File - Alfa Pte

ALFA’s PTE PREDICTION FILE
19th April – 25th April 2021
Table of Contents
Speaking ............................................................... 6
Read Aloud............................................................................ 6
Repeat Sentence ................................................................... 33
Describe Image ..................................................................... 55
Retell Lecture ..................................................................... 116
Answer Short Questions ........................................................ 144
Writing ............................................................... 166

Summarize Written Text ........................................................ 166
Essay Writing ..................................................................... 209
Reading .............................................................. 230

Re-Order Paragraphs ............................................................ 230
Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks ........................................ 265
Reading: Fill in the Blanks ..................................................... 266
Listening ............................................................ 386

Summarize Spoken Text ........................................................ 386
Fill in The Blanks ................................................................. 408
Write from Dictation ............................................................. 413
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Speaking
Read Aloud
Practice with AI on www.alfapte.com (Register for FREE)
1. Annual Carbon Dioxide Emission #1000002

When countries assess their annual carbon dioxide emissions,
they count up their cars and power stations, but bush fires are
not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events
beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone sees several
hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and
more recently, the figure has been over 1 million hecta res.
2. Fiscal Year #1000003

At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each
State account in accordance with the University’s financial plan.
Funds are allocated to each account by an object of expenditure.
Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate
funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating
transactions to use the funds.
3. Blue Food #1000004

While blue is one of the most popular, it is one of the least
appetizing. Blue food is rare in nature. Food res earchers say that
when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or
spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or purple. When
food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.

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4. Himalayas #1000005
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Him alayas.
This plant now looks entirely at home on the banks of English
rives. Brought to the UK in 1839. It quickly escaped from
Victorian gardens and colonized riverbanks and damp woodlands.
In the Himalayas the plant is hel d in check by various pests but
take these away and it grows and reproduces unhindered. Now it
is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the US.
5. Yellow Tulip #1000006

How do we imagine the unimaginable? If we’re asked to think of
an object – say, a yellow tulip – a picture immediately forms in
our mind’s eye. But what if we try to imagine a concept such as
the square root of a negative number?
6. Immense disparity #1000007

The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the
country‘s productive capacity and the abilit y of people to
consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and
after the war raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing
capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
7. Pluto #1000008
Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday when the
International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system
from nine to eight planets. Although there had been a passionate
debate at the General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the
definition of a planet – and whether Pluto met the specifications
– the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.
8. Global Financial Crises #1000010

New research shows that during the global financial crisis,
workers who stayed in jobs did not reduce their working hours,
despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to job losses. A

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study found that the life of people who stayed with the same
employer remained relatively unchanged.
9. Food #1000015
Food is one of the most important things you'll ever buy. And
yet most people never bother to th ink about their food and
where it comes from. People spend a lot more time worrying
about what kind of blue jeans to wear, what kind of video games
to play, and what kind of computers to buy.
10. Mutualism in Microbes #1000020

Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But
Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes. He and his
team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross -
protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two
strains of antibiotic-resistant E Coli bacteria: one resistant to
ampicillin, the other to chloramphenicol.
11. Modern Buildings #1000021

Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance
requirements, at least to satisfy those of building codes, to
provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However,
these conditioned environments demand resources in energy and
materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
12. Botanic Garden #1000030

Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions
established to collect, study, exchange, and display plants
for research and for the education and enjoyment of the public.
There are major botanic gardens in each capital
city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the
breeding, preservation, and display of n ative
and exotic fauna in captivity
13. Magnetars #1000032

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The best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star

with a powerful magnetic field, the researchers said. Magnetars
also produce bright X-ray flares. While magnetars are thought to
be young stars, the two flaring objects in this study reside nea r
elliptical galaxies, which contain older stars. So the objects are
likely too old to be magnetars, the researchers said.
14. Hemingway #1000037

It is difficult to tell whether the speaker approve s of Hemingway's
lifestyle or not. He was famously macho and spent a lot of time
hunting wild animals, going to wars and getting into fights. All
these things got into his books, and the speaker thinks that this
is not necessarily a good thing as it means that too many people
prefer to read about his life than r ead his books.
15. Shakespeare #1000043

A young man from a small provincial town -- a man without
independent wealth, without powerful family connections and
without a university education -- moves to London in the late
1580‘s and, in a remarkably short time, becomes the greatest
laywright of all time. How was this achievement of magnitude
made? How does Shakespeare become Shakespeare?
16. Akimbo #1000046

Akimbo, this must be one of the odder -looking words in the
language and puzzles us in part because it doesn’t seem to have
any relatives, what’s more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until
recently almost invariably found in arms akimbo, a posture in
which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows s harply
bent outward, one signaling impatience and hostility.
17. Yellow Color #1000047

Yellow is considered the most optimistic color, yet surprisingly,
people lose their tempers most often in yellow rooms, and babies
cry more in them. The reason may be tha t yellow is the hardest
color on the eye. On the other hand, it speeds metabolism and

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enhances concentration. Think of yellow legal pads and post -it

notes.
18. Astrophysical Journal Letters #1000049

The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin b abies
in her belly. Avi Loeb of the Harvard - Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a paper that's been
accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
19. Moods (New) # 1000057

Moods may also have an effect on how info rmation is processed,
by influencing the extent to which judges rely on a pre -existing,
internal information, or focus on new, external information.
Positive moods promote more holistic and top -down processing
style, while negative moods recruit more stimu lus-driven and
bottom-up processing.
20. A Hazard Assessment #1000066

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving
distillations of organic liquids and should thoroughly address
issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of
the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the
distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
21. 21 st Century # 1000067

The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered,
not for military conflicts or political events , but for a whole new
age of globalization – a ‘flattening’ of the world. The explosion of
advanced technologies now means that suddenly knowledge pools
and resources have connected all over the planet, levelling the
playing field as never before.
22. Marijuana #1000097

Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively
low temperature to kill any dangerous microorganisms and then
allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of
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administration make smoking the drug unnecessary . However,

criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised because as a
natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by
pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win widespread
medical acceptance.
23. Fast Radio Burst #1000106

First discovered in 2007, fast radio burst continues to defy
explanation. These cosmic chirps last a thousandth of a second.
The characteristics of the radio pulses suggested that they came
from galaxies billions of light-years away. However, new works
point to a much closer origin flaring stars within our own galaxy.
24. Weakness #1000133

Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down
overall retail sales last month, but excluding those three
categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board,
according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover,
December sales numbers were also advised higher.
25. Electronic Discourse #1000140

Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic
communication. In this study, we reserve the term for the two-
directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes
language that appears on the sender's monitor and is transmitted
to the monitor of a recipient, who responds by the keyboard.
26. No ordinary book #1000144

This book is no ordinary book and should not be read through
from beginning to end. It contains many different adventures,
and the path you take will depend on the choices you make along
the way. The success or failure of your mission will hinge on the
decisions you make, so think carefu lly before choosing.
27. Two Sisters #1000145

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Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned

to upbringing. The elder sister started to say that her parents
had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of
them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in
amazement. “What are you talking about?” she said, “Our parents
were very lenient”.
28. Legal Writing # 1000146

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other
humanities subjects, and precision is more important than
variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is
usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or
adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
29. Semiconductor #1000147

The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the
performance of electric systems for more than four decades by
making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will soon
encounter both scientific and technical limits, which is why the
industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies.
30. The Japanese Tea #1000148

The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by
Buddhism in which green tea is prepared and served to a small
group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can take as
long as four hours and there are many traditional gestures that
both the server and the guest must perform.
31. Russia #1000150

Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without
participating in the development like the Reformation that many
Europeans taking pride in their unique culture, find dubious
value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of
European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is
still open to debate, particularly among Russians themselves.
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32. Statistical Information #1000152

The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information
strengthens modern societies. It provides a basis for decisions to
be made on such things as where to open schools and hospitals,
how much money to spend on welfare payments and even which
football players to replace at half-time.
33. Fast Food #1000154

Hundreds of millions of people buy fast food every day without
giving it much thought, unaware of the subtle and not so subtle
ramifications of their purchases. They rarely consider where this
food came from, how it was made, what it is doing to the
community around them. They just grab their tray off the
counter, find a table, take a seat, unwrap the paper, and dig in.
The whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.
34. In Classes #1000157

In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are
studying. The information that they provide will be important to
know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written
notes from what your teacher says.
35. The Training of an Actor #1000160

The training of an actor is an intensive process that requires
curiosity, courage, and commitment. You will learn how to
prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse, and how to use
independent and proactive processes that inform you to do the
best work possible for both stage and screen.
36. Written Examination # 1000168

Written examinations are a fact of life for most high school and
university students. However, recent studies have shown that
this traditional form of assessment may not be an accurate
indicator of academic performance. Tests have shown that many
students experience anxiety during exam weeks, which leads to
poor results. As a result, some learning institutions are replacing
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exams with alternative assessments such as group work and oral

presentations.'
37. The Free Market (New) #1000169

The free market is extremely competitive, and companies are
constantly trying to gain an edge over their rivals. Merchandising
and brand image plays a major role in attracting customers, but
they often lead to over-packaging. This is a serious problem since
most packaging these days are made of plastics which are not
biodegradable. Some people blame the manufacturers for their
blatant disregard, while others point the finger at consumers.
38. Sustainable Agriculture #1000171

Since its inception, the UN system has been working to ensure
adequate food for all through sustainable agriculture. The
majority of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas of
developing countries. They depend on agriculture and related
activities for their livelihoods. This makes them particularly
vulnerable to man-made and natural influences that reduce
agricultural production.
39. Language #1000172

It seems that language appeared from nowhere since no other
species has anything resembling human langu age. However,
other animals do possess basic systems for perceiving and
producing sounds that enable them to communicate. These
systems may have been in place before the appearance of
language.
40. Industrial Revolution #1000175

As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact
that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a number of countries a
level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days
preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate
impact of the Industrial Re volution, there were substantial
divergences among writers.
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41. Globalization #1000183

Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only
beginning to understand. Modern food production no longer
related to our biological needs but is in direct c onflict with them.
The relationship between diet and our fertility, our cancer, heart
diseases, and mental illness is becoming clear. Yet much of our
food is nutritionally bankrupt.
42. Domestic Work #1000184

Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist
because of the strong association of the home with femininity and
paid work with masculinity - to challenge who does what in the
home is arguably tantamount to challenging what it is to be a
woman or a man.
43. Online Sopping Environment s #1000185

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that
they allow vendors to create retail interfaces with highly
interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a
consumer perspective is the implementation of sophisticated
tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by
customizing the electronic shopping environment to their
individual performance.
44. Bookkeepers #1000186

A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small
and medium-sized businesses has uncovered 65 instances of theft
in more than five years, with more than $31 million stolen. Of
the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine
instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who
defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the
amount that women stole.
45. Combustion Engine # 1000188

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Internal combustion engine enables the driver to decide which

source of power is appropriate for the travel requirements of a
given journey. Major US auto manufacturers are now developin g
feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and some are exploring fuel -cell
technology for their electric cars.
46. Clippers of Grand Canyon #1000189

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one’s first
glimpse of the Grand Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion
years to create this vast wonder in some places. 17 miles wide,
largely through the relentless force of the Colorado River, which
runs 277 miles along its length and a mile beneath its towering
rims.
47. Brain Hemispheres #1000191

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the
right hemispheres. Each hemisphere provides a different set of
functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often
called the creative side of the brain, while the left hemisphere is
the logical or analytic side of the brain. The right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere
controls the right side.
48. Neighbors #1000196

Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then,
one morning, you open the front door and discover houses all
around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children
walking to school. Where did all the people come from? What if
the answer turned out to be that they had always been there—
you just hadn’t seen them?
49. Tesla's Theoretical Work #1000202

Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating
current electric power systems. Thomas Edison promised him
almost one million dollars in today's money to undertake motor
and generator improvement. However, when Tesla, the ethical
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Serb, asked about the money, Edison’s reported reply was "Tesla,
you don't understand our American humor." The pair became
archrivals.
50. Companies #1000207

Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results
they generate, but equally, for the imprint, they leave on society
as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute
positively. Second, operating in a way that approaches a "net -
neutral" impact on the natural environment. And third, cherishing
their people.
51. Recycle #1000208

When we recycle, used materials are converted into new
products, reducing the need to consume natural resources. If
used materials are not recycled, new products are made by
extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, throu gh mining
and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials
and protects natural habitats for the future.
52. Elephant #1000211

The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution,
its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual mam mal, design
for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of
huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk teeth, making the
skull particularly
massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a
huge body.
53. Business School #1000212

Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract
younger students was in part the result of a realization that they
had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring several
years’ work experience. Talented students who might o therwise
have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy
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degree because they were intimidated by the expectation of work

experience.
54. Shrimp Farmers #1000214

Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to
60 days; now they try to move them into grow-out ponds in less
than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and dramatically
increases survivals in the grow -out ponds. Many farms that
abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the
results have been surprisingly p ositive. They're using the old,
uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
55. Electric Car #1000217

First-year university students have designed and built a
groundbreaking electric car that recharges itself. Fifty students
from the University of Sydney Faculty of En gineering spent five
months working together bits of plywood, foam and fiberglass to
build the ManGo concept car. They developed the specifications
and hand built the car. It's a pretty radical design: a four -wheel
drive with a motor in each wheel.
56. Environmental Policy Course #1000218

Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance,
accounting, and marketing, today’s MBA students are enrolling
on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed,
more than half of business schools require a course in
environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility,
according to a survey of 91 US business schools, published in
October 2005.
57. Preparation of Abstract #1000221

The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort requir ing
general familiarity with the subject to bring out of the points of
an author's argument course for skills and experience.
Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower that
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could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to

the task of facilitating or to information.
58. Public Demand for Education #1000222

Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the
importance of education as a means of social progress. Aware of
the added value of education to the world of work, the
government continues to innovate and update the education
system in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce.
59. Diversity of Language #1000240

The diversity of human language may be compared to the
diversity of the natural world. Just as the demise of plant species
reduces genetic diversity and deprives humanity or potential
medical and biological resources. So, extinction of language takes
with it a wealth
of culture, art and knowledge.
60. Vanilla #1000244

The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate
in popularity on the world’s palate. It’s also the second most
expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor -intensive
cultivation methods and the plant’s temperamental life cycle and
propagation mean production on a g lobal scale is struggling to
keep up with the increasing demand for the product.
61. Marketing Course #1000261

For any marketing course that requires the development of a
marketing plan, such as Marketing Management, Marketing
Strategy and Principles of Marke ting. This is the only planning
handbook that guides students through step by step creations of
a customized marketing plan while offering commercial software
to aid in the process.
62. Succulent Plants # 1000292

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Most succulent plants are found in regions where there is little

rainfall, dry air, plenty of sunshine, porous soils, and high
temperatures during part of the year. These conditions have
caused changes in plant structures, which have resulted in
greatly increased thickness of stems, leaves, and sometimes
roots, enabling them to store moisture from the infrequent rains.
63. Book Publication #1000294

For the first two or three years after the Second World War, a
new title would often sell out within a few months of publication.
However, unless public demand for the book was unusually high,
they were rarely able to reprint it. With paper stocks strictly
rationed, they could not afford to use up precious paper or tie up
their limited capital with a reprint.
64. Atlantic Coast #1000295

The Atlantic coast of the peninsu la can be thought of as the cold
side, and the sea on this coast tends to be clear and cold, with a
variety of seaweeds growing along the rocky shoreline. On a hot
day, however, this cold water can be very ref reshing and is said
to be Jess hospitable to sharks, which prefer warmer waters.
65. Bergson's Theory #1000298

The starting point of Bergson's theory is the experience of time
and motion. Time is the reality we experience most directly, but
this doesn't mean that we can capture this experience mental ly.
The past is gone and the future is yet to come. The only reality
is the present, which is real through our experience.
66. Botswana #1000311

Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the
devastation that AIDS has caused threatens to destroy th e
country's future. In 2001, Botswana had the highest rate of HIV
infection in the world. With the help of international donors, it
launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free
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antiviral drugs to anyone who needed them, and by March 2004,

Botswana's infection rate had dropped significantly.
67. Human Activities #1000329

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all, of
course. Heavily hunted species, like white -tailed deer, grey
squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often
in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas.
While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators
actually preferred them.
68. Introvert and Extrovert (V2) #1000339

Introvert tends to recharge by spending time alone. The y lose
energy from being around people for a long period of time,
particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other hand, gain
energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is
sapped when they spend too much time alone. They recharge by
being social.
69. Important Values of Literature #1000449

Certainly, one of the most important values of literature is that
it nourishes our emotional lives. An effective literary work may
seem to speak directly to us especially if we are ripe for it. The
inner life that good writers reveal in their characters often gives
us glimpses of some portion of ourselves. We can be moved t o
laugh, cry, tremble, dream, ponder, shriek, or rage with a
character by simply turning the page instead of turning our lives
upside down.
70. Teenage Girls #1000450

Teenage girls are continuing to outperform boys in English while
the gender gap in achievements in math and science has almost
disappeared. The figures show that last year 80% of 14 -year-old
girls reached at least the expected level 5 in English, compared
with 65% of boys. But in math, the girls are just 1% ahead of
boys, while in science the difference is 2%.
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71. Population Growth #1000451

How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United
States and other develope d countries, the current growth rate is
very low. In most developing countries, the human population is
growing at a rate of 3 people per second. Because of this bustling
growth rate, the human population is well on its way to reaching
9 billion within a lifetime.
72. Incentive Pay Schemes #1000452

If bonuses or incentive pay schemes work so well for chief
executives and bankers, why does everyone not get them? After
all, many jobs involve making important decisions or taking risks.
Is there anything about the corporate decision and financial risks
that make these categories of work special in terms of how they
need to be incentivized and rewarded?
73. MBA #1000453

Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the
words used to describe doing an MBA. Everyone’s experience of
doing an MBA is, of course, different through denying that it’s
hard and a demanding work whichever course you do. MBA is one
of the fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that must
be a sustainable benefit agains t form in one pain.
74. The Most Measurable Benefit #1000454

Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been
the opportunity to meet in small groups. Something that is
difficult to arrange such a desperate organization. Many officers
would have to work together for thirty years but would not know
other’s strengths and weaknesses.
75. Black Swan # 1000455

Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were
convinced that all swans were white, an unassailable belief as it
seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting
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of the first black swan might have been an interesting surprise

for a few ornithologists, but that is not where the significance of
the story lies.
76. Private Equity #1000456

It isn’t rare for private equity houses to hire grads fresh out of
business schools, but nine times out of ten, the students who nab
these jobs are the ones who had private equity experience before
even starting their MBA program.
77. Lincoln #1000463

Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power
to emancipate slaves was caused by the escalating scope of the
war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the
Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable
as a military necessity.
78. Australian English (Version 2) #1000464

Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and
even some locals, Australian English has only tenuous links with
the mother tongue. Our speech is peppered with words and
phrases whose arcane meanings are understood only by the
native speaker. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian
slang is yet to truly explain.
79. Being Green # 1000465

You used to think that being green was a luxury for your
company, but climate change has made you realize that you can
no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon -neutral,
but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to
become carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial
reasons, or just to save the planet?
80. A World Without Light #1000466

Have you ever pictured a world without light? Just think how
much we rely on man-made light sources in our life. Without
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engineers, we wouldn't be able to live the way we do. No

streetlights, no TV, no computer displ ays, no house lights.
engineers design and build all these things.
81. The Maximum Yield of Plants #1000467

The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic
potential, is seldom achieved because factors such as insufficient
water or nutrients, adverse climate condition, plant diseases, and
insect damage will limit growth at some stage. Plants subjected
to these biotic and abiotic constraints are said to be stressed.
82. Rural Population #1000494

Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but
have an economic system in which the inte rests of the voters
were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their
occupations or location; and in such a country the political system
would be unlikely to include an important agrarian pa rty.
83. Heterogeneous Students # 1000495

To work effectively with the heterogeneous student populations
found in our schools, educators have the responsibility of
acknowledging the cultural backgrounds of their students and the
cultural setting in which the school is located in order to develop
effective instructional strategies.
84. Information Technology #1000497

The emergence of information technology has created new
products, processes and distribution systems. New products
include the computer, the Internet and digital TV; new processes
include Internet banking, automated inventory control and
automated teller machines; and new distribution systems include
cable and satellite TV.
85. Informative Speech # 1000498

The purpose of the informative speech is to provide interesting,
useful, and unique information to yo ur audience. By dedicating
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yourself to the goals of providing information and appealing to

your audience, you can take a positive step toward succeeding in
your efforts as an informative speake r.
86. Constellation #1000499

A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group
of stars forms an imaginary outline or pattern, typically
representing an animal, mythological person or creature, or an
inanimate object. The origins of t he earliest constellations likely
go back to prehistory.
87. Microbes #1000500

Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in
52 other soil samples taken from all around the planet. The park
had organisms that also exist in deserts, frozen tundra, forests,
rainforests, and prairies. Antarctica was the o nly area that had
microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park.
Only a small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be
already listed in databases.
88. Method of Learning #1000501

There is no single method of learning that gu arantees success.
How we learn that depends on many different factors. What works
best for you will not necessarily be the same as the approach
used for the other students even if they study the same course.
We are all unique as learners, although some pat terns emerge
from any groups of students.
89. Examination (Version 2) #1000504

The department determines whether or not the candidate has
passed the examination. In cases where an appearance for the
final public oral examination would constitute a subst antial
financial hardship for the candidate, the director of graduate
studies, may recommend to the dean of the Graduate School for
a virtual, video-conferenced examination of the candidate.
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90. Orientalists # 1000507

Orientalists, like many other nineteenth -century thinkers,
conceive of humanity either in large collective terms or in
abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor
capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial entities
predominate. Similarly, the age -old distinction between "Europe"
and "Asia" or "Occident" and "Orient" herds beneath very wide
labels of every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in
the process to one or two terminal collective realities.
91. Scientific Evidence # 1000512

The latest scientific evidence on the nature and strength of the
links between diet and chronic diseases is examined and
discussed in detail in the following sections of t his report. This
section gives an overall view of the current situation and trends
in chronic diseases at the global level.
92. Australian Mining Industry # 1000513

Australia has one of the world's most important mining
industries. It is a major exporter of coal, iron ore, gold, and
copper and is self-sufficient in all minerals and bar petroleum.
Since the first discoveries, the coal in 1798, mineral production
has risen every year in the decade, and in 1992 it doubled.
93. Economic Well-being #1000514

The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the
past 30 years. Yet during that time, there hav e been marked
changes in the nation's economy, society, and public policies that
have affected families' economic well -being, which is not
reflected in the measure.
94. Jacobson's Case #1000518

It was found that while many companies express interest in
Jacobson's use case approach, actual scenario usage often falls
outside what is described in textbooks and standard
methodologies. Users, therefore, face significant scenario
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management problems not yet addressed adequately in theory or

practice and are demanding solutions to these problems.
95. Chasing the Flame #1000565

Yet it is precisely in observing the intertwining’s of success and
failure that Chasing the Flame makes its greatest mark. With
piercing insight and relentless logic, it reveals the pitfalls of
international politics and details an intricate struggle between
individual and institution. It haunts us with the poignant truth
that even a great man can do only so much to reinvent the wo rld.
96. Problem of Funding #1000566

The most important issue is concerned with the problem of
funding. Social services receive different donations or grants
from the government. However, these sums are not sufficient for
the solution of all problems. The second most important issue
consists of huge spending. The money s ocial services achieve is
not enough for normal functioning. The third problem, affecting
human services, is the lack of skilled and experienced employees.
97. The United States #1000256

The United States is at a peak in the world's market for motor
cars and trucks. An agent for the U.S. Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce reports a prosperous condition of affairs
prevailing in Japan, which is buying more automobiles , especially
large cars, than ever before.
98. Thesis #1000558

A thesis is a claim that you can argue for or against. It should be
something that you can present persuasively and clearly. The
scope of your paper, so keep in mind that page count. If possible,
your thesis should be somewhat original.
99. Madagascar #1000561

Scientists have recommended actions the government of
Madagascar's recently elected president, Andry Rajoelina should
27

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take to turn around the precipitous decline of biodiversity and

help put Madagascar on a trajectory towards sustainable growth.
Madagascar's protected areas, some of the most important for
biodiversity in the world, have suffered terribly in recent years
from illegal mining, logging, and collection of threatened species
for the pet trade.
100. The Asteroid #1000249

The asteroid that slammed into the moon 3.8 billion years ago
creating the Imbrium Basin may have had a diameter of at least
150 miles, according to a new estimate. The work helps explain
puzzling geological features on the moon's near side and has
implications for understanding the evolution of the early solar
system.
101. Telecommunication #1000546

Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist
the progress are common in many parts of the world. There is
also a vast array of networks that connect these devices,
including a computer, telephone, and cable networks. Computer
communication across the Internet, such as e -mail and instant
messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication.
102. Tiny Agents #1000547

We all know about bacteria, viruses, and microscopic protozoa.
We can watch the way that these tiny agents move into our
bodies and damage our organs. We have a growing understanding
of how our body mounts defensive strategies that fight off these
invaders, and have built some clever chemical tha t can help
mount an assault on these bio-villains.
103. Summary & Abstract #1000601

The terms summary and abstract are often used interchangeably
resulting in some confusion. This problem arises because there
are two distinct types of abstracts, descriptive and informative.
The informative abstract is sometimes called summary; the
28

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descriptive is not. The descriptive abstract is usually only two or

three sentences in length, hence it is not a summary or very
informative.
104. Deaf Children #1000600

Deaf children learning a language could certainly pursue the
development of listening and spoken language skills if desired,
and doing so would carry much less risk knowing the child would
have mastery in at least one language. If a child does not succeed
in mastering either a spoken language or a sign la nguage, we
must then ask how much benefit the child derived from
interventions in each language relative to the amount of time and
resources dedicated to those interventions.
105. Historian #1000036

As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibi lities
of those who lived in the past, you must be like a novelist and
get into the skins of your characters and think and feel as they
do. You are asked to imagine what it's like to be a peasant in
medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant mi ght ask.
What the writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative
sympathy with ordinary people in the past.
106. Father (V2) #1000509

Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father
rose at 5:30 am, went to his study, wrote for a couple of hours,
made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother, and then
went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed
before I realized that he did this for a living.
107. Water #1000599

Using an X-ray laser, a research team has investigated how water
heats up under extreme conditions. In the process, the scientists
were able to observe water that remained liquid even at
temperatures of more than 170 degrees Celsius. The
investigation revealed an anomalous dynamic behavior of water,
29

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which is of fundamental importance for investigations of sensitive

samples using X-ray lasers.
108. Drug Overdose Deaths # 1000594

The slight decline in drug overdose deaths in 2018 coincides with
Chinese regulations on the powerful opioid carfentanil, rather
than the result of domestic U.S. efforts to curb the epidemic, a
new analysis reveals. What many - including President Donald
Trump - perceived as a decline in overdose deaths in 2018,
appears to be a return to the historic exponential curve.
109. Liquid Batteries # 1000595

Researchers have found a way to convert the aromatic substance
vanillin into a redox-active electrolyte material for liquid
batteries. The technology is an important step towards
ecologically sustainable energy storage.
110. Organic Molecules #1000598

New research identifies a process that might have been key in
producing the first organic molecules on Earth about 4 billion
years ago, before the origin of life. The process, which is si milar
to what might have occurred in some ancient underwater
hydrothermal vents, may also have relevance to the search for
life elsewhere in the universe.
111. Barley Grains #1000597

University of Adelaide researchers have uncovered fundamental
new information about the malting characteristics of barley
grains. They say their finding could pave the way to more stable
brewing processes or new malts for craft brewers. Published in
the Nature publication scientific reports, the researchers
discovered a new link between one of the key enzymes involved
in malt production for the brewi ng and a specific tissue layer
within the barley grain.
112. Pace of Ageing #1000602

30

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How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility,

mortality, and overseas migration. While a moderate pace of
demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the
economy and policies to the changing population demographics,
rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result,
governments and society as a whole may need t o take actions to
address these issues. But how severe is the ageing of Australia's
population, relative to other countries?
113. Ozone Ascents #1000438

A total of five ozone ascents were taken at Bharati station (Indian
mission) Antarctica during April to June, 2016. As the
stratospheric temperatures reduced to -82.24 C on 20th June,
2016 indicating the formation of stratospheric clouds which may
lead to depletion of the ozone concentration in the stratosphere,
leading scientists at Bharati station feared that Montreal Accord
has not succeeded to control emission of ozone depleting gases
In the atmosphere.
114. Gombe National Park #1000603

The audio, which includes more than 1,000 separate data files,
was captured in the early 1970s by the late Hetty van de Rijt.
She recorded the various screams, barks, and how calls made by
a group of chimps, including 17 youngsters, living in the Gombe
National Park in Tanzania.
115. Sleep Behavior #1000605

Sleep behavior is also known as a sleep disorder. People with
sleep disorder often talk or walk in their sleep. They are not
aware of what they are talking about or where are they going.
There isn’t any serious effects on the body in general but it may
be connected to mental health. People with childhood traumas,
unspeakable problem or depression are the ones with different
sleep behaviour. There isn’t any sp ecific cure for it yet as its a
short time disorder that heals with time. If it's not leaving the
31

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person and hurting in some way the person should see the doctor
immediately.
32

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33

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Repeat Sentence
1. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the
original receipts. #2000346
2. A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly. #2000126
3. The bookshop is located at the north end of the main campus.
#2000247
4. Arteries carry blood from the heart to other organs of the body.
#2001171
5. The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.
#2000690
6. All of our accommodation is within a walking distance to the academic
buildings. #2000691
7. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice
outstripped theory. #2000826

34

Page
8. Journalism is a collection and publication or transmission of news.
#2000045
9. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
#2000811
10. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and
white photography. #2000689
11. The professor will be the last speaker this evening. #2000683
12. Eating too much can lead to many health problems. #2000100
13. The United States has developed a coffee culture in recent years.
#2000687
14. The lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the Pack
Building. #2001218
15. All students and staff have access to the printers and scanners.
#2000137
16. Essays with few or no citations will raise the concern of the lecturers.
#2001222
17. Students should take advantage of the online internet before
attending the lecture. #2000364
18. She doesn't care about anything but what is honest and true.
#2000362
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Page
19. The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.
#2000685
20. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. #2000869
21. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to your
topic and speech time. #2000853
22. You can find the student service center on level one of the Home
Building. #2000693
23. The timetable for the next term will be available next week.
#2000686
24. The US ranks the 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
#2000688
25. The lecture tomorrow will discuss the education policies in the United
States. #2000372
26. In the 1880s, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe.
#2001225
27. Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid. #2001270
28. The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply
for. #2001226
29. Children are not allowed to be in the laboratory at any time.
#2001228
36

Page
30. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability
to flourish. #2001230
31. It is argued that students can learn more in collaborative rather than
individual tasks. #2001231
32. The rules on breaks and lunch hours vary from company to company.
#2001232
33. There will be an open book exam on Monday, the twenty-eighth. #
2000412
34. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future
progress. #2000796
35. Our school of Arts and Technology accepts applications at all points
throughout the year. #2001234
36. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with
orange juice. #2001311
37. You need to read the chapter before the management class.
#2001224
38. She told the faculty to be very supportive. #2001236
39. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
#2000447
40. We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture.
#2001313
37

Page
41. All applications of internship are available in the office. #2001301
42. His objection to including scientific evidence has brought a lot of
criticism to him. #2001237
43. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their
tutors. #2000930
44. Applications for the course have a preference over English or
Journalism. #2000191
45. Applicants for the course should preferably have a degree in English
or Journalism. # 2001316
46. You should raise your concern with the head of school. #2000463
47. It's time to finalize the work before Wednesday’s seminar. #2000162
48. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
#2000130
49. This lecture was meant to start at ten. #2000420
50. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of
the library. #2001185
51. The negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussions
about gender. #2001183
52. The author expressed an idea that modern readers invariably cannot
accept. #2000243
53. Every year, students pass the biology course easily. #2001294
38

Page
54. All old university buildings are still in use. #2001229
55. Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their
parents after graduation. #2001238
56. We will need to make sure the school principal knows about the
changes. #2001272
57. Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay
Agreement. #2001242
58. The country’s economy is primarily based on tourism. #2000217
59. Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates.
#2001243
60. We didn’t mean to ask him to do it because he cannot manage it.
#2001244
61. The small Indian island is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
#2000863
62. I could not save my work as my computer crashed. #2001233
63. We are delighted to have Professor Robert to join our faculty.
#2000425
64. You should include your name and identification number in the
registration form. #2000699
65. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is
bigotry. #2000366
39

Page
66. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication
of the results. #2000197
67. The agricultural sector in that country has been heavily subsidized.
#2000219
68. All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography.
#2001271
69. There is a range of housing options near the university. #2001235
70. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization
phenomenon. #2000367
71. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial
circumstances. #2001240
72. I can’t attend the lecture because I have a doctor’s appointment.
#2000368
73. Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the
president. #2001245
74. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #2000278
75. The verdict depends on which side is more convincing to the jury.
#2000394
76. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost
impossible. #2000068
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Page
77. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash with
my timetable. #2000338
78. To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is
absolutely impossible. # 2001246
79. We are not going to accept the assignment after the due date on
Friday. #2000426
80. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
#2000151
81. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
#2001239
82. Make sure you correctly cite all your sources. #2000893
83. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal product. #2000703
84. We must put great care when analyzing data. #2000433
85. All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar.
#2001249
86. The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building at the end
of the semester. #2000008
87. I missed yesterday’s lecture. Can I borrow your notes? #2000173
88. Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere. #2000061
89. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the
others just stay here. #2001247

41

Page
90. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.
#2000005
91. We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday. #2000438
92. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for
up to three hours. #2000489
93. She is an expert of the 18th century French literature. #2000014
94. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical
instructor. #2001182
95. She used to be everywhere, but today she is missing. #2000016
96. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioural events are
always fascinating. #2001176
97. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture
closer together. #2000365
98. A computer virus destroyed all my files. #2000123
99. Glass is not a real solid, because it doesn’t have a crystal structure.
#2000279
100. The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is no less than 75%.
#2000296
101. The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the
freshman induction seminar. #2001251

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102. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
#2000312
103. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
#2000322
104. Elephant is the largest land-living mammal. #2000064
105. The theoretical proposal was challenging to grasp. #2000483
106. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary
democracy. #2001252
107. Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
#2000659
108. The wheelchair lift will be upgraded this month. #2000397
109. Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the
month. #2000201
110. There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture. #2000405
111. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.
#2000330
112. Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical
flow. #2000335
113. I would like tomatoes and cheese sandwiches on white bread and
orange juice. #2001253
114. Most printers in the computer lab are out of ink. #2000677
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115. Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational
programs. #2001203
116. I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve. #2000024
117. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no
artificial additives. #2001256
118. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy. #2001257
119. Student loans are now available for international students.
#2000347
120. Please do not bring food into the classroom. #2001258
121. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are
competing. #2000697
122. On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three.
#2000122
123. The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current
events. #2001248
124. To measure distance could take as much as three weeks. #2001169
125. All students on engineering courses spent one year working on war
experience. #2000707
126. Higher fees make students think more critically about what
universities can offer. #2000708

44

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127. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
#2001170
128. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow. #2001255
129. If you forget your student number, you need to contact Jenny Brice.
#2001250
130. History is not the simple collection of dates and events. #2000694
131. I will be in my office every day from 11 o’clock to 2 o’clock.
#2000709
132. Your tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don’t understand
anything. #2001259
133. I used to have milk and sugar for my coffee. #2001275
134. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday. #2000692
135. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
#2000854
136. Students will not be given credits for the assignments submitted after
the due date. #2001180
137. I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all.
#2001260
138. Much of the evidence used has only recently become available.
#2000701
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139. Our fundamental realities, especially national needs, have seen the
ability to flourish. #2000879
140. The trip for professional training will start soon, so pack the items
before we leave. #2001308
141. Students can download the materials from the website. #2000302
142. Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as
collaborative relationships with government bodies. #2000777
143. Those reference books are too old, while the others are OK.
#2000868
144. I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration.
#2000166
145. If you need help, I can give you a hand in finding a flat. #2000743
146. No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #2000116
147. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find global
solutions. #2001202
148. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.
#2001289
149. The contest includes both land living history and human history.
#2000702
150. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
#2001227
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Page
151. In English, the first letter of the month of the year is always
capitalized. #2001263
152. You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry.
#2001262
153. The United States is the largest chocolate manufacturing country.
#2001207
154. The competency of language in the assignment is to use more formal
words. #2001307
155. The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation
for the explosion. #2001264
156. Don’t hesitate to email me if you have any questions. #2000731
157. Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late. #2001273
158. The program depends entirely on private funding. #2001190
159. The current statistical evidence indicates the need for further
research. #2000266
160. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.
#2000749
161. It is acknowledged that his work is groundbreaking. #2000727
162. We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three
tasks. #2000857
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Page
163. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
#2001261
164. In 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
#2000676
165. If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography. #2000864
166. On behalf of our department, I would like to thank you for your
participation. #2000121
167. If she doesn’t speak the language, she’s not gonna sit around a week
waiting for a translator. #2000033
168. As a student union member, we can influence the change of the
university. #2000870
169. In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.
#2000042
170. Exam results will be available next week on the course website .
#2000942
171. Would you please put the materials on the table? #2000748
172. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information.
#2001208
173. Don’t forget to take the library tour in the first week of the semester.
#2001265
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Page
174. More muscles are used in swimming than any other sports.
#2001193
175. All course material will be posted online. #2001360
176. It is clear that there is little accurate documentation in support of
this claim.
177. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
#2001214
178. The student service center is located on the main campus behind the
library. #2000880
179. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in these areas slows future
progress. #2001290
180. Please prepare a PowerPoint presentation for tomorrow’s meeting.
#2000238
181. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible
throughout the night. #2000251
182. He’s almost never in his office. #2000076
183. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
#2000131
184. Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing
injustice. #2000855
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185. It is good for the environment, also good for your electricity bill.
#2000710
186. It’s within the framework that we’re making our survey. #2000860
187. Interpreters are not readily available in this department. #2000149
188. In marketing, short-term thinking leads to many problems.
#2001266
189. You should enquire about the Direct Deposit. #2000858
190. Please explain what the author means by “sustainability.” #2000361
191. It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of
toddlers. #2001194
192. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the
faculty committee. #2001198
193. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
#2000761
194. We would like a videotape for the lecture. #2000861
195. I don't agree with the author's point of view, but his presentation is
good. #2000776
196. Children can share their lunch at school around noon. #2001267
197. Companies are to earn money but not change society. #2001268
198. They have enough works to keep them going. #2000873

50

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199. The university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the
world. #2000387
200. The office opens on Wednesday and Thursday. #2000711
201. In marketing, short-term thinking leads to disasters. #2001274
202. You should go to the reception to get your student card. #2001277
203. The university supplies a number of scholarship for qualified
students. #2001291
204. The university supplies a number of scholarships for those who have
specific goals. #2001315
205. Contemporary commentators dismissed his idea as eccentric.
#2001292
206. Applicants for the course preferably have a degree in English or
journalism. #2001309
207. The health center is situated at the corner of the university behind
the library. #2001295
208. Please read the first five chapters before the next week’s tutorial.
#2001325
209. Ideally, free trade is beneficial for trading with two partners.
#2001297
210. Only those who are over 18 years of age are eligible to open a bank
account in our bank. #2001296

51

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211. Physiology is the study of the internal and external structure of the
body. #2001314
212. Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets can support life
forms. #2001317
213. Students should take advantage of the internet before attending the
lecture. # 2001318
214. A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break.
#2000127
215. The number of companies in bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third
quarter. #2001319
216. When the demand for the course rose, university authorities took on
additional academic staff. #2001323
217. Those students have to retake the module if their marks are too low.
#2000828
218. The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online.
#2000316
219. The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology.
#2000395
220. This work will be the starting point of my discussion today.
#2000417
221. There is varying plagiarism across different university departments.

