R) is dominant
over yellow fruit (r) and tallness (T) is d) chloroplast genome Ans: a
dominant over shortness (t). If a plant with
44. There are three genes a, b, c. Percentage of
RRTt genotype is crossed with a plant rrtt
crossing over between a and b is 20%, b and c
genotype, what will be the percentage of tall
plants with red fruits in the progeny? is 28% an a and c is 8%. What is the sequence
of genes on chromosome?
a) 75% b) 50%
a) a, c, b b) b, a, c
c) 25% d) 100% Ans: b
c) none of these d) a, b, c Ans: b
38. A and B genes are linked what shall be
genotype of progeny in a cross between AB/ 45. On selfing a plant of F1 generation with
ab and ab/ab? genotype “AABbCC”,the genotypic ratio in F2
a) AABB and aabb b) AAbb and aabb generation will be
c) None of these d) AaBb and aabb a) 9: 3: 3: 1 b) 3: 1
Ans: d c) 27: 9: 9: 9: 3: 3: 3: 1 d) 1: 2: 1 Ans: d
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Chapter-2
46. Two crosses between the same pair of 53. A common test to find the genotype of a hybrid
genotypes or phenotypes in which the source is by
of the gametes are reversed in one cross, is a) crossing of one F1 progeny with male parent
known as b) crossing of one F2 progeny with female parent
a) reciprocal cross b) reverse cross c) crossing of one F2 progeny with male parent.
c) dihybrid cross d) test cross Ans: a d) studying the sexual behaviour of F1 progenies
Ans: a
47. Which one of the following traits of garden pea
studied by Mendel was a recessive feature? 54. Phenotype of an organism is the result of
a) Green seed colour b) Round seed shape a) genotype and environment interactions
c) Green pod colour b) cytoplasmic effects and nutrition
d) Axial flower position Ans: a c) mutations and linkages
48. A self-fertilizing trihybrid plant forms d) environmental changes and sexual dimorphism
Ans: a
a) 8 different gametes and 16 different zygotes
55. Inheritances of skin colour in humans is an
b) 8 different gametes and 64 different zygotes example of
c) 8 different gametes and 32 different zygotes a) codominance
d) 4 different gametes and 16 different zygotes b) point mutation
Ans: b c) chromosomal aberration.
49. In order to find out the different types of d) polygenic inheritance Ans: d
gametes produced by a pea plant having the
56. Which one of the following cannot be explained
genotype AaBb, it should be crossed to a plant
on the basis of Mendel’s Law of Dominance?
with the genotype:
a) Alleles do not show any blending and both the
a) aabb b) AABB characters recover as such in F2 generation.
c) aaBB d) AaBb Ans: a b) The discrete unit controlling a particular
50. Which one of the following is an example of character is called a factor
polygenic inheritance? c) Factors occur in pairs
a) Skin colour in humans d) Out of one pair of factors one is dominant, and
b) Production of male honey bee the other recessive Ans: a
c) Flower colour in Mirabilis jalapa 57. The genotype of a plant showing the dominant
phenotype can be determined by:
d) Pod shape in garden pea Ans: a
a) pedigree analysis b) test cross
51. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to
c) back cross d) dihybrid cross Ans: b
green. If a heterozygous yellow seeded plant
is crossed with a green seeded plant, what 58. When two unrelated individuals or lines are
ratio of yellow and green seeded plants would crossed, the performance of F1 hybrid is often
you expect in F1 generation? superior to both parents. This phenomenon is
called:
a) 3: 1 b) 9: 1 c) 50 :50 d) 1: 3 Ans: c
a) splicing b) heterosis
52. Two genes R and Y are located very close on
the chromosomal linkage map of maize plant. c) metamorphosis d) transformation Ans: b
When RRYY and rryy genotypes are hybridized, 59. A test cross is carried out to
the F2 segregation will show
a) assess the number of alleles of a gene.
a) higher number of the parental types b) determine the genotype of a plant at F2.
b) segregation in the expected 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio c) determine whether two species or varieties will
c) higher number of the recombinant types. breed successfully.
d) segregation in 3: 1 ratio Ans: a d) predict whether two traits are linked. Ans: b
Directions: In the following questions, a 66.
statement of assertion is followed by a
Column I Column II
statement of reason.
1. Dominant Epistasis i. 15 :1
Mark the correct choice as: 2. Complementary genes ii 9:7
a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and 3. Duplicate genes iii 12:3:1
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. 4. Recessive epistasis iv 9:3:4
b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but 1 2 3 4
Reason is not the correct explanation of
a) iii i iv ii
Assertion.
b) iii i ii iv
c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
c) iii ii i iv
d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
d) iv i ii i Ans: c
60. Assertion : Cross of F1 individual with recessive
homozygous parent is test cross. True or False
Reason : No recessive individual are obtained 67. Male sterility found in sorghum is the best
in the monohybrid test cross progeny. Ans: c example for mitochondrial cytoplasmic
61. Assertion : In a monohybrid cross, F1 inheritance- True
generation indicate dominant characters. 68.Polygenic inheritance was demonstrated by
Reason : Dominance occurs only in Swedish H. Nilsson Ehle. - True
heterozygous state. Ans: c 69. T.H. Morgan reported a lethal gene in Snap
62. Assertion : In Mirabilis, selfing of F1 pink dragon - False
flower plants produces same phenotypic & 70. The recessive back cross helps to identify the
genotypic ratio. Homozygosity of the hybrid – False
Reason : Flower colour gene shows incomplete 71. The allele which is not expressed is called
dominance. Ans: a
a) Dominant gene b) Recessive genes
63. Assertion : The genetic complement of an
c) Homozygous gene d) Co-dominant /gene
organism is called genotype. Ans: b
Reason : Genotype is the type of hereditary
72. The results obtained from self-fertilization
properties of an organism. Ans: a
among F1 individuals in Mendel’s Monohybrid
64. Assertion: In Cucurbita pepo, variety of fruit is cross is-
result of recessive epistasis. a) ¼ Dominant and ¾ Recessive
Reason: In recessive epistatsis, a recessive b) ¼ Dominant and 4/4 Recessive
gene at one locus enhances the expression of
another gene, at a different locus. Ans: d c) ¾ Dominant and ¼ Recessive
d) ¼ Dominant and ¼ Recessive Ans: C
65. Match the given Column I and Column II
identify the Correct Option given below 73. What type of gametes will from by Genotype
Rr Yy?
Column I Column II
a) RY, Ry, rY, ry b) RY, Ry, ry, ry
1. Monohybrid Cross i Codominants
2. AB. Blood Group ii Correns c) Ry, Ry,rY,ry d) Ry RR,Yy, yY
3. Dihybrid Cross iii Dominant Ans: a
4. Incomplete iv Independent 74. One Character is Controlled by one pair of
Deminants assortment genes. This statement is incorrect for..
1 2 3 4 a) Polygenic Inheritance
a) iii i iv ii b) Co dominance
b) iii i ii iv c) Sex linked Inheritance
c) iii ii i iv d) Incomplete dominance Ans: a
d) iv I ii i Ans: a
Chapter-2
75. What is genotypic ratio of Co-Dominance? 82. Read the following statement carefully and
a) 3:1 b) 1:2:1 c) 1:1 d) 2:1:2 select the wrong one of the following
Ans: b a) Mendel born in Silesia
76. The effect of a single gene upon two or more b) He select sweet pea plant for his experiment
character is c) He studied Maths, Physics, and Botany
a) Pleiotropism d) He started experiments in pea plant from 1856
b) Multiple Alleles to 1863
Ans: b
c) Polygenic inheritance
d) Incomplete dominance Ans: a 83. Read the following and odd one out
a) Law of Dominance
77. The scientist who rediscovered Mendel’s
results on the inheritance of characters are--- b) Law of recessive
a) Bateson and Punnet c) Law of Purity of gametes
b) Sutton and Biveri d) Law of independent assortment
Ans: b
c) Morgan and Bateson
d) De viries, Carrens and Tschermak 84. A Cross made between F1 hybrid with any one
Ans: d of the parental genotype is called
a) Back Cross b) Test Cross
78. Nilsson Ehle found red: white ratio in kernel
colour of wheat in F2 generation of polygenic c) Both A and B d) none of these
inheritance is Ans: a
a) 60:1 b) 61:1 c) 62:1 d) 63:1 85. Match the terms in Column I with their
Ans: d description in Column II and choose the
correct option.
79. The Ratio 1:2:1 is found in
a) Incomplete dominance Column I Column II
a) Dominance i) Many genes govern a single
b) Codominance character
c) A and B b) Co-dominance ii) In a heterozygous organism
only me allele expresses
d) None of these Ans: C
itself
80. A self fertilized tri hybrid plant forms c) Pleiotropy ii) In a heterozygous organism
both alleles express
a) 6 different gametes and 64 different zygotes
themselves fully
b) 8 different gametes and 64 different zygotes d) Polygenic iv) A single gone influences
c) 8 different gametes and 68 different zygotes Inheritance many characters
d) 6 different gametes and 66 different zygotes a b c d

Ans: b a ii i iv iii
81. Which of the following statement in incorrect b ii iii iv i
a) The results of the reciprocal cross area same c iv I ii iii
b) The trait is not sex dependent d iv iii I ii Ans: b
c) The Phenotype of Monohybrid ratio is 3:1 86. The term genetics was introduced by
d) Test cross is crossing homozygous tall with a) Morgan b) Punnet
homozygous Dwarf c) Menta d) W. Bateson Ans: d
Ans: d
87. The transmission of characters from Parents I II III IV

