Unit-I Psa
Unit-I Psa
Unit-I Psa
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1. PER UNIT QUANTITIES
2. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
3. IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM OF A POWER SYSTEM
4. GRAPH THEORY DEFINITION
5. FORMATION OF ELEMENT NODE INCIDENCE AND BUS INCIDENCE MATRICES
6. PRIMITIVE NETWORK REPRESENTATION
7. FORMATION OF Y– BUS MATRIX BY SINGULAR TRANSFORMATIONMETHOD
8. FORMATION OF Y– BUS MATRIX BY DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD
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1. PER UNIT QUANTITIES
The per unit value of any quantity is the ratio of the actual value in any units to the chosen base quantify of the same
dimensions expressed as a decimal.
In power systems the basic quantities of importance are voltage, current, impedance and power. For all per unit
calculations a base KVA or MVA and a base KV are to be chosen.
Once the base values or reference values are chosen. the other quantities can be ohtained as follows:
Selecting the total or 3-phase KVA as base KVA, for a 3-phase system
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
∏-equivalent circuit. The load is assumed to be passive and is represented by a resistive and inductive reactance in
the series. Neutral earthing impedance does not appear in the diagram as the balanced condition is assumed.
The diagram shown below is the balanced 3-phase diagram. It is also called positive sequence diagram. Three
separate diagrams are also used for representing the positive, negative and zero sequence networks. The three
separate impedance diagrams are used in the short circuit for the studies of unsymmetrical fault.The impedance
diagram can further be simplified by making certain assumptions and reduced to simplified reactance. Reactance
diagram is drawn by neglecting the effective resistance of generator armature, transformer winding resistance,
transmission line resistance line charging and the magnetising circuit of transformers. Reactance diagram of the
power system is shown below.
The reactance diagram gives an accurate result for many power system studies, such as short-circuit studies, etc.
The winding resistance, including the line resistance, are quite small in comparison with leakage reactance and shunt
path which includes line charging and transformer magnetising circuit provide a very high parallel impedance with
fault. It is considered that if the resistance is less than one-third of the reactance, and resistance is ignored, then the
error introduced will be not more than 5 %. If the resistance and reactance ignored errors up to 12% may be
introduced. The errors mean their calculation gives a higher value than the actual value.
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Closed Path or Loop: The set of elements traversed starting from one node and returning to the same node form a
closed path or loop.
Oriented Graph: An oriented graph is a graph with direction marked for each element Fig. 2.2(a) shows the single
line diagram of a simple power network consisting of generating stations. transmission lines and loads. Fig. 2.2(b)
shows the positive sequence network of the system in Fig. 2.2(a). The oriented connected graph is shown in Fig. 2.3
for the same system
TREE AND CO-TREE
Tree: A tree is an oriented connected subgraph of an oriented connected graph containing all the nodes of the graph,
but, containing no loops. A tree has (n-I) branches where n is the number of nodes of graph G. The branches of a
tree are called twigs. The remaining branches of the graph are called links or chords.
Co-tree: The links form a subgraph, not necessarily connected called co-tree. Co-tree is the complement of tree.
There is a co-tree for every tree.
For a connected graph and subgraph:
I. There exists only one path between any pair of nodes on a tree
2. every connected graph has at least one tree
3. every tree has two terminal nodes and
4. the rank of a tree is n-I and is equal to the rank of the graph.
The number of nodes and the number of branches in a tree are related by b = n-1
If e is the total number of elements then the number of links I of a connected graph with hranches b is given by
I==e-·h
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
There are several incidence matrices that are important in developing the various networks matrices such as bus
impedance matrix, branch admittance matrix etc., using singular or nonsingular transformation. These various
incidence matrices are basically derived from the connectivity or incidence of an element to a node, path, cut set or
loop.
Incidence Matrices
The following incidence matrices are of interest in power network analysis.
(a) Element-node incidence matrix
(b) Bus incidence matrix
(c) Branch path incidence matrix
(d) Basic cut-set incidence matrix
(e) Basic loop incidence matrix
ELEMENT NODE INCIDENCE MATRIX
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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PREPARED BY
Mr. SATYANARAYANA ADDALA