52

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#2000730
222. Students can download the lecture handouts from the course
website. #2001320
223. 39.5% of Californian residents don’t speak English in the home.
#2001324
224. Students can get access to computers on a daily basis. #2000208
225. Companies exist for money, not for society. #2000199
226. When I was in school, I had many of the same problems you have
now. #2000442
227. A lot of agricultural workers came to the east end to look for
alternative work. #2000125
228. Please be careful when using online translation programs. #2001361
229. The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and
tutorials each week. #2001359
230. Please be careful when using internet sources. #2001368
231. The quality of our accommodation is high, but it is still affordable for
students. #2001374
232. Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never
learned how. #2000206
233. An extra lecture is about to be scheduled at the end of this week to
assist you with revision. #2001378

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234. If you forget your password, you need to contact the student center.
#2001412
235. The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play
games on weekends. #2000871
236. The course will be tested at the end of the semester. #2001414
237. The English word Typhoon comes from the Chinese word big wind.
#2000272
238. Many of the urban poor lived in an extremely cramped condition.
#2000054
239. I had a sandwich and milk for my breakfast. #2000348
240. We must hand in our assignments by the end of the week. #2001415
241. We can meet in my office after the lecture. #2001419
242. Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living
organisms. #2000847
243. Today, I'd like to talk a little bit about the other theories that can
explain the variations in climate. #2001420
244. The library is located on the north side of the campus. #2001421
245. Experience would be an advantage for this managerial role.
#2001422
246. Students should book a library tour in the first week of the first
semester. #2001423
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Describe Image
Practice with AI on www.alfapte.com ( Register for FREE)
1. Trading Goods #3000354
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2. Adults vs Teens #3000664
3. Daily temperature in Beijing China #3000139
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4. Sweden Government Budget # 3000339
5. Food Prices vs Oil Price # 3000268
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6. Lecture Hall # 3000665
7. Body Mass Index # 3000657
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8. Electricity Generation # 3000180
9. Media in UK # 3000537
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10. Poverty Line # 3000501
11. Precipitation vs Temperature # 3000395
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12. Temperature and CO2 # 3000229
13. Trout Size # 3000218
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14. Government Expenditure # 3000504
15. Earnings and Unemployment Rate #3000399
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16. Types of Trees #3000233
17. Closed-Loop Recycling #3000561
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18. Happiness #3000319
19. List of States by Income #3000658
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20. Life Cycle of an Apple #3000641
21. Solar Yard Lights #3000208
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22. Population Pyramid of Luxembourg #3000676
23. 100% Health #3000617
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24. Flags #3000113
25. Music Download #3000597
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26. Simple Circuit #3000271
27. Planets #3000663
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28. Inner Planets Vs Atom #3000659
29. Life Cycle of A Frog #3000677
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30. Journey Made In UK #3000666
31. Most Livable States #3000299
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32. Hand Position on Keyboard #3000195
33. Food Pyramid #3000224
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34. Teaching Career #3000368
35. Projected Population #3000646
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36. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy #3000164
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37. Tree Growth Rings #3000253
38. Economic Inactivity #3000359
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39. Baby Sleep Hours #3000661
40. Annual Income #3000361
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41. Languages in Switzerland #3000140
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42. Graduation Lab #3000616
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43. How A Virus Works #3000662
44. Library Plan #3000234
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45. Garbage In Oceans #3000157
46. Population By Income Level #3000147
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47. Proper Sitting Posture
48. Fleet Street London #3000204
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49. Indian Rhino #3000212
50. Gariep Basin #3000207
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51. Germination Of Bean Plant #3000217
52. Hotel Reservation Process #3000673
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53. Earth's Structure # 3000134
54. Overshot Waterwheel and Breast-shot Waterwheel #

3000678
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55. Life Cycle of House Fly # 3000232
56. Earth's Core #3000117
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57. Evolution of Computers # 3000223
58. Population Density in Australia # 3000392
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59. Product Life Cycle # 3000679
60. Garbage Classification # 3000660
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61. Iron Age Hut # 3000154
62. Arctic Foodchain #3000681
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63. Ice Bergs #3000682
64. Bird Feeder #3000125]
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65. Income by Age and Gender in the UK #3000683
66. Parts of Tree #3000603
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67. Meat Consumption (Developing Countries) #3000136
68. Grapes Distribution Cycle # 3000690
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69. UK Population # 3000613
70. A Food Chain # 3000691
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71. Customer at Café # 3000693
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72. Fruit Market # 3000694
73. Instant Coffee Process #3000695
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74. Family Meal # 3000696
75. World Population Density # 3000699
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76. Tropical Rain Forests # 3000148
77. Students in a Lab # 3000701
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78. Instant Coffee # 3000703
79. The Iron Age Hut #3000704
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80. Bird Migration Route #3000216
81. Cell Phone Usage #3000141
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82. Eatwell Plate #3000282
83. Climate Zones #3000589
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84. Fungus Lifecycle #3000649
85. Garden Instructions #3000708
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86. Mosquito Life Cycle #3000709
87. Age #3000710
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88. Acid Rain #3000711
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89. Precipitation Process #3000222
90. Lunar Cycle - Fish Catch Rates #3000213
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91. World Population Development #3000351
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92. Causes of Deforestation #3000716
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93. Internet Users Via Mobile Phone #3000717
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94. Renewable Energy – London #3000718
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95. Global Warming Predictions #3000202
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96. Composition of Air #3000145
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97. Oxbow Lake #3000243
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98. Performance Level #3000720
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99. Annual Sunshine Hours #3000721
100. Largest Population In US cities #3000706
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101. Total Population of Thoralby #3000722
102. Life Expectancy at Birth #3000303
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103. Internet Population (New) #3000166
104. Proficiency in Foreign Language (New) #3000240
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105. Poverty Rates (New) #3000269
106. Supply Chain Management (New) #3000266
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Retell Lecture
1. Bilingual Parents #4000122
The arising concern that a lot of people have about raising children
bilingually, especially the preschool year is based on the
conceptualization that the human brain at birth is essentially
monolingual. And the reason why come to this occasion. Bec ause
often the parents will ask me if they use two languages at home
will their child be confused, because they hearing two languages.
And parents are often ask my advice about whether they should
use one language on parent role which is …………… complete
script & audio on www.alfapte.com
2. Darkness Between Galaxies #4000232
NASA took a picture of the galaxy that has been used in many
different media, which is regarded as the largest picture ever shot.
The greatest mystery is the darkness between each galaxy which
scientists want to know why it is dark at night. That question is
not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears
dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away
from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But
what about all those other faraway suns that appears as stars in
the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion
stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion
galaxies. You might suppose that many stars would light up the
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night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronom ers didn't
think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe.
They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they
thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard to
imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is th at no matter
where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars
should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle
of a …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
3. Civil Society Groups #4000239
I marveled at how often powerful Phil powerless but in the face of

this sense of disempowerment, there's no decline in involvement
in organizations which seek to share wealth and opportunities,
protect one another's rights and work towards the common good.
According to the United Nations, civil society groups have grown
40-fold since the turn of last century. Internationally, the non -
profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, and there are 700,000
such organizations in Australia alone. The UN recognizes 3 7,00
specifically civil society organizations across the globe, and gave
3,500 accreditation to the 2002 World …………… complete script
& audio on www.alfapte.com
4. Brain # 4000178
The brain is basically built from the bottom up. First, the brain
builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills. And then
more complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits as
we develop more complex skills. Biologically, the brain is prepared
to be shaped by experience. It’s expecting the experiences that a
young child has to literally influence the formation of its circuity;
it’s built into our biology. The interaction between genetics and
experience that shapes brain architecture is embedded in the
reciprocal relationship, the …………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
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5. London Taxi Service # 4000139
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us
the world's premier taxi service, for it was going to this exhibition,
and this fabulous exhibition invention from all around the four
corners of the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed
and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
6. Why is the space dark? # 4000128
Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Ce nter in

Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why is it dark in
space? That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might
think that space appears dark at night because that is when our
side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet ro tates on its
axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other far away suns
that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy
contains over …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
7. Vitamin D (Version 2) # 4000235
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat -soluble secosteroids responsible

for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium,
phosphate, and zinc. In humans, the most important compounds
in this group are vitamin D3 also kn own as Cholecalciferol and
vitamin D2 ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can
be ingested from the diet and from supplements very few foods
contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D in the skin is the major
natural source of the vitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from
cholesterol is …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
8. The language Welsh # 4000125

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Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000

people, and in the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina by several
hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in England,
Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. At the
beginning of the 20th century, about half of the population of
Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday lan guage.…………… complete
9. The Skoog # 4000131
The Skoog is a new university accessible musical instrument. It is

designed to use by children or adults with special needs or in fact
be used by anyone. It’s soft, it’s easy to play, it’s robust and it
can be customized to suit anyone’s abilities. The Sko og helps
students with special needs by allowing them to get involved in
making music themselves. It’s an instrument that they can play it
and they can take ownership of and start creating their own
sounds and music. Traditional instruments are the shape a nd size
and made of the …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
10. Truth and Rhetoric # 4000107
But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be

able to use it. We have to be able to use rhetoric influence,
basically, the rebel, and the morons. We try to get them to
understand truth. Truth is suggested, is different than rhet oric.
Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is
the soul, is abstract. It doesn’t have a body. It’s not particular. If
you …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
11. Wilson and American Culture # 4000163
Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point
of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that modern
literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and
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appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an

abstract sense. And certainly, some of them like TS Eliot and
Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by
ordinary people. But this was a world before the division ……………
12. Sugar # 4000153
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course,
there’s lots of sugar in donuts of ice cream, or pastries, or other
things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places
where you see it and you don’t necessarily expect i t. So as an
example: peanut butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from Skippy
Peanut Butter and you see that sugar is the second most common
ingredient. So that you may know from the readi ng food labels
that these ingredients in any food labels that are lis ted in order
of how much there is …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
13. Pavlov’s Conditioning Experiment # 4000099
Conditioning actually has three stages as you see here in stage

one the dogs drool in response to food, but they have no reactions
to the bell so food is called an unconditioned stimulus because no
special condition is required the dogs naturally drew in r esponse
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to food and when the dogs drooled in response to food that's called
an unconditioned response things that have been naturally are
considered unconditioned my learned connections are called
conditions Wesley the bell is called a neutral stimulus bec ause it
…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
14. Pavlov's experiment # 4000126
During this time my goals are going to be to talk about the

phenomenon that we may share impart with other animals, and
our language and that is emotion. And also talk about some new
technology, brain imagining, functional magnetic resonance
imagining that we applied to try to answer some very old questions
about how’s does motivation and emotion work. I’m going to
present you with the scenario first, and some of you may be
familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century ago.
And in this scenario, the dog is presented with the sound, the dog
waits, and then it’ll see food powder and …………… complete
15. Politics of Happiness # 4000242
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny between China and
little Bhutan, wedged the Gross National India, has adopted
central index of Happiness as the government polic y, and actually
has a good deal of success in education and in health and in
economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a
rather sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different
policies on people's happiness. They are the only cou ntry to go
that far. But you are now beginning to get other countries
interested…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
16. Household debt #4000255

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Household debt is the amount of money that househo lds have

borrowed and need to re pay their most recent data indicate that
households or in debt somewhere around $14 trillion most of that
$14 trillion, $9 trillion or so is that that's due for mortgages an d
the rest of the debt are things like cars, college debt which is
growing and becoming a problem and credit card debt I think it's
not just the bottom and that certainly greater at the bottom and
since they have less income and less ability to get out of debt but
it also is becoming a problem for the mid dle class become dated
the …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
17. Air Pollution # 4000141
In today's lecture, I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution

since the middle of the last century and w hat has created these
changes. So, um - by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with
frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities
around the world. The main source of this pollutio n was from
factories and it caused severe health pro blems. For example, a
particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four
18. Brain Development #4000111

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Stages of Brain development- brain development during

childhood, there are three stages, starting from the primitive
brain, limbic brain, and finally to the neocortex. Although
interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive brain
functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor
motion control, monitoring body functions, and process
information coming from sensing. Limbic brain functioning as a
liaison to …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
19. Cracking knee # 4000113
The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant. But it

gets worse when you listen up close. "It does for most people. But
for me, it just makes me excited." Omer Inan, an electrical
engineer at Georgia Tech. "I actually feel like there's some rea l
information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of
helping people with rehab." Inan's experience with cracking knees
goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw
a discus. "If I had a really hard workout, then the next day , of
course, I'd be sore, but I'd also …………… complete script &
audio on www.alfapte.com
20. Government Blogging # 4000256

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We normally see blogging as a two-way interaction, in which the

blogger/author creates the content an d the readers interact or
challenge the author. But the case will be much difficult when it
comes to government, such as the White House. Because people
will become coarser and ride online, especially in the comment
area. Hence the government blog may go w ild and chaotic.
21. Superman & Superpower # 4000138
Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of

strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are said to
have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an
accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-
handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape.
Are such stories true? There are m any anecdotes supporting the
idea, but we're going to take a fact -based look at whether or not
it truly is possible for an adrenalin -charged person to temporarily
gain massive …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
22. Infinite monkey theorem (Version 1) # 4000248

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This illustration often used is the one that the monkeys and the
typewriters. Ok, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the
claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you
will get life, don't worry about it, yes, its's strange, yes, it's
wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on earth
and you will have life. So, the monkey sifting at the typewriter the
chances are eventually he produces the com plete works of
Shakespeare so what's the problem. So, there's no problem.
There's no issue, right? You just leave it long enough and you'll
23. Infinite monkey theorem (Version 2) # 4000177
The infinite monkey theorem states that a monk ey hitting keys at

random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time
will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works
of William Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is a
mathematical term with a precise meaning, and t he "monkey" isn't
an actual monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that
produces a random sequence of letters ad infinitum. The theorem
illustrates the perils of reasoning abou t infinity by imagining a
vast but finite number, and vice versa. The pro bability ……………
24. Low birth rate # 4000176

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Western countries birth rate. The birth rate increased during the
twentieth century, but it starts to decrease over these last 2
decades in the year 2000 as an example the birth rate remained
at around 1.1 per cent to 1.2 per cent. Birth rates dropped to its
lowest point that is never been seen in the society th ere are even
some negative birth rate in other countries. …………… complete
25. Australia and International trade # 4000146
Australia’s location is important for the world’s exports, an d its

international trade is also important. Since Australia has a large
territory with vast, uninhabited areas, all towns are scattered
around. This leads to huge expenses for transportation whe n using
trains and ferries. The government also have to pay l arge amounts
for its telecommunications to build up the catching between these
regions. The Australian people are mainly living in five cities:
Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and Adelaide. The most
special one is Perth, which is one of the most …………… complete
26. High LG and Low LG # 4000246
So, the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and
grooming, nipple switching an arch back nursing. So, the rats that
do a lot of licking and grooming and their last rats that rule very
little. But most rats are in between. So that resembles a human
behavior as well, right you have mothers that are highly mothering
and mothers that couldn't care less and most mothers are
somewhere in between. So, if you look at these rats. So all you
do you observe them and put them in separate cages. So you put
the high lickers in one cage not the mothers, but the offspring and
the low lickers in another cage and then you let ……………
27. Haussmann's Renovation # 4000244

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Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program

commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect
of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, between 1853 and
1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy
medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and
squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the
construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts.
Haussmann's work met with fierce opposition, and he was finally
dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects
continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance
of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann's
renovation. ln the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of
Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845
the French social reformer Victor Considerant wrote "Paris is an
immense workshop of putrefaction, wher e misery, pestilence and
sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrate.
Paris is a terrible place where …………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
28. Napoleon Paris Renovation # 4000173
Cities are interesting palaces. Some cities are carefully planned

and built for a reason and reflect the needs of the people as it
grows, others are less consciously designed. Paris, for example,
was originally founded in the third century as a small villa ge and
with every passing generation it grew in size and importance.it
grew from medieval city to a modern city but the transition was
not always smooth. Emperor Napoleon had to hire someone to
oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was
houseman.in 1853 Haussmann began the process of renovating
France's capital city. His basic instructions were to bring the light
and air into the central district. Improve the sanitation and living
areas and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Not your
average weekend renovation, Haussmann s project includes the
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29. Visual Description # 4000112
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a

room is a form of description. We use different kinds of methods
to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual
description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I
was born during the Second World War …………… complete script
30. Teaching # 4000136
All my research and that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate

students, was motivated by their need to learn so that we can
teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but
I've always considered the end result. And I always consider that
this invention to be a by-product, …………… complete script &
31. The Large Hadron Collider # 4000234
Protons are finally transferred to the LHC (both in a clockwise and

an anticlockwise direction) where they are accelerated for 20
minutes to 6.5 TeV. Beams circulate for many hours inside the
LHC beam pipes under normal operating conditions. For each
collision, the physicist’s goal is to count, track and characterize
all the different particles. The charge of the particle, for instance,
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is obvious since particles with positive electric charge bend one

way …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
32. Art # 4000271
I have said before that you can't have a civilization that doesn't
have art when we think about the great civilizations historically
all of them had a great production of culture and art because
society did not fail to observe itself the sophistication of the great
civilizations where their ability to look at themselves what exactly
allows a society to do to be the producers of art and culture into
mirror back to the core of the socie ty. What is being produced
33. Welsh Language # 4000245
This busy little town is named after sir David's first cousin. It's
also a Welsh language stronghold. According to the 2001 census
results, seventy percent of the town's population could speak
Welsh but even here the language may not be completely safe.
The Welsh language board expects last year's census results to
show a fall in the number of Welsh speakers living in its northern
and western heartlands. One of the main reasons for that the
board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to
leave the country.…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
34. Early Robots # 4000149

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This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when
you had the term robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very
first robots. These were the very first robots. They were
characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal
Robots, and they…, the play was written by Czech writer called
Karel Capek. And …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
35. Agriculture and Climate Change # 4000147
Some adverse effects of climate change on agricultural

productions because some lands are unsuitable for growing crops.
There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the
future. Climate change will result in less production and less food.
It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change
due to their financial status and other issues. There are many
36. Bomb Calorimeter # 4000247

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This is a bomb calorimeter; this is the actual piece of equip ment

that researchers used to calculate the energy content of either
biodiesel or maybe even the potato chips that you had for lunch
today. When they calculate the amount of energy. They're going
to calculate it in heat unites which would either be joules or
calories. I want you to look inside the bomb calorimeter inside
here, you can see that there's a silver bucket water goes all in
here and this is actually …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
37. The Best Rice # 4000169
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In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when

Mexico, unable to feed its growing population, shouted for help.
Within a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Found ations founded
the International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a
new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world.
IR8 was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact
on world …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
38. Human Behavior # 4000236
Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external

factors. At the end of lecture, the speaker mentioned that
psychologists are interested in explaining h uman behavior.
Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors
which are internal and the environmental factors which are
external. The personal factors include people's belief on certain
things and their individual thinking about it, while the
environmental …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
39. Edmund Wilson # 4000243
But there was no modern lit Wilson came then from a different
world and he became the focal point of a broad mains tream
American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted
modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by
ordinary people, they were not modernists in an abstract sense
and certainly some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too
difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people,
but this was a world before the division between the brows or
between a lead or whatever had established itself as part of
our…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
40. Absolute Zero # 4000260

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Can we never get to absolute zero? What a wonderful question. I

wish I had a wonderful answer to go with it. Here is the problem,
there is actually a law of physics called the third law of
thermodynamics, that says you cannot get to the absolutely zero,
but we don't really know it's true, but we are pretty sure it is for
the following reason: every time you think of some way of cooling
something down a little bit, it means you try to get energy out o f
that thing and make the …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
41. Earth's Crust and Earthquakes # 4000252
Today, we will discuss the relationship between the fault lines in

the Earth's crust and an earthquake. This dislocation of the rock
occurs from the Earth's surface, seven kilometers to several
hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. The earthquake's
focus is called epicenter which is vertically beneath the interior of
the Earth's crust and the energy releases and transfers through
epicenter. The faults are the fracture on the Earth's crust. The
position of the epicenters can be identified by the faults' maps,
looking down from the center of the Earth. It will result in a
seismic wave which is decreased as it moved away from the
epicenter.
42. Dissociation of a Personality # 4000117
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The powerful influence of Stevenson's text on the discourse of

dissociation is strikingly apparent in the work of Ame rican
physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Riebe r credits Prince
with pioneering the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied
in a spectacular …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
43. Small Languages # 4000172
A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies. But you
know, sometimes people say it dies when the second -last person
who speaks it dies because the last person has nobody to talk to.
Well, of course, languages have come and gone throughout history
as communities have come and gone. But what's happening now
is something really quite extraordinary. Well, there are about
6000 languages in the world at the moment, more or less. Nobody
knows the exact number. Of these, about half of th em are so
seriously in danger, are likely to die out in the course of present
century. Now the present century is a hundred years, half is 3000
44. Cloud Formation # 4000109

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Absolutely. There’s a lot of interest in what forms those clouds.

Why are those clouds there, why do they stick around? At the
center of every cloud drop is a particle. You can’t grow a cloud
drop without having a particle there for the water to condense on.
The key questions that people have not directly addressed until
very recently is what actually forms those clouds. And so, the ones
that you’re looking …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
45. Frogs # 4000296
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If you liked the colorful animals we just saw, you're going to love
these next animals: frogs. You might not normally think of frogs
as being colorful, but these frogs definitely are. They are the dar t-
poison frogs of Central and South America. Look at the ir striking
colors, often yellow with black stripes or deep blue with black
spots. Beyond being nice to look at, these markings have a
purpose. They warn predators that these frogs are poisonous.
When threatened, these frogs secrete a substance through the ir
skin that would easily kill whatever animal might try to eat them.
Their bright colors communicate this, and so most animals
46. Animal Behavior (Version 1) # 4000151
Why should we bother studying animal behavior? Well, first and

foremost， because we are interested in understanding why
animals do what they do. There are lots of other reasons for
studying animal behavior. Conservation biologists need to know
what animals do if they're …………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
47. Animal Behavior (Version 2) # 4000158
We can ask two fundamental questions about anima l behavior,

they referred to as proximate and ultimate. Proximate questions
are those concerned with the mechanisms that bring about
behavior; ultimate questions are those concerned with the
evolution of behavior. We can divide the proximate and ultimate
questions into two sub-questions. For …………… complete script
48. UK City Population # 4000257
Hello and welcome to another video in a series of the labour

market. We're looking here at demographic change which is any
change in the population for example in te rms of average age
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dependency ratios life expectancy etcetera. An initial video asking

the question what all the key drivers of population growth. Take
a moment to look at the population summary for the U. K. in 2014
the media estimate of the total populat ion will 64.6 million people
and crucially poor from the point of view of this video the U. K.
population has increased by just …………… complete script &
49. Marshmallows # 4000175
Let's take a look at this video of these little kids they were offered
the option of having one marshmallow immediately now or two
marshmallows 15 minutes later and you've got some very cute
videotape of this experiment. So let's take a look okay, what we
found is a very simple and direct way of measuring a competence
that seems to make an important life difference a researcher tells
these pre-schoolers that she's going to leave the room if they wa it
for her to come back without eating the marshmallows. The y'll get
two marshmallows, or they can…………… complete script &
50. Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Version 1) # 4000263
Loggerhead turtles are the most abundant of all the marine turtle
species in U.S. waters. But persistent population declines due to
pollution, shrimp trawling, and development in their nesting
areas, among other factors, have kept this wide -ranging sea-goer
on the threatened species list since 1978. Their enormous range
encompasses all but the most frigid waters of the world's oceans.
They seem to prefer coastal habitats, but often frequent inland
water bodies and will travel hundreds of miles out to sea. T he
largest of …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
51. Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Version 2) # 4000264

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It's time for this young loggerhead turtle to go to work. We can

tether turtles in these little clock harnesses put them into this
tank and they'll swim in place.
University of North Carolina biologist Canelo men study see turtles

that are programmed from birth for an extraordinary journey
The mother turtles bury the eggs on the beach and then returned
to the sea and the eggs hatch about 50 to 60 days later.
The support for National Science Foundation Lomond is learning

how these reptiles use the earth's magnetic …………… complete
52. Linguistic Training # 4000269
I think with our linguistic training we also get all this invisible
training to be authorities, to be the people who know. It is part of
that process that you come out as a world authority on your
chosen subject. But when we move into working with communities,
we have to recognize that the communities have to be the
authority in their language. Actually, a woman in the class I'm
teaching …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
53. Survey on Media # 4000170
Let's say if I'm asking which source you often use to get
information. Newspaper? Radio? TV? And the survey shows 62%
of the people chose internet. You might be thinking I am going to
say, how important the internet is, or how quickly it has changed
the world for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is
conducted on the website globalandmail.com? Our ……………
54. Underwater Treadmill # 4000092

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Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000 -gallon

vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill
designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years
Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the
Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She wanted to
discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect
human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the
divers and …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
55. Types of Cells # 4000171
The basis of all life on Earth is the cell. All creatures on Earth are
made of cells. I am not gonna dwell on the biology of cells and
much it is not that relevant. But I do want to point out a few
things. First of all, the re are 2 sorts of cells. As we th ink all the
prokaryotic cells, which is fairly simple and it is the thing that all
bacteria are made of. And then we have a eukaryotic cell,
56. Polar Regions # 4000152
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So, when we talk about the Polar Regions, just to clarify exactly
what we mean. And we have first of all the Arctic at the top of the
earth and the Antarctic at the bottom, and so the Arctic was named
after the Greek word for bear. Now surprisingly it’ s not after the
polar bears that live in the Antarctic or live in the Arctic and based
on it’s after the little and great bear constellations that can be
seen in the sky. Now the Greeks also hypothesize that ……………
57. Measuring Nutritional Value # 4000270
Why just burning a food item provide information about its value
as a portion of food the nutritional value of food can be measured
on many different scales the most basic measurement scale is the
free energy content of the food in other words how much ene rgy
is …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
58. Immigration Control # 4000148
Now the economists calculated, it's a back -of-the-envelope

calculation, that removing all immigration controls would double
the size of the world economy, and even a small relaxation of
immigration controls would lead to disproportionally big gains.
Now from an ethical point of view, it's hard to argue against a
policy that will do so much to help people that are much poorer
than ourselves. The famous Rand Study reckons that a typical
immigrant who arrives in …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
59. The Great Ship #4000251
Our civilization, which subsumes most of its predecessors, is a

great ship steaming at speed into the future. It travels faster,
further, and more laden than any before. We may not be able to
foresee every reef and hazard, but by reading her compass
bearing and headway, by understanding her design, her safety
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record, and the abilities of her crew, we can. I think, plot a wise
course between the …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
60. Salary Types #4000121
Straight salary sales compensation plans aren't very common, but

they do have a place in some organizations. With this type of
structure, you'd pay your salespeople a straight albeit competit ive
salary like all of your other employees, and not hing else. No
bonuses, no commissions, and few, if any, sales incentives. This
type of compensation plan is most often used when the industry
you operate within prohibits direct sales when salespeople wor k
as part of small groups …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
61. Melatonin #4000233
I'm just going to take on where Stafford left off and the hormone I
want to talk to you about is called melatonin and is synthesized in
the pineal gland which is very small it's the size of a pea in your
brain Jaykar called the seat of the soul and it is where melatonin
is made. So it's …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
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62. The Smell of Library #4000297
Indeed the library, we've all been to a historic library, we've all
enjoyed the smell of a historic library but what is it and what does
it mean? When we've recently, when the UCLA Center for
Sustainable Heritage, we've ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
63. Labels #4000065
Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important

consideration for manufacturers since more than seventy percent
of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a
product. A recent ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
64. Leadership #4000300
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an

executive order, an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, bypassing a law,
barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting
of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people's energies in ways that
range from subtle ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
65. Taxonomy #4000143
Welcome to today's lesson. We’re continuing with our study of

taxonomy. Taxonomy is how scientists classify organisms into
different groups based on the characteristics that they share. So,
for instance, a ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.comand how it relates to everything else in the
world.
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Answer Short Questions

1. What books can only be read in the library, but cannot be borrowed
out of the library? - Reserve collection # 5000718
2. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering
people together as a sporting event? - Olympics #5000065
3. If a coat had a stain in it where would you take it? - Dry cleaners
#5000347
4. Into how many hemispheres does the equator split the earth into? -
Two #5000081
5. Which one has a low humidity, a desert or a rain forest? - A desert
# 5000668
6. If someone has a couple of kids, how many kids does he have? -
Two #5000550
7. What instrument do scientists use to see tiny elements that cannot
been seen with naked eyes? - Microscope #5000658

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8. What is the hard object in the center of peaches, apples, and pears?
- Stone #5000551
9. If a figure is hexagon, how many sides does a it has? – Six
#5000526
10. If a figure is pentagon, how many sides does it has? – Five
#5000253
11. Which one would you use to describe the desert, aridity or humidity?
– Aridity #5000096
12. What do we call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines? -
Chemist/Pharmacist #5000243
13. What’s the force that pushes everything to the earth? – Gravity
#5000552
14. What device do you use to type when you use a computer? -
Keyboard #5000467
15. What is the last paragraph of an essay? – Conclusion #5000553
16. To which system does the earth belong? - Solar system #5000092
17. What is the opposite of ‘positive’? – Negative #5000090
18. In which direction does the Sun rise from? – East #5000511
19. Where does camel normally appear? – Desert #5000289
20. Which kind of mountains can erupt? – Volcano #5000215

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21. In the sentence: “He has been quite upset since he went back to
school.”, which word uses a past tense? – Went #5000554
22. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one,
which color is most likely to be picked? – Black #5000235
23. What do you call the alphabetical list, at the end of the textbook
that tells you where to find specific information? - Index
#5000475
24. What is the opposite of “Successor”? – Predecessor # 5000659
25. What do you call a list in front of a book which outlines the structure
of a book? - Table of Contents #5000229
26. What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? –
Telescope #5000555
27. What do you call the strap that secures a person in a car or an
aeroplane? - Seatbelt #5000249
28. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can-do operations?
– Surgeon # 5000557
29. What do we call a person who performs operations? Physician or
Surgeon? - Surgeon #5000556
30. Which instrument is used to measure variations in temperature? –
Thermometer #5000405
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31. What does a Sundial measure according to the shadow in the
sunlight? – Time #5000559
32. What does ASAP mean? - As soon as possible #5000558
33. What is three quarters of 100%? - 75% #5000465
34. What is more fuel efficient, a car or a truck? - A car #5000462
35. What is one half of 100%？ - 50% #5000560
36. What is the antonym of vertical? – Horizontal # 5000461
37. What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys?
– Piano #5000227
38. What do you call a person who works in a company? – An Employee
#5000067
39. What is the opposite to “predecessor”? – Successor #5000224
40. What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have bought an
item? -A receipt #5000479
41. What can we call a document protecting peoples work - Copyright
#5000242
42. Which animal has white ivory and long trunk? – Elephant #5000561
43. How many days added in February during a leap year?
- One day #5000238
44. How many days are in a leap year? – 366 #5000536
45. How many years are there in a decade? - 10 years #5000530

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46. What do we call a period of thousand years? – Millennium
#5000340
47. How many years are there in a century? - 100 years #5000531
48. What is a word for a period of 100 years? – Century #5000440
49. How many years does a centennial celebrate? - 100 years
#5000562
50. If a figure is hexagonal, how many sides does it have? - Six
#5000526
51. If a figure is pentagon, how many sides does it have? - Five
#5000253
52. If you have a toothache, who would you go to? - Dentist #5000563
53. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day
which commonly starts a week? – Monday #5000502
54. What do we call the instructions for how to cook food? – Recipe
#5000232
55. What is the job title for someone who makes meals in a restaurant?
– Chef #5000231
56. What’s the name of the building where you can borrow books? –
Library #5000367
57. What do we call a book that contains lots of words with their
meanings? – Dictionary #5000490

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58. What are the strings on shoes called? – Shoelace #5000223
59. What is the thing you touch when you play guitar? – Strings
#5000222
60. Which kind of sense are you using via your ears? – Hearing
#5000221
61. What natural material is used to make car tires? – Rubber
#5000258
62. What identification document does most people need to carry when
they travel between countries? - A passport #5000428
63. What do you call a period of ten years? - A decade #5000488
64. What’s the area for colleges and universities called? – Campus
#5000218
65. When the writer of a book is unknown, what word is used for the
author? – Anonymous #5000418
66. When you get lost in a city, what do you need to buy to find out
where you are and where to go? - Map #5000247
67. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life? -
Autobiography #5000371
68. Which part at the end of the book can be used for further reading?
An index or a bibliography? – Bibliography #5000565

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69. Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? - Fullstop
#5000393
70. Whose job is to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a
hospital? – Doctor #5000373
71. What does the chemical symbol H2O stand for in chemistry? –
Water #5000566
72. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? – Wick
#5000088
73. What is the adjective to describe the creatures that no longer exist?
– Extinct #5000075
74. What natural resource is used by a carpenter? – Wood #5000083
75. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you
have? - Fracture #5000072
76. What word is used to describe frozen water? – Ice #5000422
77. What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm? – Elbow
#5000225
78. How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and
plants? – Archaeologist #5000236
79. Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America
to Europe? - By ship #5000093

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80. How do you describe the line that segment a circle? – Chord
#5000033
81. How many wheels does a tricycle have? – Three #5000567
82. How would you describe the process by which snow becomes water?
– Melting #5000568
83. If one’s response is simultaneous, is it quick or slow? – Quick
#5000245
84. In the word ‘postgraduate’, what does ‘post’ mean? – After
#5000091
85. If a meeting is scheduled on Wednesday, and today is Tuesday, then
will the meeting be held on tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, or
next week? – Tomorrow #5000569
86. What can bring astronauts to space? Spacecraft #5000058
87. What century are we living in now? - 21st century #5000570
88. What do you need to see things which are far away? – Binoculars
#5000472
89. What do guitars, violins and cellos have in common? – Strings
#5000571
90. In what section of a library can you use the books and materials as
references but cannot borrow them out of the library? - Reserve
collection #5000007
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91. When a person’s Blood Alcohol Content is higher than the standard
range, what activity are they not allowed to do? – Driving
#5000572
92. What do we call a car that uses two types of fuels? -A hybrid car
#5000573
93. When you have the primary and the secondary, what do you have
next? – Tertiary #5000574
94. What kind of educational institution does a 10-year-old child study
in? - Primary school #5000575
95. What documents would a doctor give to a patient to buy medicines?
– Prescription #5000576
96. When we say "Dollars, cents, pounds, euro…", what are these called?
– Currencies #5000577
97. Apart from coffee and hot chocolate, what beverages also contain
caffeine? -Tea #5000631
98. What would you call a doctor who treat sick animals? - Vet
#5000578
99. Who takes care of people who are sick and stay in the hospital? –
Nurse #5000579
100. If a magazine is published quarterly, how many times a year is it
published? - Four times a year #5000632

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101. A newspaper is published every day, and a journal is published every
month. What do you call the publication that is published four times
a year? - Quarterly #5000581
102. What movement can babies do before they can sit and walk? -
Crawling #5000582
103. Where can you normally find the index in a book? - At the end
#5000583
104. What subject involves the study of the Periodic Table? – Chemistry
#5000584
105. What rises from the east in the morning and sets to the west in the
evening every day? - The Sun #5000585
106. What is the magazine that is dedicated to academic news? – Journal
#5000586
107. What is the collection of commas, period, colon, exclamation marks,
and question marks? – Punctuations #5000587
108. Where do people watch plays? – Theatre #5000588
109. What is the act of students being present at school? – Attendance
#5000589
110. What is the short piece of music that comes before a longer piece,
and is often used as an introduction? – Prelude #5000590

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111. What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper
or magazine? - Headline #5000591
112. What is the substance in tobacco who’s constant inhalation can be
dangerous and addictive? - Nicotine #5000009
113. What do forks, spoons, and knives belong to? - Cutlery
#5000630
114. What publication reports current events every day? – Newspaper
#5000592
115. Where would you normally see crosswords? – Newspaper
#5000593
116. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? – Pilot #5000037
117. Why are bees so important to agriculture? – For pollination
#5000021
118. What do the following belong to roses, daisies, tulips, etc.? -
Flowers #5000594
119. What type of food does a vegetarian eat, beef pie or fruit salad? -
Fruit salad #5000062
120. When you fill in a form, what are the two options for ‘gender’? -
Male & female #5000595
121. What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? – Feather
#5000596
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122. Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? – Receive #5000597
123. If a car is not stationary, what is it doing? - Moving #5000598
124. What is the occupation that transfers one language to another
language? Translator #5000629
125. What kind of clothes and shoes do you wear to keep comfortable
when hiking? - Hiking outfit #5000599
126. What shines at night in the sky and uses its own brightness? - Star
#5000600
127. Which shape has four equal sides and four angles, and each angle
is a right angle？ - Square #5000601
128. What are the people who study history and historical evidence? –
Historian #5000602
129. What is the first paragraph of an essay? – Introduction #5000603
130. If you want to study the human brain and behavior, what should you
be? – Psychologist #5000604
131. What's the process of people paying money to governments for
public services? – Taxation #5000605
132. What do you throw underwater to keep ships staying on rivers or
oceans without drifting away? Anchor #5000628
133. How often does February have one extra day? - Every four years
#5000606
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134. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? –
Bilingual #5000018
135. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days? – Week
#5000607
136. When you use Microsoft Word, which category does “Times New
Roman” belong to? – Fonts #5000608
137. What postgraduates have that graduates do not? - Master degree
# 5000657
138. Which organ is the blood pumped from? – Heart #5000609
139. What is the hardest part of your hand? – Nails #5000610
140. What device is used to measure a 200-meter sprint? – Stopwatch
#5000611
141. Tomorrow’s lecture has been cancelled. If today is Tuesday, then on
which day was the lecture cancelled? – Wednesday #5000612
142. What do bees collect from flowers? – Pollen #5000022
143. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the
shadow of sunlight? – Sundial #5000613
144. What is the antonym of ‘artificial’? – Natural #5000025
145. What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related
words? – Thesaurus #5000010

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146. Tones, kilograms, and stones measure what property? – Weight
#5000496
147. What is the opposite direction to where the Sun rises? – West
#5000614
148. Which is not a way of public transportation: plane, train, or model
car? – Model car #5000291
149. When something is given in a pair, how many of them are there? –
Two #5000615
150. What do meter and millimeter measure: weight or length? – Length
#5000616
151. What order is a bibliography usually listed in? - Alphabetical order
#5000617
152. What is the activity of inhalation of tobacco substance that is
harmful to our health? – Smoking #5000618
153. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what genre of book do
you read? – Fictions #5000619
154. Which part of the hand do we use to pick up objects? - fingers #
5000656
155. What do you call a notice of death in a newspaper? - Obituary #
5000676
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156. What is the music that is recorded for a movie or a film? –
Soundtrack #5000620
157. What’s the color of the medal that a champion gets? – Golden
#5000621
158. What institution helps people save money? – Bank #5000036
159. What does a poisonous animal carry? -Venom #5000666
160. Where do people go to watch sports or games? – Stadium
#5000622
161. What are the two holes in your nose that you use to breathe? –
Nostrils #5000703
162. Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? – Wings #5000624
163. Which part of the body do mammals use to feed their next
generations? – Breast #5000625
164. What is the long speech that is spoken by only one actor in a film or
play? - Monologue #5000661
165. Which day is between Tuesday and Thursday? - Wednesday
#5000060
166. Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries? – Baker
#5000366
167. What material is used both in windows and a light bulb? – Glass
#5000029
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168. What is the job title of someone who works at the beach and save
people’s lives when they are in danger in the sea?
– Lifesavers #5000626
169. Apart from addition, subtraction, and multiplication, what is the
other mathematical calculation method? - Division #5000290
170. What is the list that shows the names of actors and actresses in a
movie? – Cast #5000660
171. What device is used to measure the height of mountains?
– Altimeters #5000664
172. What is the study of the stars and planets called? – Astronomy
#5000443
173. Despite all the advances and qualities of sexes, would more men or
women play professional football? -More Men #5000541
174. What do you call the condition of being unable to sleep?
- Insomnia #5000665
175. What is the horizontal line that separates the globe into two
same halves? -Equator # 5000714
176. What is the description of events that are spoken with background
music during a film or a play? - Narration #5000669
177. What do we call the study of living things? - Biology #5000478
178. How do you call the siblings who were born at the same time?
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-Twins #5000674
179. What do you call a difficult time when economic activities slow down,
and there are more people unemployed? - Recession # 5000677
180. If a couple has a pair of children, how many children do they have?
-Two #5000685
181. What is the ceremony where two people get married? – Wedding
#5000706
182. How many days are there in a week? - Seven #5000329
183. What do people with claustrophobia fear? - Confined space
#5000721
184. Which document does a student get when he completes his study at
university? - Graduation certificate #5000707
185. What does a thermometer measure? - Body temperature
#5000712
186. What is the verb describing the process that water becomes ice?
- Freeze # 5000715
187. What do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called
the X-axis and a vertical line called the Y-axis? - Coordinate
system #5000716
188. What animal is a shepherd responsible for? – Sheep #5000723

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189. What clothing do people wear, such as students or nurses, to show
that they belong to the same organization? - Uniform #5000720
190. What do we call the legal document that states how people’s
property should be allocated after their deaths? - Will
#5000717
191. When it’s raining, what object would you raise over your head?
- Umbrella #5000027
192. Which is the longest: a decade, a millennium or a century?
- A millennium #5000332
193. In what room do scientists usually do experiments? - Laboratory
#5000719
194. What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Horizon /
Skyline #5000724
195. If a conference is held annually, how often is it held? - Once a year
#5000725
196. What gas will be formed from the boiling water? – Vapor #5000726
197. What are buses, trains, and cars used for? - Transportation /
Travel #5000722
198. If you are celebrating a biannual activity, how many years ago did
you celebrate it last time? - Half a year #5000727
199. Where in the universe do we get solar energy? - Sun #5000444

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200. What is the external organ used for hearing? – Ears #5000732
201. Where would you expect to find equipment like a microscope,
bunsen burner, beaker, and petri dish? – Laboratory #5000414
202. Which hospital department would you go to for an X‐ray, radiology
or cardiology? - Radiology #5000406
203. Where in the campus are the periodical collections located? –
Library #5000728
204. What are the people who study religions? – Theologian #5000735
205. What is the opposite of the word "public", for example, when
describing an event? – Private #5000731
206. What do you call a baby cat? – Kitten #5000733
207. What do you call people who travel to visit famous sightseeing
locations? – Tourists #5000729
208. What is added to a drink if you want to cool it down on a hot day? –
Ice #5000734
209. What do you call the very long essay that students have to write for
a doctoral degree? - Thesis/Dissertation #5000473
210. What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the
other? - Ferry #5000730
211. The vehicle which runs on rails is called? - Trains #5000754
212. What is a skeleton made of? – Bones #5000755