to off springs is a) b d c a
a) Linkage b) Heredity b) c d a a
c) Mutation d) Variation Ans: b c) b c a d
88. Experiments on plant hybrids’ was presented d) b d a c Ans: a
by
93. The main reason for the success of Mendel
a) Mende b) Bateson was that he
c) Morgan d) Punnet Ans: a a) Applied mathematical and statistical methods
89. The Scientist Hugo de varies belongs to the b) First took only one character at time in his
country crosses
a) Austria b) Holland c) Selected Pea plant
c) Germany d) France Ans: b d) Kept accurate and defaulted records Ans: b
90.Alternative forms for the same trait is called 94. Mendal conducted the following experiments
a) Genes b) Chromosomes on garden pea plant
c) Alletes d) Heredity Ans: c a) Quantitative b) Qualitative
91. Read the Statement carefully and identify the c) Hybridisation d) All of these Ans: c
wrong statement 95.A gene which gives multiple phenotypic effects
a) Back cross is a cross of F1 hybrid with any one a) Complementary genes
of the parent
b) Pleiotropic genes
b) The recessive back cross helps to identify the
c) Lethal genes
hetero zygosity of the hybrid
d) Holandric genes Ans: b
c) Gene interaction concept was introduced by W.
Bateson 96. Match the Characters given in Column I
withColumn II choose the answer with correct
d) Several genes combine to abstract multiple
combination
traits
Ans: d Column I Column II
A Monohybrid Cross i T and t
92. Match the following columns
B Test Cross ii TT
Column I Column II C Alleles iii Tt x Tt
I Test Cross a) 9:3:3:1 D Homozygous tall iv tt
Tt x tt
II Monohybrid Cross b) Tt x tt
A B C D
III Back Cross c) Tt x TT
a) III V IV II
IV Di hybrid Cross d) 3:1 b) III V I II
Codes c) V III II IV
I II III IV d) III I V II
a) I b II d III c a
b) I c II d III a b PART – B
c) I b II c III a d ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
d) I b II d III a c
1. Who interduced the term genetics ?
The term Genetics was introduced by W.
Bateson in 1906.
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Chapter-2
2. Describe Transmission Genetics / Classical 13. Define genes
Genetics Hereditary units or factors, which are called as
Deals with the transmission of genes from parents genes
to off springs. The foundation of classical genetics 14. What is Emasculation ?
came from Gregor Mendel.
Remove the anthers from the bisexual flower
3. Define Molecular Genetics before fertilization is called Emasculation
Deals with the structure and function of a gene at 15. Describe self-fertilization.
molecular level.
Fusion of male and female gametes produced by
4. Define Population Genetics the same individual i.e pollen and egg are derived
Deals with heredity in groups of individuals for from the same plant is known as self-fertilization.
traits which is determined by a few genes. 16. What is an alleles ?
5. Describe Quantitative Genetics Alternate forms (versions) for the same trait..
Deals with heredity of traits in groups of individuals 17. Define homozygous
where the traits are governed by many genes
An individual has two identical alleles of a gene
simultaneously.
are called homozygous (TT) .
6. What is the reason for similarities, differences
18. Define heterozygous
of appearance and skipping of generations?
An individual with two different alleles of a gene
Functional Units of inheritance is genes
are called heterozygous (Tt).
The basic unit of heredity which transmits
19. What is hybrids?
biochemical, anatomical and behavioural traits
from parents to off springs. Non-true breeding plants are heterozygous are
called hybrids.
7. Describe genetics
20. How to symbolized dominant and recessive
Genetics is a science which deals with heredity
alleles ?
and variation.
The dominant allele is symbolized with capital
8. Define heredity letter.
Heredity is the transmission of characters from The recessive allele is symbolized with small letter.
parents to offsprings.
21. Describe homozygous recessive
9. What is variation ?
Both alleles are recessive the individual is called
The organisms belonging to the same species that homozygous recessive (tt) Example : Dwarf
shows a difference in the characteristics is called pea plants.
variation.
22. Describe homozygous dominant
10. Name the types of variation Both alleles are dominant the individual is called
There are two types of variation are i) Discontinuous homozygous dominant (TT) Example : Tall pea
variation and ii) Continuous variation plants.
11. Define Mendelism. 23. Describe heterozygous tall
The contribution of Mendel to Genetics is called One dominant allele and one recessive allele is
Mendelism. called heterozygous tall (Tt) Example : Non-
true breeding tall pea plants.
12. Why Mendel is called Father of Genetics ?
24. What is meant by genotype ?
Mendelian genetic concepts are basic to modern
The genetic constitution of an individual is called
genetics. Therefore, Mendel is called as Father
genotype.
of Genetics.
25. What is meant by phenotype ? 35. Classify the factor hypothesis or bateson’s
The term refers to the observable characteristic of factor hypothesis
an organism is called phenotype. • Intragenic gene interactions or Intra allelic or
26. What is Punnett’s Square ? allelic interactions.
The genetic cross can be easily understood by • Intergenic gene interactions or inter allelic or
Punnett’s Square . non-allelic interactions.
Punnett’s Square named after a British Geneticist PART – C
Reginald C.Punnett.
27. The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
gametes): 1. Name the four major subdisciplines of
• Alleles do not show any blending genetics.
• Both characters are seen in the F2 generation 1. Transmission Genetics / Classical Genetics
although one of the characters is not seen in 2. Molecular Genetics
the F1 generation 3. Population Genetics
28. A garden pea plant produced axial white 4. Quantitative Genetics
flowers ,another of the same species produced
terminal violet flowers . identify the dominant 2. Write the advantages of selecting pea plant
traits. for experiment by mendel.
Axial, violet flower. • It is an annual plant.
29. What is test cross? Mention their uses. • It has clear contrasting characters that are
controlled by a single gene separately.
Crossing an individual of unknown genotype with
a homozygous recessive is called Test cross. • Both self-fertilization and cross-fertilization is
Test cross is used to identify whether an individual made easy.
is homozygous or heterozygous for dominant • Emasculation and pollination are very easy for
character hybridization.
30. What is dihybrid cross? 3. Describe the mendel’s experiments on pea
The crossing of two plants differing in two pairs of plant
contrasting traits is called dihybrid cross.. • He performed artificial pollination or cross
31. State the principle of law of independent pollination in pea plants.
assortment • Self-pollination takes place in Mendel’s peas.
When two pairs of traits are combined in a • The experimenter can remove the anthers
hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is (Emasculation) before fertilization .
independent to the other pair of characters.
• Now transfer the pollen from another variety
32. What is gene interaction ? of pea to the stigma where the anthers are
A single phenotype is controlled by more than one removed.
set of genes, each of which has two or more alleles. • This results in cross-fertilization, which leads of
This phenomenon is called Gene Interaction. hybrid varieties with different traits.
33. Define intragenic gene interactions 4. Write the proceses of the following charts .
Interactions take place between the alleles of the Removal of anthers -1 Transfer the pollen -2 Fusion
same gene (alleles at the same locus) is called of male and female gametes-3
intragenic or intralocus gene interaction.
1. Emasculation 2. Pollination 3. Fertilization
34. Write the possible genotypes, Mendel got
5. Importance of variations
when he crossed F1tall pea plants with a dwarf
pea pant . • They make some individuals better fitted in the
struggle for existence.
Possible genotypes. Tt and tt.
Chapter-2
• They help the individuals to adapt themselves • It leads to genetic diversity.
to the changing environment. • It is important in the process of evolution.
• It provides the genetic material for natural
12. A pea plant with purple flowers was crossed
selection
with white flowers producing 50 plants with
• They allow breeders to improve better yield, only purple flowers on selfings , these plants
quicker growth, increased resistance and lesser produced 482 plants with purple flowers
input. and 162 with white flowers. What genetic
• They constitute the raw materials for evolution. mechanism accounts for these results ?
explain.
6. Name the mendel’s laws of Heredity
• A pea plant with purple flowers was crossed
The law of dominance with white flowers.
The law of segregation. • The purple flowers are dominant over that of
The law of independent assortment white flowers.
7. Gametes are never hybrid-justify your answer. • When two pure varieties are crossed, the f1
• It is the Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of generation produce only purple flowers and
gametes). selfing, the flowers are produced in a 3:1 ratio.
(482:162 =3:1)
• During the formation of gametes, the alleles of
a pair separate and segregate from each other. 13. Describe factor hypothesis
• Each gamete receives only one of the two • Mendelian experiments prove that a single gene
factors. controls one character.
• A homozygous parent produces similar gametes • Various exception have been noticed, in
and a heterozygous parent produces two kinds mendelian experiments.
of gametes each having one allele with equal • The different types of interactions are possible
proportion. between the genes.
• Gametes are never hybrid. • It was introduced and explained by W. Bateson.
9. What is reciprocal cross • This concept is known as Factor hypothesis or
• Tall (male) x Dwarf (female) and Tall (female) Bateson’s factor hypothesis.
x Dwarf (male) mating are done in both ways 14. Classify the factor hypothesis or bateson’s
which are called reciprocal crosses. factor hypothesis
• The results of the reciprocal crosses are the • Intragenic gene interactions or Intra allelic or
same. So it was concluded that the trait is not allelic interactions.
sex dependent. • Intergenic gene interactions or inter allelic or
non-allelic interactions.
10. Describe back cross
15. Why extra chromosomal inheritance or
• In Dominent back cross all the F2 develop extra nuclear Inheritance called cytoplasmic
dominant characters only. Inheritance?
• In Recessive back cross individuals of both the • DNA is the universal genetic material.
phenotypes appear in equal proportion. • Genes located in nuclear chromosomes follow
• The recessive back cross helps to identify the Mendelian inheritance.
heterozygosity of the hybrid. • But certain traits cytoplasmic organelles such
11. What are the significance of independent as chloroplast and mitochondrion that act as
assortment inheritance vectors, so extra nuclear inheritance
• Genes that are located in different chromosomes are called cytoplasmic Inheritance.
assort independently during meiosis. • It is a kind of Non-Mendelian inheritance.
• Many possible combinations of factors can
occur in the gametes.
16. Describe factor hypothesis 20. The F2 ratio of genotypic and phenotypic
• Mendelian experiments prove that a single gene are given. a) Identify the cross. b) write the
controls one character. definition of the cross. c). write the genotype
and phenotype of F1 hybrid.
• Various exception have been noticed, in
mendelian experiments.
• The different types of interactions are possible
between the genes.
• It was introduced and explained by W. Bateson.
• This concept is known as Factor hypothesis or
Bateson’s factor hypothesis.
17. The phenotypic and genotypic ratio in F2
generation are same in certain kind of
inheritance. Name an organism in which it a) The cross is Monohybrid cross.
occur and mention the kind of inheritance b) The cross made between two parents with
involved. Who explain this? single contrasting characters called monohybrid
• The kind of inheritance involved is incomplete cross.
dominance. It occurs in 4 O’ clock plant (Mirabilis
c) The genotype of F1 hybrid is Tt
jalapa).
The phenotype of F1 hybrid is heterozygous tall
• The German Botanist Carl Correns’s (1905)
plant
explained this.
18. Observe carefully the given diagrams and 21. Observe the Punnett’s Square in given below.
characters. Identify a,b,c and d which is a) Identify the cross. b) write the definition of
dominant and recessive the cross. c) write the genotype and phenotype
ratio of F2.
a) b)
c) d)
a) and d) - Recessive b) and c) - Dominant
19. Observe carefully the given diagram a)
identify this process. b) define this process
a) The cross is Test cross.
b) The cross made between F1hybrid with
recessive parent is called Test cross.
c) The genotype ratio of F2 is Tt : tt
The phenotype ratio of F2 is Heterozygous tall
plant : Homozygous dwarf plant
PART – D
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
a) Emasculation 1. Explain the biography of Mendel with his
b) Removal of the anthers from the bisexual workin pea plant .
flower and make it as a male flower before • The first Geneticist is Gregor Johann Mendel.
fertilization. He is called father of genetics.
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Chapter-2
• He was born on 22nd July 1822 in Heinzendorf • Inheritance of phenotype is determined
Silesia (now Hyncice, Czechoslovakia), Austria. by the combined effects of polygenes and
• After school education, he studied botany, environmental factors.
physics and mathematics at the University of • This is also known as quantitative inheritance.
Vienna. • Example: Human height and skin color.
• He then entered a monastery of St.Thomas at
4. Tabulate the seven characters of Pisum
Brunn in Austria.
sativum with genes
• He continued his interest in plant hybridization.
• In 1849 he got a temporary teacher and he
S. Dominant Recessive
Gene
performed experiments with pea plants in his Character
No Trait Trait
garden.
• In 1856, he started his historic studies on pea 1. Plant Height Le Tall Dwarf
plants (1856 to 1863). 2. Flower Fa Axial Terminal
• He studying the inheritance of seven pairs of position
contrasting traits of pea plant in his garden. 3. Flower A Purple White
colour
• Mendel crossed and catalogued 24,034
4. Pod form V Inflated Constricted
• His paper entitled “Experiments on Plant
Hybrids”. 5. Pod colour GP Green Yellow
• It was presented and published in the Brunn
Society of Natural History in 1866. 6. Seed Shape R Round Wrinkled
• Mendel died in 1884. 7. Cotyledon I Yellow Green

2. Describe discontinuous variation: colour
• Within a population there are some

characteristics which show a limited form of
variation.
• Example: Style length in Primula, Plant height
of garden pea.
• The characteristics are controlled by one or two
major genes.
• It may have two or more allelic forms.
• These variations are genetically determined by
inheritance factors.
• Individuals produced by this variation show
without any intermediate form 5. The Law of Dominance:
• There is no overlapping between the two • The characters are controlled by discrete units
phenotypes. called factors which occur in pairs.
• The phenotypic expression is unaffected by • In a dissimilar pair of factors one member of
environmental conditions. the pair is dominant and the other is recessive.
• This is also called as qualitative inheritance. • This law gives an explanation to the monohybrid
3. Describe continuous variation:
cross the expression of only one of the parental
characters in F1 generation and the expression
• This variation may be due to the combining of both in the F2 generation.
effects of environmental and genetic factors.
• It also explains the proportion of 3:1 obtained
• In a population most of the characteristics
at the F2
exhibit a complete gradation, from one extreme
to the other without any break.
6. With help of punnet square, find the percentage The reason is follows:
of homozygous tall in a F2 population involving • The cells of the pea plant have gibberellins into
a true breeding tall and true breeding dwarf an active form (GA1)
pea plant.
• One allele (Le) that codes for a protein which
Refer : Cross in texual question catalyses the formation of gibberellins (GA1).
Percentage of homozygous tall =1/4X100 =25% • Two (Le Le) or single (Le le), produces
7. Describe mendel’s analytical and empirical gibberellins and the pea plants are tall.
approach • Alleles (le le) which code for non-functional
• Mendel chose two contrasting traits for each protein hence they are dwarf.
character. 9. Explain dihybrid cross with your illustration.
• In F1 the recessive trait are hidden and only to
reappear in ¼ of the F2 generation.
• He concluded that tall and dwarf alleles of F1
heterozygote segregate randomly into gametes.
• Mendel got 3:1 ratio in F2 between the dominant
and recessive trait.
• He was the first scientist to use this type of
quantitative analysis.
• Units of heredity are transmitted from one
generation to the other. They are called as
genes.
• Mendel’s experiments were well planned to
determine the relationships which govern
hereditary traits.
• This is called an empirical approach. Laws
arrived from an empirical approach is known as
empirical laws.
8. Why Mendel’s pea plants are tall and dwarf ?
Find out the molecular explanation.
• The plant height is controlled by a single gene

with two alleles.
Chapter-2
• In dihybrid cross, two characters are considered. 11. Trihybrid cross - explain briefly
• 1.The seed shape (round and wrinkled)
• 2. Cotyledon colour (yellow & green).
• In seed shape round (R) is dominant over
wrinkled (r)
• In cotyledon colour yellow (Y) is dominant over
green (y).
• A cross between homozygous parents that differ
• The pure breeding round yellow parent
in three gene pairs is called trihybrid cross.
genotype is RRYY
• Mendel Laws of segregation and independent
• The pure breeding green wrinkled genotype is
assortment are applicable for this cross.
rryy.
• A self-fertilizing tri hybrid plant forms 8 different
• During gamete formation the paired genes of a
gametes and 64 different zygotes.
character assorted independently of the other
pair. • In this a combination of three single pair crosses
operating together.
• During the F1 x F1 four types of gametes
produced. • The three contrasting characters of a trihybrid
cross are
1) Yellow round (YR) 2) Yellow wrinkled (Yr)
3) Green round (yR) 4) Green wrinkled (yr) 12. Draw the flow chart of gene interaction
• These four types of gametes fused.

• They produce sixteen types of individuals in F2
in the ratio of 9:3:3:1 .
• This ratio based on the segregation, independent
assortment .
10. How does the wrinkled gene make Mendel’s
peas wrinkled? Find out the molecular
explanation.
13. In 4 O’ clock plant shows incomplete

dominance for flower colour. Work out a cross
and explain the phenomenon .
• The German Botanist Carl Correns’s (1905)
Explain in 4 O’ clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa)
• The homozygous red (R1R1) parent is crossed
with white (R2R2).
• The F1 produces an intermediate colour • The F1 intermediate phenotype heterozygote
pink(R1R2). (R1R2) has one copy of the allele R1.
• Here one allele is not completely dominant to • R1 produces 50% of the functional protein
another allele . resulting in half of the pigment of red flowered
• Such allelic interaction is known as incomplete plant.
dominance. • so it is pink.
• The pink coloured plants of F1 generation were 15. What is Codominance? Give examples. (1:2:1)
interbred. • The phenomenon in which two alleles are
• In F2 both phenotypic and genotypic ratios are both expressed in the heterozygous individual
1:2:1 is known as codominance. Phenotypic and
• (1 red R1R1 : 2 pink R1R2 : 1 white R2R2). genotypic ratios of co dominance is 1 : 2 : 1.
The cross is explained as follows • Example: Red and white flowers of Camellia,
o Inheritance of sickle cell haemoglobin,
o ABO blood group system in humanbeings.
• In humanbeings, IA and IB alleles of I gene are
codominant.
• It follows Mendels law of segregation.
• It was demonstrated in plants by electrophoresis
or chromatography for protein or flavonoid
substance.
• Example: Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium
sturtianum.
16. Explain lethal genes
• An allele which has the potential to cause the
death of an organism is called a “Lethal Allele”.
• E. Baur (1907) reported in snapdragon
(Antirrhinum sp.).
• It is an example for recessive lethality.
• In snapdragon there are three kinds of plants.
• Green plants with chlorophyll. (CC)
14. How are we going to interpret the lack of • Pale green, golden or aurea plants (Cc)
dominance and give explanation to the • White plants without any chlorophyll. (cc)
intermediate heterozygote phenotype? How
• The genotype of the homozygous green plants
will you explain incomplete dominance at the is CC.
molecular level?
• The genotype of the homozygous white plant
• Gene expression is explained in a quantitative is cc.
way.
Cross
• (R1 R1) produces an functional enzyme which • Crossing of green (CC) and white (cc) plants.
synthesizes red pigments.
• They produced aurea plants (Cc) are
• (R2 R2) produces an enzyme which cannot heterozygous in F1 progeny.
synthesize necessary red pigments.
• F1 progeny aurea plants(Cc) are self-pollinated
• The white flower is due to the mutation causing
• In F2 identical phenotypic and genotypic ratio
complete loss of function. of 1 : 2 : 1 (1 Green (CC): 2 Aurea (Cc): 1 White
(cc))
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Chapter-2
• The white plants lack chlorophyll pigment, they Intra genic or allelic interaction
will not survive.
F2
• So the F2 ratio is modified into 1 : 2. S. Gene Pheno-
Example
• In this case the homozygous recessive genotype No. interaction typic
ratio
(cc) is lethal.
1. Incomplete Flower colour in 1:2:1
Dominance Mirabilis jalapa.
Flower colour 1 : 2 : 1
in snapdragon
(Antirrhinum spp.)
2. Codominance ABO Blood group 1 : 2 : 1
system in humans
• The fully dominant or fully recessive lethal allele
kills in its homozygous condition. Inter genic on non-allelic interaction
• So the F2 genotypic ratio will be 2 : 1 or 1 : 2
F2
respectively.
Ratio
S. Epistatic
17. Describe Pleiotropy with an example Example Pheno-
No. interaction
typic
• A single gene affects multiple traits and alter the ratio
phenotype of the organism is called Pleiotropy.
1 Dominant Fruit colour in 12 : 3 : 1
• The pleiotropic gene influences a number of epistasis summer squash
characters simultaneously . 2 Recessive Flower colour 9:3:4
• Such genes are called pleiotropic gene. epistasis of Antirrhinum
spp.
• Mendel noticed in peas (Pisum sativum).
3 Duplicate genes Fruit shape in 9:6:1
• purple flowers, brown seeds and dark spot on with cumulative summer squash
the axils of the leaves crossed with effect
• white flowers, light coloured seeds and no spot 4. Complementary Flower colour in 9 : 7
on the axils of the leaves, genes sweet peas
5. Supplementary Grain colour in 9 : 3 : 4
• Flower colour, seed colour and a leaf axil spot genes Maize
all were inherited together as a single unit.
6. Inhibitor genes Leaf colour in 13 : 3
• This is due to the three traits were controlled rice plants
by a single gene with dominant and recessive 7 Duplicate genes Seed capsule 15 : 1
alleles. shape (fruit
• Example: sickle cell anemia. shape) in
shepherd’s
18. Dominant Epistasis –explain purse Bursa
• It is a gene interaction in which two alleles of bursa-pastoris
a gene at one locus interfere and suppress or
mask the phenotypic expression of a different 19. Explain bell shaped curve with kernel colour of
pair of alleles of another gene at another locus. wheat.
• The gene that suppresses or masks the • In polygenic inheritance the R gene in an
phenotypic expression of a gene at another additive manner produces the red kernel colour.
locus is known as epistatic. The number of each phenotype is plotted
• The gene whose expression is interfered by against the intensity of red kernel colour which
non-allelic genes and prevents from exhibiting produces a bell shaped curve. This represents
its character is known as hypostatic. the distribution of phenotype.
• When both the genes are present together, the • Other example: Height and skin colour in
phenotype is determined by the epistatic gene humans are controlled by three pairs of genes.
and not by the hypostatic gene.
• The cumulative effect of several pairs of gene
interaction gives rise to many shades of kernel
colour.
• He hypothesized that the two loci must
contribute additively to the kernel colour of
wheat.
• The contribution of each red allele to the kernel
colour of wheat is additive.
21. Mitochondrial Inheritance - Explain.

• Male sterility found in pearl maize (Sorgum
vulgare) is the best example for mitochondrial
20. Conclusion of Polygenic inheritance- Explain . cytoplasmic inheritance.
• Finally Nilsson – Ehle were the genes not linked • Male sterility found in this pearl maize
and the genes assorted independently.
• So it is called cytoplasmic male sterility.
• Later, researchers discovered the third gene
• In this, male sterility is inherited maternally.
that also affect the kernel colour of wheat.
• The gene for cytoplasmic male sterility is found
• The three independent pairs of alleles were
in the mitochondrial DNA.
involved in wheat kernel colour.
• There are two types, one with normal cytoplasm
• Nilsson – Ehle found the phenotypic ratio is 63
(N) which is male fertile.
red : 1 white.
• The other one with aberrant cytoplasm (S)
• Genotypic ratio is 1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1 in
which is male sterile.
F2 generation.
• These types also exhibit reciprocal differences
• From the above results Nilsson – Ehle showed
as found in Mirabilis jalapa.
that the blending inheritance was not taking
place in the kernel of wheat. • Recently it has been discovered that cytoplasmic
genetic male sterility is common in many plant
species.
• This sterility is maintained by the influence of
both nuclear and cytoplasmic genes.
• There are commonly two types of cytoplasm N
(normal) and S (sterile).
• The genes for these are found in mitochondrion.
• There are also restores of fertility (Rf) genes.
• Even though these genes are nuclear genes,
they are distinct from genetic male sterility
genes of other plants. Because the Rf genes do
not have any expression of their own, unless
• In F2 generation plants have kernels with wide the sterile cytoplasm is present.
range of colour variation. • Rf genes are required to restore fertility in S
• This is due to the segregating and recombination cytoplasm which is responsible for sterility.
of genes. • So the combination of N cytoplasm with rfrf
• Another evidence for the absence of blending and S cytoplasm with RfRf produces plants
inheritance is that the parental phenotypes with fertile pollens, while S cytoplasm with rfrf
dark red and white appear again in F2. produces only male sterile plants.
• There is no blending of genes, only the
phenotype.
Chapter-2
22. Describe Atavism 23. Draw the Schematic representation of test
cross
• Atavism is a modification of a biological
structure
• An ancestral trait reappears after having
been lost through evolutionary changes in
the previous generations. Evolutionary traits
that have disappeared phenotypically do not
necessarily disappear from an organism’s DNA.
• The gene sequence often remains, but is
inactive.
• Such an unused gene may remain in the
genome for many generations.
• As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the
genetic control suppressing the gene can lead
to the reappearance of that character again.
• Re-emergence of sexual reproduction in the
flowering plant Hieracium pilosella is the best
example for Atavism in plants.
UNIT VII: GENETICS
CHAPTER CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF
3
INHERITANCE
POINTS TO REMEMBER

l The genes are hereditary units.
l Mutation and recombination are the two
major processes responsible for genetic

l Linkage is rare but has been reported in
variation.
male Drosophila .

l A sudden change in the genetic material of

l The linked genes connected together on sex
an organisms is called mutation.
chromosome is called sex linkage.

l Agents which are responsible for mutation

l The linked genes are located very close
are called mutagens,
together on the same chromosome and do
not exhibit crossing over is called complete
l Mutagens are of two types, physical mutagen
linkage. and chemical mutagen.

l The linked genes exhibit some crossing over
l Point mutation refers to alterations of
is called incomplete linkage. single base pairs of DNA

l The groups of linearly arranged linked
l Sharbati Sonora is a mutant variety of wheat,
genes on a chromosome are called Linkage which is developed from Mexican variety
groups (Sonora 64) by irradiating of gamma rays.

l Crossing over takes place during pachytene
l Castor Aruna is mutant variety of castor by
stage of prophase I of meiosis. treatment of seeds with thermal neutrons

l Crossing over includes stages like
l The large-scale variations in chromosomes
synapsis, tetrad formation, cross over and are termed as chromosomal mutations or
terminalization. chromosomal aberrations.

l Segments of DNA are broken and recombined
l Ploidy involving individual chromosomes
to produce new combinations of alleles is within a diploid set (Aneuploidy)
called Recombination.

l Ploidy involving entire sets of chromosomes

l Genetic mapping is also called as linkage (Euploidy)
map

l Double monosomics are observed in maize.

l The unit of distance in a genetic map is called

l An organism possesses more than two basic
a map unit (m.u)
sets of chromosomesare called ploidy .

l One map unit is also called a centimorgan

l Simple trisomy reported in Nicotiana,
(cM). 100 centimorgan is equal to one
Pisum and Oenothera.
Morgan (M).

l All possible tetrasomics are available in

l Three or more allelic forms of a gene occupy
Wheat
chromosomes are called multiple alleles.
l Double monosomics are observed in maize.

l Sex determination was first described in
l The common wheat plant is a example For
the bryophyte Sphaerocarpos donnellii polyploidy (hexaploidy)
Gibberellins play an important role in the
l The cultivated banana are usually triploids
suppression of stamens in florets on the and are seedless having larger fruits than
ears. diploids.
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62 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3

l Common doob grass (Cyanodon dactylon) is Hutchinson.
a natural autotriploid. Ø The term ‘crossing over’ was coined by Morgan

l Seedless watermelon, apple, sugar beet, (1912).
tomato, banana are man made autotriploids.
Ø Holliday’s hybrid DNA model was first proposed

l Autotetraploids rye, grapes, alfalfa, by Robin Holliday in 1964
groundnut, potato and coffee.
Ø gene mapping was first developed by Morgan’s

l Triticale, the successful first man made student Alfred H Sturtevant in 1913.
cereal.
Ø East (1925) observed multiple alleles in

l Colchicine , an alkaloid is extracted from Nicotiana which are responsible for self-
root and corms of Colchicum autumnale, incompatibility

l Deletion is observed in Drosophila and Maize. Ø C.E. Allen (1917) discovered sex

l Reciprocal translocations also called determination in plants
illegitimate crossing over. Ø Hawaii discovered sex chromosomes in Papaya

l Translocations play a major role in the Ø The unit centimorgan (cM) in honour of T.H.
formation of species. Morgan.
Scientists and their contributions Ø The term mutation was introduced by Hugo de
Ø G. J. Mendel (1865) studied the inheritance in Vries (1901) in evening primrose (Oenothera
pea plant. lamarkiana) and proposed ‘Mutation theory’
Ø De Vries, Correns and Tschermak Ø Muller (1927) was the first to find out physical
independently rediscovered Mendel’s results. mutagen in Drosophila.
Ø Wilhelm Roux (1883) postulated that the Ø Dr. M.S.Swaminathan who is known as
chromosomes of a cell are responsible for ‘Father of Indian green revolution
transferring heredity. Ø H J Muller (1928) first time used X rays to
Ø Montgomery (1901) was first to suggest induce mutations in fruit fly.
occurrence of distinct pairs of chromosomes Ø L J Stadler reported induced mutations in
Ø Sutton and Boveri (1903) independently plants by using X rays and gamma rays.
proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance Ø Chemical mutagenesis was first reported by C.
Ø Linkage reported in Sweet pea (Lathyrus Auerback (1944).
odoratus) by Willium Bateson and Reginald Ø Trisomics were first reported by Blackeslee
C. Punnet in 1906 (1910) in Datura stramonium (Jimson weed).
Ø Thomas Hunt Morgan (1933)received Ø Raphanobrassica, G.D. Karpechenko (1927)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his a Russian geneticist, crossed the radish
chromosomes in heredity. (Raphanus sativus, 2n=18) and cabbage
Ø T.H. Morgan found two types of linkage. (Brassica oleracea, 2n=18)
Ø C.B Bridges (1919) discovered that crossing Ø Duplication was first reported in Drosophila
over is completely absent in some species of by Bridges (1919) and other examples are
male Drosophila Maize and Pea.
Ø Incomplete linkage was observed in maize by Ø Inversion was first reported in Drosophila by
Sturtevant (1926).
XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3 SURYA  Biology-Botany63
5. Accurate mapping of genes can be done by

Book Evaluation three point test cross because increases
a) Possibility of single cross over
PART – A b) Possibility of double cross over
c) Possibility of multiple cross over
(1 MARK) d) Possibility of recombination frequency Ans : b
1. An allohexaploidy contains 6. Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio
of parental and recombinants are
a) Six different genomes
a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7
b) Six copies of three different genomes
c) 96.4: 3.6 d) 1:7:7:1 Ans : b
c) Two copies of three different genomes
7. Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome.
d) Six copies of one genome Ans : c The recombination percentage is between L
2. The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are
chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is 20%. The correct order of genes is
testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each a) GHSL b) SHGL c) SGHL d) HSLG
progeny class would you expect out of 100 Ans : b
total progeny? 8. The point mutation sequence for transition,
a) 25 AB, 25 ab, 25 Ab, 25 aB transition, transversion and transversion in
DNA are
b) 10 AB, 10 ab
a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C
c) 45 AB, 45 ab
b) A to G, C to T, C to G and T to A
d) 45 AB, 45 ab, 5 Ab, 5aB Ans : d
c) C to G, A to G, T to A and G to A
3. Match list I with list II
d) G to C, A to T, T to A and C to G Ans : b
List I List II 9. If haploid number in a cell is 18. The double
A. A pair of chromosomes i) monosomy monosomic and trisomic number will be
extra with diploid
a) 34 and 37 b) 34 and 35
B. One chromosome extra to ii) tetrasomy
the diploid c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19 Ans : a
C. One chromosome loses iii) trisomy 10. Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents
from diploid
D. Two individual chromosomes iv) double a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation
lose from diploid monosomy c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutation
a) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv b) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i Ans : a
c) A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv d) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv 11. Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally use
to induce mutation in wheat varieties.
Ans : c
Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy
4. Which of the following sentences are correct?
to non-ionize electrons from atom
1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations
a) A is correct. R is correct explanation of A
due to incomplete linkage
b) A is correct. R is not correct explanation of A
2. The linked genes exhibit some crossing over in
c) A is correct. R is wrong explanation of A
complete linkage
d) A and R is wrong Ans : c
3. The separation of two linked genes are possible
in incomplete linkage 12. How many map units separate two alleles A
and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09?
4. Crossing over is absent in complete linkage
a) 900 cM b) 90 cM
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3
c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cM Ans : c
c) 3 and 4 d) 1 and 4 Ans : c
They crossed homozygous purple flowers
PART – B,C AND D l
and long pollen grains with red flowers and

round pollen grains.
(2,3 AND 5 MARKS)
l All the F1 had purple flower and long pollen
13. When two different genes came from same grains indicating purple flower long pollen (PL/
parent they tend to remain together. PL) was dominant over red flower round pollen
i. What is the name of this phenomenon? (pl/pl)
ii. Draw the cross with suitable example. l When they crossed the F1 with double recessive
parent (test cross) in results, F2 progenies did
iii. Write the observed phenotypic ratio.
not exhibit in 1:1:1:1 ratio as expected with
independent assortment.
l A greater number of F2 plants had purple
flowers and long pollen or red flowers and
round pollen.
l So they concluded that genes for purple colour
and long pollen grain and the genes for red
colour and round pollen grain were found
close together in the same homologous pair of
chromosomes.
l These genes do not allow themselves to be
separated.
l So they do not assort independently.
l This type of tendency of genes to stay together
during separation of chromosomes is called
Linkage.
l The two different genes came from same
parent they tend to remain together is called
l coupling or cis configuration
l The observed phenotypic ratio is 7:1:1:7
14. If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male
Drosophila with double recessive female and
obtain F1 hybrid.
Now you cross F1 male with double recessive
female.
i. What type of linkage is seen?
ii. Draw the cross with correct genotype.
iii.
What is the possible genotype in F2
generation?
The name of this phenomenon is coupling or
l i) The type of linkage seen is complete linkage
cis configuration of linkage. ii) Draw the cross with correct genotype.(Refer
This was reported in Sweet pea (Lathyrus
l complete linkage linkage. Change the alphabets
odoratus) RL into PV. (See additional five mark question
no.7)
Exprimented by Willium Bateson
l and
Reginald C. Punnet in 1906. iii) The possible genotype in F2 generation is 1:1
15. In this any combination other than these two
l
constitutes a recombinant (R)