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213. What is the opposite of North? – South #5000751
214. What will ice become when it melts? - Water # 5000753
215. What do we call the organs in our chest that we use to breathe?
- Lungs #5000480
216. What is the official survey of a country’s population, especially
including demographic details of individuals? - Census #5000752
217. Which of the following is not a means of transportation: plane, train,
or car model? – Car model #5000757
218. What do you call a person who is guilty in the eyes of law? -
Criminal #5000758
219. What is the political system where the country is ruled by a king or
a queen? - Monarchy #5000176
220. If someone lives in an urban area, where do they live? - City/Town
#5000523
221. What do people usually use to cut food? – Knife #5000780
222. How many years are celebrated in a bicentennial? - 200 #5000779
223. What is the thing that has iron inside and can attract iron? – Magnet
#5000046
224. What is a low area between hills or mountains called? – Valley
#5000808
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225. What do we call it when the moon completely blocks out the light
from the Sun? - A solar eclipse #5000486
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226.Follow us on Facebook & Telegram for our Prediction File

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Writing
Summarize Written Text
Register for FREE & practice on www.alfapte.com
1. Carbon-neutrality # 6000160
You used to think that being green was a luxury for your
company, but climate change has made you realize that you can
no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon -neutral,
but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to
become carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial
reasons or to help save the planet? Simon Armitage of the
Carbon Neutral Company believes: "Your drivers will help you
tailor your carbon-reduction program and determine key
performance indicators." This will help build a case for going
carbon-neutral. First, measure your carbon footprint, or get a
specialist to do it for you. That primarily means taking account
of your energy usage and emissions caused by travel. Before
you begin, think about whether you're collecting the right data
and whether it's readily accessi ble. When implementing any
energy reduction measures, ensure you eng age with your staff.
"It's much better if your people decide for themselves when it's
sensible for them to travel," says Armitage. You'll also need
them to participate in switching off the lights and other energy-
saving measures. Set targets and show it's not a one-off
exercise.
2. Benefit of Honey to athletes # 6000109
In order to have a competitive edge, athletes often use drugs

with high athletic performance. Honey’s impact on athle tes has
always been neglected, but there have been more and more
researches on a diet to help athletes’ recovery, especially
honey.
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The National Honey Board recently found that honey has the
same functions but less negative impact. This clinical trial is the
third in a series of studies focusing on the use of honey by
athletes. The first study (involving 71 subjects) determined that
honey has a milder effect on blood sugar than other popular
forms of carbohydrate gel.
The second study in the series (with 39 weight-trained subjects)

investigated the combination of honey wi th a protein
supplement and suggested that honey speeds muscle recovery
after a workout. Many claims honey can be used as a
performance booster… honey can be eaten for enduring exerc ise
and can be eaten as protein. We should make good use of honey
because honey is easy to eat. We can drink honey water, which
is easily absorbed by our body and can be used as a dip with
bread, or with salad or vegetables.
3. Mini War # 6000195
In such an environment, warfare is no longer purely directed

against the military potential of adversarial states. It is rather
directed at infiltrating all areas of their societies and to threaten
their existences.
The comparatively easy access to weapo ns of mass destruction,

in particular relatively and low -cost biological agents, is of key
concern. Both governmental and nongovernmental actors prefer
to use force in a wat that can be characterized as
“unconventional” or also as “small wars.” War waged a ccording
to conventions is an interstate phenomenon.
The “small war” is the archetype of war, in which the

protagonists acknowledge no rules and permanently try to
violate what conventions do exist. The protagonists of the “small
war” observe neither international standards nor arms control
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agreements. They make use of territories w here they do not

have to fear any sanctions because there is no functioning state
to assume charge of such sanctions or because the state in
question is too weak to impose such sanctions.
This type of war does not provide for any warning time. It
challenges not only the external security of the nation states
and international community, but also their internal safety.
4. Moving from City back to Countryside # 6000186
I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born
and reared on a farm I had been seduced for a few years by the
idea of being a big shot that lived and worked in a city rather
than only going for the day to wave at the buses. True, I was
familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country living
such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a
range of flora and fauna (including, on one memorable occasion,
a dead lamb), the absence of central heating in farmhouses and
cottages, and a single-track farm road easily blocked by snow,
broken down machinery or escaped livestock. But there were
many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid Seventies. Town
born and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm,
substantial Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage
on a much lower income, persuading her t hat country had it
over town might have been difficult.
5. Columbus # 6000045
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his

first transatlantic voyage in the year A.D. 1492, the island had
already been settled by Native Americans for abou t 5,000 years.
The occupants in Columbus’s time were a group of Arawak
Indians called Taino’s who lived by farming, were organized into
five chiefdoms and numbered around half a million (the
estimates range from 100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus initially
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found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards

began mistreating them.
Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish
coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of mining themselves.
Hence the conquerors divided up the island an d its Indian
population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to
work as virtual slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian
diseases and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years after
Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a million had
been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of
smallpox to bring the population down to 3,000.
On October 12, 1492 (the first day he encountered the native

people of the Americas, Columbus wrote in his journal: "They
should be good servants... I, our Lord being pleased, will take
hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for your
Highnesses."These captives were later paraded through the
streets of Barcelona and Seville when Columbus returned to
Spain. From his very first contact with native people, Columbus
had its domination in mind. For example, on October 14, 1492,
Columbus wrote in his jour nal, with fifty men they can all be
subjugated and made to do what is required of them." These
were not mere words: after his second v oyage, Columbus sent
back a consignment of natives to be sold as slaves.
Yet in April 1493, letter to Luis de Santangelo (a patron who

helped fund the first voyage), Columbus made clear that the
people he encountered had done nothing to deserve till
treatment.
6. Grass & Cow # 6000187
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one

of nature’s underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the
key to understanding just about everything about modern meat.
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For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of

ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by
preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and
hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants
it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it wit h his manure. In
exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a
plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. For co ws (like sheep,
bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to
convert grass – which single-stomached creatures like us can’t
digest – into high-quality protein. The can do this because they
possess what is surely the most highly evolved d igestive organ
in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the
organ is essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in
which a resident population of bacteria dines on grass.
7. Tree Rings # 6000011
Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as

dendrochronology (from the Greek roots Dendron = tree, and
Chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it’ s
straightforward to count the rings inwards, starting from the
tree’s outside (corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and
thereby to state that the 177th ring from the outermost one
towards the center was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177,
or 1828. However, the widths of tree growth rings vary from
year to year, depending on the rain or drought conditions in
each year.
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross -section is like a

message in Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph
messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse code, wide -
wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. Actually
the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in
information than the Morse code because trees actually contain
rings spanning many different widths, rather than the Morse
code choice between dot and dash.
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Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologist s) proceed by

noting the sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut
down in a known recent year, and also noting the sequences in
beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. They
then match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same
diagnostic wide/narrow patterns from different beams.
In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring

records extending back for thousands of years in some parts of
the world. Each record is valid for a geographic area whose
extent depends on local weather patterns because weather and
hence tree growth patterns vary with location. A bonus of
dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each
ring reflect the amount of rain and the season at which the rain
fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow
one to reconstruct the past climate, e.g., a series of wide rings
means a very wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a
drought.
8. Plug-in vehicle # 6000095
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug -in
vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you and many other
people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now.
At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first
unplug your car - your plug-in vehicle. Its big on-board batteries
will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for
you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this
time into a socket that allows power to flow form your car's
batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when
you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favorite
electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of
power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps
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because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices.

The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your
car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good
deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power
form peaking stations.
If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked
like running flat, a relatively small, but q uiet and efficient
engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas,
even biofuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator
that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse g as emissions,

and the likelihood that by the middle of this century there could
be five times as many motor vehicles registered world -wide as
there are now, mean that the world's almost total dependence
on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the
word, unsustainable.
9. Paying Children # 6000040
Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say

it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home.
These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to
do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can
even provide an understanding of how a business works.
Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they
can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or
giving to a good cause.
They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save
and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that
costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for
the future. Requiring children to save part of their allowance
can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many
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banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about

personal finance.
A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power
of compound interest. Compounding works by paying interest
on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent
interest for two years will earn two cents in the first y ear. The
second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and
two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over
time it adds up.
10. The Rosetta Stone # 6000046
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved

characters that covered its surface were quickly copied.
Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper la id over
it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of
the text—but in reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles"
have been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the
surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left
over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any
residue. Once on display, the grease from many thousands of
human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem.
An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone

arose when this famous object was made the centerpiece of the
Cracking Codes exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When
work commenced to remove all but the original, ancient
material, the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment
progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed.
Grease from human handling, a coating of carn auba wax from
the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away
using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit,
acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text,
applied in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a
protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified
water. A small square at the bottom left corner of the face of
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the Stone was left untouched to show the da rkened wax and the
white infill.
11. American English # 6000133
American English is, without a doubt, the most influential and

powerful variety of English in the world today. There are many
reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present, the most
powerful nation on earth and such power always bring with it
influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and a
language has frequently been made by reference to power. As
has been said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second,
America’s political influence is extended through American
popular culture, in particular through the international reach of
American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahuna has
pointed out, the internationally dominant position of culture
results in a forceful expansion of its language… the expansion
of language contributes to… to the prestige of the culture behind
it. Third, the international prominence of American English is
closely associated with the extraordinarily quick development of
communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an American,
Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language
is American English, although of course this can be
changed to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the increased

influence of American English is caused by political power and
the resultant diffusion of Americ an culture and media,
technological advance, and the rapid development of
communications technology.
12. Parents Born Order # 6000188
Parents' own born order can become an issue when dyna mics in
the family they are raising replicate the family in which th ey
were raised.
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Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent

getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are
used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the
parent has to be the grown up and step out of that battle," he
advises.
When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that
because they "may not have had high expectations placed on
them, they in turn may not see their kids for their abili ties." But
he also notes that since youngest children tend to be mor e
social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who
may have a harder time with social situations. These parents
can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on
themselves.
Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn't seem to af fect
her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was
born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua,
mirroring the age difference between Susan and her ow n older
brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to
me," she says of the taunting and teasing by a much older
sibling." I had to try not to always take Julie's side."
Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was,
as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be
harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting
me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles.
"My husband is a firstborn. He's always sticking up for the
oldest. He feels bad for her that the others came so fast. He
helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and
then lose it." Silverstone sees birth order triggers as "an
opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I've learned to teach my
middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn't teach
me that. I'm conscious of giving my middle daughter tools, so
she has a nice way to protect herself." Whether or not you
subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child's
personality, ultimately, "we al l have free will," Agati notes. It's
important for both parents and kids to realize that, despite the
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characteristics often associated with birth order, "you're not

locked into any role.
13. Technology Prediction # 6000019
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman

of IBM predicted in the fifties tha t the world would need a
maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British
Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that
we would all need to be able to code in BA SIC and that in the
nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid g rowth of the
Internet.
Who could have predicted that one major effect of the
automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation?
Could the early developers of the telephone hav e foreseen its
development as a medium for person to person communic ation,
rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including
the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely
development of our technologies, even as far as t he next year.
We can, of course, try to extrapolate from the experi ence of
previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the
technology of the Internet with the development of other
information and communication technologies and by examining
the earlier development of radio and print.
But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open
question. You might conceivably find the history of the British
and French videotext systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive.
However, I am not entirely convince d that they are very
relevant, nor do I know where you can find info rmation about
them online, so, rather than take up space here, I've briefly
described them in a separate article.
14. Malaysian Tourism # 6000067
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to

visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st -century
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glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches,

mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also
launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20
million visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have
to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the
Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest
buildings and now hold the title of second tallest. Both the 88-
story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky -
bridge on the 41st floor.
The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the

city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate H indu
shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu
deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight
of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be confused
with Indonesia’s Borneo, you'll find the small mushroom -shaped
Sip Adan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top
five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the only oceanic island
in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300 -foot abyss in the Celebes Sea.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast
Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white -water
rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Probosci's monkey, a
primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a
characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While
you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this
southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming
trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this
historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets,
antique shops, old temples and reminde rs of European colonial
powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the
Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of
Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food
and beautiful beaches.
15. The Vividness of TV and Newspaper # 6000149

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To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of

ideas dominated by television is so different from the one that
emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is
important to distinguish the quality of v ividness experienced by
television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by readers.
I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words
is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the
reasoning centres of the brain that are us ed in the process of
concreating the representation of reality the author has
intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on
television has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses
similar to those triggered by reality itself —and without being
modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought.
The simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium

is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the
representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it
signifies much more than an incremental change in the way
people consume information. Books also convey compelling and
vivid representations of reality, of course. But the reader
actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the book’s
author Is attempting to de pict. Moreover, the parts of the
human brain that are central to the reasoning process are
continually activated by the very act of reading printed words:
Words are composed of abstract symbols —letters—that have no
intrinsic meaning themselves until they a re strung together into
recognizable sequences.
Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more

fully formed representation of reality —without requiring the
creative collaboration that words have always demanded.
16. World Wide Web (Version 3) # 6000198
By 1984, the Internet had grown to Include 1,000 host

computers. The National Science Foundation was one of the first
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outside institutions hoping to connect to this body of

information. Other government, non -profit, and educational
institutions followed. Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly
expanding system of networks were simple. Among the first was
Archie, a list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at
McGill University in Montreal. However, the greatest Innovation
in the Internet was still to come, brewing in an MIT laboratory
in Cambridge. Mass.
The World Wide Web, or the Web, is often confused with the
Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet. In fact, it is
just one part of the Internet, along with email, video
conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim
Berners-Lee now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology introduced a new system of communication on the
Internet which used hyperlinks and a user -friendly graphical
interface, his slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as
the World Wide Web.
Berners-Lee says, -The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of

information. On the Net, you find computers -on the Web, you
find documents, sounds, videos, information. On the Net, the
connections are cables between computers; on the web,
connections are hypertext links. The Web exists because of
programs which communicate between computers on the Net.
The Web could not be without the Net. The Web made the Net
useful because people are reall y interested in information (not
to mention knowledge and wisdom!) and don't really want to
know about computers and cables.
17. World Wide Web (Version 2) # 6000136
Tim Berners-Lee believes the internet can foster human

understanding and even world peace Times Online, March 20,
2010. He is the man who has changed the world more than
anyone else in the past hundred years. Sir Tim Berners -Lee may
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be a mild-mannered academic who lives modestly in Boston, but

as the inventor of the World Wide Web, he is als o a
revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton and Sir Isaac
Newton, he is a scientist who has altered the way people think
as well as the way they live.
Since the web went global 20 years ago, the way we shop, listen
to music and communicate has been transformed. There are
implications for politics, literature, economics even terrorism
because an individual can now have the same access to
information as the elite. Society will never be the same.
The computer scientist from Oxford, who built his ow n computer

from a television screen and spare parts after he was banned
from one of the university computers, is a cultural guru as much
as a technological one.
It is amazing how far we've come; he says. But you're always

wondering what the next crazy idea is and working to make sure
the web stays one web and that the internet stays open. There
isn't much time to sit back and reflect.
We speak for more than an hour about everything from

Facebook to fatwas, Wikipedia to Google. He invented the web,
he says, because he was frustrated that he couldn't find all the
information he wanted in one place. It was an imaginary concept
than he realized.
The World Wide Web invented by Tim Berners -Lee. It changes

the way people shop and listens to music. It also chang ed
economic political and terrorism because it makes people have
the same opportunities to assess information.
18. Overqualified Employees # 6000050

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If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much

experience—a near certainty in this weak labor market—you
should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring
managers’ MO: Don’t reject those applicants out of hand.
Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that
overqualified workers tend to perform better than other
employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a
simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any
dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive.

Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit” over
someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience
than needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies
have consistently shown that employees who consider
themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For
example, over-qualification correlated well with job
dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call -center reps by Israeli
researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike
discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire
overqualified workers is perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of

overqualified candidates was a global problem, particularly in
developing economies, where rising education levels are giving
workers more skills than are needed to supply the growing
service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional
wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great
opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland
State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers’
feelings of dissatisfaction can be d issipated by giving them
autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn’t
feel empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater
dissatisfaction than their colleagues
did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that
difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.
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19. Frog Amber # 6000090
A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has
been preserved in amber for 25 million years, a researcher said.
If authenticated, the preserved frog would be the first of its kind

found in Mexico, according to David Grimaldi, a biologist and
curator at the American Museum of Natural History, who was
not involved in the find.
The chunk of amber containing the frog, less than half an inch
long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico’s southern Chiapas
state in 2005 and was bought by a private collector, who loaned
it to scientists for study.
A few other preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber

— a stone formed by ancient tree sap — mostly in the Dominican
Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas appears to be of
the genus Craugastor, whose descendants still inhabit the
region, said biologist Gerardo Carbot of the Chiapas Natural
History and Ecology Institute. Carbot announced the discovery
this week.
The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years ago,
based on the geological strata where the amber was found.
Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains in

hopes of finding DNA that could identify the particular species
but doubts the owner would let him drill into the stone.
20. Nobel Peace Prize # 6000016
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly re wards the thousands of

scientists of the United Nations Climate Change Panel (the
IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellen t, painstaking
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work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from
climate change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has

spent much more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s
estimates and conclusions are groun ded in careful study, Gore
doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award-winning movie

(recently labelled “one-sided” and containing “scientific errors”
by a British judge) to expect 20 -foot sea level rises over this
century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co -winners, the
IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half
foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation
being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world
experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in

Greenland and what it means for the planet but overlooks the
IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting
would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of
the century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that
Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are
today.
The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted

rise in heat-related deaths. There’s another side of the story
that’s inconvenient to mention rising temperatures will reduce
the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than
heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim
400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of
cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the
economic effects of climate change for the world, global
warming will actually save lives.
21. Online teaching & Learning # 6000134

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What makes teaching online unique is that it u ses the internet,

especially the World Wide Web, as the primary means of
communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t have to
be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full
of paper or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lecte rn,
scribble on a chalkboard (or even use your high -tech,
interactive classroom “smart” whiteboard), or grade papers in a
stuffy room while your students take a test. You don’t even have
to sit in your office waiting for students to show up for
conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night
after dinner. You can do all this while living in a small town in
Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you are working for
a college whose administrative office is located in Florida or
Dubai. You can attend an important conference in Hawaii on the
same day you teach your class in New Jersey, loggi ng on from
your laptop via the local café’s wireless hotspot or your hotel
room’s high-speed network. Or you may simply pull out your
smartphone to quickly check on the latest postings, email, or
text messages from students.
Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They

can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution
or even the world for programs, classes, and instruct ors that fit
their needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enroll
and register, shop for the ir books, read articles, listen to
lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their
instructors, and receive their final grades -all online.
They can assemble virtual classrooms, joining other students
from diverse geographical locales, foragi ng bonds and
friendships not possible in conventional classrooms, which are
usually limited to students from a specific geographical area.
22. Children Watching TV # 6000020

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Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s

TV watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with
TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and
what effect it has on his life. Research has sho wn that as the
child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has
shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up,
the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but
other important aspects of life such as social developme nt and
physical activities decreases.
Television is bound to have its tremendous impact o n a child,

both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of
what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of
television, he should consider a number of things: what tv offers
the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many
hours a week a youngster his age should watch television, the
impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials.
What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece

of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone
enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part
of the background notice of your family life? Do you demonstrate
by your own viewing that television shou ld be watched
selectively?
23. Wine Industry # 6000192
In 1920, the eighteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution created yet another setback for the American wine
industry. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the
Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation,
importation, delivery, or possession o f intoxicating liquors for
beverage purposes.
Unfortunately, this act has lasted for thirteen years, which

nearly destroyed what had become a thriving and national
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industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for

the manufacture and sale o f sacramental wine, medicinal wines
for sale by pharmacists with a doctor’s prescription, and
medicinal wine tonics (fortified wines) sold without prescription.
Perhaps more important, prohibition allowed anyone to produce
up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider. The fruit
juice, which was sometimes made into a concentrate, was ideal
for making wine. People would buy grape concentrate from
California and have it shipped to the East Coast. The top of the
container was stamped in big bold let ters: caution: do not add
sugar or yeast or else fermentation will take place! Some of this
yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did
just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in
and banned the sale of grape juice, pre venting illegal wine
production. Vineyards stopped being planted, and the American
wine industry came to a halt.
24. The City of London # 6000017
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their

espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers f rom Jonathan's
Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder
members of what would become the world's mighty money
capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst
in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748.
As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung
up, you wouldn't have bet the farm on London surpassing New
York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon's international nex us.
Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital's financial

hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the
funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of
the global secondary bond market and the City dominates
foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion
in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both
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eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into

Mayfair, where many of the private equity 'locusts' and their
hedge fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no

Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it
still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most
expensive cities in the world to live in, transp ort systems groan
and there's an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for
the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.
25. Compulsory Voting in the U.K # 6000066
Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the

problem of declining turnout. But how are individuals and
countries affected by compulsory vot ing beyond boosting
electoral participation? Shane Singh investigates the social,
economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to
vote.
There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting

these days. In the United Kingdom, in particular, as voter
turnout rates have declined, many commentators and politicians
have begun advocating for mandatory electoral participation.
Those in favour of compulsory voting often adduce the
importance of participation among all segments of society.
Citizens of democracies are forced to do many things in the
interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on
juries and educating their child ren, and full participation serves
the country as a whole. Those opposed to compulsory voting
often argue that, from a democratic theory perspective, the
right to vote implicitly includes a right not to vote. Such a right
of abstention, they argue, is more important than any societal
good that might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of
compulsory voting often contend that the country may be better
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off if those who are disinclined to vole are not pushed to

participate in public affairs.
Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more

persuasive than the other, compulsory voting is commonly used
around the world. Several European democracies mandate
voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin
America. By evaluating results from these countries, it is
possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory
voting.
26. Greenhouse Gases # 6000065
When an individual drive a car, heats a house or uses an aerosol

hair spray, greenhouse gases are produced. In economic terms,
this creates a classic negative externality. Most of the cost (in
this case, those arising from global warming) are borne by
individuals other than the one making the decision about how
many miles to drive or how much hair spray to use. Because the
driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities but
suffers only part of the cost, that individual engages in more
than the economically efficient amount of the activity. In this
sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problem
that occurs when someone smokes a c igarette in an enclosed
space or litters the countryside with fast -food wrappers. If we
are to get individuals to reduce the production of greenhouse
gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them to
act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two
most widely accepted means of doing this are government
regulation and taxation, both of which have been proposed to
deal with greenhouse gases. Many human activities are
responsible for the production of greenhouse gases. Generating
electricity is the single largest source of CO2 emissions in the
United States, followed by transportation.
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Negative externalities are created by individuals that engage in

more than the economically efficient amount of an activity, such
as driving. Because the driver enjoys all of the benefits that
come along with driving and only suffer part of the cost, th ey
do not put a limit on how far or how often they should drive.
The only way to get individuals to participate in reducing
greenhouse gases is by having them bear all the costs of their
actions.
This is difficult because the costs are so little compared to the

benefit, so why give up something that benefits more than sets
you back. Two different methods are being proposed in order to
help humans take into consideration the costs of their actions
in order to reduce the production of greenhouse gases. The
methods proposed are government regulation and taxation.
Unless the government sets regulations and taxes, the

individual level of involvement will be very low and unless many
people participate, the number of greenhouse gases will not be
significantly reduced.
27. School Liaison Police # 6000022
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce

crime rates and educate students. The 40 School L iaison Police
(SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high
schools across the state.
Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will build
positive relationships between police and students. But parent
groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at
schools in communities where police relations were already
under strain.
Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention
workshops, talking to students about issues including
shoplifting, offensive behavior, graffiti and drugs and alcohol.
They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben
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Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week,

including at Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus.
Previously stationed as a crime preventio n officer at The Rocks,
he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including
The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the
full-time position would see him working on the broader issues
of crime prevention. "I am not a security g uard," he said. "I am
not there to patrol the school.
We want to improve relationships between police and

schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are coming to
the school and giving them the knowledge to improve their own
safety."
Parents' groups responded to the program positively but said it
may spark a range of community reactions. "It i s a good thing
and an innovative idea and there could be some positive
benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive
officer Danielle
Cronin said. "Different communities will respond to this kind of
presence in different ways.
28. Skipping Breakfast (Version 1) # 6000196
Skipping breakfast seems a simple way of losing weight or

saving time while getting the children ready for school or
rushing off to work. But it can also be a sign of an unhealthy
lifestyle with potentially dangerous conseq uences, including a
higher risk of premature death. According to a study, adults and
teenagers who miss the first meal of the day are less likely to
look after their health. They tend to smoke more, drink more
alcohol and take less exercise than those who do eat.
Those who skip food in the morning are also more likely to be
fatter and less well-educated, meaning they find it harder to get
a job. Researcher Dr Anna Keski-Rahkonen said: Smoking,
infrequent exercise, a low level of education, frequent alcoho l
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use and a high body mass index were all associated with
skipping breakfast in adults and adolescents. Our findings
suggest this association exists throughout adulthood.
Individuals who skip breakfast may care less about their health
than those who eat breakfast. Previously, experts assumed that
missing breakfast often called the most important meal of the
day was simply the marker of a hectic life or a way to try to lose
weight. But Dr Keski-Rahkonen, who led the study at Helsinki
University, said the results revealed starting the day without
food suggests an unhealthy lifestyle.
29. Skipping Breakfast (Version 2) # 6000032
Skipping Breakfast Has Drawbacks - It’s no mystery why so

many people routinely skip breakfast: bad timing. It comes at a
time when folks can be more occupied with matters of grooming,
attire and otherwise making themselves presentable for a new
day. However, studies conducted both in the United States and
internationally have shown that skipping breakfast can affect
learning, memory and physical well-being. Students who skip
breakfast are not as efficient at selecting critical information for
problem-solving as their peers who have had br eakfast.
For schoolchildren, skipping breakfast diminishes the ability to

recall and use newly acquired information, verbal fluency, and
control of attention, according to Ernesto Pollitt, a UC Davis
professor of paediatrics whose research focuses on the influence
of breakfast on mental and physical performance. Skipping
breakfast can impair thinking in adults, also.
For both children and adults, a simple bowl of cereal with milk
goes a long way toward providing a sufficiently nutritious start
to the day. Green-Burgeson recommends choosing a cereal
that’s low in sugarless than five grams per serving — and using
nonfat or one per cent milk.
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Frederick Hirshberg, a paediatrician at UC Davis Medical Group,

Carmichael, says that babies and other preschoolers r arely skip
breakfast because “they’re usually the hungriest at the
beginning of the day. Breakfast then becomes more of a
“learned experience” than a response to a biological need,
Hirshberg says.
30. Ageing world # 6000060
We live in an ageing world. W hile this has been recognized for

some time in developed countries, it is only recently that this
phenomenon has been fully acknowledged. Global
communication is "shrinking" the world, and global ageing is
"maturing" it. The increasing presence of older pe rsons in the
world is making people of all ages more aware that we live in a
diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible
to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one views it positively
or negatively.
Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as

predicted, a demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of
the young and the old will undergo a historic crossover, will be
felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the
world's population parallels the m agnitude of the industrial
revolution traditionally considered the most signifi cant social
and economic breakthrough in the history of humankind since
the Neolithic period. It marked the beginning of a sustained
movement towards modern economic growth in m uch the same
way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and
sustained movement toward a "global culture". The
demographic revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as
powerful.
While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one
where both the challenges as well as the opportunities will
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emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research,

dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and
economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous
phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older
ones, and opportunities present thems elves in the sheer number
of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to
gain from their contribution.
This ageing of the population permeates all social, econo mic and
cultural spheres. Revolutionary change calls for new,
revolutionary thinking, which can position policy formulation
and implementation on sounder footing. In our ageing world,
new thinking requires that we view ageing as a lifelong and older
person.
31. Beauty Contest # 6000018
Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were

crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively,
there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty
pageants in this country. These wins have als o sparked a debate
as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless remin ders of
old-fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women
were respected for how good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether Miss Universe

or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and out of
sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than
symbols of decline.
In the past few decades, Australia has taken a real step toward
treating women with dignity and respect. Young women are
being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown
by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of
the Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
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Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the
message that thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that
men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country
where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time
and 70% of schoolgirls say they want to lose weight, despite the
fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages ar e profoundly
hazardous to the mental health of young Australians.
32. Computer programing in India & US # 6000056
Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the

United States, engineers and technicians in India have the
capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative
new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers
earn one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United
States; Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower
dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute
advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of
programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it
can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer
dollars. Does that mean that the United Sta tes will lose not only
programming jobs but innovative technology j ob, too? Does that
mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and
India engage in international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions - as

we do today. While India may have an absolute advantage in
both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India
or the United States will produce. India has a comparative
advantage in doing programming in part because of such activity
requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United
States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation
partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this
country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that
Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S.
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programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American

firms will shift to more and more innovation.
33. Australian Education # 6000057
When Australians engage in debate about the educational

quality or equity, they often seem to accept that a country
cannot achieve both at the same time.
Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity often fail to do

so because they increase breadth or differentiation in offerings
in a way that increases differences i n quality. Further, these
differences in quality often reflect diff erences in students’ social
backgrounds because the ‘new’ offerings are typically taken up
by relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well
them. Evidence from New South Wales w ill be used to illustrate
this point.
The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted

across OECD and other countries as they seek to strengthen
their human capital to underpin their modern, knowledge
economies. Improved equity is also imp ortant for this purpose
since the demand for high-level skills is widespread and the
opportunities for the low skilled are diminishing.
Improved equity in education is also important for social

cohesion. There are countries in which the education system
seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangements,
conferring privilege where it already exists and denying it where
it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less
extreme, the capacity of schooling to build social cohesion is
often diminished by the way in which schools’ separate
individuals and groups.
34. Sleeping and Napping (Version 2) # 6000197

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Could midday napping save your life? If the experience of Greek

men is any guide, the answer just may be yes. In a study
released yesterday, researchers at the Harvard School of Public
Health and in Athens reported that Greeks who took regular 30 -
minute napping were 37% less likely to die of heart disease over
a six-year period than those who never napped. The scientists
tracked more than 23,000 adults, finding that the benefits o f
napping were most pronounced for working men. Researchers
have long recognized that Mediterranean adults die of heart
disease at a rate lower than Americans and Northern Europeans.
Diets rich in olive oil and other heart-healthy foods have
received some of the credit, but scientists have been intrigued
by the potential role of napping.
The study concluded that napping was more likely than diet or
physical activity to lower the incidence of heart att acks and
other like-ending heart ailments.
Specialists not involved with the study said there are sound
biochemical reasons to believe that a nap may help protect
against heart disease. Essentially, they said, sleep at any time
of day acts like a value to release the stress of everyday life.
35. Soil Protection # 6000055
It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our
feet and why it's so important to protect it. One tablespoon of
soil contains more organisms than there are people on Earth ;
billions of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms combine
with minerals, water, air, and organic matter to create a living
system that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil
can store as much as 3,750 tons of water per hectare, reducing
the risk of flooding, and the Inte rnational Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all agricultural emissions
could be mitigated if we improved the health of our soil.
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Good soil management also increases disease resistance in

livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet soil and
its impact on the health of our animals has, over recent decades,
been one of the most neglected links in UK agriculture. Over the
last 50 years' agriculture has become increasingly dependent on
chemical fertilizers, with applications today around 10 times
higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the chemical
fertilizer NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) provides
all the nutrition a plant requires, but it also has a detrimental
effect on the long-term health of the land: resear ch suggests
there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the world's
soils.
36. Asda - The Food Retailer # 6000146
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to

measure how much customers can save by cutt ing back on food
waste, thanks to a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) with
the University of Leeds. The idea behind the KTP was for the
University, using Asda’s customer insight data, to apply its
research to identify, investigate, and implement ways of helping
customers to reduce their food waste. This was one of the first
times that a major retailer had tried to deliver large -scale
sustainability changes, with the two -year project seen as a way
for Asda to position themselves as true innovators in this area.
The campaign focused on providing customers with advice on

everything from food storage and labeling, to create recipes for
leftovers. Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged customers to
make changes on their own they will make changes to how they
deal with food waste in their own homes, leading to an average
saving of 57 pounds per customer, as well as a reduction in
waste. A key aspect of a KTP is that an associate is employed
by the University to work in the firm and help deliver the desired
outcomes of the KTP. As a part of the collaboration with Asda,
Laura Babbs was given the task of driving forward the
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sustainability changes in the retailer. As a result of the success

of her work, Laura eventually became a permanent member of
the team at Asda.
37. Comparative Advantage # 6000223
With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United

States, it is no surprise that China, India, and other developing
countries specialize in the production of labor -intensive
products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize
in the production of goods that are human and physical capital
intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly educated
labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the
United States. This division of global production should yield
higher global output of both types of goods than would be the
case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods
itself. For example, the United States would produce more
expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive
labor and the developing countries would produce more
expensive human and physical capital intensive goods because
of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that
the United States is unlikely to be a significant global comp etitor
in the production of green technologies that are not relatively
intensive in human and physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of new
technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in
the production of the products enabled by this innovation.
However, once these technologies become well understood and
production processes are designed that can make use of less -
skilled labor; production will migrate to countries with less
expensive labor.
38. Museology # 6000224
What is museology? A simple definition might be that it is the

study of museums, their history and underlying philosophy, the
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various ways in which they have, in the course of time, been

established and developed, their avowed or unspoken aims and
policies, their educative or political or social role. More broadly
conceived, such a study might also embrace the bewildering
variety of audiences — visitors, scholars, art lovers, children -
at whom the efforts of the museum staff are supposedly
directed, as well as related topics such as the legal duties and
responsibilities placed upon (or incurred by) museums, perhaps
even some thought as to their future. Seen in this light,
museology might appear at first sight a subject so specialized
as to concern only museum professionals, who by virtue of their
occupation are more or less obliged to take an interest in it. In
reality, since museums are almost, if not quite as old as
civilization itself, and since the plethora of present -day
museums embraces virtually every field of human endeavor -
not just art, or craft, or science, but entertainment, agriculture,
rural life, childhood, fisheries, antiquities, automobiles: the list
is endless - it is a field of inquiry so broad as to be a matter of
concern to almost everybody.
39. Double-Blind # 6000091
The feature of being “double -blind”, where neither patients nor

physicians are aware of who receives the experimental
treatment, is almost universally trumpeted as being a virtue of
clinical trials. Hence, trials that fail to remain successfully
double-blind are regarded as providing inferior evidential
support. The rationale for this view is unobjectionable: double -
blinding rules out the potentially confounding influences of
patient and physician beliefs.
Nonetheless, viewing the double-blind trials as necessarily
superior is problematic. For one, it leads to the paradox that
very effective experimental treatments will not be supportable
by the best evidence. If a new drug were to make even the most
severe symptoms of the common cold disappear within seconds,
most participants and investigators would correctly identify it
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as the latest wonder drug and not the control (i.e. placebo)
treatment. Any trial testing the effectiveness of this wonder
drug will, therefore, fail to remain double-blind. Similar
problems arise for treatments, such as exercise and most
surgical techniques, whose nature makes them resistant to
being tested in double-blind conditions. It seems strange that
an account of evidence should make prior judgm ents that
certain claims can never be supported by ‘best evidence’. It
would be different if the claims at issue were pseudo
scientifically untestable. But so far as treatments with large
effects go, the claim that they are effective is highly testable
and intuitively they should receive greater support from the
evidence than do claims about treatments with moderate
effects.
40. Ageing Australia # 60002225
In 2005 Japan had the highest median age of all countries in

the world, while Australia's population was only moderately
aged. Some 50 years ago the demographic situation was quite
different, with the median age of Australia's population being
seven years older than Japan's.
The aging of the population is a major issue for Australian
policymakers, particularly in regard to the long-term
implications for reduced economic growth and the increasing
demand for Age Pensions, and health and aged care services.
As the population ages, growth in the number of people of
working age will slow, while the proportion of people of
retirement age will increase.
Sustained population aging also leads to slowing or negative
population growth. While declining population growth in
developed countries is welcomed by some environmentalists and
social scientists, economists tend to agree that population
decline brings gloomy economic prospects. In addition to the
decrease in the labor supply, the demand side of the economy
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may be affected through shrinking markets for goods and

services.
How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility,
mortality, and overseas migration. While a moderate pace of
demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the
economy and policies to the changing population demographics,
rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result,
governments and society as a whole may need to take actions
to address these issues.
41. Paleolithic People # 6000226
The ways of life Upper Paleolithic people are known through the
remains of meals scattered around their hearths, together with
many tools and weapons and the debris left over from their
making. The people were hunter -gathers who lived exclusively
from what they could find in nature without practicing either
agriculture or herding. They hunted the bigger herbivores, while
berries, leaves, roots, wild fruit, and mushrooms probab ly
played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was
indiscriminate; perhaps because so many animals were about
they did not need to spare pregnant females or the young. In
the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and
bison fetuses were found. Apparently, Upper Paleolithic people
hunted like other predators and killed the weakest prey first.
They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon suns and
migrating herds of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about a
caveman, upper Paleolithic people did not live deep inside
caves. They rather close the foot of cliffs, especially when an
overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the
valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they
killed. At time, on the great Russian pl ains, they built huts with
huge boned and tusks collected from skeletons of mammals.
Men hunted mostly with spears, the bow and arrow were
probably not invented until the Magdalenian period that came
at the end of the Upper Paleolithic. Tools and weapons, made
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out of wood or reindeer antlers, often had flint cutting edges.

Flint snappers were skillful and traditions in flint snapping were
purchased for thousands of years. This continuity means that
they must have been carefully thought how to find good flin t
modules and how to snap them in order to make knives, buries
(chisel-like tools), or scrapers, which could be used for various
purposes.
42. Primary Carers # 6000083
Slightly less than one in five carers (19%) were prima ry carers
(475,000 people). That is, they were the main carer of a person
who was limited in carrying out the core everyday activities of
mobility, communication or self -care. Both primary carers and
the larger group of other carers (close to 2 million) co ntribute
to the wellbeing of older people and people with disabilities.
However, because they care for people who otherwise would
have difficulty carrying out basic everyday activities, there is
particular interest in primary carers: in the contribution th ey
make, their wellbeing, labor force experiences, motivations and
the support they receive in caring.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be assisting
someone who lived in the same household (81% compared with
76%). As with caring as a whole, the likelihood of being a
primary carer increased with age to peak at age 55 -64 years,
where one in twenty people were primary carers. However,
rather than then declining, the likelihood of being a primary
carer remained at around this level among the older age groups.
Consequently, primary carers had a somewhat older age profile
than other carers. The median age of primary carers was 52
years, compared with 47 years for other carers.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be female

(71% compared with 50%) and less likely to be in the labor
force (39% compared with 60%). Women not in the labor force
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were by far the largest single group among primary carers

(44%). In contrast, men employed full -time were the largest
single group among other carers (25%).
Consistent with their lower labor force participation, primary
carers had lower personal incomes than other carers (a median
gross income of $237 per week compared with $327 per week)
and were more likely to have a government pension or al lowance
as their main source of income (55% compared with 35%).
43. Geothermal Energy # 6000023
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy

demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and an inability to
compete in the international oil market? Fo r East Africa at least,
experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising
still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem
to be listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims
of an acute energy crisis are afoot due t o high oil prices,
population spikes and droughts.
Geothermal energy works by pumping water into bedrock, where
it is heated and returns to the surface as steam which is used
directly as a heat source or to drive electricity production.
Source: Energy Information Administration, Geothermal Energy
in the Western United States and Hawaii.
Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric
sources but these are proving increasingly unreliable as the
issue of seasonal variation is intensified by errat ic rain patterns.
Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy
supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company
(KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from
13% to 25 % of its total usage by 2020. The potential of
geothermal energy in the region was first realised
internationally by the United Nations Development Program,
when geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East
African Rift system. Locals have been utilising this resource for
centuries; using steam ve nts to create the perfect humidity for
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greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural hot

lakes.
Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique,
geochemical, geophysical and heat flow measurements were
made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One area
lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate
National Park, and sits over some of the thinnest continental
crust on Earth.
This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic
stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to
rise, resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal
for the drilling of geothermal wells, reaching depths of around
3000 m, where temperatures get up to 342°C, far higher than
the usual temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the
surrounding rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam
can be used to drive turbines and produce electricity.
44. Australian Indigenous Food # 6000026
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia

automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients, the foods that
are native to this country. ‘There can be little doubt that using
an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian notes,
Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification,
Cherikoff state that ‘A uniquely Australian food culture can only
be based upon foods indigenous to this country, although, as
Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national
symbols rely more upon their association with ‘nature’ and
geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the
lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of
necessity, founded on ingredients native to the country – after
all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous
tornado, Thailand’s to the non-indigenous chili the reality is that
Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities.
The exceptions are fish, crustaceans, and shellfish from oceans,
rivers, and lakes, most of which are unarguably unique to this
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country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at

promoting and encouraging the consumption of native
resources, bush foods are not harvested or produced in
sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of
Australian diets, nor are they genera lly accessible. Indigenous
foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb
and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
45. Office Environment # 6000025
The notion that office space has a role in promoting or inhibiting

performance is backed up by solid research. A recent study
conducted by Harvard University and Massachusetts General
Hospital showed that improvements to the physical
surroundings of workers impacted productivity not just because
the working environment was more attractive, but because the
changes made employees feel cared for. A Swedish research
paper revealed a strong link between the type of office an
employee worked in and their overall job satisfaction and
health. Various findings have emerged as a result of studies
such as this. Pot plants and greenery can apparently have a real
impact on psychological well-being. Those who work in a private
room tend to be in better health than workers bas ed in open-
plan offices.
Sufficient light can reduce sickness amon g workers and increase
productivity, and an attractive office can make workers feel
more cared for and therefore more loyal to their company. Most
of these points make a good rational sense. But some companies
aren’t content simply to increase the health, productivity, and
contentment of their employees. Pioneers such as Google, Walt
Disney, and Dyson have tried to create offices that will do
everything from promoting collaboration between wo rkers to
stimulating their creative juices. “Environment, both phy sical
and cultural, can make or break creativity,” says Kursty Groves,
author of I Wish I Worked There! A look inside the most creative
spaces in business. Stimulating spaces to expose the m ind to a
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variety of stimuli - planned or random - In order to encourage

people to think differently. Reflective spaces promote the
filtering of information into the brain slowing it to make
connections. An environment that encourages a team to build
trust and to play freely is an essential ingredient for innovation.
46. Wright brothers (V1) #6000029
Orville and Wilbur Wright were brothers living in Dayton, Ohio.