S. no Gamete Number of
types progenies Recombinant for
Number of
progenies
Gamete
1. ABC 349 loci
types
2. Abc 114 S. no. A A B
3. abC 124 and and and
4. AbC 5 B C C
5. aBc 4 1. ABC 349
6. aBC 116 2. Abc 114 R R
7. ABc 128 3. abC 124 R R
8. abc 360 4. AbC 5 R R
i) What is the name of this test cross? 5. aBc 4 R R
6. aBC 116 R R
ii) How will you construct gene mapping
7. ABc 128 R R
from the above given data?
8. abc 360
iii) Find out the correct order of genes. Total 1200 239 482 261
a) The name of the cross is Three-point test Let’s analyse the loci of two alleles A and B.
l
cross.
The A B and a b parental genotypes the
l
These three recessive alleles (abc) are crossed recombinants will be A b and a B.
with wild type dominant alleles (ABC) The Recombinant frequency (RF) for these two
l
Parents ABC / ABC x abc / abc alleles calculated as follows
Gametes ABC x abc
F1 trihybrid ABC / abc
Test cross
l (Heterozygous F1 crosses with triple recessive
alleles) ABC / abc x abc / abc
l This trihybrid test cross produces 8 different For A and C loci, the recombinants are A c and
l
types (23=8) of gametes. a C. The Recombinant frequency (RF) will be as

follows
l It produces 1200 progenies. The results are
tabulated.
S. Gamete Number of
no types progenies
1. ABC 349
2. Abc 114
3. abC 124
4. AbC 5
For B and C loci, the recombinants are B c and
l
5. aBc 4
b C. The Recombinant frequency (RF) will be as
6. aBC 116
follows
7. ABc 128
8. abc 360
Total 1200
l From the above result, we observe parental (P)
and recombinant (R) types.
l The parental genotypes for the triple
homozygotes are A B C and a b c,
l Analyse two recombinant loci at a time orderly
A B/ a b, A C/ a c and B C/ b c.
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All the loci are linked, because all the RF values
l l Chromosomes retain their structural uniqueness
are considerably less than 50%. and individuality throughout the life cycle.
In this A C loci show highest RF value, they
l l Each chromosome carries specific determiners
must be farthest apart. or Mendelian factors which are now termed as
Therefore, the B locus must lie between them.
l
genes.
The order of genes should be abc. l The behaviour of chromosomes during the
A genetic map can be drawn as follows
l
gamete formation (meiosis) provides evidence
to the fact that genes or factors are located on
chromosomes.
19. Explain the mechanism of crossing over.
The stages of the mechanism of crossing over are
The correct order of genes are a b c 1.Synapsis, 2.Tetrad formation, 3.Cross over and
4.Terminalization.
16. What is the difference between missense and
nonsense mutation?
Missense mutation Nonsense mutation.
The mutation where The mutations where

the codon for one codon for one amino
amino acid is changed acid is changed into
into a codon for a termination or
another amino acid is stop codon is called
called Missense or Nonsense mutation.
non-synonymous
mutations
17. From the

above figure identify the type of mutation and
explain it.
The given figure is identify as reverse tandem
l
duplication type of Structural changes in

chromosome (Structural chromosomal
aberration)
Reverse tandem duplication
The duplicated segment is located immediately
l
after the normal segment but the gene

sequence order will be reversed.
18. Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri
concept.
Somatic cells are derived from the zygote by
l
mitosis.
These consist
l of two identical sets of
i) Synapsis
chromosomes.
l The pairing between two homologous
One set is received from female parent and the
l
chromosomes are called synapsis or
other from male parent.
syndesis.
These two constitute the homologous pair.
l
l It is initiated during zygotene stage of prophase
I of meiosis I.
l Homologous chromosomes pairs are aligned The widely accepted model of DNA recombination
side by side called bivalents. during crossing over is Holliday’s hybrid DNA
Synapsis is of three types, model. It was first proposed by Robin Holliday
in 1964. It involves several steps.
l Procentric synapsis: Pairing starts from
middle of the chromosome. 1. Homologous DNA molecules are paired side by
side with their duplicated copies of DNAs
l Proterminal synapsis: Pairing starts from
the telomeres. 2. One strand of both DNAs cut in one place by the
enzyme endonuclease.
l Random synapsis: Pairing may start from
anywhere. 3. The cut strands cross and join the homologous
strands forming the Holliday structure or
ii) Tetrad Formation Holliday junction.
l Each homologous chromosome form two 4. The Holliday junction migrates away from
identical sister chromatids. the original site, a process called branch
l It remain held together by a centromere. migration, Its result heteroduplex region is
l At this stage each bivalent has four chromatids. formed.
l This stage is called tetrad stage. 5. DNA strands may cut along through the vertical
(V) line or horizontal (H) line.
iii) Cross Over
6. The vertical cut will result in heteroduplexes
l Crossing over occurs in pachytene stage.
with recombinants.
l The non-sister chromatids of homologous pair
make a contact at one or more points are called 7. The horizontal cut will result in heteroduplex
Chiasmata. with non recombinants.
l At chiasma, cross-shaped or X-shaped

structures are formed.
l The breaking and re-joining of two chromatids
occur in that point.
l This results in reciprocal exchange of equal and
corresponding segments between them.
iv) Terminalisation
l After crossing over, chiasma starts to move
towards the terminal end of chromatids.
l This is known as terminalisation.
l As a result, complete separation of homologous
chromosomes occurs.
l A recent study reveals that synapsis and chiasma
formation are facilitated by a highly organised
structure of filaments called Synaptonemal
Complex (SC)
20.
Write the steps involved in molecular
mechanism of DNA recombination with
diagram.
Crossing over results in the formation of new
combination of characters in an organism called
recombinants. In this, segments of DNA are broken
and recombined to produce new combinations of
alleles. This process is called Recombination.
l Thus, from the cross S1S2XS3S4, all the pollens
were effective and four kinds of progeny
resulted: S1S3, S1S4, S2S3 and S2S4.
Some combinations are showed in the table

Female Male parent
parent (Pollen source)
(Stigma spot) S1S2 S2S3 S3S4
S1S2 Self S3S2 S3S1
Sterile S3S1 S3S2
S4S1
S4S2
21. How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility.
S2S3 S1S2 Self S4S2
Explain its mechanism. S1S3 Sterile S4S3
In plants, multiple alleles have been reported
l S3S4 S1S3 S2S3 Self
in association with self-sterility or self- S1S4 S2S4 Sterile
incompatibility. S2S3
Self-sterility means that the pollen from a plant
l S2S4
is unable to germinate on its own stigma. 22. How sex is determined in monoecious plants.
This will not be able to bring about fertilization
l write their genes involved in it.
in the ovules of the same plant.
self-incompatibility or self-sterility observed by
l
East (1925) in Nicotiana.
The gene for self-incompatibility can be
l
designated as S, which has allelic series S1, S2,
S3, S4 and S5.
The cross-fertilizing tobacco plants were not
l
always homozygous as S1S1 or S2S2,
but all plants were heterozygous as S1S2,
l
S3S4, S5S6.
When crosses were made between different
l
S1S2 plants, the pollen tube did not develop
normally.
But effective pollen tube development was
l
l Zea mays (maize) is an example for monoecious.
observed when crossing was made with other
than S1S2 for example S3S4. l There are two types of inflorescence.
When crosses were made between seed parents
l l Terminal staminate florets develops from shoot
with S1S2 and pollen parents with S2S3, two apical meristem called tassel.
kinds of pollen tubes were distinguished. l The lateral pistillate florets from axillary bud is
Pollen grains carrying S2 were not effective,
l called ear or cob.
but the pollen grains carrying S3 were capable l the selective abortion of stamens in ear florets
of fertilization. and pistils in tassel florets.
l A substitution of two single gene pairs 'ba' for Sex determination in Maize (Superscript (+)
barren plant and 'ts' for tassel seed makes the denotes dominant character)
difference between monoecious and dioecious
(rare) maize plants. 23. What is gene mapping? Write its uses.
l The allele for barren plant (ba) l The diagrammatic representation of position
when homozygous makes the stalk staminate of genes and related distances between the
by eliminating silk and ears. adjacent genes is called genetic mapping.
l The allele for tassel seed (ts) transforms tassel l It is directly proportional to the frequency of
into a pistillate structure that produce no pollen. recombination between them.
l The resultant sex expression based on the
l It is also called as linkage map.
combination of these alleles given in the table.
l Most of these mutations are shown to be l The gene mapping was first developed by
defects in gibberellin biosynthesis. Gibberellins Morgan’s student Alfred H Sturtevant in
play an important role in the suppression of 1913.
stamens in florets on the ears. l It provides clues about where the genes lies on
Genotype Dominant/ Modification Sex that chromosome.
recessive Uses
ba/bats/ts D o u b l e Lacks silk on Rudimentary
l Determine gene order,
recessive the stalk, but female
transformed l Identify the locus of a gene and
tassel to pistil
l Calculate the distances between genes.
ba/bats+/ts+ Recessive and Lacks silk and Male
dominant have tassel l It is useful in predicting results of dihybrid and
ba+/ba+ts+/ D o u b l e Have both Monoecious trihybrid crosses.
ts+ dominant tassel and cob l To understand the overall genetic complexity of
ba+/ba+ ts/ts Dominant and Bears cob and Normal female particular organism.
recessive lacks tassel
24. Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.

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25. Mention the name of man-made cereal. How it 4. Cross between AaBB and aaBB will form
is formed? a) 3 AaBB: 1 aaBB b) 1 AaBB: 1aaBB
l Triticale is the successful first man made cereal. c) 1 AaBB: 3 aaBB d) All AaBB Ans : b
l Hexaploidy Triticale hybrid plants demonstrate 5. Bateson used the terms coupling and repulsion
characteristics of both macaroni wheat and rye for linkage and crossing over. Name the
l For example, they combine the high-protein correct parent of coupling type alongwith its
content of wheat with rye’s high content of the cross repulsion
amino acid lysine, which is low in wheat. a) Coupling aaBB, aabb; Repulsion AABB, aabb
l It can be explained by chart below b) Coupling AABB, aabb; Repulsion AABB, AAbb
c) Coupling AABB, aabb: Repulsion AAbb, aaBB
d) Coupling AAbb, aaBB; Repulsion AaBb, aabb
Ans : c
6. The allele which is unable to express its effect
in the presence of another is called
a) complementary b) codominant
c) recessive d) supplementary
Ans : c
7. Multiple alleles control inheritance of
a) sickle cell anaemia b) phenylketonuria
c) blood groups d) colour blindness
Ans : c
8. Mendel’s last law is
a) independent assortment
b) segregation
c) polygenic inheritance
d) dominance Ans : a
9. Segregation of Mendelian factors (no linkage,
no crossing over) occurs during
PART – A
a) diplotene b) anaphase I
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (1 MARK) c) metaphase I d) anaphase II
Ans : b
1. Triticale has been evolved by intergeneric
hybridization between 10. Two dominant nonallelic genes are 50 map
units apart. Then linkage is
a) rice and maize
a) complete b) cis type
b) wheat and rye
c) absent/ Incomplete d) trans type Ans : c
c) wheat and Aegilops
d) wheat and rice Ans : b 11. Which crop variety is not due to induced
2. Diploid chromosome number in humans is mutations?
a) 48 b) 46 c) 42 d) 44 a) Sharbati Sonora of Wheat

Ans : b b) Reimei of Rice
3. Mutations used in agriculture are commonly c) Aruna of Castor
a) lethal b) induced d) Prabhat of Arhar Ans : c
c) recessive and lethal d) spontaneous Ans : b
12. Which of the following is suitable for 19.Lack of independent assortment of two genes A
experiment on linkage and B in fruit fly Drosophila is due to
a) AaBb × AaBb b) aaBB × aaBB a) linkage b) repulsion
c) AAbb × AaBB d) AABB × aabb c) crossing over d) recombination
Ans : d Ans : a
13. H.J.Muller was awarded Nobel Prize for his 20.Point mutation involves:
a) work on gene mapping in Drosophila a) deletion b) change in single base pair
b) discovery that chemicals can induce gene c) insertion d) duplication
mutations Ans : b
c) efforts to prevent the use of nuclear weapons. 21. Select the correct statement from the ones
d) discovery that ionizing radiations can induce given below with respect to dihybrid cross.
gene mutations a) Genes loosely linked on the same chromosome
Ans : d show similar recombinations as the tightly
14. The formation of multivalents at meiosis in a linked ones
diploid organism is due to b) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosome
a) monosomy show higher recombinations
b) inversion c) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosome

show very few recombinations
c) reciprocal translocation
d) Genes far apart on the same chromosome
d) deletion Ans : c show very few recombinations Ans : c
15. Crossing over in diploid organism is responsible 22. Mutations can be induced with:
for
a) ethylene b) infra red radiations
a) linkage between genes
c) gamma radiations d) I AA Ans : c
b) segregation of alleles
23. Which one of the following is a wrong
c) recombination of linked alleles
statement regarding mutations?
d) dominance of genes Ans : c
a) UV and Gamma rays are mutagens.
16. Which of the following is the main category of b) Deletion and insertion of base pairs cause
mutation? frame-shift mutations.
a) Somatic mutation b) Genetic mutation c) Change in a single base pair of DNA does not
c) All of these d) Zygotic mutation cause mutation.
Ans : b d) Cancer cells commonly show chromosomal
17.A and B genes are linked what shall be genotype aberrations.
of progeny in a cross between AB/ab and ab/ Ans : c
ab? 24. Which of the following statements is not true
a) AABB and aabb b) AAbb and aabb of two genes that show 50% recombination
c) None of these d) AaBb and aabb frequency?
Ans : d a) If the genes are present on the same
18.There are three genes a, b, c. Percentage of chromosome, they undergo more than one
crossing over between a and b is 20%, b and c crossovers in every meiosis
is 28% an a and c is 8%. What is the sequence b) The genes are tightly linked
of genes on chromosome? c) The genes may be on different chromosomes
a) a, c, b b) b, a, c d) The genes show independent assortment
c) none of these d) a, b, c Ans : b Ans : b
25. Genetic variation in a population arises due to 33. The Chromosome constitution 2n-2 of an
a) Mutations as well as recombination organism represent
a) Monosomic b) Nullisomic
b) Mutations only
c) Haploid d) Trisomic Ans: b
c) Reproductive isolation and selection
d) Recombination only Ans : a 34. Which of the following is not considered as
Mutagens?
Directions: In the following questions, a
a) Low temperature b) X rays
statement of assertion is followed by a statement
of reason. Mark the correct choice as: c) Higher temperature d) UV rays Ans: a
a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and 35. Which of the following condition is called
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. monosomic?
b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but a) 2n+1 b) 2n+2
Reason is not the correct explanation of c) n+1 d) 2n-1 Ans: d
Assertion.
36. The genes of different traits located on
c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. different loci on the some chromosomes are
d) If both Assertion and Reason are false. a) Alleles b) Linked
26. Assertion: An organism with lethal mutation c) Mutated d) Pleomorphic Ans: b
may not even develop beyond the zygote. 37. Frame shift mutation occurs when
Reason: All types of gene mutations are lethal a) Base is added
Ans : c
b) Base is deleted
27. Assertion : The genetic complement of an
c) Base is added or deleted
organism is called genotype.
d) None of the above Ans: c
Reason : Genotype is the type of hereditary
properties of an organism. Ans : a 38. 2n-1 Condition is called
28. Assertion : In case of incomplete linkage, a) Trisomy b) Monosomy

linked gene show new combination along with c) Nullisomy d) Telrasomy Ans: b
parental combination. 39. The Mutation, which is not transferred to the
Reason : In case of incomplete linkage, linked offspring?
genes are separated by crossing over. Ans : a a) Gene Mutation
29. Assertion: Aneuploidy may be of hypoploidy or b) Point Mutation
hyperploidy type.
c) Chromosomal Mutation
Reason: Monosomy lacks one pair of d) Somatic Mutation Ans: d
chromosomes. Ans : c
40. Crossing over that results in genetic
30. Who is known as father of radiation genetics? recombination in higher organism occurs
a) Slatyer b) Charles Elton between
c) Taylon d) H.J. Mullen Ans: d a) Sister Chromatids of bivalent
31. Mutation can be induced with b) Non-Sister Chromatids of a bivalent
a) IAA b) Ethylene c) Two daughter nuclear
c) Gamma radiation d) Infrared radiation d) Two different bivalents Ans: b

Ans: c 41. The exchange of chromosomal parts between
32. The loss of Chromosome segment in due to non-homologous chromosomal is known as
a) Polyploidy b) Deletion a) Translocation b) Transcription

c) Duplication d) Inversion Ans: b c) Transduction d) Translation Ans: a
42. Polyploidy means occurrence of 50. Man made allopolyploid Cereal Crop is
a) Haploid sets of Chromosomes a) Rhonobrassica b) Triticale
b) Diploid sets of Chromosomes c) Pomato d) None of these Ans: b
c) More than diploid sets of Chromosomes 51. An Organism which processes two complete
d) All of the above basic sets of chromosomes are called
Ans: c a) Haploid b) Diploid
43. Genes when close together on a chromosome c) Triploid d) None of these Ans: b
are known as 52. The Chromosomes of a cells are responsible
a) Linkage b) Mutation for transferring heredity said by
c) Translation d) Transcription a) Wilhelm Roux b) Montogeny

Ans: a c) T. Boveri d) W.S. Sutton Ans: a
44. Triticum aestiuvm, the common bread wheat is 53. Who got nobel prize for chromosomes in
a) Triploid with 21 Chromosomes heredity?
b) Hexaploid with 42 Chromosomes a) T.Boveri b) W.S. Sutton

c) T.H. Morgan d) Mendel Ans: c
c) Tratraploid with 30 Chromosomes
d) Diploid with 14 Chromosomes 54. The two dominant alleles or recessive alleles
occur in the same homologous chromosomes,
Ans: a
tend to inherit together in the same gamete
45. Monosomy and trisomy cause represented as are called
a) 2n+1, 2n+3 b) 2n-1, 2n-2 a) Cis configuration b) Trans Configuration
c) 2n, 2n+1 d) 2n-1, 2n+1 Ans: d c) Repulsion d) None of these Ans: a
46. Exchange of genetic material from non-sister 55. In which organism the crossing over is
Chromatid is called completely absent
a) Transformation b) Crossing Over a) Maize b) Drosophila
c) Translocation d) Deletion Ans: b c) both a and b d) None of these Ans: b
47. The distance between the genes ABC and D 56. In which stage of meiosis, the crossing over is
in moping units are A-D=35; B-C=1; A-B=6; takes place
C- D=15; A-C=5; Find out the Sequences of
arrangement of these genes. a) Leptons stage of prophase I of Meiosis
a) ACDB b) ABCD b) Pachytene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis
c) ACBD d) ADBC Ans: c c) Diplotene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis
48. Chromosome theory of inheritance was d) Zygotene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis

proposed by Ans: b
a) Mendel b) Hugo de vries 57. During Synapsis, pairing starts from the
c) Bateson & Punnett d) Sutton and Boveri telomeres are called
Ans: d a) Pro centric synapsis b) Random Synapsis
49. There are these genes a,b,c percentage of c) both a and b d) Proterminal Synapsis
crossing over between a and b is 20%, b Ans: d
and is 28%, and a and c is 18%, what is the
sequence of genes on Chromosomes? 58. The Pausing between two homologous
chromosomes are called
a) a,b,c b) b,a,c
a) Synapsis b) Syndesis
c) a,c,b d) None of these Ans: b
c) both a and b d) Crossing over Ans: c
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59. The environment play a role on sex 70. Chemical Mutagenesis was first reported by
determination in a) H.J. Muller b) L.J. Stadler
a) Equisetum b) Maize c) C. Auer back d) Morgan Ans: c
c) Wheat d) Rice Ans: a 71. Tri somic was first reported by
60. Who introduce the term Mutation? a) H.J. Muller b) L.J. Stadler
a) Hugo devries b) T.H. Morgen c) C. Auerback d) Blackes lee Ans: d
c) Bateson d) None of these Ans: a 72. Selfing of Monosomic plants produce
61. Which one is not a chemical Mutagens a) Mullisomic b) Monosomic
a) Enthrosine b) Magnous salt c) Trisomic d) Tetrasomic Ans: a
c) Safrain d) Eosin Ans: c 73. Man made auto triploids are
62. The addition of two individual pairs of a) Banana b) Apple
chromosomes to diploid set is called c) Tomato d) All of these Ans: d
a) 2n+2 b) 2n+2+2 74. Examples of autotetraploids
c) 2n+1 d) 2n-2 Ans: b a) Grapes b) Groundnut
63. Loss of one on more chromosomes from the c) Coffee d) All of these Ans: d
diploid set in the cell is called
75. Closely linked genes show
a) Herperploidy b) Hypo ploidy
a) Weak linkage b) Strong linkage
c) Polyploidy d) None of these
c) Lethal linkage d) Incomplete linkage
Ans: b
Ans: b
64. Which of the following is called Triploid
76. Self In compatibility in Nicotiana observed by
Monosomy
a) East b) T.H. Morgan
a) 2n-1 b) 2n-1-1
c) Punnett d) Mendel Ans: a
c) 2n-1-1-1 d) 2n-1+1 Ans: c
77. Complete linkage in Drosophila was discovered
65. A inversion that includes the Centromere is
by
a) Paracentric b) Pericentric
a) Hutchinson b) T.H. Morgan
c) Inversion d) Translocation Ans: b
c) C.B. Bridges d) M.J. Muller Ans: c
66. The Mutations where codon for one amino acid
is changed into a termination or stop codon is 78. Incomplete linkage in Maize was discovered
called by
a) Indel Mutation b) Silent Mutation a) Hutchinson b) T.H. Morgan

c) Nonsense Mutation d) Missense Mutation c) C.B. Bridges d) M.J. Muller Ans: a
Ans: c 79. Hawalli discovered Sex Chromosomes in
67. The number of Linkage groups in sweet pea a) Potato b) Tomato
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7 Ans: d c) Papaya d) Watermelon Ans: c
68. Sharbati Sonora is a mutant variety of 80. Which Chemical induced artificial ploidy in
a) Rice b) Maize c) Wheat d) Pea Ans: c plants
69. The Compounds which are not having own a) Colchicine b) Benzene
mutagenic properties are called c) Aceto carmine d) None of these
a) Co mutagens b) Mutagens Ans: a
c) both a and b d) None of these Ans: a
81. The Map distance between genes A and B is 3 6. What is the function of Genes?
units between B and C is 10 units and between Genes carry information from one generation to
C and A is 7 units, the order of the genes in the next generation.
a linkage Map constructed on the above data
7. States chromosomal theory of Wilhelm
would perhaps be Roux(1883)
A ABC b) ACB c) BA d) BAC Ans: d The chromosomes of a cell are responsible for
82. How many different types of genetes can transferring heredity.
be formed by F1 progeny resulting from the 8. States chromosomal theory of Montgomery
following cross AABBCC X aabbcc (1901)
a) 3 b) 8 c) 27 d) 64 Ans: d First to suggest occurrence of distinct pairs of
chromosomes.
83. The recombination frequency (RF) of Four
He concluded that maternal chromosomes pair
strand double cross over is with paternal chromosomes only during meiosis.
a) 60 b) 80 c) 90 d) 100 Ans: d 9. States chromosomal theory of T. Boveri (1902)
84. The recombination frequency (RF) of two The chromosomes contain genetic determiners.
strand double crossing over is He was largely responsible for developing the
a) 0 b) 10 c) 20 d) 30 Ans: a chromosomal theory of inheritance.
85. Which of the ploidy is lethal 10. States chromosomal theory of W.S. Sutton
(1902)
a) Monosomy b) Nullisomy
He independently recognized a parallelism
c) Tetrasomy d) Trisomy Ans: b (similarity) between the behaviour of chromosomes
and Mendelian factors during gamete formation.
11.
States Sutton chromosomal theory of
PART – B inheritance.
Sutton united the knowledge of chromosomal
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (2 MARK) segregation with Mendelian principles and called
it chromosomal theory of inheritance.
1. Define Chromosomes.
12. Who is a young American student who propose
In eukaryotic cells, worm-shaped structures formed the chromosome theory of inheritance ?
during cell division are called chromosomes
W.S. Sutton (1902) is a young American student,
colored bodies, visualized by staining)
propose the chromosome theory of inheritance.
2. Why the organism is called diploid ?
13. Who got Nobel prize for chromosomes in
An organism which possesses two complete basic heredity?
sets of chromosomes are known as diploid. Thomas Hunt Morgan (1933) received Nobel
3. What are called genes ? Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries
concerning the role played by chromosomes in
A chromosome consists of long, continuous coiled
heredity.
piece of DNA in which genes are arranged in linear
order. 14. What is meant by linked genes?
Each gene has a definite position (locus) on a Genes located close together on the same
chromosome. chromosome and inherited together are called
linked genes.
4. Which are called hereditary units?
15. What is meant by unlinked genes or syntenic
Genes are called hereditary units. genes?
5. States chromosomal theory of inheritance. The two genes that are sufficiently far apart on the
Chromosomal theory of inheritance states that same chromosome are called unlinked genes or
Mendelian factors (genes) have specific locus syntenic genes.
(position) on chromosomes Such condition is known as synteny
16. What is coupling ? 26. In which stage of meiosis I, synapsis is
The two dominant alleles or recessive alleles occur initiated ?
in the same homologous chromosomes, tend Synapsis is initiated during zygotene stage of
to inherit together into same gamete are called prophase I.
coupling or cis configuration.
27. Name the three types of synapsis,
17.What is repulsion ?
1. Procentric synapsis
The dominant or recessive alleles are present 2. Proterminal synapsis
on two different, but homologous chromosomes
they inherit apart into different gamete are called 3. Random synapsis
repulsion or trans configuration. 28. Define Chiasmata
18. Who classify the Linkage and write their During crossing over, the non-sister chromatids of
types.? homologous pair make a contact at one or more
T.H. Morgan classify two types of linkage. points are called Chiasmata.
They are 1. complete linkage and 2. incomplete 29. Define bivalents
linkage The homologous chromosomes pairs are aligned
19. In which organism the crossing over is side by side called bivalents.
completely absent. Who discover this ? 30. What is known as terminalisation ?
Crossing over is completely absent in some species After crossing over, chiasma starts to move
of male Drosophila. towards the terminal end of chromatids. This is
It was discovered by C.B Bridges (1919) known as terminalisation.
20. What is crossing over ? 31. What is synaptonemal complex?