The two had started making bicycles during the 1890s and had
a successful small business selling their Wright Specials for $18
each ($475 in today’s green). This experience with building
light, strong machines would prove valuable in the coming years
after the brothers’ interest turned to flight.
Others in the United States were also developin g aircraft at the
time the Wright brothers started turning their curiosit y skyward.
Samuel Langley had flown an unmanned steam -powered aircraft
in 1896. Octave Chanute and others were flying gliders near
Chicago late in the decade as well. But it wasn’t un til the Wright
brothers started working on the matter that the “flying pr oblem”
would finally be solved.
Beginning in 1899, the brothers designed and built a series of
gliders to test their various ideas on a flying machine. They
constructed a wind tunnel that allowed them to test designs
without having to build a full-size model. They even built their
own gasoline-powered motor for their aircraft.
Although others in the United States were also developing
aircraft in 1890s, the “flying problem” would eventu ally be
solved when Wright brothers started working on the matter
because they had the experience of fabricating light and strong
machines of bicycles to design and build numbers of gliders to
test their ideas on a flying machine and they even make their
own gasoline-powered motor for their aircraft.
47. House Mice #6000213

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According to new research, house mice (Mus musculus) are ideal

biomarkers of human settlement as they tend to stow away in
crates or on ships that end up going where people go.
Using mice as a proxy for human movement can add to what is

already known through archaeological data and answer
important questions in areas where there is a lack of artifacts,
Searle said.
Where people go, so do mice, often stowing away in carts of hay

or on ships. Despite a natural range of just 100 meters (109
yards) and an evolutionary base near Pakistan, the house mouse
has managed to colonize every continent, which makes it a
useful tool for researchers like Searle.
Previous research conducted by Searle at the University of York

supported the theory that Australian mice origina ted in the
British Isles and probably came over with convicts shipped there
to colonize the continent in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
In the Viking study, he and his fellow researchers in Iceland,

Denmark and Sweden took it a step further, using anci ent mouse
DNA collected from archaeological sites dating from the 10th to
12th centuries, as well as modern mice.
He is hoping to do just that in his next proje ct, which involves

tracking the migration of mice and other species, including
plants, across the Indian Ocean, from South Asia to East Africa.
48. The History of Khoikhoi #6000228
In around 2300 BP (Before Present), hunter -gatherers called the

San acquired domestic stock in what is now modern -day
Botswana. Their population grew and spread througho ut the
Western half of South Africa. They were the first pastoralists in
southern Africa, and called themselves Khoikhoi (or Khoe),
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which means 'men of men' or 'the real people'. This name was
chosen to show pride in their past and culture. The Khoikhoi
brought a new way of life to South Africa and to the San, who
were hunter-gatherers as opposed to herders. This led to
misunderstandings and subsequent c onflict between the two
groups.
The Khoikhoi were the first native people to come into contact
with the Dutch settlers in the mid-17th century. As the Dutch
took over land for farms, the Khoi khoi were dispossessed,
exterminated, or enslaved and therefore their numbers
dwindled. The Khoikhoi were called the ‘Hottentots’ by European
settlers because the sound of their language was so different
from any European language, and they could not prono unce
many of the words and sounds.
49. Solar Energy #6000199
The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to

other forms of renewable energy have been greatl y debated.
While obviously superior to some forms of energy, solar power's
high cost and efficiency dependent on geography have limited
its appeal. However, a large number of advantages also merit
further development and even possible adaptation for
residences.
Advantages of Solar Power
Solar energy remains popular because it is both a ren ewable

and clean source of energy. These advantages along with the
hope that eventually nations can use solar power to decrease
global warming ensure its popularity.
Renewable
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Solar energy is a truly renewable resource. All areas of the world

have the ability to collect some amount of solar power and solar
power is available for collection each day.
Clean
Solar energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse

gases, such as oil-based energy does, nor does it create waste
that must be stored, such as nuclear energy. It is also far
quieter to create and harness, drastically reducing the noise
pollution required to convert energy into a useful form.
Residential size solar energy systems also have very little
impact on the surrounding environment, in contrast with other
renewable energy sources such as wind and hydroelectric
power.
Low Maintenance
Solar panels have no moving parts and require very little

maintenance beyond regular cleaning. Without moving parts to
break and replace, after the initia l costs of installing the panels,
maintenance and repair costs are very reasonable.
50. Legumes #6000229
Gardeners can feed their families and enrich the soil by growing
legumes, such as green beans, soybeans, lentils and peas.
Legume roots produce their own nitrogen, which is a major
fertilizer nutrient needed by all plants for growth. Nitrogen is
produced in nodules that form on the roots of legumes, which
contain Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria take nitrogen from the
air and convert it into a form the plants can use.
When legumes are pulled up in the fall, excess nitrogen from

the nodules is left in the soil. The excess organic nitrogen can
be used by other plants the following growing season. It's
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considered organic nitrogen because it was produced nat urally,

making green beans or peas great rotational crops in an organic
crop production system.
Organic growers prefer organic nitrogen because of its natural

origins and because it breaks down slowly in the soil, thus slowly
feeding plants throughout the growing season. Synthetic
nitrogen fertilizers tend to release nitrogen quickly and are
harsher on the environment. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are
generally applied in split applications during the season to
mimic the slow release of organic nitrogen sources.
Each specific legume generally requires a specific type of

Rhizobium bacteria to produce nodules on their roots. Gardeners
who have never grown green beans befor e can purchase small
bags of inoculum or bacteria from most popular vegetable seed
catalogs. Before planting beans, open the package and pour in
the dust-like bacteria among the seed. Shake the package and
then plant. Nodules will form on the roots as they develop. The
bacteria will remain in the soil, making it unnecessary to
inoculate the seed next year.
Do not apply extra nitrogen fertilizer to bean crops. Doing so

makes bacteria in the nodules lazy, encouraging them to stop
producing their own nitrogen.
Legumes that are particularly popular in the home vegetable

garden include lima beans, peas, edible soybeans, lentils and
fava beans. In a recent survey, 44 percent of gardeners trained
through New Mexico State University's Master Gardener
Program said they grew green beans and other legumes in their
home gardens.
When planting, be sure to purchase appropriate strains of

Rhizobium bacteria for each type of legume.
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51. United Nations Volunteers #6000230
If you are inspired to take concrete action for glo bal peace and
development, take a look at the United Nations Volunteers
(UNV) program. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and
experienced women and men of some 160 different nationalities
volunteer at least six months of their lives to help others. These
UN Volunteers work in some 130 countries promoting peace,
responding to disasters, empowering communities, and helping
to build sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN
Volunteers come from dozens of professional backgrounds but
all of them are catalysts of positive change. They are
encouraged to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster
volunteerism for peace and development both within and beyond
their assignments. They work at the heart of communities in
partnership with governments, United Na tions entities, and civil
society. Being a UN Volunteer is no t a career (you are currently
limited to four years of service), but it is rich with opportunities
and experience and offers huge personal rewards. As a UN
Volunteer, you receive a Volunteer Livi ng Allowance (VLA) which
covers basic needs, housing, and uti lities. Additionally, UNV will
provide a settling-in-grant, life, health, and permanent
disability insurance, return airfares, and a nominal resettlement
allowance.
52. Written Language #6000024
The world engages in improving the literacy of reading and

writing, but it is not that important now.
What is text/written language anyway? It's an ancient IT for

storing and retrieving information. We store information by
writing it, and we retrieve it b y reading it. Six thousand to
10,000 years ago, many of our a ncestors' hunter -- gatherer
societies settled on the land and began what's known as the
agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private
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property and increased production and tra de of goods,

generating a huge new influx of information. Una ble to keep all
this information in their memories, our ancestors created
systems of written records that evolved over millennia into
today's written language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. The text has

run its historic course and is now rapidly getting replaced in
every area of our lives by the ever – increasing array of
emerging ITs driven by voice, video, and body movement rather
than the written word.
In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution of

human technology, and it carries great potential for a total
positive redesign of education.
53. Carbon Dioxide #6000233
Carbon dioxide, mostly produced by human activities, is the

most significant one of greenho use gases and has caused the
rise of the global temperature and the sea level, so businesses
should take responsibilities to tackle the problems inherited in
the business models, and World Wildlife Fund partners with
companies should ensure the sustainabil ity of the entire market.
54. Challenges Faced by Humanity #6000027
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide

food and materials used by humans, and they shape our
environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three
major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, ene rgy,
and environmental degradation. All three are plant related. All
of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly
via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy
production. And they have intimately involved in climate change
and a major factor in a variety of environmental concerns,
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including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat

destruction and waterway pollution. What’s more, none of these
issues are independent of each other. Climate change places
additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats.
So plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these
problems and moving into the future. For plant research to
move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say
technological development is critical, both to test existing
hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh
hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how
these essential organisms’ function and build the foundation for
a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced
technologies available to the study of plant life, they say.
55. Writing System #6000108
The origins of writing are largely unclear. Writing systems were

created independently all over the world. The earliest we know
of were developed in the Middle East around 5,000 years ago.
But other scripts were invented in India, Egypt, China, and
Central America. It has been suggested that some of these
systems may have influenced others, but this has not bee n
proved. These forms of writing look completely different, follow
different rules, and are often read in completely different ways.
But they all perform the same basic function. They are all a
visual means of recording language. Knowledge of some early
scripts invented in certain regions was picked up by peoples
living in surrounding areas. They would then adopt and adapt
them to their own needs and language. Chinese, for example,
was adopted in Japan and Korea, though it had to be altered to
apply to the languages spoken there. Methods of recording
information have varied over time and place. Not all
sophisticated societies have developed writing syst ems and not
all methods of recording information require writing. The Inca
Empire of South America was at i ts height in the sixteenth
century AD and held power over a huge area that stretched from
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modern Ecuador and Peru to areas of Bolivia and Chile. It w as

a complex civilization but did not develop a writing system.
56. Climate Change's Impact #6000102
As warmer winter temperatures become more common, one way

for some animals to adjust is to shift their ranges northward.
But a new study of 59 North American bird species indicates
that doing so is not easy or quick -- it took about 35 years for
many birds to move far enough north for winter temperatures
to match where they historically lived.
The researchers used 35 years of data from the North Ameri can
Christmas Bird Count to match winter temperatures to where
birds were seen. They tested 59 bird species indiv idually and
found that they responded differently to climate change. When
summarized across bird species, there was evidence for a strong
delay lasting about 35 years.
For example, black vultures have spread northward in the last

35 years and now winter as far north as Massachusetts, where
the minimum winter temperature is similar to what it was in
Maryland in 1975. On the other hand, the endangered red -
cockaded woodpecker did not alter its range at all despite the
warming trend, possibly because it's very specific habitat
requirements precluded a range shift.
Both of these scenarios could represent problems for birds, La

Sorte said. Species that do not track changes in climate may
wind up at the limits of their physiological tolerance, or they
may lose important habitat qualities, such as favored food
types, as those species pass them by. But they also can't move
their ranges too fast if the habitat conditions they depen d on
also tend to lag behind climate.
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If warming trends weaken, as they did over the p ast few years,
birds may be able to catch up. But accelerated warming, which
is likely as global carbon emissions continue to increase, may
put additional strain on birds. The study highlights these
challenges and the high potential climate change has for
disrupting natural systems. It also underscores the challenges
ecologists face in predicting the long -term consequences of
climate change for many species simultaneously .
57. Social Networking # 6000227
Ten years ago, Barsky and Purdon (2006) discovered t hat social
networks that are expanding communication through social
media are becoming popular and the costs involved are getting
further reduced. Yet, library executive s did not see how such a
phenomenon could become a part of library and information
services. They felt that the users should be left to their social
media while the library carried on with its traditional roles (De
Rosa et al., 2007). This was also the cas e when Charnigo and
Barnett-Ellis (2007) conducted a survey of 126 academic
librarians and concluded that 54% of the librarians surveyed did
not believe that there was an academic purpose for Facebook.
The rationale behind these librarians’ belief was that social
media was a space where students interact with each other,
hence, the librarian was not welcome as their coming in might
be viewed as an invasion of space. But time has proved that as
the technology of social media became more popular, users and
librarians acquired digital literacy, and libraries, seeing an
explosion of social media around it, were forced to reconsider
their stance. In a survey involving 497 international librarians,
Taylor & Francis (2014) discovered that over 70% of librarians
now feel that the use of social media is important. Though the
wave began with public libr aries (Mon, 2015), today, libraries
of every type either have a social media presence or they are
seriously considering it. Hence, the use of social media by
libraries has become mainstream.
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58. Twins #6000047
UCLA neurology professor Paul Thompson and his colleagues

scanned the brains of 23 sets of identical twins and 23 sets of
fraternal twins. Since identical twins share the same genes while
fraternal twins share about half their genes, the researchers
were able to compare each group to show that myelin i ntegrity
was determined genetically in many parts of the brain that are
key for intelligence. These include the parietal lobes, which are
responsible for spatial reasoning, visual processing and logic,
and the corpus callosum, which pulls together informat ion from
both sides of the body. The researchers used a faster version of
a type of scanner called a HARDI (high -angular resolution
diffusion imaging) think of an MRI machine on steroids that
takes scans of the brain at a much higher resolution than a
standard MRI. While an MRI scan shows the volume of different
tissues in the brain by measuring the amount of water present,
HARDI tracks how water diffuses through the brain's white
matter a way to measure the quality of its myelin. "HARDI
measures water diffusion," said Thompson, who is also a
member of the UCLA Laboratory of Neuro -Imaging. "If the water
diffuses rapidly in a specific direction, it tells us that the brain
has very fast connections. If it diffuses more broadly, that's an
indication of slower signalling and lower intelligence."
59. Work Reviewing #6000084
It might seem a little eccentric, but reviewing your work by

reading it aloud can help to identify the woolliest areas. This
works best if you perform your reading in a theatrical way,
pausing at the commas and ends of sentences. If you run out of
breath during a sentence, it is probably too long. You ought to
be able to convert your writing into a speech in this way if it
sounds too stilted and convoluted, perhaps you could rework
these parts until they sound fluid. It is unlikely that your reader
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will be fooled by the idea that long words make you sound
clever. Cluttering a sentence with too many complicated words
can prevent its meaning from being understood at all. A short
word is always preferable to a long one. Why should anyone
choose the word erroneous over the word wrong in an essay?
Usually, writers who employ more obscure words are trying to
sound impressive but can appear pretentious. Direct words
enable you to control what you are sa ying, and are not
necessarily babyish, but the most appropriate ones for the job.
When you read your writing aloud, you will notice that the key
stress comes at the end of your sentence. It is, therefore, most
effective to end with a short and emphatic wor d to secure your
point. Try to resist the impulse to waffle at t he end of your
sentence by trailing off into qualifying clauses. It might be worth
relocating the clause to the beginning of the sentence or losing
it altogether if you feel that it adds littl e to its meaning.
Your sentences might be the most grammaticall y perfect in the

world, but still, cause your writing to sound wrong if you have
misjudged its tone. A colloquial style, which uses slang and
exclamations, is an inappropriately chatty tone fo r an essay.
However, style can be equally jarring if your vocabu lary is too
formal or ambitious for its context. It is much more impressive
to make complicated points using simple language and
grammar.
60. Soil Protection #6000055
It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our
feet and why it's so important to protect it. One tablespoon of
soil contains more organisms than there are people on Earth;
billions of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms combine
with minerals, water, air, and organic matter to create a living
system that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil
can store as much as 3,750 tons of water per hectare, reducing
the risk of flooding, and the International Panel on Climate
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Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all agricultural emissions

could be mitigated if we improved the health of our soil.
Good soil management also increases disease resistance in

livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet soil and
its impact on the health of our animals has, over recent decades,
been one of the most neglected links in UK agriculture. Over the
last 50 years' agriculture has become increasingly dependent on
chemical fertilizers, with applications today around 10 times
higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the chemical
fertilizer NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) provides
all the nutrition a plant requires, but it also has a detrimental
effect on the long-term health of the land: research suggests
there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the world's
soils.
61. New Women #6000235
New Women in Britain and North America - this was a concept

brought forward by a writer named Sarah, who wrote a book
that triggered a dispute between two kinds of commentators.
The book mainly talks about women's position in the middle
class, including a few aspects, such as finance, employment,
marriage, etc. The writer advocated protecting women's
position. Although the idea did not go well, it was still
commemorated as a women's movement.
62. Human Remains #6000008
Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological

record, offering unique insights into the lives of individuals and
populations in the past. Like many archaeological materials,
human remains require distinctive and specialized methods of
recovery, analysis, and interpretation, while technological
innovations and the accumulation of expertise have enabled
archaeologists to extract ever greater amounts of information
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from assemblages of skeletal material. Alongside analyses of

new finds, these advances have consistently thrown new light
on existing collections of human remains in museums,
universities and other institutions. Given the powerful
emotional, social and religious meanings attached to the dead
body, it is perhaps unsurprising th at human remains pose a
distinctive set of ethical questions for archaeologists.
With the rise of indigenous rights movements and the

emergence of post-colonial nations, the acquisition and
ownership of human remains became a divisive and politically
loaded issue. It became increasingly clear that many human
remains in museum collections around the world represented
the traces of colonial exploitation and discredited pseudo -
scientific theories of race. In the light of these debates and
changing attitudes, some human remains were returned or
repatriated to their communities of origin, a process that
continues to this day. Recently a new set of challenges to the
study of human remains has emerged from a rather unexpected
direction: the British government revi sed its interpretation of
nineteenth-century burial legislation in a way that would
drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human
remains of any age excavated in England and Wales. This paper
examines these extraordinary events and the legal, political and
ethical questions that they raise.
In April 2008 the British government announced that,

henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in
England and Wales should be reburied after a two year period
of scientific analysis. No t only would internationally important
prehistoric remains have to be returned to the ground, removing
them from public view but also there would no longer be any
possibility of long term scientific investigation as new
techniques and methods emerged and developed in the future.
Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artifacts, and
environmental samples could be analyzed and re -analyzed in
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future years, human remains were to be effectively removed

from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientis ts
were also concerned that this might be the first step towards a
policy of reburying all human remains held in museum
collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman,
Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remains.
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Essay Writing
1. Hosting sporting events such as the Olympics and the World

Cup can bring benefits to the host countries. How far do you
agree with this statement? Use your own exam ples to support.
# 7000213
2. It is important to preserve the beautiful buildings of the past,

even if it will be expensive to do so. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with it. # 7000124
3. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your

opinion on this? Do you think this is a good or bad change?
# 7000087
4. Business whether big or small is to maximize profit. Do you

agree with that? Give your opinion. # 7000195
5. There are more and more situations using credit cards instead
of cash. It seems that cashless socie ty is becoming a reality.
How realistic do you think it is? And do you think it brings
benefits or problems? # 7000090
6. The medical technology is responsible for increasing the

average life expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a
blessing? # 7000077
7. Some people think that younger employees often have more

skills, knowledge and motivation than the old employees. To
what extent do you agree with it? Use your experience.
# 7000210
8. Some people point that experiential lea rning (i.e. learning by

doing it) can work well in formal education. However, others
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think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think

experiential learning is beneficial in high schools or colleges?
# 7000218
9. University experience is more important than a university’s

degree. Some people argue that university life is much more
important than an educational degree in job market. Do you
agree or not agree? # 7000193
10. It is important for children to take ex tra classes or play after

school? Discuss both and give your opinions. # 7000208
11. It is argued that getting married before finishing school or

getting a job is not a good choice. To what extent do you
agree or disagree? # 7000126
12. employers involve employees in the decisio n-making process

of products and services. What are the advantages and
disadvantages? # 7000220
13. Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of

their children? Do you agree with this opinion? Support your
position with your own study, ex perience or observations.
# 7000117
14. Some universities deduct students’ marks if the assignment is

given late. What is your opinion and suggest some alternative
actions? # 7000014
15. "The information revolution by modern mass media has both

positive and negative consequences for individuals and for
society.” To what extent do you agree? # 7000138
16. Nowadays, the mass media including TV, radio, and newspaper
have become an essential part of our lives. What is your
opinion? # 7000223
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17. Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great

influence on humans, particularly on the younger generation.
It can shape people’s opinions. What is your opinion?
#7000224
18. Space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues,
such as environmental problems, that we should be focusing
on. What are your views on the allocation of public funding?
# 7000207
19. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is

impossible to combine study and employment. Study and
employment distract one from another. To what extent do you
think the statements are realistic? Support your opinion with
examples. # 7000017
20. Do you think extreme sports like skiing, water rafting, etc. are
dangerous and should be prohibited /banned? Are you in favor
of these activities, why? # 7000084
21. The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess

students’ learning. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
# 7000005
22. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of

issues. Which do you think is the most pressing problem for
the inhabitants on our planet and give the solution? # 700006
23. What are the advantages of cheaper public transportation?

What will cause us to achieve it? # 7000214
24. Which areas of concern should governments allocate funds

to? Climate change, education, or public health? Explain your
idea with examples. # 7000225
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25. Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take

the responsibilities, governments, big companies or
individuals? # 7000226
26. You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area
would you prefer? Explain why you pick this particular area of
your study and give an example in the area you pick. #7000227
27. Marketing in companies should be based on reputation or short

term strategies? # 7000197
28. Some people think law changes human behavior. Do you agre
e or disagree? #7000116
29. Whether the design of buildings will have a positive or

negative impact on people’s life and work? # 7000091
30. Some people argue that experienc e is the best teacher. Life
experiences can teach more effectively than books or formal
school education. How far do you agree with this idea?
Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal
experience. # 7000203
31. Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is

a medium for disseminating news and information, and for
some, it acts like a companion. What is your opinion about this?
#7000053
32. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of
the library has become obsolete. Universities should only
procure digital materials rather than constantly textbooks.
Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position
and give your own point of view. # 7000023
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33. Some people argue that young people should con centrate on
study or work, some people think it is better to put energy in
activities designed to broaden their experience, such as
international travel and volunteering. Support with examples
or cases. # 7000217
34. As cities expanding, some people cl aim governments should

look forward to creating better networks of public
transportation available for everyone rather than building more
roads for vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give
some examples or experience to support. # 7000066
35. Poor lifestyles have a negative impact on people's health. List

some unhealthy lifestyles and discuss what government
services could help? # 7000216
36. What do you think is the most important invention for the past
100 years? antibiotics, airplane s, or computers? And why?
# 7000072
37. The time people devote to job leaves very little time for
personal life. How widespread is the problem? What problem
will this shortage of time cause? # 7000115
38. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to mai ntain the right

balance between work and other aspects of one’s life, such as
time with family and leisure needs. How important do you think
is this balance? Why do people find it hard to achieve?
# 7000211
39. What do you think are the strengths and wea kness of the
education system in your country? Use your own experience to
support your idea. # 7000212
40. Some people say that a man’s life is defined by the place where
he grows up. Use a successful celebrity to discuss how his
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accomplishments were or weren’t influenced by the place

where he lived when he was young # 7000133
41. Nowadays, people believe that the environment influences

their accomplishments. Some people think their success and
accomplishment were influenced by the places where they grew
up. Do you think the environment does or does not affect
people’s accomplishment and how it affects? # 7000219
42. It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There

are many scholars who study locally. Travel is or is not a
necessary component of qualified education? To what extent
do you agree or disagree? # 7000221
43. The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries is as

great as the advantages. What is your opinion? # 7000222
44. Governments promise continuous economic growths, but it’s

actually an illusion. Some people think that governments
should abandon this. Please talk about validity and
implications. # 7000070
45. Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous

activities, such as sky diving and motorcycling. Are you i n favor
of them? Use examples to support your opinion. #7000228
46. In this technological world, the number of new inventions has

been increasing. Please describe a new invention and
determine whether it will bring advantages or disadvantages.
#7000229
47. Television services many functions. Watching TV makes us

relax. We can learn knowledge and information from TV
programs. Besides, TV can also be see n as a companion. To
what extent do you agree with this? #7000231
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48. There are many people who are defined by the place where
they grow up. Please think of a celebrity you know who
becomes famous because of his/her hometown or the place
where he/she grows up. Give examples of how his/her
accomplishment is influenced by the place where he/she grows
up. #7000232
49. Do you think schools should have a curriculum asking students

to play old dramas and works of theaters written centuries ago?
Discuss and use your own experience as examples. #7000016
50. More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please
give your suggestions on a personal level and national level.
#7000233
51. Unemployment among young people is a serious problem.

Some people suggest shorter working weeks instead of laying
off employees. What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages? Is it also applicable to adults? #7000234
52. Should schools have strict rules on wearing uniforms?

#7000235
53. Should celebrities give up the right to privacy? #7000236
54. In the future, people will work fewer hours at their jobs. To
what extent do you agree with it? Please support your opinion
with your own experience. #7000237
55. Should schools make learning a foreign language compulsory?

#7000238
56. Nowadays, more and more people believed that overburden can
help complete higher quality in achievements. For exam ple,
professional teachers, coaches believe that this applies to
students and athletes, on the individual and national level.
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What is your point of view? Give examples to support it.

#7000239
57. Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can

translate a foreign language easily. Do you think learning a
foreign language is still necessary? Support with your own
experience. #7000245
58. Television has many functions to play in everyone's life. For

some it's relaxation; for some, it is the companion. To what
extent do you think the statement is true? Please provide your
argument and supporting evidence from your own experience.
#7000247
59. Living in the countryside or having a city life, which one do you
prefer? Please use examples or your personal experie nce to
support your opinion. #7000247
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60.
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Reading
Re-Order Paragraphs
NOTE: The Re-Orders provided are in the correct order .
1. Rosa Park’s Arrest # 10000229

A. It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman,
refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the bus so that a
white man could sit in her place.
B. She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
C. Parks' arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots
movement, succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus
boycott.
D. Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because
of Parks' good standing with the community, her employment,
and her marital status.
E. Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15 -year old African
American girl, had been arrested for the same crime. However,
King and his civil rights compatriots did not feel that she would
serve as an effective face for the civil rights campaign.
2. The Fibres #10000459

A. Fibres suitable for clothing has been made for the first time
from the wheat protein gluten.
B. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk
C. However, they are 30 times cheaper.
D. Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibres at the
University of Nebraska in Lincoln.
E. He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be
used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
3. A Journey to Mars #10000450

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A. To overcome the pull of gravity and reach another body in space

you need to achieve a certain speed.
B. A journey to Mars from Earth's surface requires a minimum total
speed of nearly 30,000mph.
C. This requires large rockets, tonnes of fuel, and complex orbital
maneuvering.
D. Due to the moon's weaker gravitational field, the same journey
from the lunar surface would "only" require a speed of
6,500mph (2.9km/s).
E. This is roughly one third of that necessary to re ach the
International Space Station from Earth.
4. The University of Otago #10000269

F. The University of Otago Centre for International Health co -
directors Professor Philip Hill an d Professor John Crump share
a view that global health is a multidisciplinary activity.
G. In their work from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to
Indonesia and beyond – they tap into a wide range of expertise
from across the University, including clinicia ns, microbiologists,
and molecular microbiologists, public health experts,
economists and
H. They have also forged relationships and collaborations with
research and aid agencies around the world.
I. For the past seven years, Professor Philip Hill has been part of
a collaborative tuberculosis research project in Indonesi a, with
the University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java.
5. Human worship Gods #10000349

A. My study of the history of religion has revealed that human
beings are spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing
that Homo sapiens is also Homo religio us.
B. Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as
they created works of art.
C. This was not simply because they wanted t o propitiate powerful
forces.
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D. These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that

seems always to have been an essential component of the
human experience of this beautiful world.
6. Vegetarian #10000418
A. Vegetarians eat only vegetables. They do not ea t meat.
B. The school cafeteria provides food according to these vegetarian
requirements.
C. Many non-vegetarians also like vegetarian food.
D. This improvement is highly relevant to the increasing population
of vegetarians.
7. Financial crisis at young age #10000416

A. Many people face serious financial crisis when they are only 20 -
30 years old.
B. This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily
spending and has poured their spending on buying.
C. This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and mon thly
payments.
D. Although they can have student loan, people should…
8. Sherbet Powder (Version 2) # 10000420

A. Sherbet powder is a mix of baking soda and citric acid.
B. When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic
reaction occurs, taking heat ener gy from your mouth and
making it feel cooler.
C. Another example of an endothermic reaction is the cold packs
used by athletes to treat injuries.
D. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the
surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body. I n this
way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
9. United Nations Conference (Version 2) # 10000421

A. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the
United Nations since its very inception.
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B. In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations
met in San Francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations
Conference on International Organization.
C. The recent high-profile conferences on development issues,
which have continued a series that began in the 1970s, have
broken new ground in many are as: by involving Presidents,
Prime Ministers and other heads of state - as pioneered at the
1990 World Summit for Children.
D. These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty
and environmental degradation at the top of the global agenda.
E. These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency
to grab front-page headlines and command the attention of
world leaders.
10. Artificial Intelligence #10000286

A. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been
intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work.
B. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements
of the design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition,
learning and planning.
C. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running
on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess
champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would
dominate that particular game.
D. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.
11. Silent Students in Tutorials #10000331

A. Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying
anything.
B. Why is that?
C. Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
D. They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them
information.
E. Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, t here can be
other reasons why they keep quiet.
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12. Diversity # 10000440

A. To see whether diversity matters on the land and in the sea, ……
join the forces.
B. These researchers will test the full resources of …
C. The data range from … and a database, to kitchen's recorders
and archaeologists.
D. The results of this research will be published in science.
13. The Job of a Manager (Version 2) #10000422

A. The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done
through employees.
B. In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to
motivate employees.
C. That is, however, easier said than done.
D. Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects,
encompassing various disciplines.
14. Monash Student Ne Tan #10000383

A. Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first
semester of this year studying at the University of California,
Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.
B. Ne, an international student from Shanghai, China, began her
Monash journey at Monash College in October 2006.
C. There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter
Monash University as a second-year student.
D. Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will
see her complete four units of study in the US before returning
to Australia in May 2009.
15. Choose a School #10000401

A. There are more than 100 schools in the country.
B. Do not ever choose a school without going to the place and
having a look. You should go and see once you have a chance.
C. You can see the facilities and accommodations around the
school.
D. Because you might be living there.
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E. And they can be helpful to your study as well.
16. Heart Attack # 10000423

A. Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary
artery by a blood clot.
B. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
C. The clot in blood vessels w ill block blood flow.
D. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
17. Map #10000226

A. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the
ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing
night and day across the time zones of the world.
B. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's
historic difficultly in grasping the concept of punctuality.
C. But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even
though it now seems very primitive.
D. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude,
without regard the reality of either political divisions or the
changing seasons.
18. Mother of Storm #10000431

A. Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly
large cast of viewpoint characters.
B. This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their
interactions are well-handled and informative, although
occasionally in moving them about the author's manipulations
are a bit blatant.
C. They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the
hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction upon the world's
coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
D. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable
guy.
19. Charles Lindbergh #10000243

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A. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his
first job as the chief pilot of an airmail routeoperated by
Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
B. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH -4 biplane to Springfield,
Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.
C. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for
delivering the mail under any circumstances.
D. After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning
aircraft and immediately phoned Alexande rVarney, Peoria's
airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
20. Carbon Pricing in Canada #10000368

A. There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be
taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a
price must be applied to those e missions.
B. There are, however, challenges associated with the political
acceptability of carbon pricing.
C. If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are
worries that Canadian factories will relocate to other countries
to avoid the regulation.
D. Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price
carbon, the effects will be uneven across sectors, and lobbying
efforts by relatively more -affected sectors might threaten the
political viability of the policy.
21. Wal-Mart #10000424

A. Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster
than a year ago due to rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant
is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday.
B. "We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure," Duke
said at an event in New York. "There's no doubt that rising fuel
prices are having an impact."
C. Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live pay check to pay check,
typically shop in bulk at the beginning of the month when their
pay checks come in.
D. Lately, they're "running out of money" a t a faster clip, he said.
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E. "Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even
more than last year," Duke said. "This end -of-month
[purchases] cycle is growing to be a concern.
22. Objectivity of Journalists #10000250

A. Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased,
they inevitably share the
system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
B. Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of
a particular issues.
C. Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all
sides of an issue as it is to
invite all candidates from all political parties to a presidential
debate.
D. Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
23. SEPAHUA #10000340

A. SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon
jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same
name flows into the Urubamba.
B. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land
sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany
and accessible from the town. “Boundaries are on maps,” says
a local logger, “maps are only in Lima,” the capital.
C. In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried
to regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian
Amazon where this is allowed.
D. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
E. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on
a map, with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim
was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable
extraction.
24. International Date Line #10000293

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A. International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's surface,

generally following the 180° meridian of longitude, where, by
international agreement, travelers change dates.
B. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would
otherwise result.
C. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the
sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still
be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one
day later for those on the ground below them.
D. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in
opposite directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth,
180° of longitude distant.
E. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler
crossing the date line change his date, thus brin ging the
travelers into agreement when they meet.
25. Aviation #10000430

A. During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the
field of aviation, including the first transatlantic flight of Alcock
and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight
in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the
following year.
B. One of the most successful designs of this period was the
Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to be profitable
carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of
passenger airline service.
C. By the beginning of World War II , many towns and cities had
built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots
available.
D. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the
first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
26. Ocean floors #10000342

A. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since
in great areas the available soundings are hundreds or even
thousands of miles apart.
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B. However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known

as a result of special surveys since 1920.
C. A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north
and south between Africa and the two Americas.
D. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
E. Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic
floors are rugged as mountainous r egions of the continents.
27. Indian IT #10000363

A. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it
is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting
Group in India.
B. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models
that enable them to provide services in a more cost -effective
way. This is not something that necessarily requires expensive
technical research.
C. He suggests the country’s computer services industry can
simply outsource research to foreign universiti es if the
capability is not available locally.
D. “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world
without having to produce them myself” says Mr. Maria.
28. Foreign Aid #10000241

A. But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly
improve.
B. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries
into curbing their bad practices.
C. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are
meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
D. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more
transparent than it was when foreign aid routinely helped
ruthless dictators stay in power.
29. Jet Stream #10000479

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A. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at

heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3 –12.9 km) above the
surface of the earth.
B. They are caused by great temperature differences between
adjacent air masses. There are four major jet streams.
C. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in
a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the
Northern Hemisphere) at speeds con siderably slower than the
wind speed itself.
D. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending
on whether tail winds or head winds are encountered.
E. In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by
eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and
avoided by westbound aircraft.
30. Study Overseas #10000392

A. All over the world students are changing countries for their
university studies.
B. They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing
a particular place to study.
C. They may choose a university because of its interesting courses
or perhaps because they like the country and its language.
D. Some students go overseas because they love travel.
E. Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make
their dreams of a university education come true.
31. Scientific Dishonesty # 10000425

A. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often
over-dramatized in order to secure an audience - but not of
science itself.
B. Of course, there may be the extremely rare example of scientific
dishonesty, which will be seized upon by the news
organisations, but the role of science within modern society
remains valuable.
C. Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if dri vers insist
on talking on the phone instead of looking at roa ds.
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D. But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make
a phone call when we are under a crisis.
E. In other words, I firmly believe that the development of science
and the extension of understanding is a public good.
32. Musical Notion #10000346

A. Over the years many human endeavours have had the benefit
of language.
B. In particular a written language can convey a lot of information
about past events, places, people and things.
C. But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more
difficult to specify a tune.
D. It was the development of a standard musical notation in the
11th century that allowed music to be documented in a physical
form.
E. Now music could be communicated efficiently and succ eeding
generations would know something about the music of th eir
ancestors.
33. Taking Lecture Notes #10000311

A. Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener.
B. To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate
on the main points of the lecture.
C. Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own
words.
D. Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful
reviewing and revising.
34. Australia’s native plants and animals #10000448

A. Australia's native plants and a nimals adapted to life on an
isolated continent over millions of yea rs.
B. Since European settlement they have had to compete with a
range of introduced animals for habitat, food and shelter.
C. Some have also had to face new predators.
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D. These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our

country's soil and waterways and o n its native plants and
animals.
35. Internship #10000415

A. During the school year, we had the benefit of being both
unaccountable and omnipotent.
B. Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to
all critical information about the case, we were able to solve
complex business problems with relative ease.
C. We knew that once we began our internships, this would no
longer be the case.
D. The information would be more nebulous, and t he outcomes of
our decisions would be unpredictable.
E. So, in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered
in the back of our minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable
thought: "Were we really up to the challenge?"
36. Competence and Performance #10000224

A. In language learning there is a distinction between competence
and performance. Competence is a state of the speaker’s mind.
What he or she knows?
B. Separate from actual performance – what he or she does while
producing or comprehending language. In other words,
competence is put to use through performance.
C. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving.
Drivers know the code and have indeed be entested on it to
obtain a driving license.
D. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to
a continuous flow of changing circumstances and may even
break it from time to time.
E. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
37. Animals Exploratory Urge #10000279

A. All animals have a strong exploratory urg e, but for some it is
more crucial than others.
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B. It depends on how specialized they have become during t he

course of evolution.
C. If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival
trick, they do not bother so much with the general complexities
of the world around them.
D. So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear is gum
leaves, then they are satisfied, and the living is easy.
E. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal
world, can never afford to relax.
38. Language # 10000428

A. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between
language and other cognitive skil ls, because language stands
apart in several ways.
B. For one thing, the use of language is universal —all normally
developing children learn to spea k at least one language, and
many learn more than one.
C. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex
mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and
many people cannot carry a tune.
D. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and
understand language, it may seem to be simple.
E. But just the opposite is true language is one of the most compl ex
of all human cognitive abilities.
39. Amino Acid # 10000441

A. Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental
element in the muscle’s formation…
B. Animals’ protein has a x% of the Leucine, which is higher than
those in plants’ protein.
C. Plants’ protein….
D. However, there are also some exceptions exist.
40. Carbon Detox #10000294

A. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues
that people are not persuaded by information.
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B. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we
mix.
C. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are
more likely to listen to those that offer us some reward.
D. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice,
environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie.
E. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the
face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.
41. An underperforming company #10000245

A. Take an underperforming company
B. Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonsful of
management incentives and trim all the fat.
C. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
D. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the
past 200 years.
42. Wagonways #10000251

A. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany
as early as 1550.
B. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over
which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease
than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern
railroads.
C. By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on
the carts.
D. Thirteen years later, Englishman, William Jessup designed the
first wagons with flanged wheels.
E. The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip
the rail, this was an important design that carried over to later
locomotives.
43. Engineers in Energy Sector #10000438

A. The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels,
both now and looming
over it for the next 10 years.
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B. Engineers, in particular, are much needed to develop greener

technologies.
C. Not only are there some good career opportu nities, but there’s
a lot of money going into
the research side, too.
D. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the
last few years funding from the research councils has probably
doubled.
44. EU Fish Problems #10000426

A. The European Union has two big fish problems.
B. One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them
properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet European
demand.
C. The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing
lobbies and decommission all the surplus boats.
D. The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen
to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the
government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
E. As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the
same way as ours.
45. New Ventures #10000364

A. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of
the world’s most dynamic, emerging economies -- Brazil, China,
Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
B. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment and
worked with 250 innovative businesses whose goods and
services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits,
such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable
agriculture.
C. Often, they also address the challenges experienced by the
world’s poor.
D. For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called
Eco-star, refurbishes copy machines from the United States and
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re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded

photocopier.
46. Festival in the Desert # 10000277

A. The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical
heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
B. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north -
west of Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
C. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand
tracks to negotiate.
D. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form
of a three-day feast of music and dance.
47. International Economics # 10000394

A. International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven
approach in which each half of the book leads with an intuitive
introduction to theory and follows with self -contained chapters
to cover key policy applications.
B. The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and
policy in hot topics such as outsourcing, economic geography,
trade and environment, financial derivatives, the subprime
crisis, and China's exchange rate policies.
C. New for the Eighth Edition, all end -of-chapter problems are
integrated into MyEconLab, the online assessment and tut orial
system that accompanies the text.
D. Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can
encourage practice without needing to grade work by hand.
48. Hypothesis #10000347

A. Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do
not support the hypothesis.
B. Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the
hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
C. Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that
the hypothesis is true (or false) or feels internal or external
pressure to get a specific result.
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D. In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find

"something wrong", such as systematic effects, with data which
do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do
agree with those expectations may not be checked as carefully.
E. The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.
49. Memory and habits #10000429

A. In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain
disease that wiped out his memory.
B. Every day he was asked where the kitchen wa s in his house, and
every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea.
C. Yet whenever he was hungry, he got up and propelled himself
straight to the kitchen to get something to eat.
D. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of
our brains where habits are stored has nothing to do with
memory or reason.
E. It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James
noticed more than a century ago that humans are mere walking
bundles of habits
50. Father-Led Literacy Project # 10000291

A. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first
father-led literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more
involved in their children’s literacy.
B. Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to
increase the number of fathers p articipating as literacy helpers
in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
C. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking
saw the need for good attitudes towards reading to be formed
early on – with the help of male role models.
D. She said, “A male that values reading sets a powerful role
model, particularly for young boys, who are statistically more
likely to end up in remedial literacy programs.”
51. Electronic device disposal #10000439

A. The invention of electronics has become a challenge.
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B. An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have

an Electronic Recycling Collection Day.
C. During these days, …people are encouraged to recycle their e -
waste instead of throwing them into the bin.
D. On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices
like …. from families and households …
E. 200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.
52. Humanities104 #10000266

A. A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper
on a topic of your choice.
B. The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
C. The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final
draft should be written in APA styles.
D. The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
53. City Mayors #10000247

A. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failin g
districts.
B. It is, however, starting to utter warnings.
C. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review
warned that mayoral control can reduce parents’ influence on
schools.
D. And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an
example of what not to do.
54. How to answer questions in exams? #10000417

A. Students may don't know how to achieve high marks in exams.
B. Actually, you don’t have to write down everything you know.
C. Before writing, you should figure out what the question is after,
and what is not relevant.
D. And then you will have an idea of what you should write.
E. For example, ……
55. Opinion Compromise #10000232

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A. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it

takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which two people
initially have different views.
B. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to
accept the reality of views different from their own and to accept
change or compromise.
C. It is not just a matter of putting forw ard a set of facts and
expecting the other person immediately to accept the logic of
the exposition.
D. They have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about
the outcome that is eventually agreed.
E. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react
badly to any attempt to rush them into an agre ement.
56. Arcelor-Mittal Takeover #10000366

A. Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European
steel maker by 2006.
B. It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch -registered company run
from London by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal,
an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
C. The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses
finally listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept
Mittal's third offer.
D. The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening
integration into the global economy.
57. A $300-House #10000405

A. When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog
entry on Harvard Business Review in August2010 mooting the
idea of a “$300-house for they were merely expressing a
suggestion. “
B. Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote
Prof Govindarajan, a professor of international business at the
Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a
marketing consultant who works on environmental issues an
almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea.
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C. Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why
hadn’t it been done before?
D. Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask
chief executives, governments, NGOs, foundations.
58. Voice higher than 5mhz # 10000435

A. A study showed man cannot hear voice higher than 5 hertz …
B. To test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 6 students
…
C. As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear any sound
higher than 5 hertz
D. In thought of … as this frequency is too high that …
59. Sustainable Development #10000314

A. Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future?
I still believe both
B. The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines
sustainable development as” development which meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
C. Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of
development could not be sustained. Is this true?
D. Development in the past was driven by gro wth and innovation.
It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living
standards.
E. To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of
future generations will be is mistaken and in evitably leads to
the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
60. Bankruptcy #10000387

A. In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older
mines respond to demands to pay for clean -up in either of two
ways.
B. Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the
company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and
transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new
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companies that do not bear responsibility for clean -up at the old
mine.
C. If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be
bankrupted by clean-up costs, the company instead denies its
responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
D. In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it
remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S.
federal government and the Montana state governm ent pay for
the clean-up through the federal Superfund and a corresponding
Montana state fund.
61. Historical Records # 10000260

A. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can
help – if they exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records –
written in nature’s hand.
B. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an
excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
C. However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date
of a site, they can often go beyond simple str atigraphy.
D. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally tree time),
dates wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known
records, which, in some areas of the world, span several
thousand years.
62. Music record in Brazil # 10000223

A. Early in 1938, one Folklore Research Mission dispatched to the
north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
B. His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly
as possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema
began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
C. They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting:
piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests , quarry
workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
D. But the Brazilian mission’s collectio n ended up languishing in
vaults here.
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63. Science and technology #10000282

A. It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and
technology are important.
B. Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent
on some fairly recent developmen ts in science and technology.
C. Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument
D. But the fact that science underlies our lives, o ur health, our
work, our communications, our entertainment and our transport
is undeniable.
64. Accounting System #10000312

A. Are there any systems that can measure the Accounting system?
B. Well, there is accounting software describes a type of
application software that records and processes accounting
transactions within functional modules such as accounts
payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
C. This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device
which is Internet enabled or may be des ktop based. It varies
greatly in its complexity and cost.
D. These tools combine together to provide quality customer
service and create a climate of confidence, a customer service
strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
65. Earthquake in San Francisco #10000367

A. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco
were awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city.
B. The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about
one minute and was the result of the rupturing of the
northernmost 296 miles of the 800 -mile San Andreas fault.
C. But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second
place to the great fire that followed.
D. The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas
lines (and, in some cases, was helped along by people hoping
to collect insurance for their property —they were covered for
fire, but not earthquake, damage).
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66. Copernicus’s Heliocentric Theory #10000398

A. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between
1508 and 1514.
B. For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial
work, which contradicted all the authorities of the time.
C. The historic book that contains the final version of his theory,
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI (“Six Bo oks
Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not
appear in print until 1543, the year of his death.
D. According to legend, Copernicus received a cop y as he was
dying, on May 24, 1543.
E. The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to
astronomy. It had a profound influence on later thinkers of the
scientific revolution, including such major figures as Galileo,
Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
67. Fibres for clothing #10000436

A. Fibres suitable for clothing have been made for the first time
from the wheat protein gluten.
B. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk
C. However, up to 30 times cheaper.
D. Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced th e fibres at the
University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He says that because they are
biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical applications
such as surgical sutures.
68. Native English Speaker #10000253

A. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international bus iness,
medicine or academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able
to speak English to a pretty high level.
B. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these
new high achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling
them.
C. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they
have little idea how difficult it is to master another language.
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D. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be

chatty and informal.
E. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using
colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension harder.
69. Hip Hop Culture # 10000437

A. Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and
violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences
of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, an d neglect.
B. It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding,
community and social justice.
C. Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is
because these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a
powerful agent of positive social change around the world.
D. Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these dif ficult
circumstances.
70. Copernicanism #10000380

A. The expending influence of Copernicanism through the
seventeenth century transformed not only the natural
philosophic leaning of astronomers but also the store of
conceptual material accessible to writers of fiction.
B. During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre
arose, namely that of the scientific cosmic voyage.
C. Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in
which fictional characters journey to the moon, sun, and
planets.
D. In so doing, they discover that these once remote world are
themselves earth-like in character.
E. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind
demonstrate the seventeenth-century intellectual shift from the
Aristotelian to the Copernican.
71. Green Tea Health Benefit #10000433

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A. In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine

weighed in on the issue with a review article that looked at more
than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea.
B. They pointed to what they called an " Asian paradox," which
refers to lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite
high rates of cigarette smoking.
C. They theorized that the 1.2 litres of green tea that is consumed
by many Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols
and other antioxidants.
D. These compounds may work in several ways to improve
cardiovascular health.
E. Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL
cholesterol (the "bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the
build-up of plaque in arteries, the researchers w rote.
72. Children's Emotions #10000442

A. Most young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional
upheaval.
B. As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many ad ults
have.
C. In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to
express their emotions and to effectively communicate their
need for emotional support.
D. The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may
manifest itself in alternative behaviours.
E. Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly
referred to as defense mechanisms
73. Superpower #10000443

A. The ‘superpower’ has international text, which means having
control over resources …political power.
B. In terms of superpower, it included …
C. ... ‘green superpower’, …
D. In addition to green energy superpower, company should meet
the above global average …emissions … and …
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74. Pidgins #10000444

A. In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that
originally had no native speakers in the country.
B. For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is
conducted in Tok Pisin.
C. This language is now used by over a million people, but it
began many years earlier as a kind of ‘contact’ language called
a pidgin.
D. A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that
developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among
groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not
know each other’s languages.
75. Sea Level Rise #10000445

A. Sea level rise led to 36 thousand people die every year.
B. This number can be raised if sea level ceaseless goes up,
scientists notified.
C. According to the research, if sea level rises 50 centimetres, 86
million people will die.
D. If sea level rises 1 meter, 168 million people will die all
around the world.
76. Fruit and Vegetable Intake #10000338

A. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of
future chronic disease, so it's important to know whether
intakes of teens are approaching national objec tives for fruit
and vegetable consumption.
B. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota
undertook the study to examine whether or not teens in the
state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables.
C. The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable
intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999 and again in
2004.
D. Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and
vegetables than in 1999, Larson and colleagues found.
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E. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhance d

efforts to increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven't
been doing in the past.
77. Japanese girl leaning English #10000446

A. This paper summarizes some of the major data gathered in a
longitudinal, naturalistic study of a Japanese girl learning
English as a second language.
B. The subject in this study is Uguisu, “nightingale” in Japanese.
Her family came to the United States for a period of two years
while her father was a visiting scholar at Harvard, and they
took residence in North Cambridge, a workin g-class
neighbourhood.
C. The children in that neighbourhood were her primary source of
language input.
D. Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every
day, and later elementary school, but with no tutoring in
English syntax. Most of her neighbourhood friends were in her
same class at school.
78. Blue Halo #10000447

A. Latest research has found that several common flower species
have nanoscale ridges on the surface of their petals that meddle
with light when viewed from certain angles.
B. These nanostructures scatter light particles in t he blue to
ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle effect that
scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
C. By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos',
scientists were able to test the effect on pollinators, in this case
foraging bumblebees.
D. They found that bees can see the blue halo and use it as a signal
to locate flowers more efficiently.
79. E-Waste #10000361

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A. The global market for electrical and electronic equipment

continues to expand, while the lifespan of many products
becomes shorter.
B. The current global production of E -waste is estimated to be
20025 million tonnes per year, with most E -waste being
produced in Europe, the United States, and Australasia.
C. In Europe, e-waste is increasing at three to five percent a year,
almost three times faster than the total waste stream.
D. Consequently, large amounts of “e -waste” are constantly
generated worldwide, posing an increasing global challenge for
their disposal.
80. Medical Education #10000460

A. Formal medical education in Manches ter began in 1814 when
Joseph Jordan opened the first anatomy school in the English
provinces.
B. Previous lecture courses in medicine had included a series given
by Peter Mark Roget, then a physician at Manchester Infirmary
(1804-8), but better known for his later Thesaurus.
C. Jordan, however, offered dissections as well as lectures, and
medical education proved good business.
D. In London, the private anatomy schools, which had competed
with each other for decades, became incorporated with the
hospitals, but in the provinces private medical schools continued
beyond 1870, using the hospitals for clinical teaching but not
formally attached to them.
81. Turkey and Mars # 10000456

A. If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.
B. That's where you'll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to
live there are species that could probably survive on Mars as
well.
C. For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the
array of species that inhabit the Acigol, Saida, and Yarisli lakes.
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D. They are hopeful that studying some of t hem will yield useful
insights into the kinds of biology that could help microbes exist
on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and moons.
82. Wandering Minds # 10000466

A. Researchers studied groups of people from the University of
Wisconsin-Madison community, ranging in age from 18 to 65.
B. The first group was asked to perform simple tasks, like pressing
a button every time they took a breath or clicking in response
to a letter popping up on a computer screen; these tasks were
so easy that their minds were likely to wander, the researchers
figured.
C. The researchers checked in periodically, asking the participants
if their minds were on task or wandering.
D. When the task was over, they measured each participant's
working memory capacity by having them remember letters
while doing math equations.
E. Though all participants performed well on the task, the
researchers noticed that the individuals who indicated their
minds had wandered more than others also scored higher on the
working memory test.
83. Actors and Characters # 10000467

A. In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A.
Konijn looked to the question of how much actors are aware of
their performance as they perform it, and how much they let
the character “take over”.
B. She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the
emotions of the characters they were playing across a range of
affective states (from disgust and anxiety to tenderness and
pleasure).
C. She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors
as they played those character ’s emotions.
D. However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the
less likely the actor would report feeling that emotion onstage.
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84. Gender Stereotype # 10000468

A. The research by Will and colleagues dressed 6 -month-old babies
in different colored outfits that did not necessarily match their
gender, so the participants had no way of knowing if the baby
was in fact a boy or a girl.
B. Sometimes, the infant was dressed in blue and was called Adam
and sometimes it was dressed in pink and was called Beth.
C. There were three toys in the room: a train (boy stereotype), a
doll (girl stereotype), and a fish (neutral).
D. This study found that babies dressed in blue and thou ght to be
boys were more likely to be given the train. Babies in pink or
“girls” were more likely to be given the doll and more people
smiled at “Beth” then at “Adam”.
85. German Writers # 10000252

A. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of
Norbert Elias, a German sociologist.
B. The site lists not only his published books and articles b ut also
manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and
including reprints and translations.
C. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and
organized by date.
D. There is, however, no search facility.
86. Ethiopian Runners #10000475

A. Dr Pitsiladis has spent years trying to identify why Ethiopian
runners from the mountain region are so successful.
B. He began by taking DNA samples but found that they all had a
very different genetic make -up.
C. From this he concluded that there was nothing that could be
identified genetically as East African .
D. So he then looked at the East African way of life and found that
as Children, 68 percent of all top Ethiopian or Kenyan runners
ran, rather than walked, to school and back home, from the age
of five onwards.
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E. He tested those children and found that their bodies processed

oxygen more efficiently than many adult elite athletes in Britain.
87. Book Writing #10000487

A. For many years, I had been thinking of writing a book.
B. Not an ordinary book, but a literature book.
C. I would do extensive literature reading and think about how I
could do as well as they had done.
D. What I did is what you will need to do.
88. Open Day in School #10000485

A. School has different ways to let parents know how they provide
education services.
B. One of the common ways is open days.
C. Open days are good chances for parents to ask what they want
to know.
D. These are times when parents can know what works for their
children will be doing at school.
89. Marshmallow #10000488

A. A four-to-six-year-old child sits alone in a room at a table facing
a marshmallow on a plate.
B. The child is told: If you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you
can have both this one and a second one.
C. Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eatin g the
marshmallow.
D. The longer a child can resist the temptation has been correlated
with higher general competency later in life.
90. Coding #10000486

A. Developing computational thinking helps students to better
understand the world around them.
B. Many of us happily drive a car without under standing what goes
on under the bonnet.
C. So is it necessary for children to learn how to program
computers?
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D. After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills
that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence g rows.
E. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill.
91. Harnessing The Power #10000489

A. The government has promised to help counter this global trend
by reducing UK carbon emissions by 80 percent from 1990
levels by 2050.
B. And with the second largest tidal range in the wor ld, British
marine energy could play an important role in this shift.
C. But harnessing the power of the tides is not without
consequence.
D. 1n 2013, plans to construct an E34bn barrage across the Severn
estuary were rejected after concerns were raised about its
effect on local ecosystems.
92. Reading #10000377

A. Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate
their communication into another medium and in this case the
medium provides a semi-durable record of the elements of the
communication.
B. So reading is a very special ability that we have.
C. Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children
have to be taught to read, write , and spell.
D. So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and
usually have the abilities necessary to m aster reading, it is
something that most of us only accomplish through the direct
help of others.
93. DRM #10000461

A. Due to its ability to solve all main problems associated with
digital goods, Digital Rights Management is the favorite option
used by companies to tackle privacy.
B. The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of DRM
for consumers, firms, and socie ty.
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C. The rationales of DRM are discussed and the expected benefits

for firms are presented.
D. In contrast, consumers are shown to be likely to s ee few
benefits in DRM.
E. The article concludes with some public policy recommendations.
94. Piano Keys #10000240

A. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.
B. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
C. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony
and the flats (white keys) were covered with strips of ivory.
D. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and
protected by treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively used.
95. General Aviation #10000272

A. After World War II, especially in North America, there was a
boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, a s
thousands of pilots were released from military service and
much inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft
became available.
B. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded
production to provide light aircraft for the new middl e-class
market.
C. By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning
with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely used
passenger jet was the Boeing 707 b ecause it was much more
economical than other aircraft at that time.
D. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for
smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small -
volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
96. The Impact of Immigrants #10000244

A. In the early years of the twenty -first century, the impact of
immigrants on the welfare state has become a staple of
discussion among policymakers and politicians.
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B. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow

pages of Prospect to the populism of the Daily Mail .
C. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
D. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots
that go much deeper than have been acknowledged.
97. Wildlife #10000390

A. Not all wildlife is created equal in our eyes.
B. Take the earthworm, which doesn’t have the widespread appeal
of larger, more charismatic animals such as gorillas, tigers or
pandas.
C. Worms are never going to get a strong “cute response”, and
they won’t ever be the face of a conservation campaign.
D. But what Darwin rightly recognized is that – panda fans avert
your eyes – worm conservation is much more important once
we factor in their provision of what we now call “ecosystem
services”, which are crucial to human survival.
98. Snakes #10000491

A. Big Country Snake Removal responded to a home in Albany,
Texas, after a man who was trying to restore his cable, climbed
under the house and saw some snakes.
B. He saw a 'few' snakes and quickly crawled out, said a post on
Big Country Snake Removal's Facebook page.
C. "We arrived around lunchtime and as soon as I crawled under I
could immediately see that there was far more than a 'few, —
the post said.
D. The company ended up removing 45 rattlesnakes from beneath
the house.
99. Hudson #10000476

A. Aboard the ship Discovery, Hudson left England in April 1610.
B. He and his crew, which again included his son John and Robert
Juet made their way across the Atlantic Ocean.
C. After skirting the southern tip of Greenland, they entered what
became known as the Hudson Strait.
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D. The exploration then reached another of his namesakes, the

Hudson Bay.
100. Short-term Memory #10000493

A. Short-term memory (SMT) can hold information anywhere
between 15-30 seconds.
B. According to Miller's Magical Number Seven (1956), s hort-term
memory has a limited capacity, being able to store 5 to 9 items
simultaneously.
C. However, if we hear concepts or ideas repeatedly in an audio
form we can acoustically encode the information.
D. It is a process referred to as "rehearsal", thereby comm itting it
to our long-term memories.
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Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks

1. The Iron bridge Gorge # 12000266
The Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage proper ty covers an area of

5.5 km2 (550ha) and is located in Telford, Shropshire,
approximately 50km north-west of Birmingham. The Industrial
Revolution had its 18th-century roots in the Ironbridge Gorge
before spreading across the world, bringing with it some o f the
most far-reaching changes in human history. The site
incorporates a 5km length of the steep -sided, mineral-rich
Severn Valley from a point immediately west of Ironbridge
downstream to Coalport, together with two smaller river valleys
extending northwards to Coalbrookdale and Madeley. The
Ironbridge Gorge offers a powerful insight into the origins of
the Industrial Revolution and also contains extensive remains of
that period when the area was the focus of international
attention from artists, engineers, and writers.
The site contains substantial remains of mines, foundries,

factories, workshops, warehouses, ironmasters' and workers'
housing, public buildings, infrastructure, and transport systems,
together with the traditional landscape and forests of the
Severn Gorge. In addition, there also remain extensive
collections of artifacts and archives relating to the individuals,
processes, and products that made the area so important.
Today, the site is a living working community with a population
of approximately 4000 people. It is a lso a historic landscape
that is interpreted and made accessible through the work of a
number of organizations, in particular, the Ironbridge Gorge
Museum Trust established in 1967 to preserve and interpret the
remains of the Industrial Revolution within the Ironbridge
Gorge) and the Severn Gorge Countryside Trust established in
1991 to manage the woodland and grassland in the Gorge.
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2. Debt for Developing Exchanges # 12000210
Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and

development abound in both the academic and popular
literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and
interesting as it subsumes the economic debate to the broader
social, political, environmental and institutional context of deb t
in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges:
History and New Applications is intended for a wide audience
including academics from a range of disciplines (including
accounting and finance); non-Government organizations
(NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor
governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross
Buckley, author and editor has developed an international
profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of
an Australian Research Council (ARC ) Discovery grant to explore
debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve
development outcomes from aid, are practically and poli tically
attractive to creditors and contribute to regional security.
3. United Nation (Version 1) # 12000349
Founded after World War II by 51 "peace -loving states"

combined to oppose future aggression, the United Nations now
counts 192 member nations, including its newest members,
Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in
2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in
2006. United Nations Day has been observed on October 24
since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments
of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945.
The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions
across the globe.
Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades,

the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics.
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In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary -

General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for
a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there
have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently
underway. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed
personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing
peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were 16
peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230
personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in
virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.
4. Australian Higher Education # 12000371
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone

dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian
Government provided regular funding for universities from the
late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding
higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the intention of
making university accessible to all Australians who had the
ability and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a m ove towards greater
private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the
Australian Government introduced the Higher Education
Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to
help students finance their contributions. This enabled
university to remain accessible to students by delaying their
payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002,
the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to
HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education
Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from
various sources. This article examines the three main sources -
Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and
HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through
HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant
component of students' university costs, with many students
carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university.
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This article also focuses on characteristics of university students

based on their HECS liability s tatus, and the level of
accumulated HECS debt.
5. Tomb of Tutankhamun # 12000076

The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings
on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front of the tomb of
Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instea d of the
tranquility that usually descends on the area in the evening it
was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment,
journalists milled and photographers held their cameras at the
ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter
discovered the tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was
being prepared for public display. Inside the subterranean burial
chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass,
accompanied by four Egyptologists, two restorers and three
workmen, were slowly lifting the mu mmy from the golden
sarcophagus where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed --
for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a
wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high-
tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase located in the
outer chamber of the tomb where, covered in linen, with only
the face and feet exposed, it now greets visitors.
6. Agrarian parties # 12000426
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the

interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of
society. The extent to which they are important, or whether
they even exist, depends mainly on two factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the

size of the rural relative to the urban population. The other is a
matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be
important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must
not be integrated with the other major sections of society thus
a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but hav e
an economic system in which the interests of the voters were
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predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations

or location; and in such a country the political system would be
unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
7. Poverty # 12000357
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a

uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies,
which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has
defined the international poverty line as U.S. $ 1 and $2 per day
in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for
differences in the prices of goods and services between
countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least
developed countries, primarily African; the $2 -per-day level is
used for middle-income economies such as those of East Asia
and Latin America.
8. Video-Conferencing Technology # 12000341

Never has the carbon footprint of multi -national corporations
been under such intense scrutiny. Inter -city train journeys and
long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings
contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting
strain on the environment. The Anglo -US company Teliris has
introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered
with the Carbon Neutral Co mpany, enabling corporate outfits to
become more environmentally responsible. The innovation
allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across
continents without the time pressure or environmental burden
of international travel. Previous designs hav e enabled
videoconferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The
firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people
together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the
world - with unrivalled transmission quality.
9. Seatbelt # 12000014
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive
and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am
convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have
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persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds tha t

transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on
wheels”. But a book on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has
made me re-examine my prejudices. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible
precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in
relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what
they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of
numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives
every year.
There is remarkable data on the years 1970 and 1978 countries

in which the wearing of seat bells is compulsory have had on
average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following
the introduction of the law. In the UK, road deaths have
decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over
4,000 in 1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect
of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover,
there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians
killed actually increased by about 10 per c ent.
10. Ocean Floor # 12000354

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants
and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the
water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000 -km long
coral formation off the north-eastern coast of Australia. Coral
reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on
solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy,
however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the
surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar
energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make
most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life
forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of
2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of
Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise.
Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs
(geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading
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centres along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at

temperatures over 1,000 °Presumably was be ing erupted to
form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally
unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea
life – giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived
around the hot springs.
11. Population Change # 12000206
Populations can change through three processes: fertility,

mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the number of
children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity
(a woman's childbearing potential). Mortality is the study of the
causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting
death to members of the population. Demographers most
commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical
device that provides information about the mortality conditions
(most notably the life expectancy) in the population. Migration
refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a
destination place across some predefined, political boundary.
Migration researchers do not designate m ovements 'migrations'
unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus, demographers do
not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While
demographers who study migration typically do so through
census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data
including tax forms, and labour force surveys are also
important. Demography is today widely taught in many
universities across the world, attracting students with initial
training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.
12. Sleeping Pattern # 12000232
Children have sound sleep patterns. They can soundly sleep

for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But teenagers don’t.
Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can
influence their sleep patterns. Despite these factors, they
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actually need longer sleep. So, parents should try and speak to
their children, who are suitable to help them understand that a
night of sound sleep is always helpful.
13. A Bad Title # 12000201
A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so

started toward failure. Novices are peculiarly liable to this
fault, usually through allowing themselves to be too easily
satisfied. They go to infinite pains to make the story itself fresh
and individual, and then cap it with a better phrase that is
worse than no title at all. A good title is apt, specific, attractive,
new, and short.
14. Mini Helicopter # 12000181
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be

flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of
Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for
inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic
the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-
size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that
standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply
fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that
a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use
much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of
trees such as the maple have a single -blade structure that
allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These
seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the
air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the
behavior of the samara with high -speed cameras, Ulrich and his
team were able to copy its design.
The samara copter is not the first single -winged helicopter - one
was flown in 1952, and others have been attempted since-but
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it is the first to take advantage of the samara’s autorotation.

This allows Ulrich’s vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as
falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using vertical
columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “W e can turn off the
motor and autorotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says
Ulrich.
15. Mass-communications # 12000423
Traditionally, mass-communications research has

conceptualized the process of communication in terms of a
circulation circuit or loop. This model has been criticized for its
linearity — sender/message/receiver — for its concentration on
the level of message exchange and for the absence of a
structured conception of the different moments as a complex
structure of relations. But it is also possible and useful to think
of this process in terms of a structure produce d and sustained
through the articulation of linked but distinctive moments —
production, circulation, distribution/consumption, reproduction.
This would be to think of the process as a ‘complex structure
in dominance’, sustained through the articulation of connected
practices, each of which, however, retains its distinctiveness
and has its own specific modality, its own forms and conditions
of existence.
16. Fresh Water # 12000190
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals

and plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can
make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of
fresh water if they are to stay fit and healthy. Of the total
supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh,
and most of that is stored as ice and snow at the poles or is so
deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it.
Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have
a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about
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4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between

most of the plants, animals and people on the planet.
17. Computer Simulation # 12000202
The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made,

that computer simulation exercises provide an excellent source
of speaking practice. In so doing I shall first consider the
properties of computer simulations from a theoretical point of
view, then describe the e xperience of using a particular
simulation with a general EFL class. On the bas is of this
experience, and of some very straightforward pedagogical
considerations, I shall argue that the claim is justified,
subject to a very important caveat: computer simul ations can
form the basis of excellent speaking exercises, provided you do
not expect the computer to do all the work. Put in another way,
many computer simulations only attain their full potential as
language exercises if they are integrated into a larger,
planned, teacher-managed activity.
18. Impressionism # 12000359
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that

began as a loose association of Paris -based artist who started
publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of
Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light
colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing
qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time),
ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name
of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression,
Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy
inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le
Charivari. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the
rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely
brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work
of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of
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painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not
only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been
painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could
capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by
painting air (in plain air).
19. Pinker # 12000361
In a sequence of bestsellers, inclu ding The Language Instinct

and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the swathes of our
mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as
evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors
eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as
if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage,
adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller
number of women who become mechanical engineers —all may
have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The
controversial implications are obvious: that men and women
might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks,
for example, or that parenting ma y have little influence on
personality.
20. Indian Onion # 12000013
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element

with which all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest
vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the
shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds
that you will never starve because you can always afford a r oti
(a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an
unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few days,
another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the
influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has
been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a
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shortage of supply. With its capacity for bringing down

governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an
explosive role in Indian politics. This week r eports of rising
onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the
attention of the governing elite.
21. Natural Capital # 12000340
Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital –

the machines, tools, and equipment used in th e production of
other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also relies on
natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degrading the
services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our
economies and sustain our lives. These services include
purifying our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood
risk, and pollinating our crops. The Natural Capital Project — a
partnership among WWF, The Nature Conservan cy, University of
Minnesota and Stanford University — works to provide decision
makers with reliable ways to assess the true value of the
services that ecosystems provide. An essential element of the
Natural Capital Project is developing tools that help de cision
makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
22. Daniel Harris # 12000422
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed

that until photography finally supplanted illustration as the
“primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour
inhered less in the face of the drawing, which was by necessity
schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude,
posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely dainty
positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in
the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations
cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles or
tilts. Illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at
all, but angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty
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look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head

cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile
presented in sharp outline, emanating power the severity like
an emperor’s bust embossed on a Roman coin.
23. Omniscience # 12000420
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books.

Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a
thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the
amount which you may actually know yourself mu st, at its best,
be limited, but what you may know of the sources of
information may, with proper training, become almost
boundless. And here come the value and use of reference
books—the working of one book in connection with another —and
applying your own intelligence to both. By this means we get
as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever
we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells
everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference
books in existence, a knowledge and proper use of which is
essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe
reference books to be, they can easily be made to be
contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not
be made of them.
24. Australian Women Novelist # 12000234
In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the

1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in homegrown
Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about
books by young Australian women. But it was not until recently
that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels
were published in that decade, and she found that there had
been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall but
confirmed an increase in women’s novels. It is this sort of
research – testing ideas about literary history – that is becoming
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possible with the spread of ‘Digital Humanities.’ The

intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening
up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history
and language that were not possible without computational
methods and digitized resources to bring information together
in an accessible way. Transcription software is being developed
for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field
of digital humanities really takes off.
25. Job of a Doctor # 12000418
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a

doctor is more and more like the job of a chief executive. The
people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just
need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance
budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult
marketing and legal decisions.
26. Arbitration # 12000230
Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with mor e

or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in many political and
legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to
arbitration. The first is that it is a voluntary process under which
two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be bound
by the judgment of a third party which has no other authority
over them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. Th e
second is that there is usually no clear body of law or set of
rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any
prior agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on
whatever basis of justice is deemed suitable.
27. Intelligence of Animals # 12000370
Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is

difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a horse?
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Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that

does not require the cooperation of the animal involv ed. The
relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication
of intelligence. Comparing across species is not as simple an
elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple because
it is a large beast, instead we use the Cephalization inde x,
which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its
body.
Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the
planet are humans, followed by great apes, porpoises and
elephants. As a general rule, animals that hunt for a living (l ike
canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need
much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that
live in social groups are always smarter and have large EQ's
than solitary animals.
28. Nutrition Scientist # 12000272
Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new

discoveries, we need to revise our recommendations for
healthy eating from time to time. However, nutrition is an art
as well as a science. It's an art because it requires creativity
to develop a healthy eating plan for people who differ in their
food preferences, beliefs and culture, let alone in their
nutritional needs according to their genes and life stage. As we
discover more about how our genes and o ur environment
interact, it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single
set of dietary recommendations that will be suitable for
everyone.
29. Film # 12000248
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said “A

painter just needs a brush and the writer just needs a pen, but
the producer needs an army.” And an army needs money a
producer is just like an entrepreneur, we raise money to make
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films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play

and purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that
idea often a reasonably small sum besides, to commission a
writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to
gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We are lucky
here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film
Council, all of these are good places to develop an idea.
Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or
even Europe because the economic dynam ic is different.
30. Retirement # 12000414
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and

we need to change mindsets arising from earlier government
policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels,
encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today,
government encourages them to delay their retirement.
We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where

mature age workers gradually reduce their hours, and where
they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their
work and non-work time. We also need to recognize the broader
change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live.
Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship
between education, training, work, and retirement, as people
move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure.
Employers of choice remove the barriers between the different
segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of
work and a range of leave entitlements. They take an
individualized approach to workforce planning and development
so that the needs of employers and employee s can be met
simultaneously. This approach supports the different
transitions that occur across the life course - for example,
school to work, becoming a parent, becoming resp onsible for
the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.
31. Seminars # 12000413

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Seminars are not designed to be mini lectures. Their educational

role is to provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting
and/or difficult aspects o f the course. This is founded on the
assumption that it is only by actively tryin g to use the
knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that
you can achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If
you do not understand a point it is hig hly unlikely that you will
be the only person in the group in that position; you will
invariably be undertaking service for the entire group if you
come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which
you feel you did not fully understand. The semi nar is to provoke
discussion.
32. Cloth Making Process # 12000400
About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth.

Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into a thin thread,
using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric. The
earliest weaving machines probably consisted of little more
than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called
the wrap, while the cross-thread, called the weft was inserted
Later machines called looms had roads that separated the
threads to allow the weft to be inserted more easily. a piece of
wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of thread, was passed
between the separated threads. The basic principles of
spinning and weaving have stayed the same until the present
day though during the industrial revolution of the 18th century
many ways were found of automating the processes. With new
machines such as the spinning mule, many threads could be
spun at the same time, and, with the help of devices like the
flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great
speed.
33. Bees Food # 12000274

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Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from
nectar, which actually is a fluid that is collected in the heart of
the flowers to encourage pollination by insects and other
animals. Secondly, come from pollen, it is fine powdery
substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains stored
from the male part of a flower or from a male cone. It contains
a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, which is
transferred by wind, insects or other animals.
Let us go with the honeybee from her flower to the hive and see
what happens. Most bees gather only pollen or nectar. As she
sucks nectar from the flower, it is stored in her special honey
stomach ready to be transferred to the honey-making bees in
the live.
34. The horned desert viper # 12000286
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always

puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head buried in the
sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as pre y appears.
Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at
the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed
a computer model of the snake’s auditory system to explain
how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears
for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear
frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound
of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The
snakes don’t have external eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So,
unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake
won’t hear it.”
35. Kimbell # 12000352
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment.

In Chapter 1, Kimbell
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(Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design

programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus
on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is
equally problematic. His research contains three parts that
include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities,
investigation of resulting classro om practices, and development
of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is
presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes
a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story
format. Such a device encourages stimulatin g ideas but does
not recognize students as design innovators.
The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as

details about “having, growing, and proving ” ideas. Colloquial
judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and
reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term,
“sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was
to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessm ent
focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as
well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just
generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as
“technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow
and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project,
its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and
their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages,
in the Appendix.
36. The new book on Kiwi # 12000157
A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife

photographer to produce the definitive book on New Zealand's
national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A Natural History was written by
Dr Isabel Castro and features photographs by Rod Morris. Dr
Castro has been working with kiwi since 1999, with a focus on
their behavior. "I've specifically bee n looking at the sense of
smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but also in their interactions
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with their environment and other kiwi," she says. The book
covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and
closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behavior and
current conservation issues, making this the perfect
introduction for anyone with an interest in these fascinating
birds. The book is the second title in a new series on New
Zealand's wildlife, targeted at a family readership.
37. Teens Writing # 12000419
Teens write for a variety of reasons —as part of a school

assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch with friends,
to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their
thoughts to paper (whether virtual or otherwise). In our focus
groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can
select topics that arc relevant to their lives and interests and
report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the
opportunity to write creatively. Havi ng teachers or other adults
who challenge them, present them with interesting curricula
and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for
teens. Teens also report writing for an audience motivates them
to write and write well.: teenagers [comp ose/account/_J their
writings for the adults who can understand them.
38. Zika Virus # 12000265
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated.

At present, it is circulating in more than 50 countries. And as of
mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of
microcephaly or other serious birth defects linked to the virus,
which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or
sexual contact with an infected human. It can also be passed
from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Despite
Zika's vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic
difference among the various strains, according to an analysis
by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at
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Galveston. For example, the strain currently in the Americas and

another previously detected in French Polynesia are practically
indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the
virus has changed so little over time, why is it rearing its ugly
head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but ne w experimental
work in mosquitoes suggests that the virus was capable of
causing detrimental health effects and outbreaks all along.
Therefore, it is unlikely mutations enabled new abilities.
Instead, public health officials probably did not understand
Zika's potential because the virus circulated mostly in remote
locations until recently.
39. Language deficit in UK schools # 12000270
This is a challenging time for UK students, and we should be

making their transition from university to the globaliz ed world
easier, not harder. The British Academy has voiced its concern
over the growing language deficit for some years, and the
gloomy statistics speak for themselves. We need decisive
action if we are to remedy this worsening situation. The roots
of the problem lie within schools, but Vice-Chancellors have the
power to drive change and help their students recognize the
importance of learning languages, and about the countries
where they are spoken and the cultures they sustain. We urge
them to act and protect this country's long term economic,
social and cultural standing.
40. DNA # 12000269
DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the

hereditary material, which is passed down from generation to
generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the
construction of our bodies, telling our cells what kinds of
molecules to make and guiding our development from a single -
celled zygote to a fully formed adult. These two things are of
course connected. The DNA sequences that c onstruct the best
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bodies are more likely to get passed down to the next generation
because well-constructed bodies are more likely to survive and
thus to reproduce. This is Darwin's theory of natural selection
stated in the language of DNA.
41. The Lumiere Brothers # 12000268
Our sense of cinema as a site of commercial entertainment can

be traced back to the Lumiere brothers. In December 1895 they
attracted a fee-paying public in Paris to sit and watch flickering
images on an illuminated screen. T he commercial Pandora's Box
they opened was to blossom in a few years into a world cinema
industry and, at its peak, the fantastical Hollywood. Yet in the
30 years in which this miraculous construction was
accomplished, audiences rarely had to listen to films, only
watch them. Hence, the early decades of cinema were
characterized by the title 'silent'. In fact, there was a lot of
noise, machinery, audiences, musicians and commentators.
Even so, the absence of the human voice and dialogue make
the films seem rather strange when viewed by a modem
audience.
42. Arctic Sovereignty # 12000311
This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in

expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest
Passage. Presentations, conversations and learni ng
accompanied their exploratio n of the great outdoors aboard the
Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland
as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to
passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board
presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit
culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC
professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic
sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new
shipping routes open, and natural resources become
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accessible. Recommended pre -trip reading was late UBC

alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.
43. Serving on a Jury # 12000298
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are

qualified for jury service. A jury is intended to be an impartial
panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often procedures
and requirements, including a fluent understanding of the
language and the opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or
otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less
than neutral or partial to one side.
44. United Nation (Version 2) # 12000231
The United Nations is an international organization founded in

1945. Due to its unique
international character, and the powers vested in its founding
Charter, the organization can take action on a wide range of
issues and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to
express their views, through the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other
bodies and committees.
The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the
globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding,
conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are
many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized
agencies, funds and programs) affect our lives and make the
world a better place.
45. The Origins of Music # 12000419
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact

with it daily and use it as a way of projecting our self -identities
to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s
country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap – reflects who we are.
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But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling
question that may not have a definitive answer. One leading
researcher, however, has proposed that the key to
understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving
bond between mother and child.
In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an

Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, end orsed
the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the
playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and
toddlers.
As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by

evolutionary changes occurring between one and 2,000,000
years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a
critical need for stronger relationships between mothers and
their newborn babies.
According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in

Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to strengthe n this maternal
bond and to help ensure an infant’s survival.
46. Dark Energy #12000236
It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest

mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect that 75% of
the Universe is made up from a mysterio us substance known
as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an acceleration of the cosmic
expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from
invisible ‘Cold Dark Matter’ that can only be detected through
its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic mat ter making up
the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget.
These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as

that made after Copernicus revelation that the Earth moves
around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the
checkered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein’s
proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept
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back to Newton’s ideas. This lecture will summarize the current

evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is
heavily involved: the “Dark Energy Survey”, the Hubble Space
Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mis sion.
47. Enigma # 12000427
Nature is no longer an alien enigma but something immediately

beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird
melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long
as we have been listening, people have presumed there is music
coming out of those scissoring beaks.
48. History Cirriculum # 12000223
What history books tell us about the past is not everything that
happened, but what historians have selected. They cannot put
in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly
be made about which aspects of the past should be formally
taught to the next generation in the shape of school history
lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for
England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s,
the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public
and media interest. Politicians argued about it; people wrote
letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time,
Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first
about the question of content. There were two main camps on
this issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take
pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as
'world history'.
49. Politics & International Relations # 12000233
This course provides students with an in -depth understanding

of the exciting disciplines of politics and international relations.
Students will learn about the workings of political institutions
in countries around the world and explore the complex field o f
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relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy,

public administration, national security and border control
ensure that students receive a broad and current education in
the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics
and international relations. Students will undertake four
compulsory units and two majors, one in politics and
international relations and the othe r in governance and policy.
They will also choose an elective major from a wide choice of
options including political communication, international
studies, international business and national security studies. In
addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in
Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will
graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking,
enhanced communication abilities, problem -solving and strong
capacities to work with others. They will a lso develop ethically
based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
50. Wine and Ale # 12000373
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet

metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting
– and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in the
late Hallstatt period (about 600 – 450 BC), soon after the
foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the
mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape
began to make its way north and east along major river systems
together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from
the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the list of mood -
altering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social
networks in Iron Age Europe . Attic pottery fragments found at
hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such
as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine
mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological
evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather
or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into
Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were
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traded in return, but they may have included salted meat,

hides, timber, amber and slaves.
51. Jean Piaget # 12000380

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist,
spent much of his professional life listening to children,
watching children and poring over reports of researchers
around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it
most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After
thousands of interactions with young people often barely old
enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute
and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that
had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein
called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have
thought of it.” Piaget's insight opened a new window into the
inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide -ranging and
remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75
years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still
in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several
new fields of science: developmental psychology, cognitive
theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology
Although not an educational reformer, he fashioned a way of
thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s
education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the
displacement of stories of "noble sav ages” and "cannibals” by
modem anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first
to take children's thinking seriously.
52. Oxford Medical School # 12000257
When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had

come straight from medical school w ith the decision to leave
clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't
put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today,
I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my
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original profession. When I meet old friends, who are now

physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical
problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease
and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how
they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this
side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical
work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate
at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the
years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spe nt
at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were partly
a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is
easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working
with model organisms in basic research that seem to have
nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet,
I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe
diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to
retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
53. Good School Guide #12000337
A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in

the country is revealed in the latest edition of the Good Schools
Guide. Middle-class parents facing financial pressures in
the downturn are increasingly looking beyond the private
sector to educate their children. The 23 year -old Good Schools
Guide — a popular reference book for fee-paying families set
on the best private school — has increased the number of state
schools in this year's edition to 251 , pushing the figure to more
than a quarter of its 1 ,000 entries for the first
time, explaining why the guide has more than doubled the
number of schools it features outside the private sector in only
five years, Sue Fieldman, regional editor, told the Financial
Times: "The parents we speak to want more information on the
state sector and the best it has to offe r. "
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54. Job-hunting # 12000378
When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical.

Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself - to a
potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when
greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every effort
to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking.
Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will
give you competitive edge and a positive first impression.
Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the
reality is, of course, that you are judged. Throughout the entire
job-seeking process employers use short-cuts — heuristics or
rules of thumb — to save time. With cover letters, it’s the
opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With
resumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the
job interview, it’s how you’re dressed that sets the tone of the
interview.
How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the

safest route, but you should also try and do a little
Investigation of your prospective employer so that what you
wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with
the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can
happen) or underdress (the more likely scenario), the potential
employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.
55. Space work for an astronaut # 12000374
The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside

they can monitor machines and the work is carried out
alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space
Travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in
the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to
investigate how seeds change their biological character. When
outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the
space rubbish.
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56. A Dog # 12000334
A dog may be man's best friend, but man is not always a d og’s.
Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine
body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of
the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when
found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does,
though, offer a chance to those wh o would like to understand
how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches
is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter
size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work
with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this
simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of
America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish
to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular
pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.
57. Alaska Island # 12000345
Alaska's Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to

shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a
Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the western end of the
1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780,
inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship's
infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since
then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.
58. Katakana # 12000333
An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered

Japanese usage with grand abandon. A "kariya" woman is a
career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This
increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese versions of
Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use
of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister
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Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be

understood by a wider audience. As a result, a government
panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to sp eak proper
Japanese. Foreign words became katakana Japanese because
no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific
meaning or feeling. When the word "cool" travelled east, all of
its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person
in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. On the
other hand, someone who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation,
"cool." Similarly, a hotto person is one who is easily excitable,
perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or
personality of the moment.
59. Peter Garrett # 12000344
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what

largesse copyright can confer so it may seem right that he
should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 percent
of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their
families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth
that copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the
Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of
copyright to 70 years afte r death. Is it scandalous that really
valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations
(although Agatha Christie's no -doubt worthy great-
grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success
for her who dunnits and members of the Garr ick Club enjoy the
continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No.
The scandal is that being pensants politicians have attempted
to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on
an act of Parliament for their existence and by g iving away much
more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so
they have betrayed our trust.
60. Complementary Therapies # 12000332

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Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by

naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturis ts - have become
increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative
lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade
with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re -visited in a number of
areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations;
their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research i nto
their efficacy.
61. Mike’s Research # 12000377
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In

2003 he received the Carski Award for Distinguished
Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for
Microbiology. Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that
inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 y ears he
has studied the microbiology of permanently ice -covered lakes
in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his
research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic
bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the
journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the
editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s non -
scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his
dogs and horses. He lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with
his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut,
and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and
Festus).
62. Egg-Eating Snakes # 12000342
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet

consists only of eggs. Some eat onl y small eggs, which they
have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead,
some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special
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treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the
backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through
the throat.
63. Flowers Attract Insects # 12000041
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University,

flowers can their own ways to attract insects to help them
pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. A scientist
and her colleagues did an experiment in which they use fake
flowers to attract bees and insects. In their experiments, they
freed many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got
the same results.
64. Two farms # 12000331
Both farms were by far the largest, mos t prosperous, most

technologically advanced farms in their respective districts. In
particular, each was centered around a magnificent state -of-
the-art barn for sheltering and milking cows. Those structures,
both neatly divided into opposite facing rows of cow stalls,
dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both farms let their cows
graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced
their own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows
through the winter, and increased their production of summer
fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
65. Opportunity Cost # 12000282
Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter

what we do, there is always a trade -off. We must trade off one
thing for another because resources are limited and can be used
in different ways. By acquiring something, we use up
resources that could have been used to acquire something else.
The notion of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade -
off. Most decisions involve several alternatives. For example,
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if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have

one fewer hour to pursue other activities. To determine the
opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the
best of these “other” activities. For example, suppos e the
alternatives to studying economics are studying for a history
exam or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider
studying for history a better use of your time than working,
then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four ex tra
points you could have received on a history exam if you studied
history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the
best alternative, the opportunity cost of studying economics is
the $10 you could have earned instead.
66. Olympic Medalists # 12000375
In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey,

and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze medalists appeared
happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992
Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that bronze medalists
compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These
counterfactuals were the most salient because they were either
qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different
(medal vs. no medal) from what actually occurred. Drawing on
archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic
athletes (among others) are more likely to make counterfactual
comparisons based on their prior expectations, consistent with
decision affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be
disappointed because their personal expectations are higher
than those of bronze medalists.
67. Essays # 12000391
Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability

to research a topic and construct an argument, as well as your
understanding of subject content. This does not mean that
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essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecturer has said

throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to ex plore
in greater depth aspects of the course - theories, issues, texts,
etc. and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular
context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a
certain way: using formal academic style .
68. Movement in Painting # 12000388
Movement in painting in France in the 1860s and had enormous

influence in European and North American painting in the late
19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to
paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects
of light. The term was first used abusively to describe Claude
Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading
Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar Degas, Edouard
Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre -Auguste Renoir, and Alfred
Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas
throughout his career.
The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early

1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and
enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of
Impressionism. They met other members of the Importance of
essays Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They
never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group
exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the
name Impressionism was applied. Thei r styles were diverse, but
all experimented with effects of light and movement created
with distinct brush strokes and fragments of color dabbed side-
by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the
1880s the movement's central impulse had di spersed, and a
number of new styles were emerging, later described as post -
impressionism.
British Impressionism had a major influence on the more

experimental and progressive British painters in the late 19th
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and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in

the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in
France and was an influential figure who inspired many
younger artists. His friend and exact con temporary Philip Wilson
Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding Briti sh
Impressionist.
69. Lure New Students # 12000320
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools -

including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and
Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions and
prerequisite of four years’ work experience and instead have
set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called ‘early
career ‘professionals with only a couple years of work under
the belt.
70. What makes you happy? # 12000312
Want to know what will make you ha ppy? Then ask a total
stranger — or so says a new study from Harvard University,
which shows that another person’s experience is often more
informative than your own best guess.
The study, which appears in the current issu e of Science, was

led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard and
author of the 2007 bestseller “Stumbling on Happiness,” along
with Matthew Killingsworth and Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard,
and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia.
“If you want to know how much you wi ll enjoy an experience,

you are better off knowing how much someone else enjoyed it
than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says
Gilbert. “Rather than closing our eyes and imagining the
future, we should examine the experience of those who have
been there.
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Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral

economics has shown that people have difficulty predicting what
they will like and how much they will like it, which leads them
to make a wide variety of poor decisions. Interventio ns aimed
at improving the accuracy with which people imagine future
events have been generally unsuccessful.
71. EE & AVG # 12000408
Version 1: EE (energy expenditure) and AVG (active video

games). The sedentary video games cannot meet the minimum
exercise intensities… Playing AVGs increases energy
expenditure but can’t be a replacement of exercise….
The study, of 322 overweight 10 - to 14-year-olds, found that

those whose usual, sedentary video games were partly replaced
with active games gained less weight over six months. For
years, experts have worried that the growing amount of time
children are spending in front of TVs and computers is helping
to feed an epidemic of childhood obesity.
Version 2: There has been increased research interest in the use

of active video games (in which players physically interact with
images onscreen) as a means to promote physical activity in
children. The aim of this review was to assess active video
games as a means of increasing energy expenditure and
physical activity behavior in children. Studies were obtained
from computerized searches of multiple electronic biblio graphic
databases. The last search was conducted in December 2008.
Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy cost
associated with playing active video games, and eight studies
focused on the utility of active video games as an intervention
to increase physical activity in children. Compared with
traditional non-active video games, active video games elicited
greater energy expenditure, which wa s similar in intensity to
mild to moderate intensity physical activity. The intervention
studies indicate that active video games may have the potential
to increase free-living physical activity and improve body
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composition in children; however, methodological limitations

prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on
larger, methodologically sound intervention trials to provide
definitive answers as to whether this technology is effective in
promoting long-term physical activity in childre n.
72. Sales Representatives # 12000070
Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary ti me and effort

on the part of the sales representatives - especially when
compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs.
Most sales representatives work independently and outside the
immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some
form of goals needs to be in place to help motivate and guide
their performance. Sales personnel are not the only
professionals with performance goals or quotas . Health care
professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and
monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are
assigned a number of service calls they must perform during a
set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have
output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such
a big deal? The answer to this que stion can be found by
examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how
well the company's salespeople achieve their performance
goals. The success of the business hinges on the successful
sales of its products and services. Consider all the pla nning, the
financial, production and marketing efforts that go into
producing what the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the
sales force to sell the company's products and services and they
eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.
73. Behavior of Liquids # 12000302
If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid

behaving in an unusual way, it was probably made using
technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor
Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential method for
interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special
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effects involving water has been honored with election to the

Australian Academy of Sciences.
Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011,

was recognized for developing the method of Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of
astrophysics, engineering and physiology, as well as movie
special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to
use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and
stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve
out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan,
and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective
approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the simulation with
large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those
of the fluid. SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics,
where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the
universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the
processes of planet building.
74. Move to a new region # 12000369
People move to a new region for many different reasons. The

motivation for moving can come from a combination of what
researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors - those that
encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract
people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to
move include seeking a better climate, finding more affordable
housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the
congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant
environment, and wanting to be ne ar to family and friends. In
reality many complex factors and personal reasons may
interact to motivate a person or family to move.
75. E-learning # 12000225
Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with

students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees?
No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty
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lecture theatres as for the internet revolution, which has

greatly increased the volume and range of course materials
available online in the past five years.
"The temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be

online, so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri -Lee
Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at th e
University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the
process of opening the doors for the new academic year and,
while classes are generally well attended for the early weeks,
it often does not last. "There is concern at the university level
about student attendance dropping and why students are not
coming to lectures," Dr Krause said Bu t lecturers' pride - and
fierce competition among universities for students - mean few
are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many
classes are.
76. Legal Deposit # 12000299
Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to

ensure that the nation’s published output (and thereby its
intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected
systematically, to preserve the material for the use of future
generations and to make it available for readers within the
designated legal deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also
has benefits for authors and publishers:
Deposited publications are made available to users of the

deposit libraries on their premises, are preserved for the benefit
of future generations, and become p art of the nation’s heritage.
Publications are recorded in the online catalogues and become
an essential research resource for generations to come.
77. DNA on a Crime Scene # 12000297
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene

of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will
be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an
individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help
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reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken

from the crime scenes.
78. Water Security # 12000296
Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The U N

Environment Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that about
one- third of the world's population lives in countries with
moderate to high water stress, with a disproportionate impact
on the poor. With current projected global population growth,
the task of providing water for human sustenance will become
increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this
scarce but vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within
states as well as between states. The UN is doing a great deal
in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among
Member States. UNEP has long been actively addressing the
water issue together with partner UN agencies and other
organizations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build
synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this field. In this
regard, events like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm
come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about
championing water issues.
79. Answer Each Question # 12000295
You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must

take account of how many marks are available for each part
when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't
spend 15 minutes answering a part worth only 5 marks. Leave
space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have
time to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some
part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write
about something else if you don 't know the correct answer --
this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the examiner's).
80. Primates # 12000293
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and

tamarins are among the most attractive primates on earth.
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These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of

South America. Their small size makes it easy for them to dart
about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as
lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food
source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree
bark and lap up the gummy sap that seep s out, leaving telltale,
oval-shaped holes in the branches when they have finished.
But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and
cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious danger
condition need eagerness danger of extinction.
81. Descendants of the Maya # 12000294
Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer

to themselves as “the corn people.” The phrase is not intended
as metaphor. Rather, it’s meant to acknowledge their abiding
dependence on this miraculous gras s, the staple of their diet
for almost 9,000 years. Forty percent of the calories a Mexican
eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of
tortillas. So, when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking,
it is simply a statement of fact: T he very substance of the
Mexicans body is to a considerable extent a manifestation of
this plant.
82. Amazonian biodiversity # 12000087
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major
source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest
reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs
counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of
evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the
Amazon basin is ‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says
graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison
frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably
the Andes Mountains, over many mill ions of years. We have
shown that you cannot understand Am azonian biodiversity by
looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major
role.”
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83. Allergies (Version 1) # 12000251
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that

are typically harmless to most people. When you’re allergic to
something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this
substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause
allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or
medicines — are known as allergens. In an attempt to protect
the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that
allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body
to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is
histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose,
throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the
symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same
allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means
that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll
have an allergic reaction.
84. Charles Darwin # 12000409
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places

of tremendous intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of
scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the
Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species
new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete
contents of the rainforest, and they had no idea of its value to
humankind.
85. Conservancy # 12000411
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the

conservancy’s boundary elect a representative conservancy
committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the
committee’s ability to manage funds, and produce an
acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related
benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies acquire the
rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry.
86. Good looks win votes # 12000410

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It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and

many academics have tried. The difficulty is that beauty is in
the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s
face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the w ay.
Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious
smirk? It’s hard to find anyone who can look at the president
without assessing him politically as well as physically.
87. Two sentiments # 12000103
Over the last ten thousand years there se em to have been two
separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the
history of towns and cities. One is the desire to start again, for
a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have
demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city
marks a new political beginning. The other can be likened to
the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people,
who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their
arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in
every established city unless its development has been almost
completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many
settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a
variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good
example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales,
which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th century, in
expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and
a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South
Wales started with an original survey whose grid lines are still
there today in the pattern of the original streets.
88. Allergies # 12000251
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that

are typically harmless to most people. When you’re allergic to
something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this
substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause
allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or
medicines — are known as allergens. In an attempt
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to protect the body, the immune system produces

IgE antibodies to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause
certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the
bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine
then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or
gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic
reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger
this antibody response again. This means that every time you
come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an allergic
reaction.
89. Paris is very old # 12000104
Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least

6000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the
River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the
great boulevards we admire today are relatively new and were
constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by
the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the
middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze
of narrow streets and alleyways. But You can imagine that the
work was not only highly expensive but caused great dist ress
among the half a million or so reside nts whose houses were
simply razed, and whose neighborhoods disappeared. What is
done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are
torn down.
90. Two siblings # 12000237
No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents
often puzzle about why their children are so different from one
another. They’ll say, I brought them up all the same. They
forget that what determines our behavior isn't what happens
to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two
people ever see anything in exactly the same way.
91. Distance Learning # 12000245

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Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of

people from young students wanting to expand their horizons to
adults looking for more job security. with programs that allow
learners of all ages to take courses for fun, personal
advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the
needs of a diverse population.
Perhaps one of the most notable a nd often talked about

advantages of distance learning is the flexibility the majority
of programs allow students to learn when and where it's
convenient for them. For those who are struggling to balance
their distance learning goals with working a fulltime job and
taking care of a family this kin d of flexibility can allow many
people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to
do so. Since there are no on-campus courses to attend,
students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch
breaks and from virtually anywhere with int ernet access. For
some it can even be a big source of savings on the fuel costs
and time required to commute to classes.
92. Papal reform # 12000416
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been

offered to make the Western calendar more usef ul or regular
Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French
Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official
acceptance, but each was put out of use shortly after its
introduction.
93. Interdisciplinary Centre # 12000208
A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of

the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest
chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas
at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the
university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to
collaborate on research that concerns them both “This center
will bring the two departments together in an ar ea where they
overlap--in the physics of the very early universe,” said Dr.
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Neal Evans, Astronomy Department cha ir. Astronomical

observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and
dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of
fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics
involve energies so high that no Earth -bound particle
accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their
laboratory Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of
physics at the university, called the Centre's advent movement
a very exciting development “for that department.
94. Foreign Policy of a State # 12000129
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends

with the border. No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism
nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its
neighbors, at least in the formative years, are greatly
influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no
settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend
imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings
and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome
tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the 'core'
of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of
buffer states in areas Adjoining the frontiers. The history of
British empire in India was no different. It is important to note
in this connection that the concept of international boundaries
(between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated,
was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
95. Chemistry # 12000271
Chemistry is an extremely important topic i n physiology. Most

physiological processes occur as the result of chemical changes
that occur within the body. These changes include the
influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s membrane, causing a
signal to pass from one end to the other. Other examples
include the storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it
passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
96. SpaceX # 12000218

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SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida ,

on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reachin g orbit 9 minutes
later.
The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon

capsule, which is designed to one - day carry both crew and
cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a
promising development for the US human space flight
program,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the
launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO,

Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would consider the flight
100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “ Even if we prove
out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say
that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both
stages work correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to

the International Space Station using the Fal con 9. US
government space shuttles, which currently make thes e trips,
are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at the end of 2010.
97. Estée Lauder # 12000326
Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother

founded, says she always thought she "was growing a nice little
business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of
the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little
business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be
$3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth
more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning
business, there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla.,
or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one
person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to
become the shipping or billing departm ent as needed. You more
or less know the Estée Lauder story because it's a chapter from
the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine
Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her
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father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Quee ns in New

York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams
concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs
and resorts. No doubt the portions were good — Estée Lauder
was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much
better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the
cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City
department stores until she got some counter space at Saks
Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a
personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise
of her skin regimens and perfumes.
98. David Lynch # 12000329
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles

Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean in the Faculty
of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University
and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus. David’s
career in education began as a primary school teacher in
Queensland in the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal
positions before entering higher education. David’s research
interests predominate in teacher education with particular
interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
99. C.S. Lewis # 12000315
S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born

in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) on November 29,
1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and
Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis,
who was known as Warnie, had been born three years earlier
in 1895.
Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In

those days Northern Ireland was not yet plagued by bitter civil
strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home,
called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow
passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie and Jack
played in and explored together. There was also a library that
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was crammed with books - two of Jack's favorites were Treasure

Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Secret Garden by
Frances Hodgson Burnett
This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when

his mother became ill and died of cancer in 1908. Barely a mont h
after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go
to boarding school in England.
Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard,
unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly.
Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able
to return to Ireland.
After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study.

This time, the experience proved to be mostly positive. As a
teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of
Virgil and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern
languages, mastering French, German, and Italian.
100. Significance of Instinct # 12000105
What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable

gut feeling separate winners from losers? And is it the most
valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My
observations of successful company owners lead me to believe
that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical
junctures in commercial life, risk -taking is more an act of faith
than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments
require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else.
There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for
doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and
launch a new product. That journey involves too many
unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather
than the Infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As
Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s
brains” - entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have
been considering whether to buy a company and what price to
offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence
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from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back

from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really
important issues-and decide how you feel about the opportunity.
101. Dictatorship # 12000262
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago,

during the period of the Roman Republic, exceptional powers
were sometimes given by the Senate to individual dictators
such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The intention was that the
dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it
POSSIBLE to take swift and effective action to deal with an
emergency. There is some disagreement as to how the term
should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form
to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or
can it now be applied in a much broader sense-as common
usage suggests?
102. The Narrative of Law # 12000127
The narrative of law and or der is located fundamentally at the

level of individual guilt and respons ibility. Criminal acts are
seen as individual issues of personal responsibility capabilities
and to which the state responds by way of policing,
prosecution, adjudication and punishme nt.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this

hold. To take but one instance, it would be absurd to restrict
analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be
widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice
issues to the culpability of individuals.
103. Language Comes Naturally # 12000246
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what

a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members
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of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and
squeaks and pops and listen to others do the sam e. We do this,
of course, not only because we like the sounds but because
details of the sounds contain information about the intentions
of the person making them. We h umans are fitted with a means
of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When
we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have
never been thought before and that never would have occurred
to us on our own. Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the
bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he
is in chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with
a comfortable home and happy disposition seemed to unite some
of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the
speed of light squared. I have found it impossible to carry the
heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as
King without the help and support of the woman I love.
104. Northern Spotted Owls # 12000211
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls

across most of the range of the subspecies allowed us to test
for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that
influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no
distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls,
several landscape features were important in structuring
genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high
elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow,
while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow,
acting as a “genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not ac t
as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly over this large river.
Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential
for long-distance dispersal, landscape features can have an
important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.
105. Thomas Alva Edison # 12000384

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Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born

in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in
his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of
those changes occur. When Edison was born, soc iety still
thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad.
By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of
the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime,
Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname
“The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions
was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison
developed the phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a small box
for viewing moving films.
Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his
own filmstrips. He also improved upon the original design of
the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s
telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty
hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one
percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to
this important American, electric lights in the United States
were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days
after his death.
106. Burger King # 12000383
Drive down any highway and you’ll see a proliferation of chain

restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough,
you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger
King, Hardee’s and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite
its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the
burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No.
1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride,
Burger King remains No. 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six -year 22 percent
decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating
dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have
increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent
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product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain

tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Com munication theory
would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen
CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-
term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages,
at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC
theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order
must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous
tagline, "Have it your way,” or the cu stomer will just buzz up
the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent
and, therefore, more reliable.
107. Definition of Country # 12000351
What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people

ask how many countries there are in th e world, they expect a
simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we
have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of
global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really
know how many countries there are! However, the answer to
the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people
say
there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could
be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straightforward
answer? The problem arises because there isn't a uni versally
agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons,
some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize
other countries.
108. Anderson # 12000376
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the

works of Hans Christian
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Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth

Grahame), Andersen was near -pathologically uncomfortable in
the company of adults. Of course, all three had to work and
interact with adults, but all three really related well to children
and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet
theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course,
he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been
produced in thousands of editions since the 19th ce ntury.
Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of
Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New
Clothes,” “The Nightingale,” “The Little Mermaid,” “The Match
Girl,” and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy
tales, they strike adult readers much differently than they do
young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t
fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic
swans, gives child readers clearly -identifiable messages: don’t
tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your
being different because some day you’ll discover what special
gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales
(including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our r eading list),
reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often
cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous –in general, the things of
the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy
ending, but it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are
rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to
transcend the rigors of the mortal world.
109. Standard English # 12000094
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship

between standard and nonstandard language is, evidentl y, still
an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two
eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard
English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians,
totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, so that all
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other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or

corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem
to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and
varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new
presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that
found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was
widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The
rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between
the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which
has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic
consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once
people have been given an inferiority complex about the way
they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
110. Sustainable Transportation System # 12000096
A sustainable transportation system is one in which peopl e

needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce, recreation,
culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of
resources. Applying principles of sustainability to
transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline -
powered engines, noise, traffic congestion, land devaluation,
urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers,
pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting,
shipping, housing and goods will be reduced.
Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all tri ps to and
within the City will be on public transit, foot or bicycle -as will
a good part of trips to the larger Bay R egion. Walking through
streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more
pleasant than walking through those designed for the
automobile. Street-front retail and commercial establishments
will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an
environment
enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,”
(streetlights, bicycle racks, benches, and the like) and othe r
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people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off -
street parking is no longer required or needed.
111. Wind # 12000102
The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in

motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At
other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and hurricanes.
Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the sa me way. As the
sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea
and land more than others. The air above these hot spots is
warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins
to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds
blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in
under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a
difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing
from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place and
have a local name – North America’s chinook and Frances
mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends
winds over the
entire globe.
112. Wagonways in Germany # 12000412
Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany

as early as 1550. These primitive railed roads consisted of
wooden rails over which horse -drawn wagons or carts moved
with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the
beginnings of modern railroads.
By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on
the carts. Wagonways evolved into Tramways and spread
throughout Europe. Horses still provided all the pulling power.
In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons
with flanged wheels. The flange was a groove that allowed the
wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that
carried over to later locomotives.
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113. Joseph Engelberger # 12000238
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once

remarked “I can't define a robot but I know one when I see
one” If you consider all the different machines people call
robots, you can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with
a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of
what constitutes a robot.
114. Computational Thinking # 12000415
Developing computational thinking helps students to better

understand the world around them. many of us happily drive a
car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet. So,
is it necessary for children to learn how to program computers?
After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills
that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows.
Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill.
Since
2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on
England's curriculum for children from the age of five or six,
when they start primary school. While not all children will
become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at
Sydenham High School, London, argues that they s hould learn
to understand what makes computers work and try to solve
problems as a computer might.
115. The speech of Alchemy # 12000124
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in

which people attempted to turn metals into gold, it helps to
think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic
number or weight, no periodic chart no list of elements. to the
alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons,
gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one
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substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say,

silver-even though modern scientists would say one is
heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge
of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements
from compounds?
116. Progressive Enhancement # 12000214
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea

that instead of designing for the least capable browser, or
mangling our code to make a site look the same in every
browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and
information to all users, and then progressively enhance the
appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice instead of
spending hours working out how to add drop shadows to the
borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't
even attempt to implement it in browsers that don’t. After all,
the users of older and less capable browsers won’t know what
they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive
enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that
websites should look the
same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your
life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you
let go of this outdated notion and em brace progressive
enhancement.
117. Delegation # 12000242
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate,

the briefing, and the follow-up. At each of these points,
anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are
delegating the right to perform an action, you are delegating
the right to make decisions. It is important to be flexible, as
the person to whom you delegate may h ave a better and faster
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way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain
the overall responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can
provide constructive feedback on their performance.
118. Bones are Extremely Strong #12000421
Bones are extremely strong. One of their main functions is to

protect organs. For example, the skull protects the brain; ribs
protect the heart and lungs. There are three types of joints,
including fixed joints, slightly moveable joints, and freely
moving joints.
119. Emerald # 12000264
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a

specimen must have a distinctly green color that falls in the
range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To
be an emerald, the specimen must also have a rich color. Stones
with weak saturation or light tone should be called “green
beryl.” If the beryl‘s color is greenish blue then it is an
“aquamarine.” If it is greenish yellow, it is “heliodor”.
This color definition is a source of confusion. Which hue, tone,
and saturation combinations are the dividing lines between
"green beryl" and "emerald"? Professionals in the gem and
jewelry trade can disagree on where the lines should be drawn.
Some believe that the name "emerald" should be used w hen
chromium is the cause of the green color, and that stones
colored by vanadium should be called "green bery l."
Calling a gem an "emerald" instead of a "green beryl" can have
a significant impact upon its price and marketability. This "color
confusion" exists within the United States. In some other
countries, any beryl with a green color - no matter how faint -
is called an "emerald."
120. Taylor's Restaurant # 12000261

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The rest of Taylor’s restaurant is student -run. Students in

quantity food production and service management classes
make the articulate and detailed dishes. "We teach students to
understand where a product comes from and to respect that
product," Garmy said.
Skeptics might doubt the quality of a student-run restaurant,
but one visit to Taylor's will immediately change their outlook.
Dishes such as orecchiette and butternut squash, papparde lle
with duck and bistro chicken will please any appetite while
imparting the need to return for a second taste.
Students are taught to use ratios and proportions rather than
recipes when creating dishes. "Understanding ratios and
proportions when creating dishes instead of recipes makes
students think and actually teaches them how to cook, rather
than just reading a recipe and not learning from it," Garmy said.
Garmy said he believes in using all aspects of a product, which
Taylor's menu reflects.
121. The Scent of Bird Flu # 12000493
You've probably seen dogs working as security at airports,

sniffing for drugs, bombs and contraband food. Now our best-
friend biosensors might have a new task: ferreting out the scent
of bird flu. And they may not be alone on t he job.
Researchers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Monell

Chemical Senses Center trained mice to identify duck droppings
from animals infected with bird flu. The work was presented at
the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in
Boston. The scientists trained six mice to run a maze in search
of infected feces. Every time they found the right feces, they
got a drink of water. The mice learned to choose infected over
noninfected duck feces about 90 percent of the time. The
researchers believe the implications could be twofold. First, bird
flu apparently leaves an odor imprint on bird feces, and so
dogs—and even mice—could be trained to recognize it. Second,
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scientists might be able to isolate the cocktail of compounds

that gives off the odor to develop lab instruments or automated
field detectors. Until then, we may find four -legged sensors,
large and small, sniffing away to protect us from a bird-borne
epidemic.
122. Lucy (Version 1) # 12000466
Forty years ago yesterday, November 24, 1974,

paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson found in Ethiopia what's
arguably the most famous and important fossil of a
human ancestor: Lucy. Last month, at the ScienceWriters2014
meeting in Columbus, Ohio, Johanson talked about the moment
he laid eyes on Lucy. "On that eventful day in 1974 I was out,
with a graduate student, Tom Gray, and we were walking back
to our Land Rover to go back to camp to enjoy a swim in the
river with the crocodiles and enjoy a nice little lunch. And I am
always looking at the ground. I find more quarters by parking
meters than anybody I know, I think. And you know how it is
you find what you're looking for, right? "Because a year before
the discovery a geologist had left his footprints four -to-five
feet away from the skeleton, because he was looking for rocks.
I was looking for bones. And I found a little piece of elbow, that
little hinge that allows us to flex and extend our arm. And I
knew from my studies of osteology, of comparative anatomy and
so on, that this had to be from a human ancestor. "And I as
looked up the slope, I saw other fragments eroding out. And
we recovered over a two-week-long excavation operation
roughly, not counting hand and foot bones, 40 percent of a
skeleton. And this was important because first of all, it broke
the three-million-year time barrier. All the fossils older than
three million years at that point in the history of
paleoanthropology would fit in the palm of your hand…we didn't
know it was a new species really until a few years later when
we finally published in 1978 the
name Australopithecus afarensis." For more, check out the blog
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item on our Web site by Scientific American's Kate Wong who,

with Johanson, co-authored the book Lucy's Legacy. Kate's blog
is titled. The Fossil That Revolutionized the Search for Human
Origins: A Q&A with Lucy Discoverer Donald Johanson.
123. Lucy (Version 2) # 12000523
Lucy was a single hominid skeleton found in Ethiopia. First, she

was a bunch of broken fragments lying in Ethiopia. She was
found by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray, who headed out to
the area looking for rocks, and then drove back. During that
return journey, Johanson spotted a forearm bone, identified it
and then kept looking, where the two found a huge set of bones
that would eventually represent 40 percent of the entire
skeleton.
The discovery was so important because it entirely upset our

understanding of the process of evolution. She showed that
people had been wrong to think that we became intelligent
before we stood up Lucy and her contemporaries were better
suited for walking upright than we were but appear to have
been much less intellectually advanced. That was important
because it changed our understanding of the story of evolution,
implying that walking was one of the most important things in
moving us towards our current state, and that brainpower might
not have been the most important thing.
124. Trinity Sport and Fitness # 12000511
Whether you want to exercise and stay healthy, train

professionally with like-minded people, or indulge your
competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered.
We've got a dedicated suppo rt development team on campus to
support every student in taking part in sports. You might want
to participate in sports competitions volunteer with a local
sports class or simply play for fun with our social sport
program. Trinity fitness members of our p ublic-facing sports
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facility will also entitle you to discounts when you are booking
a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an
opportunity to benefit from tailored personal training, free
activities events, and lots more.
125. What’s a herbal? # 12000301
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their

properties and how they may be used for preparing ointments
and medicines. The medical us e of plants is recorded on
fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt,
Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document
traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed
in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC.
Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a
herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as
‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on
medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the
late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text
made in Constantinople (modernday Istanbul) survives from
the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn
of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable
information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills
and potions prescribed by physicians. In the next century,
landmark herbals were produced in England by William Turner,
considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard,
whose illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper
and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.
126. A Giant Turtle # 12000424
A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet

visitors to the British Science Festival this week. The p lastic
containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull,
where the event is taking place at the city’s university. Standing
3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art installation was commissioned by the
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University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness of plastic

waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university’s
Energy and Environment Institute, said: “Marine pollution is a
mounting global challenge, which is already having devastating
consequences. “We have a duty to protect these fragile
environments and the marine life and ecosystems which we call
home. The university has commissioned this installation as a
physical reminder of what is ending up in the oceans, but also
to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do
to try to reduce their own waste.”
127. Renewable Energy # 12000524
Recently, due to concerns over pollution and the possibility that

some sources of fuel might eventually run out or become
uneconomic to obtain, there has been much greater support
for renewable sources of power, such as wind or solar energy.
Renewable energy sources constitute 25 percent of the
electricity we use. unlike fossil fuels, they tend not to produce
any waste or significantly add to global warming by producing
gases.
128. Underground Houses # 12000522
Underground houses have many advantages over co nventional

housing. Unlike conventional homes, they can be built on steep
surfaces and can maximize space in small areas by going below
the surface. In addition, the materials excavated in construction
can be used in the building process. Underground house s have
less surface area so fewer building materials are used,
and maintenance costs are lower. They are also wind, fire, and
earthquake resistant, providing a secure and safe environment
in extreme weather.
One of the greatest benefits of underground liv ing is energy

efficiency. The earth’s subsurface temperature remains stable,
so underground dwellings benefit from geothermal mass and
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heat exchange, staying cool in the summer and warm in the

winter. This saves around 80% in energy costs.
By incorporating solar design, this energy bill can be reduced
to zero, providing hot water and heat to the home all year
round.
129. Pop Mega-stars #12000530
A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a son g

in two weeks is celebrating after being featured on a
compilation album produced by Metropolis Studios. Pop mega -
stars including Adele, Michael Jackson, and Sir Elton John have
all recorded music at the world-famous Metropolis Studios. Last
year, the recording studios set about compiling an album
called ' Lost Songs', which features songs from relatively
unknown musicians. First-year student Zak Taylor Fray decided
to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the
Lost Songs album which was rele ased this year after he
saw how successful Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: ' I
found this competition when simply searching the internet for
songwriting competitions one day, and was lucky that there
was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who have
worked with huge pop stars thought m y song was good and
worth something.'
130. Technology and Education #12000518
While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs,
teachers are wondering how to use education to insulate the
next generation from such a fate. This has worked before.
When the last wave of automation swept the developed world
at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided
education was the answer. “If machines were going to
substitute for brawn”, they reasoned, “more people would
need to use their brains”. The US invested heavily in
education, with good results. Workers reaped the benefits
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through better jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew

McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like th is: “The
industrial revolution started a race between technology and
education — and, for most of the 20th century,
humans won that race.”
131. Crime (version 02) #12000171
Crime is an integral part of everyday life. It is a

prominent feature in the news and is a popular subject for
frictional portrayal. Most students commencing legal studies
will have some experience of crime, whether directly, as a
victim of a crime or indirectly through exposure to media
coverage. This means that most offenses covered on the
syllabus, such as murder, theft, and rape will be familiar terms.
This tends to give students the impression that they know more
about criminal law than they do about other subjects on the
syllabus. This can be a real disadvantage in terms of the
academic study of criminal law because it tends to lead
students to rely on preconceived notions of the nature and
scope of the offenses and to reach instinctive, but often legally
inaccurate, conclusions. It is absolutely essential to succeed
in criminal law that you put aside any p rior knowledge of the
offenses and focus on the principles of law derived from
statutes and cases. By doing this, you will soon appreciate just
how much difference there is between everyday conceptions of
crime and its actuality.
132. Museum Experience #12000260
The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor
down. One emerges from the elevators into a spacious hallway.
At some hours, museum staff members are giving small hands -
on demonstrations of techniques such as quillwork. These
activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These
small surveys of the museum's vast holdings are called
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"Windows on the Collection." Appearing on every floor in the

halls that overlook the rotunda, these display cases serve as
a kind of visible storage, presenting a panoply of objects and
materials. Their arrangements are artistic, and their contents
perhaps intentionally designed to jar the visitor. For
example, the largest case on the fourth floor di splays animal
imagery of all sorts. Older scuplture of birds, mammals, and
sea creatures appear alongside witty contemporary works
such as Larry Beck' s version of a Yup' ik mask made of rubber
tire treads and metal tools, and Jim Schoppert' s "Walrus Love s
Baby Clams" mask. Recently-made ivory carvings challenge the
common distinction between so -called "authentic fine art" and
commodity( a distinction which may be passed in the academic
world, but which still hold strong among much of the general
public).
133. High-protein Diet #12000204
In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the

same amount of weight as those on a higher -carbohydrate diet,
since the two diets offered an equal amount of kilojoules and
the same amount of fat. However, body composition (that is,
the ratio of fat to muscle ) showed greater improvement among
those people on the higher -protein diet. When
the participants in other studies were allowed to eat until
they were no longer hungry, those on the higher -carbohydrate
diet, even after more than a year. The reduction in hu nger and
the beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher -protein
diet is mostly related to its protein content, while the reduced
triglyceride levels and enhanced fat-loss seem to be related to
its lower amounts of carbohydrate. The diet is healthy because
its protein comes from lean red meat, fish, chicken and low -fat
dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high-
protein diet in which the protein comes from protein powders
and supplements is unlikely to be healthy unless the
supplements and are fortified with vitamins and minerals.
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134. Edible Inspects #12000019
Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west,
but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects termites,
stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant wa ter bugs
are on the menu for an estimated 80 percent of the world’s
population. More than 1000 species of insects are served up
around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” made from
midges are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-
eating or entomophagous hotspot, where more than 200 insect
species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are
now under threat, including white agave worms. These
caterpillars of the tequila giant -skipper butterfly fetch around
$250 a kilogram. Eating insec ts makes nutritional sense.
Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female
gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects
can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron,
zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon
tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and
fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably,
inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects
are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US
Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the
number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example,
it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to
225 insect fragments.
135. Global Textile Industry #12000428
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard

to overstate. One-third of the water used worldwide is spent
fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200 tons
of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An
estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the
factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and
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stitch materials into everything from T -shirts to towels,

leaving behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon
footprint.
“Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the

long term,” says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief
executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based
outside Indore, India. With something of an “if you build it,
they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha
toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production.
Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with
organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find
enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to supply
its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team
had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change their
growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation
instruction, and a guarantee of fair- trade prices for their
crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton
growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, and Orissa.
136. Mechanical Engineering #12000548
Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizin g,

providing the context for its development, the world view by
which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its
widespread application. Scientific management aimed to
analyse and control the activities of people in the same way
that engineers analysed and controlled machines. Central to
Taylor’s system was the desire to rationalize and standardize
production techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency
and mutual prosperity. His primary point of interest was the
individual worker pursuing individual goals and motivated by
incentive payments. Undoubtedly Taylor’s view of human
motivation was somewhat simplistic and his apprehension of
the significance of groups was limited and generally negative.
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137. Australian Dwelling #12000126
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current

homes having more bedrooms on average than homes ten
years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller
on average with decreasing proportions of couple families with
children and increasing couple only and lone person
households. This article examines the changes in household
size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
138. Democratic Government #12000532
The essential problem, as Rosenfeld sees it, is that democratic

government is predicated on an aspiration to collective truth.
Unlike older systems of aristocratic and monarchical rule,
which excluded the people from power and stressed the need
for administrative secrecy, the new republics of the late 18th
century, and the more egalitarian mass democracies that
succeeded them, depended on openness and trust between
citizens and rulers. Through the free discussion and united
wisdom of the educated and the masses, errors would be
dispelled, “public knowledge” established and societies
advanced. And yet, she points out, the reality has never lived
up to this powerful idea. From the outset, democratic societies
contained vast inequalities of power and education, and their
media have always been driven by commercial and partisan
imperatives. In practice, instead of a free civil marketplace of
ideas, politics has always been a v icious fight over the truth
and the power of determining it.
139. Sydney #12000498