A recent study reveals that synapsis and chiasma
Inter-changing the corresponding segments
formation are facilitated by a highly organised
between non-sister chromatids of homologous structure of filaments called Synaptonemal
pair of chromosomes is called Crossing over. Complex (SC)
21. What is the use of crossing over ? 32. In which organism synaptonemal complex
It produces new combination of genes. formation is absent. Why?
The synaptonemal complex formation is absent in
22. Who term crossing over ? some species of male Drosophila.
The term ‘crossing over’ was coined by Morgan Because crossing over does not takes place
(1912)
33. Name the stages of crossing Over
23. In which stage of meiosis ,crossing over takes The stages of crossing over are
place ?
1.Synapsis, 2.Tetrad formation, 3.Cross over and
Crossing over takes place during pachytene stage 4.Terminalization
of prophase I of meiosis.
34. What is synapsis ? give the other name of this.
24. Describe germinal crossing over. write their The pairing between two homologous
other name chromosomes are called synapsis. The other
Crossing over occurs in germinal cells during name is syndesis.
gametogenesis is called germinal crossing over. 35. Define recombinants
It is also called meiotic crossing over. Crossing over results in the formation of new
combination of characters in an organism called
25. What is somatic crossing over ? write their recombinants.
other name.
36. What is recombination ?
Crossing over rarely occurs in somatic cells during During crossing over segments of DNA are broken
mitosis is called somatic. and recombined to produce new combinations of
It is also called mitotic crossing over. alleles.
This process is called Recombination.
37. What is locus ? 46. What is meant by random synapsis ?
Genes are present in a linear order along the During synapsis the pairing may start from
chromosome. anywhere is called random synapsis
They are present in a specific location called locus.
47. What is Chiasmata ?
38. Define genetic mapping.
During crossing over the non-sister chromatids of
The diagrammatic representation of position of homologous pair make a contact at one or more
genes and related distances between the adjacent points are called Chiasmata.
genes is called genetic mapping. It is also called
as linkage map. 48. What is terminalisation ?
39.
Write the formula of calculation of After crossing over, chiasma starts to move
recombination frequency (RF) towards the terminal end of chromatids is known
The recombination frequency (RF) is calculated by. as terminalisation.
49. Define synaptonemal complex (SC)
synapsis and chiasma formation are facilitated by
a highly organised structure of filaments called
40. Who propose the concept of gene mapping. synaptonemal complex (SC)
Write its use.
50. What is the widely accepted model of DNA
The concept of gene mapping was first developed
recombination during crossing over?
by Morgan’s student Alfred H Sturtevant in
1913. The widely accepted model of DNA recombination
It provides clues about where the genes lies on during crossing over is Holliday’s hybrid DNA
that chromosome. model.
41. Define chromosomal mutations 51. Who propose holliday’s hybrid DNA model ?
By altering the chromosome structure in a larger Holliday’s hybrid DNA model was first proposed by
scale or by changing the number of chromosomes Robin Holliday in 1964.
in a cell are called chromosomal mutations or 52. What is branch migration ?
chromosomal aberrations.
The holliday junction migrates away from the
42. What is meant by numerical chromosomal
original site, a process called branch migration,
aberration or ploidy ?
Its result heteroduplex region is formed.
The chromosome number of somatic cells are
changed due to addition or elimination of individual 53. Define two point crosses
chromosome or basic set of chromosomes are Genetic maps can be constructed from a series of
known as numerical chromosomal aberration test crosses for pairs of genes called two point
or ploidy.
crosses.
43. Rearrange the order of stages of crossing Over But this is not efficient because double cross over
and describe Tetrad Formation.
is missed.
Tetrad formation, Cross over ,Synapsis and
54. Define three point test cross
Terminalization
The stages of crossing over are To analyzing the inheritance patterns of three alleles
by test crossing a triple recessive heterozygote
1.Synapsis, 2.Tetrad formation, 3.Cross over and
with a triple recessive homozygote is called three
4.Terminalization
point test cross.
44. What is meant by procentric synapsis ?
55. Define multiple alleles.
During synapsis the pairing starts from middle of
the chromosome is called procentric synapsis. Three or more allelic forms of a gene occupy
45. What is meant by proterminal synapsis ? chromosomes, are called multiple alleles.
During synapsis the pairing starts from the
telomeres is called proterminal synapsis
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56. Define monomorphic 67. What are called physical mutagens ?
Most of the flowering plants have both male organs Temperature and radiations such as X rays, gamma
(the stamens) and female organs (the carpels) are rays, alfa rays, beta rays, neutron, cosmic rays,
called monomorphic. radioactive isotopes, ultraviolet rays as physical
mutagen.
57. Define dimorphic
68. Define chemical mutagens
Some of the flowering plants which have two
separate sexes are called dimorphic Chemicals which induce mutation are called
chemical mutagens.
58. Does environment play a role on sex
determination in plants? 69. What are called chemical mutagens ?
Yes. Horsetail plant (Equisetum) grown under Mustard gas, nitrous acid, ethyl and methyl
good conditions develop as female and those methane sulphonate (EMS and MMS), ethyl
urethane, magnous salt, formaldehyde, eosin and
grown under stress condition develop into males.
enthrosine.
59. Define mutation
70. Define aneuploidy.
A sudden change in the genetic material of an
Diploid number is altered either by addition or
organisms is called mutation.
deletion of one or more chromosomes are called
60. Who interduce the term mutation ? In which Aneuploidy.
plant the mutation is reported ? 71. What is known as aneuploids or heteroploids ?
The term was introduced by Hugo de Vries Organisms showing aneuploidy are known as
(1901) aneuploids or heteroploids.
Mutation is reported in evening primrose 72. What is hyperploidy ?
(Oenothera lamarkiana)
Addition of one or more chromosomes to diploid
61. Define mutagens sets are called hyperploidy.
The agents which are responsible for mutation are 73. Define disomy
called mutagens.
The diploid set of chromosomes called disomy.
62. Define point mutation
74. Define trisomy
The mutation that affecting single base or base
The addition of single chromosome to diploid set is
pair of DNA are called point mutation
called Simple trisomy (2n+1)
63. What is called base substitutions ?
75. Define double trisomy
one base pair is replaced by another base pair in The addition of two individual chromosome from
the DNA is called base substitutions. different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid sets
64. Define addition or deletion are called double trisomy (2n+1+1)
The additions or deletions of nucleotide pairs is 76. Define tetrasomy
called addition or deletions The addition of a pair of chromosomes to diploid
65. State indel mutations set is called tetrasomy (2n+2).
Insertion and deletion collectively termed as indel 77. What are called double tetrasomy ?
mutations. The addition of two individual pairs of chromosomes
66. What is nonsense mutation ? to diploid set is called Double tetrasomy
(2n+2+2)
The mutations where codon for one amino acid is
changed into a termination or stop codon is called 78. What is pentasomy ?
nonsense mutation The addition of three individual chromosome from
different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid set
are called pentasomy (2n+3)
79.Define hypoploidy 92. Define allopolyploidy
Loss of one or more chromosome from the diploid Two or more basic sets of chromosomes derived
set in the cell is called hypoploidy. from two different species is called allopolyploidy.
80. Define monosomy 93. What is Raphano brassica ?
The loss of a single chromosome from the diploid Cross made between the radish (Raphanus sativus)
set are called monosomy (2n-1) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) produces in F1
81. Define double monosomy hybridare called Raphano brassica.
The loss of two individual chromosomes are called 94. What is the example for tetraploidy ?
double monosomy (2n-1-1) Cross made between diploid wheat and rye is
82. What is triple monosomy ? called tetraploidy.
The loss of three individual chromosomes are 95. What is the example for hexaploidy ?
called and triple monosomy (2n-1-1-1)
Cross made between tetraploid wheat Triticum
83. Define nullisomy durum (macaroni wheat) and rye is called
The loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes hexaploidy
from the diploid set are called Nullisomy (2n-2) 96. What is the example for octoploidy ?
84. What is double nullisomy ? Cross made between hexaploid wheat T. aestivum
The loss of two pairs of homologous chromosomes (bread wheat) and rye is called octoploidy
from the diploid set are called double Nullisomy 97. What is structural chromosomal aberration ?
(2n-2-2).
Addition or deletion of a part of chromosome
85. Define euploidy leading to rearrangement of genes is called
An organisms possess one or more basic sets of structural chromosomal aberration.
chromosomes are called Euploidy.
98. What is deletion or deficiency ?
86. What is polyploidy ? Loss of a portion of chromosome is called deletion.
An organism possesses more than two basic sets
99. What is terminal deletion ?
of chromosomes are called Polyploidy.
A single break in any one end of the chromosome
87. Define diploid
is called terminal deletion.
An organism or somatic cell has two sets of
chromosomes are called diploid (2n) 100.What is intercalary deletion or interstitial
deletion ?
88. Define triploidy
It is caused by two breaks and reunion of terminal
An organism possesses three basic sets of parts leaving the middle is called intercalary
chromosomes are called triploidy (3x) deletion or interstitial deletion.
89. Define tetraploidy 101.What is duplication or repeat ?
An organism possesses four basic sets of
Arrangement of the same order of genes repeated
chromosomes are called tetraploidy (4x)
more than once in the same chromosome is known
89. What is pentaploidy ? as duplication.
An organism possesses five basic sets of 102.What is tandem duplication ?
chromosomes are called pentaploidy (5x)
90. Whatbis hexaploidy ? after the normal segment of the chromosome in
An organism possesses six basic sets of the same order is called tandem duplication.
chromosomes are called hexaploidy (6x) 103.What is reverse tandem duplication?
91. Define autopolyploidy The duplicated segment is located immediately
More than two haploid sets of chromosomes after the normal segment but the gene sequence
derived from within the same species is called order will be reversed is called reverse tandem
autopolyploid. duplication.
104.Define displaced duplication ? 115.Define single cross over
The duplicated segment is located in the same The formation of single chiasma and involves only
chromosome, but away from the normal segment two chromatids out of four is called single cross
is called displaced duplication. over.
105.What is inversion ? 116.Define double cross over
A rearrangement of order of genes in a chromosome The formation of two chiasmata and involves two
by reversed by an angle 1800 is called inversion. or three or all four strands is called double cross
106.Define paracentric inversion. over.
An inversion which takes place apart from the 117. Define multiple cross over
centromere is called paracentric inversion.
The formation of more than two chiasmata and
107.Define pericentric inversion crossing over frequency is extremely low is called
An inversion that includes the centromere. multiple cross over.
108.What is translocation ? 118. Define the term mutagenesis and mutagenized
The transfer of a segment of chromosome to a non- The production of mutants through exposure of
homologous chromosome is called translocation.. mutagens is called mutagenesis, and the organism
109.What is simple translocation ?
is said to be mutagenized.
A single break is made in only one chromosome. 119. Describe synonymous or silent mutations
The broken segment gets attached to one end of The mutation that changes one codon for an amino
a non-homologous chromosome. acid into another codon for that same amino acid
are called Synonymous or silent mutations.
110.What is shift translocation ?
Broken segment of one chromosome gets inserted 120.
Describe missense or non-synonymous
interstitially in a non-homologous chromosome is mutations
called translocation. The mutation where the codon for one amino acid
is changed into a codon for another amino acid
111.What is reciprocal translocations ?
is called Missense or non-synonymous mutations.
The mutual exchange of chromosomal segments
between two non-homologous chromosomes are PART – C
called reciprocal translocations.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (3 MARK)
It is also called illegitimate crossing over.
112.What is the other name of illegitimate crossing 1. Write parallelism between mendelian factors
and chromosomal behaviour.
over ?
Reciprocal translocations also called illegitimate Mendelian Chromosomes
factors behaviour
crossing over.
1 Alleles of a factor Chromosomes occur in
113.Define homozygous translocation occur in pair pairs
Both the chromosomes of two pairs are involved 2 Similar or dissimilar The homologous
in translocation. Two homologous of each alleles of a factor chromosomes separate
separate during the during meiosis
translocated chromosomes are identical. These
gamete formation
are called homozygous translocation.
3 Mendelian The paired
114.Define heterozygous translocation factors can assort chromosomes can
independently separate independently
Only one of the chromosome from each pair of during meiosis but the
two homologous are involved in translocation, linked genes in the
while the remaining chromosome is normal. This same chromosome
is called heterozygous translocation. normally do not assort
independently
2. Describe Fossil Genes: It is initiated during zygotene stage of prophase
l
Some of the junk DNA is made up of

l I of meiosis I.
pseudogenes. Homologous chromosomes pairs are aligned
l
The sequences presence in that was once

l side by side called bivalents
working genes.
8. Explain cross over
They lost their ability to make proteins.
l
Crossing over occurs in pachytene stage.
l
They tell the story of evolution through
l
fossilized parts. The non-sister chromatids of homologous pair
l
make a contact at one or more points are called

3. Define Linkage. Who reported this ?
Chiasmata.
• Mendel’s Independent Assortment will not
takes place in some organisms because of At chiasma, cross-shaped
l or X-shaped
genes to stay together during separation of structures are formed.
chromosomes is called Linkage. The breaking and re-joining of two chromatids
l
• It was reported in Sweet pea (Lathyrus occur in that point.
odoratus) by Willium Bateson and Reginald
C. Punnet in 1906. This results in reciprocal exchange of equal and
l
corresponding segments between them.

4. Define linkage groups. Give examples.
9. Describe terminalisation
The groups of linearly arranged linked genes
l
on a chromosome are called Linkage groups. After crossing over, chiasma starts to move
l
The number of linkage groups corresponds to

l towards the terminal end of chromatids.
the number haploid set of chromosomes. This is known as terminalisation.
l
Example:
l
As a result, complete separation of homologous
l
Name of organism Linkage groups chromosomes occurs.

Mucor 2 A recent study reveals that synapsis and chiasma
l
Drosophila 4 formation are facilitated by a highly organised
Sweet pea 7 structure of filaments called Synaptonemal
Neurospora 7 Complex (SC)
Maize 10
10. Explain types of crossing over depending upon
5. Describe tetrad formation the number of chiasmata formation
Each homologous chromosome form two
l Single cross over: Formation of single
l
identical sister chromatids. chiasma and involves only two chromatids out
It remain held together by a centromere.
l of four.
At this stage each bivalent has four chromatids.
l Double cross over: Formation of two
l
chiasmata and involves two or three or all four

This stage is called tetrad stage
l
strands
6. Describe three types of synapsis
Multiple cross over: Formation of more than
l
Procentric synapsis: Pairing starts from
l two chiasmata and crossing over frequency is
middle of the chromosome. extremely low.
Proterminal synapsis: Pairing starts from
l 11. Describe genetic map distance
the telomeres. The unit of distance in a genetic map is called
l
Random synapsis: Pairing may start from
l a map unit (m.u)
anywhere. One map unit is equivalent to one percent of
l
7.Describe synapsis or syndesis crossing over.

The pairing
l between two homologous One map unit is also called a centimorgan (cM)
l
chromosomes are called synapsis or in honour of T.H. Morgan.

syndesis. 100 centimorgan is equal to one Morgan (M)
l
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12. Describe genetic mapping l 1.Loss-of-function (knockout, null)
The diagrammatic representation of position
l
mutation :It eliminates normal function.
of genes and related distances between the l 2.Hypomorphic (leaky) mutation : It
adjacent genes is called genetic mapping. reduces normal function.
It is directly proportional to the frequency of
l l 3.Hypermorphic mutation : It increases
recombination between them. normal function.
It is also called as linkage map.
l l 4.Gain-of-function (ectopic expression)
mutation : It expressed at incorrect time or
13. Describe mutation
inappropriate cells.
A sudden change in the genetic material of an
l
organisms is called mutation. 18. Describe the four types of mutation based on
their molecular change
The term was introduced by Hugo de Vries
l
(1901) in evening primrose (Oenothera l Based on the molecular change, mutations are
lamarkiana) four types
He proposed ‘Mutation theory’

l
l Transition mutation: A base pair in DNA
duplex is replaced with a different base pair
14. Describe the sex determination in Silene
i.e) purine to purine (AG) or pyrimidine to
latifolia
pyrimidine (TC)
Sex determination in Silene latifolia (Melandrium
l
l Transversion mutation: Replaced with
album)
purine to pyrimidine (AT) or pyrimidine to
is of controlled by three distinct regions in a sex
l
purine(CG)
chromosome.
l Insertion mutation : One or more extra
Y chromosome determines maleness
l
nucleotides are present
X specifies femaleness
l
l Deletion mutation : One or more nucleotides
X and Y show different segments (I II III IV
l are missing
and V) 19. Describe the four types of mutation based on
15.Describe the two types of mutation based on their effect on translation
their origin l Based on the effect on translation, mutations
are four types
Based on the origin, mutations are two types
l
l Silent (synonymous) mutation: No change
Spontaneous mutation : It occurs in the
l
in amino acid encoded
absence of known mutagen
l Missense (non-synonymous) mutation:
Induced mutation: It occurs in the presence
l Change in amino acid encoded
of known mutagen l Nonsense (termination) mutation: Creates
16. Describe the two types of mutation based on translational termination codon (UAA, UAG, or
their cell types UGA)
Based on the cell types, mutations are two
l
l Frame shift mutation: Shifts triplet reading
of codons out of correct phase
types
20. Describe addition or deletion
Somatic mutation : It occurs in non-
l
reproductive cells l additions or deletions of nucleotide pairs.
Germ-line mutation : It occurs in reproductive

l
l It also called base pair addition or deletions.
cells l Collectively, they are termed indel mutations
(for insertion-deletion)
17. Describe the four types of mutation based on
l Substitution mutations or indel mutations affect
their effect on function
translation.
Based on the effect on function , mutations are
l
four types
21. Describe frame shift mutations 28. Describe Castor Aruna
l Mutations that result in the addition or deletion l Castor Aruna is mutant variety of castor.
of a single base pair of DNA. l It is developed by treatment of seeds with
l It changes the reading frame for the translation thermal neutrons.
process. l It induces very early maturity (120 days instead
l Its result there is complete loss of normal of 270 days as original variety)
protein structure and function are called Frame 29. List out the chemicals that used for mutation
shift mutations
l Chemicals which induce mutation are called
22. What are mutagenic agents ? chemical mutagens.
l The factors which cause genetic mutation are l Example : Mustard gas, nitrous acid, ethyl and
called mutagenic agents or mutagens. methyl methane sulphonate (EMS and MMS),
l Mutagens are of two types, physical mutagen ethyl urethane, magnous salt, formaldehyde,
and chemical mutagen. eosin and enthrosine.
l Muller (1927) was the first to find out physical 30. How nitrous oxide react DNA?
mutagen in Drosophila. l Nitrous oxide alters the nitrogen bases of DNA.
23. Explain physical mutagens l It disturbs the replication and transcription
l Temperature and radiations such as X rays, that leads to the formation of incomplete and
gamma rays, alfa rays, beta rays, neutron, defective polypeptide during translation.
cosmic rays, radioactive isotopes, ultraviolet 31. Explain briefly about Comutagens
rays as physical mutagen.
l The compounds which are not having own
24. How temperature induce mutation artificially? mutagenic properties.
l Increase in temperature increases the rate of l But can enhance the effects of known mutagens
mutation. are called comutagens.
l While rise in temperature, breaks the l Example: Ascorbic acid increase the damage
hydrogen bonds between two DNA nucleotides caused by hydrogen peroxide.
which affects the process of replication and l Caffeine increase the toxicity of methotrexate
transcription.
32. How the chemicals that are used for mutation
25. Describe ionizing radiation
by different people ?
l It is short wave length and carry enough higher
energy to ionize electrons from atom. l Mustard gas (Dichloro ethyl sulphide) used as
chemical weapon in world war I.
l Example : X rays, gamma rays, alfa rays, beta
rays and cosmic rays. l H J Muller (1928) first time used X rays to
l It breaks the chromosomes (chromosomal induce mutations in fruit fly.
mutation) and chromatids in irradiated cells. l L J Stadler reported induced mutations in plants
26. Describe non-ionizing radiation by using X rays and gamma rays.
l It is a longer wavelengths and carry lower l Chemical mutagenesis was first reported by C.
energy. Auerback (1944)
l Example : UV rays
33. Describe neuploidy
l They have lower penetrating power than the
ionizing radiations. l Diploid number is altered either by addition
l It is used to treat unicellular microorganisms, or deletion of one or more chromosomes are
spores, pollen grains which possess nuclei called Aneuploidy.
located near surface membrane.
l Organisms showing aneuploidy are known as
27. Describe sharbati sonora aneuploids or heteroploids.
l Sharbati Sonora is a mutant variety of wheat.
l They are of two types, Hyperploidy and
l It is developed from Mexican variety (Sonora
Hypoploidy
64) by irradiating of gamma rays.
l It is the work of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.
34. Explain briefly about hyperploidy 39. Describe euploidy
Addition of one or more chromosomes to
l l The organisms possess one or more basic sets
diploid sets are called hyperploidy. of chromosomes are called Euploidy.
Diploid set of chromosomes represented as
l l It is classified as monoploidy, diploidy and
Disomy. polyploidy.
Hyperploidy can be divided into three types.,
l l An organism or somatic cell has two sets of
chromosomes are called diploid (2n)
35. What is trisomy and double trisomy ? Give
examples. l Half the number of somatic chromosomes
is referred as gametic chromosome number
Addition of single chromosome to diploid set is
l
called haploid(n)
called Simple trisomy(2n+1)
l It should be noted that haploidy (n) is different
Trisomics were first reported by Blackeslee
l from a monoploidy (x)
(1910) in Datura stramonium (Jimson weed)
40. Explain the example of monoploidy
But later it was reported in Nicotiana, Pisum
l
l The common wheat plant is a polyploidy
and Oenothera.
(hexaploidy) 2n=6x=72 chromosomes.
Addition of two individual chromosome from
l
l Its haploid number (n) is 36, but its monoploidy
different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid
(x) is 12.
sets are called double trisomy (2n+1+1)
l The haploid and diploid condition came
36. What is tetrasomy and double tetrasomy? regularly one after another.
Give examples
l The same number of chromosomes is
Addition of a pair of chromosomes to diploid
l
maintained from generation to generation,
set is called tetrasomy (2n+2).
l but monoploidy condition occurs when an
Addition of two individual pairs of chromosomes
l
organism is under polyploidy condition.
to diploid set is called Double tetrasomy
(2n+2+2) l In a true diploid both the monoploid and haploid
chromosome number are same.
All possible tetrasomics are available in Wheat.
l
l Thus a monoploid can be a haploid but all
37. What is monosomy and add note on double
haploids cannot be a monoploid.
and triple monosomy ?
Loss of a single chromosome from the diploid
l
41. What is polyploidy ? Add different types of
set are called monosomy (2n-1) polypoidy.
loss of two individual chromosomes are called