Sydney is becoming eective in making the best of its limited
available unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for integrating
suitable business, office, residential, retail and other
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development in accessible locations so as to maximize public

transport patronage and encourage walking and cycling. Also,
this city can reduce the consumption of land for housing and
associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the
proposed mixed business, mixed use and business park areas,
there was no employment data available for comparable
areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will
affect affordability in Sydney.
140. Sociology #12000235

Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies.
In this respect, it is usually classed as one of the social
sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was
established as a subject in the late 18th century (through the
work of people like the French writer Auguste Comte).
However, the subject has only really gained acceptance as an
academic subject in the 20th century through the work of
writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott
Parsons (names that will be visited through out this course).
One name that you may have heard of -Karl Marx (the founder
of modern Communism)-has probably done more to stimulate
people' s interest in the subject than anyone else, even though
he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in a period before sociology
became fully established as an academic discipline. Sociology
therefore, has a reasonably long history of development, (150 -
200 years) although in Britain it has only been in the last 30 -
40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the
education system has achieved a level of importance equivalent
to, or above, most of the other subjects it impossible to study.
141. Forces of Globalization #12000561

Forces of globalization have acted on education inter nationally,
creating greater standardization in norm s of teaching and
learning. There has always been considerable similarity
between schools across context: the curriculum, for example
has been shown to be divided between language,
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mathematics, science and the arts in a comparable way in

schools around the world. Likewise, school buildings in terms
of their architecture share remarkable similarities
internationally, as a result of shared patterns of teaching and
learning (although facilities and resources differ significantly.)
In recent years, globalizatio n has created increased
opportunities for the 'borrowing' of education policy and
practice, and generated further uniformity across national
contexts. Nowhere has the internationalization of education
been more apparent than in the higher education sector. The
move to the internationalization of higher -education policy and
practice was initially driven by increased student mobility, and
the desire of universities to attract students from overseas.
142. Paraphrasing #12000560

Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an
author into your own words. However, what are your own
words? How different must your paraphrase be from the
original? The answer is it should be considerably different. The
whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and
understood another person's ideas, and can summarise them
in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases.
If you just change a few words, or add some bits of your own
to an otherwise reproduced passage, you will probably be
penalised for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and
simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using different
sentence structures and expressions. It is also important to
credit the original writer by referencing.
143. Fossil Fuels #12000563

But look beyond fossil fuels for th e most intriguing trends. One
is that the energy intensity of the world economy - the amount
of energy it takes to produce one dollar’s worth of income -
keeps falling, at a rate of about 2 perce nt. What this means is
that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-
based and fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix, we
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could have 2 percent annual economic growth without

increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course, tha t
is not enough to address climate change and we need more
economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning
number, which refutes the claim by some environmentalists
that permanent economic growth is fundamentally
incompatible with finite physical resources.
144. Colonial Era #12000564

At the end of the colonial era, as many new nations gained
independence, relative levels of economic development became
an important criterion by which to distinguish between
countries. The former colonial powers and wealthier parts of
the world generally became known as adv anced industrial, or
developed, countries, while former colonies and poorer
nations became known as less developed, or more positively,
developing countries. Critics of the uneven distribution of
wealth across the globe highlighted the role which wealth
creation in some places had played in impoverishin g poorer
nations and, rather, described them as actively
underdeveloped. The question as to wheather economic
change is developing or underdeveloping cou ntries remains a
vital issue, as the debate over sweatshops highlights.
145. Organizations' Sales Activities #12000335

Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both
internally and with customers' needs according to a new book
co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia.
The book addresses how sales can help organizations to
become more customer-oriented and considers how they are
responding to challenges such as increasing competition,
more demanding customers, and a more complex selling
environment. Many organizations are facing escalating costs
and a growth in customer power, which makes it necessary to
allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can
provide critical customer and market knowledge to help infor m
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both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that

within the industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a
future sales team should take, how it should be managed, and
how it fits into their organization's business model.
146. Colour Preferences #12000565

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in
most parts of the world have similar colour preferences. Blue
is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by
red, green, purple, yellow and orange. Overlaying this basic
order of colour preference, however, are the responses of
individuals, which of course vary widely and may also be very
powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for
some colours and aversions to others, but sometimes will not
admit to them, since outside factors may be influential in
determining both colour preferences and the way that they are
expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and
accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-group pressure may
all play a significant part. Boys, in particular, may be reluctant
to admit to any strong preferences for colours other than those
of favourite football teams, because colour awareness may be
regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
147. Music for Ancient Egyptians #12000452

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our
modern society Although it is thought that music played
a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the
Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to
become more important in w hat is called the
‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was the time when the
Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around
3100 BCE) and the music was found in many parts of everyday
Egyptian life.
148. Spanish Language #12000355

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If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it

impossible to understand some native speakers, they should
not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were
wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin
American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominates in US
schools. The confusion is partly political - the Spanish-speaking
world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate
countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one
standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in
the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called
"Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in
the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country
retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary,
residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and
Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in
urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of
each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken
in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was
brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the
Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian,
developed characteristics that never reached the New World.
These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In
Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed
to "gras-see-as" in Latin America). Another difference is the
use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the
informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin
Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.
149. Importance of Hard Work #12000372
It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an

essential part of studying law, because far too many students
are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what
they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to
add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some
people prefer the more or less instant gratification which
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comes from watching television a daptation of a classic novel to

the rather more laborious process of reading the novel itself.
Those who prefer watching television to reading the book are
less likely to study law successfully unless they rapidly acquire
a taste for text-based materials.
150. Migrating Birds #12000567
For birdwatchers in southern New Mexico, September can be

highly entertaining. Good numbers of many diverse species
are on the move during this time, traveling southward from
northern breeding grounds to places they will spend the winter,
and there’s always a chance that some rare or unusual bird will
turn up. Key to the flow of migrating birds through the area is
our geography. Birds crossing over the southwest deserts tend
to follow north-south watercourses like the Rio Grande and /or
corridors of relatively green vegetation, whether that be
cottonwoods and willows lining the valleys or the coniferous
forests of the higher mountains.
Shorebirds, gulls, ducks, and other birds that are closely

associated with water typically follow t he river southward,
unless a desert playa along the way happens to catch their eye
and divert them. Migrating land birds, on the other hand, are
looking for places to stop and rest on the southward journey,
where they can feed on seeds, berries, or insects to refuel for
the next leg of their trip. Heading south out of Albuquerque,
where the surrounding high mountains and lush, wide
cottonwood bosques offer an abundance of habitat, they reach
our area and are funneled into a relatively narrow sliver
of foraging choices.
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Reading: Fill in the Blanks

1. The Antarctic and the Arctic # 11000056
At the height of summer, the Antarctic, tourist ships move

gently around the coast. Even 30 years ago such sights would
have been unthinkable, but today people are willing to pay large
sums of money to see the last real wilderness in the world. I n
the Arctic, careless human exploitation in the past has
damaged the fragile ecosystem. Today concerned governments
are trying to find ways to develop the region while caring for
the very special natural environment. Because the Antarctic is
less accessible than the Arctic, it is still largely undamaged by
humans, although holes in the ozone layer above the Antarctic
have already been discovered. Many people believe that one
way to preserve the area is to make the whole region into a
world park, with every form of exploitation internationally
banned.
2. Kashmiri # 11000190
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their

hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of
tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of
Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian
families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide -eyed
Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of
anything remotely embroidered while the h ouse boats initiated
by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in
1989, separatist and Islamist mil itancy attacked, and
everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri
businesspeople bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a
decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any
foreigners venturing there risked their lives, proved in 1995
when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
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3. Teacher's Response # 11000257
The casual observer does not necessarily recognize the skill in

how a teacher, for instance, responds to a thoughtful question
from a normally quiet student and how that may be very
different from the 'standard response' to a commonly inquisitive
or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they
are doing; they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to
bring out the best in their students.
4. Enigma # 11000282
And if the voice of an animal is not heard as a message but as

art, interesting things start to happen: Nature is no longer an
alien enigma but something immediately beautiful, an
exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have
always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been
listening, people have presumed there is music coming out of
those scissoring beaks.
5. Iceland Volcanic Events # 11000055
On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once

every 5 years. Since the Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that
has covered the earth's surface has erupted in Iceland.
However, according to a recent geological hypothesis, this
estimate does not include submarine eruptions, which are
much more extensive than those on the land surface.
6. Exponential Growth of the Internet # 11000259
The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the

1990s, as revolutionizing the production and dissemination of
information. Some people saw the internet as a means of
democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned
about African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of
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leapfrogging over the technology gap separating Africa from

advanced industrialized countries.
7. Define a Robot # 11000373
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once

remarked “I can't define a robot but I know one when I see
one” If you consider all the different machines people call
robots, you can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with
a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of
what constitutes a robot.
8. Pupil Charity # 11000374
My school in the city of London held a charity competition. In

the community, I was voted as the chairman. We raised
£48,000 and I won the first place in the end. During this period,
I learnt a lot and realized the importance of tenacity and how
to rouse other pupils' awareness.
9. Shakespeare’s Works # 11000375
Shakespeare produced most of his works between 1589 and

1613. His early plays were mainly come dies and histories,
genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by
the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies
until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and
Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the E nglish
language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known
as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
10. Planes # 11000188
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm

with three times as" many planes, and not just the kind of
traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating
six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with
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remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair

collisions, and with commercially operated rockets carrying
satellites and tourists into space.
11. Coral Reefs # 11000253
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean
ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite pursuit for
many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically
spectacular, coral reefs also support the livelihoods of over half
a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to
double in coming decades while the area of high -quality reef is
expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of
climate change, which could lead to increased seawater
temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at
some quite frightening scenarios.
12. Australia’s Dwelling # 11000020
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current

homes having more bedrooms on average than homes ten years
ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on
average with decreasing proportions of couple families with
children and increasing couple only and lone person
households. This article examines the changes in household
size and number of bedrooms from 1994 –95 to 2003–04. It also
looks at the types of households with spare bedrooms and the
size of recently purchased new home compared with existing
stock.
13. Telephone Networks # 11000376
Telephone networks are big and complex because the demand

increase needs to function well in multiple environments.
Therefore, we need to forecast future development and use the
stimulation system that are greatly in use.
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14. Breton Language # 11000061
It is difficult to tell precisely when t he Breton language was

born. As early as the VI th century the new country
was established and known as "Lesser Britain", but for many
centuries its language remained close to the one of Great
Britain - very close even to the dialect spoken in the South Wes t.
The 7th century is the milestone where Breton, Cornish and
Welsh are considered as different languages.
15. Mapping Software # 11000287
Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location
and then the in-built compass finds north, adjusting to the
direction you're facing and pointing the way. But that's not
easy because there are two 'norths'. There's true north - which
is the direction of the North Pole and which reliably stays put -
and there's magnetic north which, thanks to the flowing layer
of molten iron in the Earth's outer core, has a habit of moving
around.
16. Can dogs tell our emotions? # 11000288
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner,
I feel confident not only that I can tell what kind of emotional
state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions.
Yet as a hard-headed scientist, I try to take a more [rational'
and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more
likely to result from my desire for a good relationship with my
dogs.
17. Teenage Daughter # 11000004
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the

debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people.
But while driving the family car, her text -messages her best
friend and rear-ends another vehicle.
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How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible —and

reckless at the same time? Easily, according to two physicians
at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS)
who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry
of the adolescent brain. “The teenage brain is not just an adult
brain with fewer miles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor
of neurology. “It’s a paradoxical time of development. These
are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure
what to do with them.”
18. Bach in Venice and Germany # 11000263
Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard
constantly in Venice and his influence blanketed Europe. He
spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing
productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's
scores, copied them for performance and arranged some for
other instruments.
19. Folklore # 11000201
Folklore A modern term for the body of traditional customs,

superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been
adopted and maintained within a given community by
processes of repetition not reliant on the written word. Along
with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural
forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs,
games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of
pre-literate societies or social classes.
Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one
generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to
constitute an oral tradition.
20. Japan and China # 11000235
Japan and China At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed

from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted
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from one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own.
But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself .
Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit
Japanese tastes and needs.
21. Plainness # 11000196
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or
that you should become a slave to spare, unadorned writing.
Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent
hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking
journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to
be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words,
active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to
follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay
attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments
of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning
altogether.
22. Impressionist Painters # 11000305
Early impressionist painters were considered radical in their

time because they broke many of the rules of the picture -making
that had been set by earlier generations. They found many of
their subjects in life around them rather than in history, which
was then the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.
23. University Science # 11000195
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-

telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996,
28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees,
according to the Royal Society of Chemistry.
The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at

Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could
remain open by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed
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down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market forces",

and Bristol took in some of the refugees .
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications,

but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are expensive to
provide - compared with English, for example - and some
scientists say that the way the government concentrates
research funding on a small number of top departments, such
as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.
24. Sportswomen # 11000194
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved.

And if the paper records don't exist, we need to get out and
start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while
we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in
some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
25. Agrarian Parties # 11000304
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the

interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of
society. The extent to which they are important, or whether
they even exist, depends mainly on two factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the

size of the rural relative to the urban population. The other is a
matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be
important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must
not be integrated with the other major sections of society thus
a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have
an economic system in which the interests of the voters were
predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations
or location; and in such a country the political system would be
unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
26. Rampant Corruption # 11000186

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The inevitable consequence s include rampant corruption, an

absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, chronic
waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation and
soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an
ideologically bankrupt communist party is inconsistent with
the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant
competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result,
Chinese development remains parasitic on know -how and
institutions developed elsewhere.
27. Ikebana # 11000191
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a

disciplined art form in which nature and humanity are brought
together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored
arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other
areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts
emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an
expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The
artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a
piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and
the implied meaning of the arrangement.
28. Lithium # 11000385
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played
a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and softer than lead,
it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for
automobile grease, and in the production of glass and
ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure
form in nature. Lithium floats n water—or, rather, it skitters
wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of h ydrogen, until it
dissolves.
29. Reality # 11000192

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Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us

by our experiences. To one extent or another, this view of
reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find
myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be
seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Ye t,
in the decades since first encountering Camus’ test, I’ve
learned that modern science tells a very different story.
30. First-year Students # 11000261
For many first-year students, the University may be their first

experience living away from home for an extended period. It is
a definite break from home. In my point of view, this is the
best thing that you can do. I know you have to fe nd for yourself,
cook and clean after yourself, basically look after yourself
without your parents but the truth is some time in your life you
are going to have to part with lovely Mummy and Daddy. But
they are only just a phone call away, and it is really good to
have some quality time without them. The first few weeks can
be a lonely period. There may be concerns about forming a
friendship. When new students look around, it may seem that
everyone else is self-confident and socially successful! The
reality is that everyone has the same concerns. Increased
personal freedom can feel both wonderful and frightening.
Students can come and go as they choose with no one to hassle
them. The strange environment with new kinds of procedures
and new people can create the sense of being on an emotional
roller coaster. This is normal and to be expected. You meet so
many more people in the halls than if you stayed at home. T he
main points about living away from home are no parents! You
don't have to tell them where you're going, who you're going
with, what time you'll be coming, why you're going etc. etc. You
learn various social skills you have to get along with your
roommates Living with them can present special, sometimes
intense, problems. Negotiating respect for perso nal property,
personal space, sleep, and relaxation needs, can be a complex
task. The complexity increases when roommates are of
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different backgrounds with very different values. It is

unrealistic to expect that roommates will be best friends.
Meaningful, new relationships should not be expected to develop
overnight. It took a great deal of time to develop intimacy in
high school friendships the same will be t rue of intimacy in
university friendships. You have a phone! So if you ever get
homesick or miss you, Mummy, then she’s always at the end of
a phone-line for you and so are your friends.
31. Education and Wellbeing # 11000381
Education and well-being have often been associated. The idea

that education can promote individual well -being indirectly, by
Improving earnings and promoting social mobility, is an old
one; so are notions of education helping to promote the good
society by contributing to economic growth and equality of
opportunity.
32. Orchestra # 11000275
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways an d the

cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll downside streets
filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on
a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music
drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother
in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward concrete
skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from
a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical
music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It's
fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra, forte
in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther -
flung areas. Commanding Y100 -200 ($12.50-$25) per hour,
private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than
five times the average per capita monthly income.
33. Sustainable Job Growth # 11000178

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“Sustainable Job Growth” is a motto for many governments,

especially in the aftermath of a recession. The problem of ‘job
quality’ is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering
job growth. The sentiment ‘any job is better than no job’ may
resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the
context of high unemployment. However, if the balance
between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating
new jobs becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this
could increase work stress among current and future workers,
which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent
British Academy Policy Centre Report on Stress at Work
highlights these concerns, and describes the context,
determinants and consequences of work -related stress in
Britain.
34. Shark’s Personalities # 11000173
Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding

of sharks’ personalities may help scientists learn more about
what drives their choice of things like prey and habitat. Some
sharks are shy, and some are outgoing; some are adventurous,
and some prefer to stick close to what they know, information
that could prove useful in making sense of larger species -wide
behavior habits.
35. Surface Water # 11000164
Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and

soybeans may sometimes run off farmland and enter surface
water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body
that is used as a drinking water supply receives excess
amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water
treatment plant must filter them out in order for the water to
be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive.
Farmers can help control excess herbicides in runoff by c hoosing
chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or
degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage
practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.
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36. The Allure of the Book # 11000167
The allure of the book has always been negati ve and positive,
for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many
young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in
a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also
enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers'
dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out
to be junk food. The texts and pictures titillate children or
reinforce certain formulaic patterns of thinking that reduce the
possibility for the child to develop his or her own creative an d
critical talents.
37. Australia and New Zealand # 11000163
Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both

countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly
English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural
heritage. Although in close proximity to one another, both
countries are geographically isolate d and have small populations
by world standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close
relations on many fronts.
In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New

Zealand have much in common. Both countries have minority
indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th
century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety
of regions throughout the world. Both countries have
experienced similar declines in fertility since the high levels
recorded during the baby boom, and a longside this have enjoyed
the benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One
consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced
with an ageing population, and the associated challenge of
providing appropriate care and support for this gr owing group
within the community.
38. Microorganism # 11000161

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Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter

were applied to wounds to destroy infection, the fact that a
microorganism is capable of destroying one of another spec ies,
was not established until the latter half of the 19th century.
When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on
the anthrax organism and pointed out that this actio n might be
put to therapeutic use.
39. The Sun and the Moon # 11000160
From the time of the very earliest civilizations man has

wondered about the world he lives in, about how it was created
and about how it will end. In these distant times the sun was
seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the
moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a
little and, on a few nights, it did not appear at all. At night the
great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light.
They became known as the stars. It was thought that every star
in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the
universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was
well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in
different nightly positions against their neighbors and they
became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact it took
millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these
wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to
accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
40. Environmentalists # 11000155
Although environmentalists have been warning about this

situation for decades, many other people are finally beginning
to realize that if we don’t act soon it will be too late. The good
news is that more and more businesses and governments are
beginning to understand that without a healthy environment
the global economy and everything that depends on it will be
seriously endangered. And they are be ginning to take positive
action.
41. Science Warm Global Warming # 11000151

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You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming
sooner; I think that there are several reasons. We were from
the 1970s until the end of the century distracted by the
important global problem of stratospheric ozone depletion,
which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it
and succeeded but had little time to spend on climate change.
Climate science was also neglected because twentieth -century
science failed to recognize the true nature of Earth as a
responsive self-regulating entity. Biologists were so carried
away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see that living
things were tightly coupled to their material environment and
that evolution concerns the whole Earth system with living
organisms an integral part of it. Earth is not the Goldilocks
planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It
was in this favorable state some two billion years ago but now
our planet has to work hard, against ever increasing heat from
the Sun, to keep itself habitable. We have chosen the worst of
times to add to its difficulties.
42. Exams looming # 11000153
It’s that time again! Exams looming, essays or reports

outstanding and you wonder where the years gone already. You
start wondering how you’re going to cope with it all. A limited
amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more
purposeful. It can help you to plan your work and to think more
clearly and logically about it. In other words, it can help you
stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start
on writing down all the things you have to do to prepare for the
exams.
43. Just-in-time Management # 11000148
‘Just-in-time’ is a management philosophy and not a technique.

It originally referred to the production of goods to meet
customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity,
whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or
another process further along the production line. It has now
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come to mean producing with minimum waste. ‘Waste’ is taken

in its most general sense and includes time and resources as
well as materials.
44. Wolf’s Perspective # 11000147
From the wolf’s perspective, this is clearly good news. But it

also had beneficial effects on the ecology of the park, according
to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert
Beschta from Oregon State University. In their paper in Bio
Science, the two researchers showed that reintroducing the
wolves was correlated with increased growth of willow and
cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as
elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn’t easily escape,
the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew
taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded.
45. Colorful Poison Frogs # 11000145
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe the ir great diversity

to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains
several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from
The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study
to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity
for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological
diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that
Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the
tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is a melting
pot for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan
Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs there have come
from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains,
over many millions of years. We have shown that yo u cannot
understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin.
Adjacent regions have played a major role.”
46. Health Professionals # 11000133

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People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the

general population, because illness increases with age.
However, the proportion of the population who visited
complementary health therapists was highest between the
ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years
and over contrasted with the rate of visits to other he alth
professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The
reasons for this difference might include lower levels of
acceptance of complementary therapies by older people.
Alternatively, older people may have different treatment
priorities than do younger people because their health on
average is worse while their incomes are generally lower.
47. Psychology # 11000120
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the

West since the late nineteenth century. During this period there
has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this
emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in psychology
which explore different aspects of human nature. These include
studies into how biology (physical factors) influence human
experience, how people use their senses (touch, taste, smell,
sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people
develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory
works, how people develop language, how people understand
and think about the world, what motivates people, why people
have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific
investigations all contribute to an understanding of human
nature.
48. Early Childhood # 11000142
The Disadvantage in early childh ood poses multiple risks to

children’s development. Factors such as low socioeconomic
status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation
may have lasting impacts on a child’s chance of reaching their
full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool
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education can help to lessen the effects of these risk factors

and can provide children with a better start to school. However,
some of these factors may also be barriers to preschool
attendance for groups that would benefit most from preschool
education. In Australia, the ear ly years of children’s education
are the responsibility of man government and non -government
agencies and it occurs in a range of sett ings. Preschool is aimed
at children around four years of age to prepare them for
compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states
and territories, children can start full -time schooling at five
years of age, when they enroll in a kindergarte n or preparatory
year. In 2001, just over half of five -year old’s (57%) were at
school with about a third (34%) attending preschool. While in
some states and territories children can commence preschool
before they turn four, participation rates for three -year old’s are
much lower than four-year old’s (24% compared with 56% for
four-year old’s in 2001). The preschool participa tion rate of
four-year old’s in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate in 1991
(58%).
49. People’s Savings # 11000129
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they

earn more, it is only to spend later. Those in work save against
a time of sickness, unemployment or old age – but because the
sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall
consumption does not fall as people get richer.
50. Plagiarism # 11000122
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to

identify plagiarism within students work. The University also
actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work
through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This
software compares students work against text on the Internet,
in journal articles and within prev iously submitted work (from
LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it
finds.
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51. The United Nations Library # 11000197
The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters

in New York is a library designated to facilitate the work of the
United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN
Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United
Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized
agencies, accredited media and NGO staff, is ab le to visit the
library. Due to security constraints in place at the United
Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the
general public.
52. Climate # 11000298
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of

time. The desert has a dry climate, because there is very little
rain, The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters are,
overall, mild and summers, generally don’t get too hot.
53. Gun Violence # 11000115
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to

perpetrate serious violence in the next two years, according to
a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a
substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure
and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a
doctoral student in health behavior and health education,
analyzed five years of data from adolescents living in 78
neighborhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a
paper in this week’s journal Science.
54. Anthropologists # 11000296
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is

less individual and more completely molded by his society
than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler
societies are more uniform, in the sense that they call for, and
provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual
skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced
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societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a

necessary product of modern advanced society and runs through
all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious
error to set up an antithesis between this process of
individualization and the growing strength and cohesion of
society.
55. Volcanoes # 11000162
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide

into the atmosphere every year, but the gas is usually
harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out
into the atmosphere and isn’t concentrated in one spot. But
sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous
pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can
push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
56. Most Respected Companies # 11000111
Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the

Financial Times. Who are the most respected companies and
business leaders at the current time? Rather predictably they
are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and
Microsoft. Neither has achieved their world class status through
playing nice. Weich is still remembered for the brutal downsizing
he led his business through and for the environmental pollution
incidents and prosecutions Microsoft has had one of the highest
profile cases of bullying market dominanc e of recent times- and
Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where he
can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in
business.
57. The National Gallery of Canada # 11000292
An exhibit that brings together for the first-time landscapes

painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to
the National Gallery of Canada this June.
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The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of

London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the
collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private
collections.
58. Sociology # 11000109
Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies.

In this respect, it is usually classed as one of the social sciences
(along with subjects like psychology) and was established as
a subject in the late 18th century (through the work of people
like the French writer Auguste Comte). However, the subject has
only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the
20th century through the work of writers such as Emile
Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons (names that will be
visited throughout this course). One name that you may have
heard of-Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism) -has
probably done more to stimulate people’ s interest in the subject
than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote (1818 -1884)
in a period before sociology became fully established as an
academic discipline. Sociology therefore, has a reasonably long
history of development, (150-200 years) although in Britain it
has only been in the last 30 -40 years that sociology as an
examined subject in the education system has achieved a level
of importance equivalent to, or above, most of the other
subjects it impossible to study.
59. Truancy and Non-attendance # 11000307
In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non -attendance

are diverse and multifaceted. There are as many causes of non -
attendance as there are non-attenders. Each child has her own
unique story, and whilst there may often be certain identifiable
factors in common, each nonattending child demands and
deserves an individual response, tailored to meet her individual
needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old who fails to
attend school because a parent is ter minally ill, the overweight
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11 -year-old who fails to attend because he is embarrassed

about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15 -year-old who is
‘bored’ by lessons, and to the seven year -old who is teased in
the playground because she does not wear t he latest designer-
label clothes.
60. Plates # 11000299
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The

word tectonics comes from the Greek root “to build.” Putting
these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics,
which refers to how the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The
theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer
is fragmented into a dozen or larger and small plates that are
moving relative to one another.
61. Psychological Theories # 11000386
Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter

on the translation of the theory into educational practice.
Often, this translation is not clear. Therefore, when a program
does not succeed, it is not clear whether the lack of success
was due to the inadequacy of the theory or the inadequacy of
the implementation of the theory. A set of basic principles for
translating a theory into practice can help clarify just what an
educational implementation should (and should not) look like.
This article presents 12 principles for translating a triarchic
theory of successful intelligence into educational practice.
62. Shark Bite # 11000172
Shark bite numbers grew steadily over the last century as

humans reproduced exponentially and spent more time at the
seashore. But the numbers have stabilized over the past five
years as overfishing thinned the shark population near shore
and swimmers learned about the risks of wading into certain
areas, Burgess said.
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63. Ice Storm # 11000380
I Ice storm is a type of weather. Cold rain falls down into the
cold air changing from water into ice. A heavy ice storm
left more than hundred residents’ electricity cutoff. Because
the ice storm hit down the wire.
64. Walt Disney World # 11000283
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because

of the luminosity of its cross - cultural and marketing and partly
because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in
the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it
captured the symbolic essence of childhood, but the company
has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls,
apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks and
each other.
65. Child-Centric Mother # 11000183
The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective

is to reveal the values loaded to the child by the child -centric
mother’s attitude and the effect of 5 -6-year-old nursery school
children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a
high socio-economic class. The second objective is to develop
a child centricity scale and the third object is to examine the
attitude and behavior differences between low child-centric
and high child-centric mothers. Analyzing the data gathered
from 257 mother respondents, the researchers have found that
the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions
of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are
used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the
child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products
with low risk used by the whole family. Findings also reveal that
there are statistically significant differences between the high
child-centric and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing
products that are highly risky and used by the whole family.
66. Study Space # 11000171

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You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better

than others. Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best.
Above all, the place you choose to study should not be
distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you
know, you’re out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good
physical environment a part of your study habits.
67. Symbiosis # 11000159
Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in

which two species live together in a long -term, intimate
association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term
symbiosis to mean a relationship that benefits both parties.
However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and
can include close, lasting relationships with a variety of
positive or negative effects on the participants.
68. People Need Exercise # 11000139
One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in

their ordinary routines. All of the advances of modern
technology — from electric can openers to power steering —
have made life easier, more comfortable and much less
physically demanding. Yet our bodies need activity, especially
if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need
requires a definite plan, and a commitment.
69. Civil Society and the Market # 11000125
For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market

and ‘the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The
debate about civil society ultimately is about how culture,
market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil
society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern
Europe and the developing world. It is very much of interest to
the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue In itiated by the
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Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give

the institutions of society - and not only governments and
businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The
EU, like other international institutions, has a long wa y to go in
trying to accommodate the frequently divergent interes ts of
non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is
increasing recognition that international and national
governments have to open up to civil society institutions.
70. The Amount of Sleep # 11000126
The amount of sleep you need depends on man y factors,

especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours
a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12
hours.
Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well

rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to
the best amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough
sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of
sleep.
As you get older, your sleeping patterns change. Older adults

tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in th e
night than younger adults. This can have many causes including
medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But
there’s no evidence that older adults need less sleep than
younger adults.
Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it

boosts your immune system, which makes your body better
able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system
to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable
to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical
performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say
that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring
activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of
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sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep is

frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep.
If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after

increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your
doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep
problems and offer advice on how to get a better night’s sleep.
71. Number and Forms # 11000080
Number and form, they reveal, are the essence of our world:
from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from
the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our sho elaces.
Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and
introducing geniuses from Alcibiades, the enfant terrible of
Athens, to Gauss, the Mozart of numbers, this inspiring book
makes the mysteries of math’s accessible and its rich patterns
brilliantly clear.
72. Radioactivity # 11000138
So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible

and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as
scary nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation
levels to which people can be exposed without harm, and those
levels are orders of magnitude above the typical background
levels.
73. Clones # 11000018
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the

Bronx and other city spots grew to double the biomass of clones
planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says
Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's
western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap
comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues
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report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may

spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural
trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from
urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new
experiments now shows that this hang around ozone is the
overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the
July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing
us most vividly that rural areas pay the price for urban
pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. "This work should be a wake -up call," he
adds.
74. Wrinkle Cure # 11000284
Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of

pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student Anita Schneider,
recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and
female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a
patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side
of their faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid
without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were
tested by self-assessment, photography and the size of
depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were
impressive. After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on
the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by approximately 27 per
cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics
company, is unlikely to be published in a scientific journal. It’s
hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in
cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive
research on their effects. Even when rigorous studies are
commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is
published in the traditional scientific literature.
75. The UW course description # 11000123
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the

academic year. All announcements in the General Catalog and
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Course Catalog are subject to change without notice and do not

constitute an agreement between the University of Washington
and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of
consulting the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more
current or specific information.
76. Biological Systems (Version 2) # 11000076
Since biological systems with signs of COMPLEX engineering

are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or coincidences, their
ORGANIZATION must come from natural selection, and hence
should have FUNCTIONS useful for survival and reproduction
in the environments in which humans evolved.
77. Fingerprint # 11000251
Fingerprints, referred to as "fingermarks" in forensics, are

formed when residue from the ridged skin of the fingers or palms
is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression.
Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colorless
contaminating materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease.
These fingermarks are described as "latent " as they are
generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating
them at a crime scene can be challenging.
78. Under-nutrition # 11000244
Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18

million people a year, the majority are children. At least 500
million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of massive
suffering amid global plenty traces in part to widespread
poverty, which denies access to food even where it piles high
in village market.
79. The Resultant Force # 11000297

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The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is

called the resultant force the resultant of two forces is a single
force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. If
two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the
resultant can be found by subtracting one force from the other.
If the forces are equal, they balance each other.
80. The National Portrait Gallery (Version 2) #11000105
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department

performs one of the Gallery's core functions, the long-term
preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible
now and in future. The Collection dates from the 8th century to
the present day, and consists of portraits in a variety of media,
so the gallery employs Conservator s with expertise in a range
of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and
Photography.
81. Purpose of TV Advertising # 11000180

From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV
advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors t he
opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done
to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference
between programs and commercials that commercials are for
real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids
and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in
the literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and
Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987 Robertson and Rossiter
1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to
distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware
of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
82. Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist # 11000030
Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories

arrange in modern approaches to personality Advances in
neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between
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biochemistry and behavior, but there is still a great deal that

needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of
personality, how can we begin to categorize risk-takers? If we
cannot, we will be unable to compare their genes with those of
others.
83. Wind # 11000165
Gentle or fierce, the wind always starts in the same way. The
wind is formed by the circulation of air. The sun heats up some
parts of the sea and the land. The air among the hot spot warms
up and rises. The cold air drops because it is heavy. Some wind
circulates within a small area. Others blow in the entire globe.
84. Steven Pinker # 11000150
Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book

"The Language Instinct", has called music "auditory cheesecake,
an exquisite confection crafted to tick le the sensitive spots of at
least six of our mental faculties." If it vanished from our
species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually
unchanged." Others have argued that, on the contrary, music,
along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball,
a British science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes
down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained
in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music
instinct as much as a language instinct and could not rid
ourselves of it if we tried.
85. What's music? # 11000067
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the

least musical among us can recognize pieces of music when we
hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there
are different kinds of music and, even if our knowledge of
music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds
we do not.
86. Linguistic Effect # 11000248

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An important corollary of this focus on language as the window

to legal epistemology is the central role of discourse to law and
other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that
people hold about how language works (linguistic ideologies)
combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often
unconscious effects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists
have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic
tools for tracking those effects.
87. Chaucer’s Tales # 11000310
Chaucer’s Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early

fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury Tales reached
their instant and continued success because of their accurate
and oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged
through 600 years since Chaucer’s time. George Macy, founder
of The Limited Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
88. Civilization after the Bronze Age # 11000286
I use the word civilization now for the first time, because before
the Bronze Age--there is nothing that we would define as
civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent
dwelling areas that we call cities, as opposed to villages.
Agricultural villages will have existed all over the place in the
late Stone Age, in the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But there
is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains
a number of people who do not provide for their own support.
That is to say, they don't produce food. They need to acquire
it from somebody else. Instead, they do various things like
govern and are priests, and are bureaucrats, and are engaged
in other non-productive activities that depend upon others to
feed them. That's the narrowest definition of cities.
89. Wind Moving # 11000383
The Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast
as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour Winds can travel around
the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat
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from your body faster when it is windy Weather forecasters

need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength
of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force
when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage
houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
90. Recommended Energy Intakes # 11000384
Recommended energy intakes are difficult to calculate even

among individuals of the same age, sex, weight, height and
general pattern of activity. Therefore, the energy requirement
for healthy people is often expressed as the amount of energy
needed to maintain the status quo.
91. Moths and Light # 11000032
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is

the old glib explanation that the moths are trying to use the
flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell us, however,
why it is that in many specie s only males are thus attracted,
and in a few, only females. What's more, if moths need to
navigate, they must be from a migrating species. Yet most of
the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed, most species do
not migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.
92. Liquidity # 11000382
When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking

of the first of these concepts. If money is too abundant or too
cheap, inflationary pressure may build up or bubbles may
appear in financial markets — until central banks tighten policy
or market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of economic
activity or a drop in asset prices can leave households,
businesses and financial institutions in tro uble if their balance
sheets are not liquid enough (the second co ncept) or if they
cannot find a buyer for assets.
93. Private School # 11000428

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Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts

to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000 boa rding pupils at
such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many
UK residents unwilling or unable to afford the fees – top
boarding schools are edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year
and a cultural shift away from boarding, many schools are
looking abroad to survive. Overseas students now account for
about £500m of fee income a year for boarding schools in the
UK.
94. Environmental Policy # 11000408
Thus, the environmental policy does not contribute to

profitability in any real sense at all. In pr actice, it is companies
that are well organized and efficient, or that are already
comfortably profitable, that have time to establish and police
environmental policies. However, if profitable companies are the
ones most likely to establish 'environmental best practice' this
is a confusing cause with effect. It is not t hat environmental
best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable
allows for concern for the environment.
95. Physical Activity # 11000406
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to

benefit an individual's health and wellbeing. Regular physical
activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases,
such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes, and some
forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for
adults recommend at least 30 minutes of mode rate-intensity
physical activity, preferably every day of the week,
to obtain health benefits.
96. Suez Canal # 11000431
Britain became the largest shareholder in the canal in 1875,

purchasing its interest from the Egyptian khedive. The
Convention of Constantinople signed by the major European
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powers in 1888 declared the canal a neutral waterway to

remain open to all nations in time of peace or war. Britain
became the guarantor of the canal’s neutrality and
management was left to the Paris -based Suez Canal Co.
97. Secondary School # 11000432
Secondary school can be a lonely place for adolescents who

don’t have a best friend or a group of trusted friends. Young
people will be more skilled in the art of making genuine friends
(and keeping them) if they kno w how to be assertive, are
optimistic about life, have some basic social skills and have a
relationship with a parent/carer that includes honest talk.
98. Coffee Culture # 11000412
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee

experience' has become a staple of our modern life and culture.
While the current body of research related to the effects of
coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory,
a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food
Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of
Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of
moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers
for the majority of major health outcomes considered.
99. Scientists’ Work # 11000437
Scientists make observations, have assumptions, and do

experiments. After these have been done, they get their
results. Then there is a lot of data from scientists. Scientists
around the world have a picture of the world.
100. Housing Agency # 11000395

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Housing agencies pay the utility costs, generally

because units in developments don' t have individual meters.
Some buildings have individual meters, and each family pays its
own to the utility company, so agencies will deduct this from
the family' s rent.
101. Children Skip School # 11000143
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays,

government figures revealed today. Fewer children played
truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year.
Children missed 3m unauthorized days of school last term,
compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population

who account for more than three -quarters of all those on
unauthorized absence, are more likely to be on a famil y holiday
than they were in the same period last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by
their school the last term, compared with 0.9% for the same
term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness,
the same figure as last year.
102. The Wool Market #11000447
The wool market was extremely important to the English

medieval economy and wool dominated the English export
trade from the late thirteenth century to its decline in the late
fifteenth century. Wool was at the forefront of the establishment
of England as a European political and economic power and this
volume is the first study of the medieval wool market in over 20
years. It investigates in detail the scale and sc ope of advance
contracts for the sale of wool; the majority of these
agreements were formed between English monasteries and
Italian merchants, and the book focuses on the data contained
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within them. The pricing structures and market efficiency of the

agreements are examined, employing practices from modern
finance.
103. Class Participation #11000073
Because of the instructional methods, expected class

participation, and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed
number of absences is applicable to all situations.
Each instructor is responsible for making clear to the class at
the beginning of the semester his or her policies and
procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons for
them.
104. Lake Turkana #11000246
Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of

Africa was home to some of the first humans. Here,
archaeologists have found piles of bones (both human and
animal) and collections of stones that humans used as tools. By
carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists
have started to put together the story of our earliest ancestors.
In 2001, a 4 million-year-old skeleton was uncovered in the
area. Although a link between it and modern -day humans has
not been established, the skeleton shows the species was
walking upright.
105. Spending Time #11000064
Spending too much time in the concrete jungle is bad for

city dwellers’ health and could have potentially
catastrophic consequences for the environment, conservation
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biologist Richard Fuller will argue during a seminar at the

University of Canberra today. Dr. Fuller, lecturer in biodiversity
and conservation at the University of Queensland and CSIRO,
will explore the fact that although there’s evidence that the
well-being of humans increases with exposure to our
surrounding biodiversity, the opportunities for people to
experience nature are declining rapidly in the modern world.
106. Genius #11000179
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with

precocity—doing something truly creative, we’re inclined to
think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of
youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, “Citizen Kane,” at
twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his
late twenties, culminating; at age thirty -two, with “Moby-Dick.”
Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E -Flat-
Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like
lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has hardened into an
iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote: “The Love Song
of J. Alfred Prufrock” (“I grow old . . . I grow old”)? Twenty -
three. “Poets peak young,” the creativity researcher James
Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the au thor of
“Flow,” agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be
that written by the young.” According to the Harvard
psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity,
“Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early,
burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age ”.
107. Marine Turtles #11000454
Of the world’s seven remaining species of marine turtles, almost

all have been pushed to endangered levels. Hunting, habitat
loss, plastics pollution, climate change, and accidentally being
caught in fishing nets continue to threaten the existence of
these large and long-living creatures. Shell Beach, named after
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the shells that form its 90-mile extent, is a vital nesting ground
for four of these marine turtle species.
108. Word of Mouth #11000312
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is

by far their most effective recruitment tool, particularly
because it typically yields candidates who are similar to
previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates
and school systems are likely to spread the word without any
special effort on the part of their program. Other, less personal
advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and
local newspaper advertisements, have also pro ven
fruitful, especially for newer programs. New York uses a print
advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to
become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages
to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of
diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many
Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also
proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New
York Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s
alternative route program, 2,10 0 applications flooded in over
the next six weeks.
109. European Culture #11000303
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was

thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European
societies and their colonies around the world. This
understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and
contrasts both with nature or non -civilization. According to this
understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than
others, and some people are more cultured than others.
Anything that doesn’t FIT into this category is labeled as chaos
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or anarchy. From this perspective, culture i s closely tied to

cultivation, which is the progres sive refinement of
human behavior. In practice, culture referred to elite goods
and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute
couture, museum-caliber art, and classical music. The word
cultured referred to people who knew about and took part in
these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this
sense might argue that classical music is more refined than
music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous
music traditions of aboriginal peoples.
110. Critical Thinking #11000071
Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have

seen many times and examining it from many
different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond
the obvious or beyond “easy” to seek new understanding and
rare solutions. It involves looking at common issues with
uncommon eyes, known problems with new skepticism,
everyday conflicts with probing curiosity, and daily challenges
with greater attention to detail.
111. London's National Portrait Gallery #11000044
London’s National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the

fifty-year career of photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty -
one portraits on display key figures in literature, film, and
fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of
forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait
Gallery highlights shots were taken between 1960 and 1964,
many of which feature in Lousada’s book Public Faces Private
Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are sh own
alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on film sets
and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
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112. Musical #11000049
One of the most popular forms of theatre is musical. Combining

drama, dance, and music, the musical has been around fo r over
a century, and in that time has kept pace with
changing tastes and socials conditions, as well as advances in
theatre technology. Many modern musical are known for their
spectacular sets, lighting, and other effects.
113. Mathematics #11000021
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Math has led

historians to false conclusions about the Mathematical
sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation -
that ancient Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject
while failing to teach it at school - leads to a radical punchline;
Mathematics could be better learned after we leave school.
114. Weather Forecast #11000451
All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult

thanks to climate change. Though no one is sure exactly what
its effects will be, it seems that extreme weather conditions,
such as storms, and hurricanes, are likely to become more
common. Such events have far-reaching effects on distant
weather systems, making general forecasting much harder.
115. Medicare #11000429
It is understandable that the government would look outside of

Medicare to get the efficiency-related changes it wants. If
Medicare was capable of delivering those things, it would have
already done so. Finding another organization that can deliver
these services at a reduced cost with increased functionality,
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especially to the consumer of these services, makes absolute

sense. The objections to making such a move will be about the
potential loss of jobs from Medicare. Given how labor -intensive
the current system is, this will be a genuine concern, but one
that is facing all industries dealing with modernization through
improved technology.
116. Major Stresses #11000131
Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life
changes, for example, moving house, marriage, or relationship
breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and
boredom, are also common causes of stress. Differences in
personality may also play a part.
117. Material Cultural Studies #11000107
The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of

academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture
studies. Students of material culture seek to understand
societies, both past and present, through careful study
and observation of the physical or material object s generated
by those societies. The source material for study
is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made
artifacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts
(as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body’). Some specialists
in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre -
eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns supreme. It plays a
critical role in archaeology, for examp le, especially in
circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non -
existent. In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on
in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where
written documents survive the physical remains of li terate
cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into
how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval
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and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical

remains of societies, both past and present, historians,
archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to
remind us that objects mean different things to different
people.
118. William Shakespeare (New) #12000318
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains

a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are
just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his
works, and various legal and church documents that have
survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are
many gaps in this body of informatio n, which tells us little
about Shakespeare the man.
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Listening
Summarize Spoken Text
1. Fish Dwell # 13000131
To us, the environment in which fish dwell often seems cold,

dark, and mysterious. But there are advantages to living in
water, and they have played an important role in making fish
what they are. One is that water isn't subject to sudden
temperature changes. Therefore, it makes an excellent habitat
for a cold-blooded animal. Another advantage is the water's
ability to easily support body weight. Protoplasm has
approximately the same density as water, so a fish in water is
almost weightless. This "weightles sness" in turn means two
2. Global Warming # 13000153
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the

reality of global climate change effects brought on by the
cumulative and rapidly growing emission of so -called
"greenhouse" gases - primarily carbon dioxide - into the
atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more obvious
worldwide, so commercial interests, groups of concerned
individuals and national governments have been gripped by what
amounts to mass panic …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
3. How to Spend Life # 13000212
What do you desire? What makes you itch? What's all of the
situation would you like? Let's suppose, I do this often in
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vocational guidance of students, they come to me and say, well,

we're getting out of college and we have the faintest i dea what
we want to do. So I always ask the …………… complete script
4. Shakespeare # 13000036
Let's think about perhaps the top 10 things that people would
like to know, ought to know about S hakespeare if they're getting
into his works. The first thing to say is that he did live quite a
long time ago. He lived 400 years ago. So if you're reading
Shakespeare or listening to Shakespeare, you're listening to
somebody whose language is not quite t he language of our
current. You're …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
5. Biological Forgetting # 13000201
People always forget, remembering is hard, biological forgetting.