l
double monosomy (2n-1-1) sets of chromosomes are called Polyploidy.
loss of three individual chromosomes are called
l l An organism possesses three basic sets of
and triple monosomy (2n-1-1-1) chromosomes are called triploidy (3x)
Double monosomics are observed in maize.
l l An organism possesses four basic sets of
38. What is nullisomy and add note on double
Nullisomy ? l An organism possesses five basic sets of
Loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes
l
from the diploid set are called Nullisomy (2n-2) l An organism possesses six basic sets of
Loss of two pairs of homologous chromosomes
l
chromosomes are called hexaploidy (6x)
from the diploid set are called double Nullisomy 42. Describe two types of ploidy.
(2n-2-2).
l Aneuploidy Ploidy involving individual
Selfing of monosomic plants
l produce chromosomes within a diploid set.
nullisomics. They are usually lethal.
l Euploidy Ploidy involving entire sets of
chromosomes.
43. What is autotriploids?Describe with examples.
l Autotriploids have three set of its own genomes.
l They can be produced artificially by crossing
between auto tetraploid and diploid species.
l They are highly sterile due to defective gamete
formation.
l Example:
l The cultivated banana are usually triploids and
are seedless having larger fruits than diploids.
l Triploid sugar beets have higher sugar content
than diploids and are resistant to moulds. 47. Explain Triticale first man made cereal,
l Common doob grass (Cyanodon dactylon) is a depending on the ploidy level
natural auto triploid. l Triticale, the successful first man made cereal.
l Seedless watermelon, apple, sugar beet, Depending on the ploidy level Triticale can be
tomato, banana are manmade auto triploids. divided into three main groups.
44. What is autotetraploids ? l Tetraploidy: Crosses between diploid wheat
l It have four copies of its own genome. and rye.
l Autotetraploids have four copies of its own l Hexaploidy: Crosses between tetraploid wheat
genome. Triticum durum (macaroni wheat) and rye
l They may be induced by doubling the l Octoploidy: Crosses between hexaploid wheat
chromosomes of a diploid species. T. aestivum (bread wheat) and rye
l Example: rye, grapes, alfalfa, groundnut,
potato and coffee. 48. Add notes on colchicine
l Colchicine an alkaloid is extracted from root
45. Describe allopolyploidy
and corms of Colchicum autumnale,
l An organism which possesses two or more
l It applied in low concentration to the growing
basic sets of chromosomes derived from two
tips of the plants it will induce polyploidy.
different species is called allopolyploidy.
l Surprisingly it does not affect the source plant
l It can be developed by interspecific crosses.
Colchicum, due to presence of anticolchicine.
l Fertility is restored by chromosome doubling
with colchicine treatment. 49. Draw the diagram of cis-trans arrangement of
genes.
l Allopolyploids are formed between closely
related species only.
46. Explain Raphanobrassica with allopolyploidy
l G.D. Karpechenko (1927) ( Russian ) did this
cross.
l He crossed the radish (Raphanus sativus,
2n=18) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea,
2n=18)
l F1 hybrid was sterile. 50. State the terms linked unlinked strong linkage
l When he doubled the chromosome of F1 hybrid and weak linkages.
he got it fertile. The recombination frequency value is more than
l He expected the root of radish and the leaves 50 % the two genes show unlinked.
like cabbage. The recombination frequency value is less than 50
l but the case was vice versa, so he was greatly %, they show linked.
disappointed. Closely located genes show strong linkage,
www.nammakalvi.org

The genes widely located show weak linkages. Thus, females have two alleles for this gene,
l
whereas males have only one.

The genetic results were completely based on
l
meiotic behaviour of the X and Y chromosomes.

Similarly, the genes for yellow body colour
l
and miniature wings are also carried on the X

chromosome. This study strongly supports the
idea that genes are located on chromosomes.
The linked genes connected together on sex
l
chromosome is called sex linkage.

51. Describe genetic mapping and recombination
frequency
Genetic mapping is directly proportional to the
frequency of recombination between them.
For example: A distance between A and B genes is
estimated to be 3.5 map units.
It is equal to 3.5 centimorgans or 3.5 % or 0.035
recombination frequency between the genes.
52. Describe Self-sterility

l Self-sterility means that the pollen from a plant
is unable to germinate on its own stigma.
l This will not be able to bring about fertilization
in the ovules of the same plant.
l self-incompatibility or self-sterility observed by
East (1925) in Nicotiana.
2. Describe the comparison between gene and
PART – D chromosome behaviour
The total number of chromosomes is constant
l
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (5 MARK)
in all cells of a species.
1. Explain the support for chromosomal theory A diploid eukaryotic cell has two haploid sets of
l
of heredity chromosomes, one set from each parent.
l It cleared by Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910) All somatic cells of an organism carry the same
l
on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (2n=8) genetic complement.
l This fruit fly completed their life cycle within The behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis
l
two weeks. not only explains Mendel’s principles,but it
l The alleles for red or white eye colour are leads to new and different approaches to study
present on the X chromosome about heredity.
l But there is no counterpart for this gene on the
Y chromosome.
l This indicating purple flower long pollen
(PL/PL) was dominant over red flower round
pollen (pl/pl)
l The F1 crossed with double recessive parent
(test cross) (PL/pl) X (pl/pl)
l In the F2 progenies did not exhibit in 1:1:1:1
ratio as expected with independent assortment.
l A greater number of F2 plants had purple
flowers and long pollen or red flowers and
round pollen.
l So they concluded that genes were found
close together in the same homologous pair of
chromosomes.
l These genes do not allow themselves to be
3. Enumerate the important aspects to be
separated. So they do not assort independently.
remembered about the chromosome behaviour
during cell division (meiosis) l This type of tendency of genes to stay together
during separation of chromosomes is called
l The alleles of a genotype are found in the same
Linkage.
locus of a homologous chromosome (A/a)
l In the S phase of meiotic interphase each 5. Differences between linkage and crossing
chromosome replicates forming two copies of over
each allele (AA/aa), one on each chromatid. Linkage Crossing over
l The homologous chromosomes segregate in 1. Linkage keeps Crossing over mixes
anaphase I,thereby separating two different particular genes them
alleles (AA) and (aa) together
2. The genes present It leads to separation
l In anaphase II of meiosis, separation of sister on chromosome of linked genes
chromatids of homologous chromosomes takes stay close together
place. 3. It involves same It involves exchange
l Therefore, each daughter cell (gamete) carries chromosome of segments between
of homologous non-sister chromatids
only a single allele (gene) of a character (A),
chromosome of homologous
(A), (a) and (a). chromosome.
4. Explain Linkage with suitable example. 4. It reduces new gene It increases variability
Linkage combinations by forming new gene
combinations. lead
l The genes are carried by the chromosomes. to formation of new
l The genes for different characters are present organism
in the same chromosome or in different 6. Explain Coupling and Repulsion theory
chromosomes.
The two dominant alleles or recessive alleles occur
l The genes assort independently according to in the same homologous chromosomes, tend
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. to inherit together into same gamete are called
l They crossed sweet peas having purple coupling or cis configuration.
flowers and long pollen grains (PL/PL) If dominant or recessive alleles are present on
with having red flowers and round pollen two different, but homologous chromosomes
grains (pl/pl) they inherit apart into different gamete are called
l All the F1 progenies had purple flower and long repulsion or trans configuration (Figure: 3. 6)
pollen grains. (PL/pl)
7. Explain Complete Linkage using the cross.
l The chances of separation of two linked genes
are not possible.
l So those genes always remain together.
l As a result, only parental combinations are

observed.
l The linked genes are located very close together
on the same chromosome.
l Such genes do not exhibit crossing over. This
phenomenon is called complete linkage.
l It is rare but has been reported in male
Drosophila.
l It was discovered by C.B Bridges
8. Describe about incomplete Linkage with 9. Observe and name the following diagrams a,
example. b, c, d and e.
l The two linked genes are sufficiently apart, the
chances of their separation are possible. a)
l As a result, parental and non-parental

combinations are observed.
l The linked genes exhibit some crossing over.
b)
l This phenomenon is called incomplete
linkage.
l This was observed in maize. It was reported by
Hutchinson.
c)
d)
e)
a) No crossing over
b) Single crossing over
c) Two strand double crossing over
d) Three strand double crossing over
e) Four strand double crossing over
10. Write the importance of Crossing over?
l Crossing over leads to new gene combinations.
l It plays an important role in evolution.
l Studies of crossing over reveal that genes are
arranged linearly on the chromosomes.
l Genetic maps are made based on the frequency
of crossing over.
l It helps to understand the nature and
mechanism of gene action.
l A useful new combination is formed it can be
used in plant breeding.
www.nammakalvi.org

11. Explain three point test cross with example Recombinant
Number of
progenies
A more efficient mapping technique is to Phenotype for loci
l S. Gamete
construct based on the results of three-point of test cross L L G
No. types
progeny and and and
test cross. G S S
l Three-point test cross can be best understood 1. Normal (wild LGS 286
by considering following an example. type)
2. Lazy lGS 33 R R
l In maize (corn), the three recessive alleles are
3. Glossy LgS 59 R R
l l for lazy or prostrate growth habit 4. Sugary LGs 4 R R
l g for glossy leaf 5. Lazy, glossy lgS 2 R R
6. Lazy, sugary lGs 44 R R
l s for sugary endosperm
7. Glossy, sugary Lgs 40 R R
l These three recessive alleles (l g s) are crossed 8. Lazy, glossy, lgs 272
with wild type dominant alleles (L G S) sugary
Parents LGS / LGS x lgs / lgs Total 740 176 79 109
Gametes LGS x lgs l Let’s analyse the loci of two alleles L and G.
F1 trihybrid LGS / lgs l The L G and l g parental genotypes the
recombinants will be L g and l G.
l Test cross
l The Recombinant frequency (RF) for these two
l (Heterozygous F1 crosses with triple recessive
alleles calculated as follows
alleles) LGS / lgs x lgs / lgs
l For L and S loci, the recombinants are L s and
l This trihybrid test cross produces 8 different l S. The Recombinant frequency (RF) will be as
types (23=8) of gametes. follows
l It produces 740 progenies. The results are
tabulated.
S. Phenotype Gamete Number
no. of test cross types of
progeny progenies
1. Normal (wild LGS 286
type)
2. Lazy lGS 33
3. Glossy LgS 59
4. Sugary LGs 4
5. Lazy, glossy lgS 2
6. Lazy, sugary lGs 44
7. Glossy, sugary Lgs 40
8. Lazy, glossy, lgs 272
sugary For G and S loci, the recombinants are G s and g S.
Total 740 The Recombinant frequency (RF) will be as follows
l From the above result, we observe parental (P)
and recombinant (R) types.
l The parental genotypes for the triple
homozygotes are L G S and l g s,
l Analyse two recombinant loci at a time orderly
L G/ l g, L S/ l s and G S/ g s.
l All the loci are linked, because all the RF values
l In this any combination other than these two
are considerably less than 50%.
constitutes a recombinant (R)
l In this L G loci show highest RF value, they l Multiple alleles are always responsible for the
must be farthest apart. same character.
l Therefore, the S locus must lie between them. l The wild type alleles of a series exhibit dominant
The order of genes should be l s g. character.
l A genetic map can be drawn as follows l The mutant type will influence dominance or an
intermediate phenotypic effect.
l Any two of the mutant multiple alleles are
crossed the phenotype is always mutant type
and not the wild type.
l A final point note that two smaller map 13. Sex determination in papaya - Discuss.
distances, 10.7 m.u and 14.7., is add up to 25.4 Hawaii discovered sex chromosomes in Papaya
m.u., (Carica papaya, 2n=36)
l which is greater than 23.7 m.u., the distance Papaya has 17 pairs of autosomes and one pair of
calculated for l and g. sex chromosomes.
l we must identify the two least number Male papaya plants have XY and female plants
of progenies (totaling 8) in relation to have XX.
recombination of L and G.
Papaya sex chromosomes look like autosomes and
l These two least progenies are double it is evolved from autosome.
recombinants arising from double cross over.
The sex chromosomes are functionally distinct.
l The two least progenies not only counted
once should have counted each of them twice The Y chromosome carries the genes for male
because each represents a double recombinant organ development.
progeny. The X bears the female organ developmental
l Hence, we can correct the value adding the genes.
numbers 33+59+44+40+4+4+2+2=188. In papaya sex determination is controlled by three
l Of the total of 740, this number exactly 25.4 alleles.
%, which is identical with the sum of two They are m, M1 and M2 of a single gene.
component values.
Genotype Dominant/ Modification Sex
l The test cross parental combination can be re recessive
written as follows: mm Homozygous Restrict Female
recessive maleness
M1m Heterozygous Induces Male
maleness
M2m Heterozygous Induces both Bisexual
the sex (rare)
M1M1 or Homozygous/ Inviable plants Sterile
M2M2 or Heterozygous
M1M2 dominant
14. Sex Determination in Sphaerocarpos
12. Write the characteristics of multiple alleles First described in the bryophyte Sphaerocarpos
donnellii.
l Multiple alleles of a series always occupy the
same locus in the homologous chromosome. It has heteromorphic chromosomes.
l Therefore, no crossing over occurs within the The gametophyte is haploid and heteromorphic.
alleles of a series.
The male gametophyte and the female
gametophyte is an haploid organism with 8 16. Tabulate the classification and write major
chromosome (n=8). features.
The diploid sporophyte is always heterogametic. S. Basis of Major types Major features
No. classifica- of mutations
Seven autosomes are similar in both male and tion
female gametophyte. 1. Origin Spontaneous Occurs in the
But the eighth chromosome of female is X which is Induced absence of known
mutagen
larger than the seven autosomes. Occurs in the pres-
The eighth chromosome of male is Y which is ence of known
mutagen
comparatively smaller than autosomes.
2. Cell type Somatic Occurs in non-repro-
The sporophyte containing XY combination Germ-line ductive cells
produces two types of meiospores, Occurs in reproduc-
tive cells
that is some with X and others with Y chromosomes. 3. Effect on Loss-of-func- Eliminates normal
function tion (knock- function
The meiospores with X chromosomes produce out, null) Reduces normal
female gametophyte. Hypomorphic function
(leaky) Increases normal
Y chromosome produces male gametophyte. Hypermorphic function
15. Describe mutation Gain-of-func- Expressed at incor-
tion (ectopic rect time or inappro-
A sudden change in the genetic material of an expression) priate cells
organisms is called mutation. 4. Molecular Nucleotide A base pair in DNA
change substitution duplex is replaced
The term was introduced by Hugo de Vries (1901) • Transition with a different base
in evening primrose (Oenothera lamarkiana) pair
Purine to purine(AG)
He proposed ‘Mutation theory’. or pyrimidine to
pyrimidine(TC)
There are two types 1.point mutation and
• Transversion Purine to
2.chromosomal mutations. • Insertion pyrimidine(AT)
Mutational events that take place within individual • Deletion or pyrimidine to
purine(CG)
genes are called gene mutations or point mutation, One or more extra
The changes occur in structure and number of nucleotides are pres-
ent
chromosomes is called chromosomal mutation. One or more nucleo-
Agents which are responsible for mutation are tides are missing
called mutagens. 5. Effect on Silent (synony- No change in amino
transla- mous) acid encoded
It increases the rate of mutation. tion Missense Change in amino
(non-synony- acid encoded
Mutations can occur either spontaneously or mous) Creates translational
induced. Nonsense termination codon
(termination) (UAA, UAG, or UGA)
The production of mutants through exposure of Frameshift Shifts triplet reading
mutagens is called mutagenesis, and the organism of codons out of cor-
is said to be mutagenized. rect phase
17. Explain the types of mutation with illustration. Addition of one or more chromosomes to
l
diploid sets are called hyperploidy.