People forget things every day including experiences, feelings
and thoughts, and we call this process biological forgetting.
Remembering is …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
6. Happy Home # 13000202
What makes a happy home for dogs is a broad question, and the
answer depends on individual cases. Firstly, dog owners should
provide dogs with some basic needs, such as food, water and
shelter. Secondly, as a social animal, dogs need communication
and interactive stimulation just like hu mans do. However, dog
owners often leave dogs alone at home. Even a luxury penthouse
is not a happy home for dogs.
7. Studying Law at a University # 13000037

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Studying law at university over three years gives you a really

unique opportunity to acquire a m uch greater and much more
mature level of understanding and knowledge of the law, which
can be a real benefit to your career in the future. If you're not
so sure if you want to study law. Law can also be incredibly
helpful degree for multitude of other car eers. For example,
politics…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
8. Architecture # 13000047
It seems to me that architecture is very much something that

causes us both pleasure and trouble. I live in the part of western
London where I think many of the streets are, where I live are
really really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a
supermarket or walk to a tube. I think why did they built that
and with terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if you
write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked
when it be showed and …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
9. Instinct and Reflex # 13000044
Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are

both unlearned and set in motion as the result of some
environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in
relation to motivation since they can also occur in response to an
organism's need to satisfy some innat e internal drive tied to
survival.
Instincts are present across species and are consistent within

individual species. In other words, …………… complete script &
10. The Big Bang Theory # 13000214

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One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my

lifetime is the prediction of cosmology. When I started out forty -
odd years ago, we thought we knew that the universe began a
big bang, some people doubted even then. We thought the
universe was about ten or twenty billion years old. But now for
really very sound scientific reasons, we can say that the universe
did start in a Big bang and it's 13.8 billion years old. So it's not
14, it's not 13 because a decimal point in there and that's a
stunning achievement to know that. And we …………… complete
11. New Zealand Diversity # 13000042
This is my next contribution to New Zealand's super diverse

future the status quo is not sustainable super diversity stock take
which I will talk to you about now is designed to help us to adapt
to a super diverse New Zealand to make sure that we fit for t he
future because New Zealand is super diverse right now
predominately in Auckland but actual ly throughout New Zealand
here we're already 50% mere Pacifica an Asian 44% are not born
in …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
12. Wildlife as Food and Income # 13000216
In my view, it's impossible not t o talk about wildlife, and not

think about its role in livelihoods. And I guess part of that is my
own view, part of the research that I do in Africa. In most eastern
west Africa. I look a role, all the humans rely on wildl ife as the
source of food, and also the source of income. And we talk about
our wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are talking about
what is probably the single most important source of protein for
humans across …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
13. Fusion of Globalization and IT # 13000035

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Well, I would argue that what they will say was the most
important thing to happen in the early twenty first century was
the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. The two really
fused in a way that more and more IT started to drive more and
more globalization. And more and more …………… complete
14. Economic Globalization (Version 1) #13000133
There are many definitions of what the economic globalization is,

but an important aspect of most is that it involves reducing or
removing the barriers limiting the free movement of business,
trade (exports and imports), investment and even labor across
national borders. First, …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
15. Economic Globalization (Version 2) #13000126
What is Globalization? Globalization can usefully be conceived as

a process (or set of processes), which embodies a transformation
in the spatial organization of social relations, and transactions,
generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks
of activity, interaction and power. It is characterized by four
types of change: First, it involves a stretching of social, political
and economic activities across political …………… complete
16. National Museum of Australia # 13000038
I am going to talk today mostly about what I do as a curato r here

at the National Museum of Australia but I want to draw some
generalities from that in terms of a series of curatorial practices,
tools, techniques and methods that I think could be of intere st
to your students and to you in developing extension hist ory
courses. I want to talk about what I do as a curator and then
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from that also talk a bit about the kinds of history that I think
museums are particularly good at creating and communicating. I
think this is something I would really like to discuss becaus e it is
not necessarily very well understood is that I think museums, as
17. Music and the Brain # 13000213
Interest in music in the mind is as ancient as philosophy it self.

Plato was marveled at the power of music over human character
and human emotions. In fact, he was quite concerned about the
way music could either degrade or elevate the minds of young
people. So, you can see, in some sense, nothing has changed. He
said rhythm and harmony find their ways into the inward places
of soul. Well, yes, that's true and he said this in 400 BC. But
what has …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
18. Basic Vocabulary # 13000058
Well an historical linguist compares languages at several levels.

You start out looking for basic vocabulary. All languages of the
world, natural languages at least, have words for eye and head
and nose and ear and for sky and earth and for water, sand and
for sibling, mother and father. They may not have words for uncle
and aunt. It becomes much vaguer because in one culture an
aunt is different when it comes from your father's side than from
your mother's side. You don't include snow. Most people know
what snow is but in the …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
19. Industrial Revolution # 13000048
Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial
Revolution was that it was the work of some ge nius inventors
who created machines used primarily in the textile industry but
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also in mining that eliminated blocks to assembly line production.

Then everybody was crowded into factories and the new brave
world opened up. In fact, one of the most interest ing books and
great classics that is still in print was written by an economic
historian at Harvard who's still alive called David Landes. It's a
good book called The …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
20. The Republic # 13000045
Why should we read the Republic? I image lots of students asked

this question to me when they're given it as a set book at the
beginning of their university course, but in fact there are many
good reasons to read the Republic. An d first one I would pick on
is just that it is immensely readable. It's not Plato did not write
philosophy like a dry text book. He …………… complete script
21. Music and Language # 13000174
Every human culture that we know of has music and language.

These are universals, genuine human principles. And I go way
back in our species history. So the question of what these two
things might have in common you know has occurred to a lot of
people. And it's sort of intuitive they both involve complex
sequences you know that unfold in time. They're both
forms…………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
22. Amory Lovins (Mr. Green) # 13000136
Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist

and he has been active at the nexus of energy, resources,
economy, environment, development and security in more than
50 countries for over 40 years. He pays attention on energy
saving and how to use energy in a more efficient and sustainable
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way. He built a house with plenty of energy -saving ……………

23. Government Power Devolution # 13000204
Well, that’s what we called reducing government and modifying

government. To be more precise, another aspect was called the
devolution, reducing and moving governmental power from
federal to the state level. And that has a kind of rational if you
hear all over the time, place, for ex ample, it was not a couple of
weeks ago in New York Times by Zhang Cong Stanford, ……………
24. Governments Use Tricks # 13000056
I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be wel l
informed. Maybe it's something we take for granted in our liberal
western democracies. But there will be plenty of societies, well,
that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of
the world still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing
information. Governments, especially the …………… complete
25. Leadership Management (Version 1) #13000066
Welcome to Stanford University business school which always

promotes leadership in learning, management and delivery of
goods and services. We are not only delivering services and but
also making sure good quality. It is clear that educational
purpose is to learn management and …………… complete script
26. Stanford Management # 13000203
My name is Bob Joss, I'm the dean of the Business School at

Stanford University. On behalf of everyone from Stanford, we
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welcome you to this conference on education leadership. This is

something relatively unheard of in higher education. I think it’s
where the business school.…………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
27. A Woman Novelist # 13000147
I have been writing non-fiction for years, and secretly wanting to

be a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of 30, it was
with the intention of writing fiction, but I took a little detour for
10 or 12 years and write non-fiction which I absolutely have no
regret about at all. I think it's exactly the right thing for me to
do, but there's this dream tucked away inside of me to do this.
Now I remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote,

who is a great novelist from Mississippi who …………… complete
28. Development of Genes # 13000053
So, the pace, at which human minds have evolved over the last
half-million years and more recently the last 200,000 years, has
been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of co gnitive
function and perception can only occ ur in a small number of
genes. If one needed to adapt dozens of genes changes in
concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now
have, which our ancestors 5,000 years ago …………… complete
29. Agriculture and Urbanization # 13000059
I am trying here to capture the dynamics that is conventionally

being associated with urbanization developments. And get back
once again, to this question of agriculture. Once you have cities
and you also the reverse of the cities, you have countryside. Yo u
have rural areas and …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
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30. Definitions of Globalization # 13000055
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept.

We hear it all the time on news broadcasts and in any type of
public discussion. But the starting point for understanding
globalization is that it is industries and markets that globalize,
not countries. That's why it's helpful to think of globalization as
'the integration of economic activities …………… complete
31. Indian Peasants # 13000077
The debt today is so high. It's two hundred thousand rupees,

three hundred thousand rupees of peasants who have no capital.
They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that
kind of debt. Where is the debt coming from? It's coming from a
seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand
rupees per kilogram, depending …………… complete script &
32. Drug Advertisements # 13000144
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has

doubled in recent years. And it's no wonder: studies show the
commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a
suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV.
Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine raises questions
about the message these ads promote , NPRs Patty Neigh Mond
reports. You're …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
I'm going to start with Vitamin D today, and I think probably

most of you know that vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin".
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And it's called that because there is absolutely no dietary need

for vitamin D if you get adequate sunshine. And I think the rea l
important words there is "if" because it turns out that in certain
climates…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
Okay, to understand what Vitamin D does, we need to understand

the central concept. The function of Vitamin D is to maintain
blood calcium. You probably think the function of Vitamin D is to
maintain strong bones and teeth. But it does that by accident.
Its real function is to …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
35. Language Acquisition # 13000046
Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them

on at a time. Child, when to start being a child? For many people,
language acquisition starts around about twelve months when
kids say that first word, but don't forget the first year. At the
first year, our first year …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
36. Sound Receptors # 13000148
You've got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful.
We're not going to talk about them at any length, but there's
little flappy, these little spiky things going along in your ear and
they can translate vibrational energy coming from your ear,
hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the
fluid in your ear into a physical moti on of these little receptors
there into an electrical motion, into an electrical signal that goes
into your …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
37. Citizenship Curriculum # 13000128

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Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject

report on the development of citizenship in schools. The report
celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the
citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have
been substantial developments in the subject, and which now go
a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements.
In the report, we are critical of schools whic h have not taken
citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of
capacity to make appropriate …………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
38. Biology, DNA & RNA # 13000170
Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most

profounding insights that humans have, about the world around
them. So, take a look at these four panoramas. In the upper left,
you see some bacteria this happen to be equal line, you obviously
see a butterfly, a flower, a dolphin. If you see that at the outer
space, just looks these different forms and …………… complete
39. Bilingual Babies # 13000039
Another
example comes from the other end of life and has to do with
what's called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a
few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on
Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a
lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed
marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies,
all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian
speaking …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
40. Practicing lawyers # 13000041

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My name is Graham Virgo, I’m professor of English Private Law

in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge, and I’m
going to consider the question why you should study law if you
don’t want to become a lawyer. A lot of people who study law at
university do so because they want to become practicing lawyers,
whether barristers of solicitors. But it is not necessary ……………
41. The Aperture of a Telescope # 13000052
The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the

aperture of human eye so that the objec ts that cannot be
normally seen by unaided eye can be seen. Light -gathering power
of a telescope is proportional to the area of its aperture and
hence depends on the square of the radius of the mirror.
Therefore, a 20 cm diameter telescope collects four ti mes more
42. Fast Radio Burst # 13000043
A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very
fast burst of radio waves. It comes from outer space, a long wa y
away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So , it starts and stops in
about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and
it’s finished. Fast radio bursts are a real mystery. We don’t
exactly understand where they com e from, or what actually
makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really
don’t have an answer for. There …………… complete script &
43. The History of Laundry # 13000040
But in the household before running wate r and electricity,

washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor to wash boil
and rinse. A single load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water
which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Pan wringing,
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rubbing and lifting the clothes could expos e women to caustic

substances in the soaps. The whole process for a ……………
44. British Environmental Law # 13000130
Before we consider international environmental law and clima te

change, we need to consider domestic legislation, as it is within
the sovereign states that international law is put into practice.
This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally, act
locally.'
United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans'

activity on the environment is not …………… complete script &
45. Talent War (Version 2) # 13000142
The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape

for recruiting and retaining talented employees. In the book,
Michaels, et al., describe not a set of superior Human Resources
processes, but a mindset that emphasizes the importance of
talent to the success of organizations. The war for talent is
intensified by demographic shifts (primarily in the ……………
46. Talent War (Version 3) # 13000074
I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the

most talented and most intellectually able people. There is a time
when I think companies have many of the adventures in the
world. That involves the companies' …………… complete script
47. Einstein # 13000208

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For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers and

thinkers of all sorts have imagined that the universe, the space
around us was rather like this floor in front of us. It was fixed
and unchangeable and things happen on it, just as people walk
around. So the stars, the comets, …………… complete script &
48. Laughter Therapy # 13000171
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity,

and whole communities and nations have frequently relied on
humor to get them through their bleakest times. On August 13,
1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin
wall. For nearly 30 years, until it was dismantled, wall jokes
proliferated – especially among those living in the east. Laughing
was all that was left.
It was a way of humanizing…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
49. The Definition of Risk # 13000051
What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk

analysis. So, what do you mean by "risk", and we need a
dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal
definition of risk. What it says is, the definition for example, th e
possibility of injury, a dangerous element or factor, chance of,
degree or possibility of such loss, and so on. So, risk has two
parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One part is the
consequence of some …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
50. Group Seven # 13000210
Well, who makes these decisions? In the international arena, the

decisions are made by states but to George Orwell's phrase, some
states are more equal than others, the ones who are most equal
are the ones called G7, the seven rich industrial countries, and
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they have an overwhelming effect on states decisions. And of G7

the one that's far and away the most equal is, of course,
51. Implicit and Explicit Memories # 13000207
There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that

can be intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your
memory of riding a bike and falling over the handlebars and
skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory which is an
exponential functional form of memory that cannot be
consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike
or how to balance. These …………… complete script & audio
on www.alfapte.com
52. Earthquake and Faults (Version 1) # 13000071
Today, we will discuss the relationship between the fault lines in

the Earth's crust and an earthquake. This dislocation of the rock
occurs from the Earth's surface, seven kilometers to several
hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust . The
earthquake's focus is called epicenter which is vertically beneath
the interior of the Earth's crust and the energy releases and
53. Earthquake and Faults (Version 2) # 13000215
So, faults are breaks in the earth crust, we can identify them
because of the discontinuity in the structure within the earth
crust across fault. And earthquakes occur on these faults, so vary
processes by which these faults move to a large extent is due to
earthquakes. So, we have a fault plane and the earthquake is so
focus on this fault plane and the earthquake starts at the
particular point on the fault plane and we call that the focus of
the …………… complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com
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54. Smart Consumers and Brand # 13000209
Consumers are the core section of any business. In fact, the

whole concept of any business is surrounded by the behavior of
consumers. And the values of consumer is a crucia l factor. Now,
we have to understand a consumer is not to be taken likely. He
knows what product he wants. Consumers are extremely smart.
They could make decisions about price and value of products in
minutes or sometimes in few seconds. So, a business the refore
needs to uplift its brand image. Consumers are willing to pay 15
more for quality products. However, the conflict starts when
manufacturers failed to meet the expectations. ……………
55. Misuse of Drugs # 13000206
What are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?" "There

are a number of dangers. Parents should know that leftover drugs
are dangerous because they may be accidentally ingested by
children. Either adults don't keep the bottles properly closed and
stored or because even many kids can sometimes open childproof
lids. Patients may use the drugs after their …………… complete
56. The human Rights Act # 13000060
The human rights act can be said by reaching, some of them are
controversial in the UK' s history of rights. At the same time, it
can be described as some cause documents, they provide some
start point for world application for low to rights. In many ways,
the precious protection contain UN the human rights act that we
are not new to people who living in UK, …………… complete
57. Australian Housing Price # 13000205

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Well, it's like, why is Australian housing is so expensive?

Essentially, it's showing of how well the Australian economy has
been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more
or less of an uninterrupted economic growth during which
average earning has been raised by close to 90 ……………
58. The Market Economy # 13000124
In the most developed countries, especially in those with

democracy, market economy is the essential in histo ry
development. In the 18th and 19th century, industrial revolution
had a negative effect on people living in all class in the world,
which resulted in decreasing in life expectancy, ……………
59. Facial Recognition # 13000211
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and

really how well people recognize objects, given how difficult the
problem is, given how objects can be seen in all different sorts
of illumination, in different positions, in different angles. And yet
we are able to extract that information, we are able to take the
visual stuff out there, interpret it in a way that ……………
complete script & audio on www.alfapte.com.
60. Mary Mallon # 13000149
Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in
the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the
pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to
have infected 51 people, three of whom di ed, over the course of
her career as a cook. 1 She was twice forcibly isolated by public
health authorities and died after a total of …………… complete
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61. University Competition # 13000082
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that

it is in competition for the best students, all of whom have
choices they can exercise, and many of them choices which run
across national and continental borders. We are in competition,
too, for staff. The academic job …………… complete script &
62. Pandemic Transmitting # 13000061
What we know is that the impact of the pandemic would be

catastrophic if it is similar to what we had in 1918. In the United
States, there has been unprecedented amount of preparation so
far. It’s ..um, affects every aspect of public health. We have
efforts for treatment, efforts for better prevention, clinical
management, key communications, the dome stic ……………
63. Sign Language #13000219
Today, we'll discuss abstraction, commonly known as description.

There are two methods of description. These are symbolic
language and body language. Abstraction is an important part of
developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic
system in …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
64. HTML #13000224
Well, the 90s came around and finally it clicked that normal
people could get online, which hadn't really clicked before. And
the little trick that finally put it together was Tim Berners Lee
HTML, so thank you to the UK …………… complete script &
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65. Dancing Bees # 13000227
Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to sources of

nectar. But dancing bees like this one can be halted by a head
butt from another bee. Now researchers have found that this
head butt is actually a …………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
66. Luxury Brand # 13000225
The question today of what makes a luxury brand a luxury brand

and how do we distinguish it is very hard to answer. The standa rd
business response is to say, ‘they are more exclusive’. And we
get exclusivity by having high price and relatively small am ounts
of the product available.…………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
67. Human Benefits #13000178
I think we are in the early stages of a change toward much more

human freedom in business. And I think this change may be as
important for businesses as the change to democracy has been
for governments.………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
68. History of English #13000246

English, as you have already read, is not a pure language. I don't
think there really are any pure languages in the world. But
English is definitely not a pure language. English, in fact, has
borrowed ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
69. Royal Academy #13000114

Just over 10 years ago, when I was in the Royal Academy, a
museum in the center of London with my three children at the
Aztec exhibition. I don't know if any of you saw it. I had an older
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child and two younger children, twins, is shown in this picture.

And one of my children, three years old, shouted. And .…………
70. Sugar #13000232

There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of
course there’s lots of sugar in donuts or ice cream, or pastries,
or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are
other places where you see it and you don’t necessarily expect
it. As an example: peanut butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from
Skippy Peanut Butter and you see that sugar is the …………
71. Roman city #13000068

But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets
of the city of Rome as they look from above today. You can see
that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned.
It wasn’t planned all at once. It just grew u p over time, beginning
in the eighth century B.C.. Now this is interesting because what
we know about………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
72. Bumblebees #13000088

Why the bumblebees pick some flowers over oth ers? Researchers
have known for a while that flower’s colour can be a signal.
Colour in shorthand that says to a bee: “Hey, I get some good
quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit?” But new findings
show that bees also use colour to get clues abou t a flower’s
temperature. And.………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
73. Software #13000049

The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole
IT industry is really only 67 years old which is ext raordinary and
to be so close to the birth of a major new technology, a major
new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those
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67 years. And the progression has been not so much .…………

74. Water #13000146

Today I want to talk about water and the law that surrounds
drinking water, to talk about its quality, talk about what your
rights are to clean water, to also give you a sense of what key
threats are to drinking water, what .………… complete script &
75. Modern Food #13000057

One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression
was the beginning of this sort of modern food technolog y that
rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is there are
a lot of canned foods were being - coming onto the market at the
time. And also, ………… complete script & audio on
www.alfapte.com
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Fill in The Blanks

1. Beautiful Buildings #15000145
Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings,

two of which have won and been runner -up in the prestigious
United Nations World habitat Award: the first time an Australian
building has received that international honor. We rely on
older …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
2. Warmer Ocean #15000146
The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published

in the journal Nature. But that's not really good news for
the planet It means that the plants that give the ocean
its …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
3. Water Crisis #15000149
Now that story's been scorched, as only part of contingency

planning. But it was a symptom of the dramatic turn of events in
South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from
water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that
things were …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
4. Integrated Ticket #15000152
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so

we have introduced a paper ticket that allowed you to travel
across all the three modes in South …………… complete
paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com
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5. Bar Code Scanner #15000153
Many different types of bar code scanning machines exist, b ut they

all work on the same fundamental principles. They all use
the intensity of light reflected from a series of black and white
stripes to tell a computer what code it is seeing White stripes
reflect light very well, while black stripes reflect hardly any light
at all. The bar code scanner …………… complete paragraph &
6. CEO # 15000155
That brings us to the CEO’s second duty: building everyone or

more accurately, building the senior team. All the executives
report to the CEO, so it’s the CEO’s job to hire fire and manage
the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I actually think this is
the most important skill of all. Because when a CEO hires an
excellent senior team, that team can …………… complete
paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com
7. Central Patterns Generator # 15000156
In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in

the spinal cord called the central patterns generator (CPG). This
produces signals that drive muscles to contract ……………
complete paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com
8. Laurence Stephen Lowry # 15000157
Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of

his drawings and paintings depict Pend Lebury, Lancashire,
where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, and also
Salford and its surrounding areas.
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Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in

the industrial districts of North West England in the mid -20th
century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best
…………… complete paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com
9. William Shakespear #15000158
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains

a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are
just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works,
…………… complete paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com.
10. Ocean Currents # 15000160
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate
change was that a shift in ocean currents could radically cool
Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning ……………
11. Virus # 15000161
So a virus is something that you can't see by normal light

microscopy, you need very advanced techniques for electron
microscopy to see it, but that virus is not able to reproduce itself
without a host and us as human beings are made up of lots of
different cell …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
12. Trade War
As a consumer, you’re probably consuming imports. If we have a

trade war and we start slapping tariffs on all of those ……………
13. Trading in Financial Markets #15000163

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Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading

market by further selling of equities and fears about an
unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time trading in
the European credit markets in London was exceptionally heavy
as traders frantically …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
14. Nanotechnology #15000143
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by

a combination of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of
Engineering that came out last summer, identified two topics.
Nano-science is the study of the phenomenon and the
manipulation of …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
15. Online Dating # 15000164
Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped

messages with whom on a popular online dating platform in the
month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability
using PageRank, one of the algorithms behind search technology.
…………… complete paragraph & audio on www.alfapte.com
16. Sunflowers by Van Gogh #15000176
These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally

accepted as the finest of several depictions of the thick-
stemmed, nodding blooms that Van Gogh made in 1888 and 1889
during his time in Arles. The first is now in the collection of the
National Gallery in London, and the second is in the Van Gogh
Museum in Amsterdam. Van Gogh referred to this work as a
repetition of the …………… complete paragraph & audio on
www.alfapte.com
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Write from Dictation

1. Relying on natural ability will not get you far in science. #20000799
2. The study center in the library has all the latest technology.
#20001125
3. It will be extremely beneficial to work together. # 20001084
4. Geography is generally divided into two branches of human and
physical. #20000696
5. Continuing students will be receiving the necessary application
forms. #20001047
6. Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable
responsibility. #20000769
7. Students will develop confidence in their ability to think critically.
#20001044
8. Those who are considering a career of marketing should attend the
talk. #20000229
9. Fruits containing too much sugar and calories have little or no
nutritional value. #20000982
10. The celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy.
#20000003
11. This is an integrated course with several elements. #20000004

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12. Calculators may not be used during the examination. #20000203
13. Free campus tours run daily during summer for prospective
students. #20000275
14. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before
the deadline. #20000387
15. Human beings compete with other species for resources and space.
#20000679
16. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
#20000704
17. Control systems in manufacturing provide a high level of accuracy.
#20000728
18. Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional
practice. #20000734
19. All industries consist of input, process, output and feedback.
#20000778
20. Students who are successful have a good strategy of learning.
#20000168
21. If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available.
#20000672
22. All industries can be thought of as a system of input, process,
output, and feedback. #20001029

414

Page
23. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.
#20000656
24. It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would
react. #20000646
25. Most of these students have not considered this issue before.
#20000800
26. The city’s founders created a set of rules that became law.
#20000498
27. Our professor is hosting the business development conference.
#20000613
28. Our new medical students must attend the talk about optional
courses. #20000223
29. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.
#20000577
30. Remember, the prestigious selection has strict eligibility criteria.
#20000566
31. Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk.
#20000565
32. Scientists are always asking the government for more money.
#20000557
415

Page
33. Students have the option to live in college residences or apartments.
#20000537
34. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough
evaluation. #20000784
35. The paper has the potential to transform life science. #20000987
36. Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate
programs. #20000332
37. The massive accumulation of data was converted to a communicable
argument. #20000444
38. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on the
economic history. #20000448
39. The island is located at the south end of the bay. #20000455
40. The city’s founder created a set of rules that became law.
#20000498
41. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
#20000505
42. The participation rate in the study of language learning exceeded
the expectations. #20000972
43. The artists tied to the conservative politicians earned their own roles
of critics. #20000511
416

Page
44. The application process may take longer than it’s expected.
#20000517
45. The poster of this play is hung in the large lecture theatre.
#20000249
46. The chemistry building is located near the entrance to the campus.
#20000618
47. Artificial intelligence has made significant progress for the last few
years. #20000968
48. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide.
#20000401
49. His appointment with the Minister of Culture seems like a demotion.
#20000752
50. This morning’s lecture on economic policy has been canceled.
#20000352
51. In any written assignment, a detailed literature review is very
important. #20000990
52. We can’t consider any increase in our price at this stage.
#20000322
53. Students should take the training course to use the gym.
#20000931
417

Page
54. The extent of advertising for children is very much open to debate.
# 20001007
55. Many graduates of journalism can get jobs in the communications
field. #20000635
56. A good abstract highlights the key points of a paper. #20000843
57. The university provides leisure activities for students and staff.
#20000914
58. The school canteen sells a large variety of water and food.
#20001019
59. Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.
#20000932
60. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
#20000494
61. Philosophy uses a lot of logic and reasoning to analyze human
experiences. #20001017
62. Industry experts will discuss job opportunities in an automated
workforce. #20000939
63. Reading widely is an important part of the undergraduate study.
#20000944
64. There are a variety of disciplines in the field of engineering.
#20000945
418

Page
65. Lecture outlines are available on the college internal website.
#20000839
66. Mobile devices are not allowed to be used during the examination.
#20000961
67. Please click on the logo above to enter the site. #20000257
68. A very basic definition of computing is counting and calculating.
#20000787
69. The momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity.
#20000102
70. Summer schools allow some students to accelerate their studies.
#20000936
71. Rising inflation means a decrease in demand for consumer products.
#20000866
72. The key witnesses to the event have conflicting recollections.
#20000919
73. Remember to sign the attendance prior to the class. #20000998
74. He was regarded as the foremost economist at his time.
#20000682
75. New media journalism is an interesting field of study. #20000991
76. The library has a number of collections of historical and social
statistical publications. #20000993

419

Page
77. The use of a dictionary is not allowed during the examination.
#20001021
78. The balance in diet and exercise makes good health. # 20000997
79. Undergraduate students can select what interests them the most in
the science program. #20001018
80. You should inform your professor if you are absent from your
classroom. #20001002
81. Human beings compete with other species for resources and space.
#20001023
82. The synopsis contains the most important information. #20001024
83. Please close the door behind you when you leave the room.
#20001068
84. New materials and techniques are changing the way of architecture.
#20000373
85. There is an accounting assignment for finance students.
#20001036
86. Good research delivers practical benefits for real people.
#20000694
87. Economic problems caused a big rise in unemployment.
#20000713
420

Page
88. Some vocational courses in institutions are funded by private
enterprises. #20000125
89. Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post.
#20000755
90. Daily practice can build confidence and improve skills. #20000721
91. Students are advised that all the lectures today have been canceled.
#20001045
92. Archeologists discovered tools and other artifacts near the tombs.
#20000068
93. Speak to your tutor if you need further assistance. #20000067
94. It is necessary to dress formally for the graduation ceremony.
#20000110
95. Essays and assignments are spread out across the academic year.
#20000108
96. Practical experiments are an essential part of the chemistry course.
#20001055
97. A bar chart can provide useful information in data comparison.
#20001039
98. Please turn off the light to save energy. #20001043
99. Traveling by boat on the river is not possible in winter. #20000336
100. Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world. # 20001059
421

Page
101. Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century. #20001051
102. Scientists were unsure when the first man left Africa. #20001050
103. Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.
#20000560
104. We should have a meeting to discuss and report. #20001060
105. New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology. #20001040
106. People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life.
#20001056
107. Students must attend the safety course before entering the
engineering workshop. #20001057
108. Archeologists discovered tools and fossils in ancient times.
#20001062
109. A good architectural structure should be usable, durable and
beautiful. #20001081
110. More research is needed before any definitive conclusion can be
drawn. #20000028
111. Industries now bring more job opportunities than agriculture and
fishing combined. #20001085
112. The printers automatically print both sides of each page.
#20000079
113. You need to hand in the essay next semester. #20000007

422

Page
114. There are opportunities to receive grants from most artistic fields.
#20000235
115. The untapped potential of using the sun’s rays is phenomenal.
#20001087
116. You do not need to have specialist knowledge to enjoy this book.
#20001091
117. Statistically speaking, the likelihood of the result is extremely low.
#20000107
118. When launching a product, researching and investing is very
important. #20001090
119. The stairs are to the left of the elevator. #20001067
120. A world-renowned expert on economics and marketing will give a
lecture. #20001089
121. As a union member, we can make an influence on the university.
#20001088
122. Information technology has changed the way we study today.
#20000841
123. Peer review is an essential part of scientific methods. #20001093
124. The government financial plan has threatened the social services.
#20001094
125. The department is organizing a trip to London in July. #20001073

423

Page
126. Supply and demand are some of the most fundamental concepts in
economics. #20000531
127. Social media is criticized for causing internet addiction. #20000111
128. Please read chapter one of the history textbook. #20001106
129. There is a lot of traffic in the morning. #20001096
130. The lack of sleep can increase the chance of getting some illness.
#20001100
131. Technology and international trade are the key drivers of the global
economy. #20001105
132. Globalization often puts more pressure on national economic policy.
#20001104
133. The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday.
#20000094
134. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. #20001113
135. The library contains a wide collection of images and photographs
#20001114
136. Understanding how to use the library will save you time.
#20000331
137. Experts are now able to forecast weather over much longer periods.
#20000236
424

Page
138. Students are required to have an undergraduate degree in Biology
to be enrolled in this course. #20001117
139. All education reforms have been inadequately implemented.
#20000779
140. In addition to lecture programs, you will be offering tutorials.
#20001124
141. Students with work experience may be successful in job
applications. #20001118
142. Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities. #20000337
143. Enrolling in a double major may increase your career options.
#20000230
144. The new king is crowned at the beginning of June. #20001132
145. There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist. #20001058
146. Music students will have great opportunities to work with musical
professionals. #20001131
147. The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect. #20000928
148. Legumes and vegetables are major sources of vitamins.
#20001135
149. Carbon dioxide is the main source of greenhouse gases that cause
climate change due to human behaviors. #20001136

425

Page
150. This course puts great emphasis on critical thinking skills.
#20001138
151. Our laboratory equipment is provided free of charge. #20001064
152. I would like all engineering students to raise their hands.
#20001143
153. Most students need computers to do their homework. #20001144
154. All industries are systems of inputs, processes, outputs, and
feedback. #20001149
155. The typical part of this course involves the study of society.
#20001148
156. Much of this research is carried out in the laboratory. #20001150
157. The posters are on display at the larger lecture theatre.
#20001147
158. The toughest part of postgraduate education is funding.
#20000389
159. The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab.
#20000394
160. The campus tour will help you to get familiar with the teaching
facilities. #20000503
161. Graduates from this course generally find jobs in the insurance
industry. #20001154
426

Page
162. The digital camera has some advantages over traditional film.
#20001155
163. Contracts can help to avoid misunderstandings between businesses.
#20001153
164. If you need additional help, visit the student resolve center.
#20000666
165. The school's summer programs help students to accelerate their
studies. #20000408
166. The same issue featured both explanations of the problem.
#20000411
167. A good research assistant is not afraid to be asked questions.
#20000209
168. The cafeteria features sandwiches, salads, soup, fish, and chicken.
#20000504
169. You did not need a special knowledge to enjoy this book.
#20001159
170. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation. #20001160
171. Doctoral writings have the structure in place as well as scientific
papers. #20001161
172. Students who study environmental biology need to do fieldwork.
#20001164
427

Page
173. Technology has changed the media we both used and studied.
#20001162
174. These three separate resources are not enough for this assessment.
#20000805
175. Accounting students should have a good understanding of profit and
loss statements. #20000233
176. Let me know if anybody struggles in the lab. #20000642
177. Global warming is a threat to economic growth. #20001166
178. Most homebuyers receive loans from the bank. #20001168
179. To gain access to the facilities, student cards must be shown.
#20001167
180. Computer science has become a popular university degree course.
#20001165
181. All of the assignments should be submitted in person to the faculty
office. #20000776
182. Experts believe that industrial development will help the economy.
#20000702
183. Despite their differences, all forms of life share the same
characteristics. #20000717
184. The university theatre group will be performing in the concert hall.
#20000381
428

Page
185. This book can be borrowed for a maximum of one week.
#20000151
186. The college operates a system of continuous assessment.
#20001178
187. Scientists have found all parts of science. #20001179
188. Climate change is not a pure reason for this scientific research.
#20001180
189. It is important for scientists to publish their research. #20001181
190. Social media has grown enormously in recent years. #20001182
191. A car met with an accident on Saturday outside the school gate.
#20001183
192. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable
scientists. #20000736
193. The article extrapolates a number of very interesting experiments.
#20000881
194. The program must be conducted abiding by general regulations.
#20000864
195. Employers accept applications from all academic backgrounds.
#20001195
429

Page
196. The research results will be shared with the internal and external
stakeholders. #20001194
197. The sports group practices on Wednesdays and plays on weekends.
#20001192
198. Our undergraduate courses are designed with employment ability in
mind. #20001193
199. The change of policy will have a great effect on society.
#20001197
200. The advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic
theory. #20001198
201. The department will continue to offer three new scholarships next
year. #20001199
202. Manufacturing now brings in more people than agricultural and
fishing combined. #20001200
203. You are required to submit your assignment by Friday. (New)
#20000299
204. Making mistakes is fine, as long as you learn from them. (New)
#20000637
205. Time and distance are used to calculate speed. (New) #20000136
206. That means they have so many struggling overlaps. (New)
#20000443
430

Page
207. There are still some tickets available for the concert next
Wednesday. #20001201
208. Often, people do not listen to understand; they listen to respond.
#20001202
209. The market reacts wildly to political uncertainty. #20001203
210. Novelists write things that they know about. #20001204
211. We can all meet at my office after the lecture. (New) #20000135
212. Physics is a key subject to understand the world and the universe.
(New) #20001210
431

Page

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ALFA’s PTE PREDICTION FILE

19th April – 25th April 2021

Writing ............................................................... 166

Reading .............................................................. 230

Listening ............................................................ 386

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1. Annual Carbon Dioxide Emission #1000002

2. Fiscal Year #1000003

3. Blue Food #1000004

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5. Yellow Tulip #1000006

6. Immense disparity #1000007

8. Global Financial Crises #1000010

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10. Mutualism in Microbes #1000020

11. Modern Buildings #1000021

12. Botanic Garden #1000030

13. Magnetars #1000032

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The best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star

14. Hemingway #1000037

15. Shakespeare #1000043

16. Akimbo #1000046

17. Yellow Color #1000047

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enhances concentration. Think of yellow legal pads and post -it

18. Astrophysical Journal Letters #1000049

19. Moods (New) # 1000057

20. A Hazard Assessment #1000066

21. 21 st Century # 1000067

22. Marijuana #1000097

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administration make smoking the drug unnecessary . However,

23. Fast Radio Burst #1000106

24. Weakness #1000133

25. Electronic Discourse #1000140

26. No ordinary book #1000144

27. Two Sisters #1000145

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Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned

28. Legal Writing # 1000146

29. Semiconductor #1000147

30. The Japanese Tea #1000148

31. Russia #1000150

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32. Statistical Information #1000152

33. Fast Food #1000154

34. In Classes #1000157

35. The Training of an Actor #1000160

36. Written Examination # 1000168

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exams with alternative assessments such as group work and oral

37. The Free Market (New) #1000169

38. Sustainable Agriculture #1000171

39. Language #1000172