Diploid set of chromosomes represented as
l
Disomy.
Hyperploidy can be divided into three types.
l
They are as follows,
Trisomy
Addition of single chromosome to diploid set is
l
called Simple trisomy(2n+1)

Trisomics were first reported by Blackeslee
l
(1910) in Datura stramonium (Jimson weed)

But later it was reported in Nicotiana, Pisum
l
and Oenothera.
Sometimes addition of two individual
l
chromosome from different chromosomal

pairs to normal diploid sets are called Double
trisomy (2n+1+1)
Tetrasomy
Addition of a pair of chromosomes to diploid
l
set is called tetrasomy (2n+2).
Addition of two individual pairs of chromosomes
l
to diploid set is called Double tetrasomy
(2n+2+2)
18. Explain aneuploidy with their types All possible tetrasomics are available in Wheat.
l
l Diploid number is altered either by addition Pentasomy

or deletion of one or more chromosomes are Addition of three individual chromosome from
l
called Aneuploidy. different chromosomal pairs to normal diploid

set are called pentasomy (2n+3)
l Organisms showing aneuploidy are known as
aneuploids or heteroploids. Hypoploidy
Loss of one or more chromosome from the
l
l They are of two types, Hyperploidy and
diploid set in the cell is called hypoploidy.
Hypoploidy
It is two types.
l
Hyperploidy
Monosomy
Loss of a single chromosome from the diploid
l
www.nammakalvi.org

set are called monosomy (2n-1) l The common wheat plant is a polyploidy
(hexaploidy) 2n=6x=72 chromosomes.
loss of two individual chromosomes are called
l
double monosomy (2n-1-1) l Its haploid number (n) is 36, but its monoploidy
(x) is 12.
loss of three individual chromosomes are called
l
and triple monosomy (2n-1-1-1) l The haploid and diploid condition came
regularly one after another.
Double monosomics are observed in maize.
l
l The same number of chromosomes is
Nullisomy maintained from generation to generation,
Loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes
l
l but monoploidy condition occurs when an
from the diploid set are called Nullisomy (2n- organism is under polyploidy condition.
2)
l In a true diploid both the monoploid and haploid
Loss of two pairs of homologous chromosomes
l
chromosome number are same.
from the diploid set are called double
Nullisomy (2n-2-2). l Thus a monoploid can be a haploid but all
haploids cannot be a monoploid.
Selfing of monosomic plants
l produce
nullisomics. They are usually lethal. 20. Describe polyploidy
19. What is euploidy. Explain only monoploidy
sets of chromosomes are called Polyploidy.
The organisms possess one or more basic sets
l
l An organism possesses three basic sets of
of chromosomes are called Euploidy.
chromosomes are called triploidy (3x)
It is classified as monoploidy, diploidy and
l
l An organism possesses four basic sets of
polyploidy.
An organism or somatic cell has two sets of
l
l An organism possesses five basic sets of
chromosomes are called diploid (2n)
Half the number of somatic chromosomes
l
l An organism possesses six basic sets of
is referred as gametic chromosome number chromosomes are called hexaploidy (6x)
called haploid(n)
l Generally, polyploidy is very common in plants
It should be noted that haploidy (n) is different
l but rarer in animals.
from a monoploidy (x)
l An increase basic sets has been an important
Monoploidy factor in the origin of new plant species.
l But higher ploidy level leads to death.
21. Draw the flow chart of ploidy
22. Explain two types of Polyploidy. Autopolyploids usually have increase in fresh
l
l They are autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy weight due to more water content.
Autopolyploidy Aneuploids are useful to determine the

l
phenotypic effects of loss or gain of different

l More than two haploid sets of chromosomes chromosomes.
derived from within the same species is called
autopolyploid. Many angiosperms are allopolyploids and they
l
play a role in an evolution of plants.

l They are two types. Autotriploids and
autotetraploids. 24. What is meant by structural changes in
chromosome (Structural chromosomal
Autotriploids have three set of its own
genomes. aberration) Classify them.
l They can be produced artificially by crossing Addition or deletion of a part of chromosome

l
between autotetraploid and diploid species. leading to rearrangement of genes is called

structural chromosomal aberration.
l They are highly sterile due to defective gamete
formation. It occurs due to ionizing radiation or chemical
l
compounds.
l Example: The cultivated banana are usually
triploids and are seedless having larger fruits They are classified under two groups.
l
than diploids. Changes in the number of the gene loci

l
l Triploid sugar beets have higher sugar content 1.Deletion or Deficiency

l
than diploids and are resistant to moulds.
2.Duplication or Repeat
l
l Common doob grass (Cyanodon dactylon) is a
natural autotriploid. Changes in the arrangement of gene loci
l
l Seedless watermelon, apple, sugar beet, 3. Inversion

l
tomato, banana are man made autotriploids. 4. Translocation

l
Autotetraploids 25. Explain structural chromosomal aberration

l They have four copies of its own genome. deletion or deficiency with diagrams. Add
l They may be induced by doubling the Examples.
chromosomes of a diploid species.
l Example: rye, grapes, alfalfa, groundnut,
potato and coffee.
Allopolyploidy
l An organism which possesses two or more
basic sets of chromosomes derived from two
different species is called allopolyploidy.
l It can be developed by interspecific crosses.
l Fertility is restored by chromosome doubling
with colchicine treatment.
l Allopolyploids are formed between closely
related species only.
23. Enumerate the significance of ploidy
l Many polyploids are more vigorous and more
Loss of a portion of chromosome is called
l
adaptable than diploids.
deletion.
l Many ornamental plants are autotetraploids
and have larger flower and longer flowering It is divided into terminal deletion and
l
duration than diploids. intercalary deletion.

It occurs due to chemicals, drugs and radiations.
l in the same order.
It is observed in Drosophila and Maize. There
l ii. Reverse tandem duplication
are two types of deletion: l The duplicated segment is located immediately
Terminal deletion: Single break in any one end
l after the normal segment but the gene
of the chromosome. sequence order will be reversed.
Intercalary deletion or interstitial deletion: It is
l iii. Displaced duplication
caused by two breaks and reunion of terminal l The duplicated segment is located in the
parts leaving the middle. same chromosome, but away from the normal
Both deletions are observable during meiotic
l segment.
pachytene stage and polytene chromosome. l Duplications play a major role in evolution.
The unpaired loop formed in the normal
l
26. Explain inversion with their types.
chromosomal part at the time of chromosomal
pairing.
Such loops are called as deficiency loops
l
It can be seen in meiotic prophase.

l
Larger deletions may lead to lethal effect.

l
Duplication or Repeat
Arrangement of the same order of genes
l
repeated more than once in the same

chromosome is known as duplication.
Due to duplication some genes are present in
l
more than two copies.

It was first reported in Drosophila by Bridges
l
(1919)
Other examples are Maize and Pea. It is three
l l A rearrangement of order of genes in a
types. chromosome by reversed by an angle 1800.
l This involve two chromosomal breaks and
reunion.
l During this process there is neither gain nor
loss but the gene sequences is rearranged.
l It was first reported in Drosophila by Sturtevant
(1926)
l There are two types of inversion, paracentric
and pericentric.
l Paracentric inversion: An inversion which
takes place apart from the centromere
l Pericentric inversion: An inversion that
includes the centromere.
l Inversions lead to evolution of a new species.
27. Explain translocation with their types. Add
i. Tandem duplication diagrams
l l The transfer of a segment of chromosome
after the normal segment of the chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome is called
translocation.. Translocation occurs as a result
of interchange of chromosome segments in
non-homologous chromosomes. There are
Diagram based questions
three types 1. i) Observe and name of the process in the
l Simple translocation given diagram. ii) Identify the given a,b,c and
l Shift translocation d
l Reciprocal translocation
l Simple translocation
l A single break is made in only one chromosome.
l The broken segment gets attached to one end
of a non-homologous chromosome.
l It occurs very rarly in nature.
l Shift translocation
l Broken segment of one chromosome gets
inserted interstitially in a non-homologous
chromosome.
l Reciprocal translocations i) Name of the process in the given diagram is
stages of crossing over
l It involves mutual exchange of chromosomal
ii) a. Non-sister chromatids of homologous
segments between two non-homologous chromosome
chromosomes.
b. Chiasma at a site of crossing over
l It is also called illegitimate crossing over. c. Recombination
l It is further divided into two types d. Parental type
l Homozygous translocation: Both the 2. From the given figure identify the type of
chromosomes of two pairs are involved mutation and explain it.
in translocation. Two homologous of each
translocated chromosomes are identical.
l Heterozygous translocation: Only one
of the chromosome from each pair of two
homologous are involved in translocation, while
the remaining chromosome is normal.
l Translocations play a major role in the formation
of species.
The type of mutation is pericentric inversion:
l 4. From the given figure identify the type of
l A rearrangement of order of genes in a mutation and explain it.
chromosome by reversed by an angle 180o.
reunion.
loss but the gene sequences is rearranged.
l An inversion that includes the centromere.is
called paracentric inversion
3. From the given figure identify the type of
mutation and explain it.
The type of mutation is terminal deletion

l
l Loss of a portion of chromosome is called

deletion.
l Terminal deletion: Single break in any one end
of the chromosome.
5. Name the following a, b and c
l The type of mutation is paracentric inversion:

l A rearrangement of order of genes in a
chromosome by reversed by an angle 180o.
reunion.
loss but the gene sequences is rearranged. (a) (b) (c)
l An inversion which takes place apart from the a. Linked genes
centromere is called paracentric inversion b. Unlinked genes
c. Unlinked genes
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Namma Kalvi

UNIT VII: GENETICS

• Punnett’s Square named after a British Geneticist

d) Lysososmes and ribosomes Ans: a c) Dihybrid corss d) Pedigree analysis

2. In order to find out the different types of Ans: b

b) Interaction between two alleles of different loci a) Dominance b) Inheritance

c) Dominance of one allele to another alleles of c) Codominance d) Heredity Ans:

• He crossed the pure breeding dark red (R1R1

42 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII 

a) heterozygous combination 27. Alleles that produce independent effects in

46 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII 

d) 6 different gametes and 66 different zygotes a b c d

87. The transmission of characters from Parents I II III IV

c) Alletes d) Heredity Ans: c a) Quantitative b) Qualitative

50 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII 

54 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII 

• Mendel died in 1884. 7. Cotyledon I Yellow Green

• Within a population there are some

• The plant height is controlled by a single gene

• These four types of gametes fused.

13. In 4 O’ clock plant shows incomplete

58 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII 

21. Mitochondrial Inheritance - Explain.

62 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3

5. Accurate mapping of genes can be done by

and long pollen grains with red flowers and

constitutes a recombinant (R)

types (23=8) of gametes. a C. The Recombinant frequency (RF) will be as

66 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3

Missense mutation Nonsense mutation.

The mutation where The mutations where

17. From the

duplication type of Structural changes in

after the normal segment but the gene

l At chiasma, cross-shaped or X-shaped

Some combinations are showed in the table

24. Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.

70 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3

a) 48 b) 46 c) 42 d) 44 a) Sharbati Sonora of Wheat

b) inversion c) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosome

28. Assertion : In case of incomplete linkage, a) Trisomy b) Monosomy

a) IAA b) Ethylene c) Two daughter nuclear

c) Gamma radiation d) Infrared radiation d) Two different bivalents Ans: b

a) Polyploidy b) Deletion a) Translocation b) Transcription

c) Translation d) Transcription a) Wilhelm Roux b) Montogeny

b) Hexaploid with 42 Chromosomes a) T.Boveri b) W.S. Sutton

a) ACDB b) ABCD b) Pachytene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis

c) ACBD d) ADBC Ans: c c) Diplotene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis

48. Chromosome theory of inheritance was d) Zygotene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis

74 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3

a) Indel Mutation b) Silent Mutation a) Hutchinson b) T.H. Morgan

20. What is crossing over ? 31. What is synaptonemal complex?

78 SURYA  Biology-Botany XII Std  Unit-VII  Chapter-3

Some of the junk DNA is made up of

The sequences presence in that was once

make a contact at one or more points are called

corresponding segments between them.

The number of linkage groups corresponds to

Name of organism Linkage groups chromosomes occurs.